EP3655556A1 - Steel wire for flexible card clothing - Google Patents
Steel wire for flexible card clothingInfo
- Publication number
- EP3655556A1 EP3655556A1 EP18737585.2A EP18737585A EP3655556A1 EP 3655556 A1 EP3655556 A1 EP 3655556A1 EP 18737585 A EP18737585 A EP 18737585A EP 3655556 A1 EP3655556 A1 EP 3655556A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- steel wire
- weight
- less
- microstructure
- card clothing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 124
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 150000001247 metal acetylides Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 238000005275 alloying Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000005864 Sulphur Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 12
- 210000002414 leg Anatomy 0.000 description 12
- 238000009960 carding Methods 0.000 description 10
- 229920000742 Cotton Polymers 0.000 description 8
- 238000005299 abrasion Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 210000003127 knee Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001567 cementite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001276 controlling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 244000144992 flock Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010191 image analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron;methane Chemical compound C.[Fe].[Fe].[Fe] KSOKAHYVTMZFBJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- -1 neps Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000399 optical microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009864 tensile test Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007669 thermal treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005491 wire drawing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/02—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing silicon
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/04—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing manganese
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/06—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing aluminium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/12—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing tungsten, tantalum, molybdenum, vanadium, or niobium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/20—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with copper
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/22—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with molybdenum or tungsten
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/24—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with vanadium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/26—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with niobium or tantalum
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/28—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with titanium or zirconium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/32—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with boron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
- C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D01—NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
- D01G—PRELIMINARY TREATMENT OF FIBRES, e.g. FOR SPINNING
- D01G15/00—Carding machines or accessories; Card clothing; Burr-crushing or removing arrangements associated with carding or other preliminary-treatment machines
- D01G15/84—Card clothing; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- D01G15/86—Card clothing; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for with flexible non-metallic backing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/185—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering from an intercritical temperature
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/25—Hardening, combined with annealing between 300 degrees Celsius and 600 degrees Celsius, i.e. heat refining ("Vergüten")
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/004—Dispersions; Precipitations
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
- C21D2211/008—Martensite
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D6/00—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys
- C21D6/008—Heat treatment of ferrous alloys containing Si
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
- C21D8/065—Modifying the physical properties by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires of ferrous alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
- C21D9/0075—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for rods of limited length
Definitions
- the invention relates to a steel wire for flexible card clothing with improved lifetime.
- the invention also relates to flexible card clothing with improved lifetime.
- Carding is an important process step in the production of cotton yarns.
- the cotton fibers are fed as flocks into the carding machines.
- the cotton fibers are disentangled from the tufts and provided in substantially parallel way in a web of fibers.
- impurities such as neps, wood or leaf particles, seed fragments... are removed from the fibers.
- Metallic card wire is produced by punching teeth in a profiled steel wire.
- a round steel wire is first drawn and then rolled to reduce the cross sectional area of the wire and to create the required cross sectional shape of the profiled steel wire.
- the steel wire needs to have an appropriate microstructure. It is known to perform a batch annealing heat treatment on the steel wire in between steps of the cold deformation process.
- the annealing heat treatment involves spheroidisation of the cementite in the pearlite microstructure to facilitate the cold deformation.
- CN105838981A discloses a steel grade that can be used for the production of metallic card wire.
- Flexible card clothing comprises small metal hooks which are set into a resilient
- the hooks are made of steel wires bent into a U shape and provided with a knee.
- the U-shaped hooks have two sharp tips. The sharpness is important for efficient and effective individualization of cotton fibers.
- the production processes of steel wires used in the production of flexible card clothing differ fundamentally from the production process of steel wires for metallic card clothing and the production process of metallic card clothing.
- Steel wire for the production of flexible card clothing is produced - via wire drawing and/or wire rolling - while having a pearlite microstructure.
- the steel wire undergoes a heat treatment process in which the microstructure of the entire steel wire is transformed into tempered martensite.
- This heat treatment process involves austenization of the whole steel wire, followed by quenching to transform the whole steel wire to martensite and tempering to provide the whole steel wire with the tempered martensite microstructure.
- the steel wire having a tempered martensite microstructure is used to manufacture the small metal hooks of the flexible card clothing.
- JP8035125 discloses a steel wire for the production of card clothing.
- the steel wire has high mechanical strength, toughness, elongation, also wear resistance.
- the wire is made from a steel alloy composition comprising 0.5 - 0.7 % C by weight, 1.2 - 1.6 % Si by weight, 0.5 - 0.9 % Mn by weight, 0.5 - 1.5 % Cr by weight; and the rest Fe and inevitable impurities.
- the tensile strength is greater than or equal to 2500 N/mm 2 (2500 MPa) and the elongation at break is more than 5 %.
- An objective of the invention is to provide a steel wire for the production of flexible card clothing with improved lifetime. Another objective of the invention is to provide flexible card clothing with improved lifetime.
- the first aspect of the invention is a steel wire for flexible card clothing.
- the steel wire has an equivalent diameter between 0.2 and 0.7 mm. With equivalent diameter is meant the diameter of the cross section of a steel wire with circular cross section having the same cross sectional area as the steel wire not necessarily having a circular cross section.
- the steel wire has a composition comprising between 0.7% and 1.1 % by weight carbon; between 0.5% and 1.2% (and preferably less than 1 %) by weight manganese; between 0.05% and 0.5% by weight silicon.
- the steel wire further comprises less than 0.4% by weight chromium; less than 0.05% by weight phosphorus; less than 0.05% by weight sulphur; less than 0.2% by weight copper; and less than 0.2% by weight nickel.
- the steel wire comprises at least one alloying element, and preferably a plurality of alloying elements.
- the at least one alloying element - and preferably the plurality of alloying elements - are selected from the group of vanadium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and boron.
- the content of the at least one alloying element is between 0.02% and 0.2% by weight.
- the at least one alloying element is boron
- the content of boron is at least 0.001 % - and preferably more than 0.004% - by weight.
- the steel wire composition further comprises unavoidable impurities and the remainder being iron.
- the steel wire has a tempered martensitic microstructure.
- the microstructure of the steel wire comprises between 1 and 10 % by volume of undissolved carbides.
- the microstructure of the steel wire comprises more than 2% by volume of undissolved carbides.
- the microstructure of the steel wire comprises more than 3% by volume of undissolved carbides.
- the microstructure of the steel wire comprises more than 4% by volume of undissolved carbides.
- undissolved carbides is meant the carbides that have not been dissolved when austenitizing the steel wire.
- the austenitizing process to manufacture the steel wire of the invention is an incomplete austenitizing of the steel wire.
- Undissolved carbides are alternatively known as primary carbides or spheroidized carbides. They are called spheroidized carbides because of their spherical shape.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- volume percentage volume percentage
- the steel wire of the invention allows making flexible card clothing with higher lifetime, thanks to the combination of improved resistance against the abrasive forces acting on the tips of the hooks, and the higher resistance against bending fatigue load.
- the specific microstructure and composition of the steel wire allows that the tips of the hooks of the flexible card clothing can be hardened to high hardness, and thus to high abrasion resistance.
- the tips can be converted by the hardening treatment into a fine martensitic microstructure (thanks to alloy composition and the fine microstructure of the inventive steel wire) with high carbon content and free from undissolved carbides.
- the specific fine tempered martensitic microstructure comprising undissolved carbides provides the improved fatigue resistance (resistance against permanent deformation and even against breakage) of the flexible card clothing. This is achieved as the martensitic microstructure comprises lower carbon content because of the carbon present in the undissolved carbides. Therefore, the card wire surprisingly allows making flexible card clothing combining high fatigue resistance (thanks to a high yield strength Rp0.2) with high abrasion resistance at the tips after hardening, and therefore longer lifetime.
- the combination of high fatigue resistance with high abrasion resistance of the tips is surprising as these properties are normally inversely correlated to each other.
- Steel wires according to the invention can be made according to the following process: steel wires are processed into final cross sectional shape and dimensions according to techniques known in the art. After reaching the final cross sectional shape and dimensions, specific heat treatment is performed that provides the steel wire of the invention with the specific microstructure and properties.
- the wire is incompletely austenitized.
- the incomplete austenitization is realized by controlling the heating temperature (between Ac1 and Ac3), heating time or the running speed of the elongated steel wire.
- the incomplete austenitization of the specific steel composition especially the presence of the alloying elements selected from the group of vanadium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and boron - results in the presence of undissolved carbides and a fine microstructure.
- the austenitization is followed by low temperature quenching (e.g. in oil) and tempering thereby achieving the final microstructure as claimed.
- the cross section of the steel wire is not round. More
- the steel wire has a biconvex cross section.
- biconvex cross section is meant a convex cross section that is continuously rounded.
- the steel wire has a biconvex cross section with ratio of the longest to the shortest calliper diameter at least 1.2, more preferably 1 .3.
- biconvex wires are (provided are the longest and the shortest calliper diameter): 0.38 * 0.28 mm; 0.405 * 0.305 mm and 0.43 * 0.33 mm.
- the residual austenite of the steel wire is less than 4 % by volume, more
- Such wires are preferred as higher amount of residual austenite could be harmful when converted in the production of the flexible card clothing into untempered martensite, which is a brittle microstructure.
- the content of residual austenite can be determined by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) or magnetic measurement.
- a preferred steel wire comprises at least 0.001 % by weight of boron; and more preferably less than 0.01 % by weight of boron.
- Boron is one of the alloying elements that can be used to achieve the beneficial technical effects of steel wires according to the invention. It is a specific benefit of boron that it can achieve the beneficial effects with only low amount of boron in the steel wire.
- a preferred steel wire comprises between 0.05 and 0.2% by weight of vanadium; more preferably less than 0.15% by weight of vanadium.
- Vanadium is one of the alloying elements that can be used in the invention to achieve the beneficial technical effects of steel wires according to the invention.
- the tempered martensite grains have a shape with a long length and a short length, wherein the ratio of the long length to the short length is less than 2, more preferably less than 1.5.
- long length and short length are meant the longest and shortest distances in a cross section of the wire through the center of gravity of the grain, as can be determined in optical microscopy on longitudinal sections on steel wires.
- the tempered martensite grains are equiaxial, meaning they do not have a preferential direction.
- the presence of inclusions can cause a limited preferential orientation of grains along the longitudinal direction of the wire.
- such preferential orientation is much less than in an end drawn microstructure; and cannot be confused with the microstructure of an end drawn martensitic wire, in which the preferential longitudinal orientation of tempered martensite grains is much more pronounced.
- the tempered martensite grains have an average grain size less than 10 ⁇ ; more preferably less than 8 ⁇ , even more preferably less than 6 ⁇ .
- This fine grain size synergistically contributes to the favourable mechanical properties, e.g. a high yield strength resulting in a resistance to permanent deformation of the flexible card clothing and hence a high lifetime of the card clothing made with such steel wire.
- Grain size of the tempered martensite grains can be measured according to ASTM E1 12-13. The method is an optical method in which the average is taken from the longest and the smallest dimension of the grain on the picture.
- the steel wire has tensile strength Rm at least 2400 MPa and yield strength Rp0.2 at least 2100 MPa.
- a preferred steel wire has yield strength Rp0.2 at least 2200 MPa, more preferably at least 2250 MPa.
- a preferred steel wire has a ratio of the yield strength Rp0.2 to the tensile strength Rm higher than 90%.
- the elongation at break At of the steel wire is more than 3%, more preferably more than 4%.
- a second aspect of the invention is flexible card clothing, comprising hooks and a
- the hooks comprise steel wire as in any embodiment of the first aspect of the invention.
- the foundation comprises a number of fabric layers bonded together.
- the hooks are set into the foundation.
- Each of the hooks comprises a base section and two legs.
- the base section is provided parallel with the foundation and at one side of the foundation.
- the two legs penetrate through the foundation; and each of the two legs has a sharpened tip.
- each of the legs is bent, providing a knee.
- Flexible card clothing is made starting from the foundation and steel wire. The first
- the process step is performed on a setting machine. Short length of steel wire is cut and bent into the shape of a hook. The hook is inserted through the foundation. In most occasions, after insertion into the foundation, each leg of the hook is bent into a knee. After setting all hooks in the foundation, the tips are sharpened on a special machine. This sharpening operation involves grinding the sides of the tips and creating the so-called backing off. This way, a sharp tip is provided that is required for efficient carding.
- Another step is the hardening of the sharpened tips.
- the hardening process is a heat treatment of the sharpened tips.
- the heat treatment involves providing a quenched martensitic microstructure to the tips of the wire, thereby creating enhanced abrasion resistance of the tips.
- the martensitic microstructure of the tips is free from undissolved carbides, as the undissolved carbides have been dissolved in the austenitization step of the hardening process of the tips.
- the base and at least part of the legs have a tempered martensitic microstructure.
- the tips have a martensitic microstructure with Vickers hardness number (HV) higher than 800 HV, more preferably higher than 900 HV.
- the martensitic microstructure of the tips is free from undissolved carbides, as the undissolved carbides have been dissolved in the austenitization step of the hardening process of the tips.
- the microstructure of the tips is a quenched martensitic microstructure, more preferably an untempered quenched martensitic microstructure.
- Figure 1 shows an example of flexible card clothing.
- Figure 2 illustrates the tensile stress - strain curve of a steel wire.
- Figure 3 shows an example of a metallic card wire.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of flexible card clothing 10 according to the invention.
- the flexible card clothing comprises hooks 12 and a foundation 14.
- the foundation typically consists out of a number of layers of woven cotton fabric, bonded together by means of a rubber based adhesive, and a top layer 16 of rubber.
- the hooks comprise steel wire according to the invention.
- the hooks are set into the foundation.
- Each of the hooks comprises a base section 18 and two legs 20.
- the base section is provided parallel with the foundation and at one side of the foundation.
- the two legs penetrate through the foundation.
- the legs are bent, thereby forming a knee 22.
- Each of the two legs has a sharpened tip 24, by side grinding and by providing a backing off 26 to the tip.
- the tips are hardened, thereby providing a quenched martensitic microstructure to the tips;
- the flexible card clothing according to the invention can interact on a carding machine with metallic card wire.
- Figure 3 shows an example 300 of such metallic card wire.
- Figure 2 provides information about the way the mechanical properties of the steel wires are described in this document. The mechanical properties are described and tested according to ISO 6892-1 :2016.
- Figure 2 schematically illustrates a stress-strain curve of a steel wire in an uniaxial tensile test. In the X-axis, the strain is provided. The vertical (Y) axis provides the tensile stress (in MPa). The elongation at breakage is represented by At. The tensile strength Rm is the maximum stress. The yield strength Rp0.2 is the stress when crossing the tensile curve with the line through 0.2% strain and parallel with the elastic modulus line.
- Reference steel wires 1 and 2 are made from wire rod with steel grade A and B
- Steel wire number 3 is a steel wire according to the invention made of wire rod C.
- Steel wire number 4 is a steel wire according to the invention made of wire rod D.
- Steel wires number 5, 6, 7 and 8 are steel wires according to the invention made of wire rod E.
- Each of the steel wires 3 - 8 is - after processing the steel wire to its final shape and dimensions - processed in a heat treatment process involving incomplete austenitization. This is clear from the austenitization temperature provided in table 2, which is between Ac1 and Ac3, resulting in undissolved carbides. Austenitization is followed by oil quenching and tempering. Information on the microstructure and the mechanical properties is provided in table 2.
- the synergistic action of the steel grade (and especially the carbon content and the presence of alloying elements) and the specific fine microstructure comprising undissolved carbides results in excellent mechanical properties of the steel wires numbers 3 - 8.
- the high yield strength is especially noticed.
- Steel wires 3 - 8 can be processed into card clothing that has high resistance to fatigue, as the risk of permanent deformation of the hooks of the card clothing is strongly reduced.
- the tips of the hooks have high abrasion resistance after hardening the tips of the legs of the hooks.
- the surprising combination of the resistance to fatigue and the abrasion resistance of the tips results in flexible card clothing with high lifetime.
- the amount of residual austenite in the microstructure of steel wire number 3 has been measured by means of XRD and was less than 1 % by volume.
- the steel wires of the specific examples all comprise vanadium.
- the beneficial effects of the invention can be achieved by selecting other alloying elements from the group of vanadium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten and boron; when at least containing the minimum quantities as claimed.
- Vanadium, titanium, niobium, molybdenum and tungsten are alloying elements forming stable carbides that limit austenite grain growth during austenitization and create improved hardenability. Boron on the other hand leads mainly to improved hardenability. These actions are very important towards improvement of lifetime of the tips and of the base of the hooks in flexible card clothing.
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Abstract
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CN2017093841 | 2017-07-21 | ||
PCT/EP2018/068030 WO2019015957A1 (en) | 2017-07-21 | 2018-07-04 | Steel wire for flexible card clothing |
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WO2024083497A1 (en) * | 2022-10-21 | 2024-04-25 | Nv Bekaert Sa | An elongated zinc coated steel wire for flexible carding clothing |
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SE543422C2 (en) * | 2019-06-07 | 2021-01-12 | Voestalpine Prec Strip Ab | Steel strip for flapper valves |
CN110669981B (en) * | 2019-10-02 | 2021-07-16 | 江苏省沙钢钢铁研究院有限公司 | Vanadium-boron composite microalloyed cord steel wire rod and production method thereof |
CN112899583B (en) * | 2020-12-30 | 2022-03-18 | 江阴市钧益特种钢丝科技有限公司 | High-elasticity high-nickel alloy card clothing steel wire and preparation method thereof |
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JP2791537B2 (en) * | 1993-12-22 | 1998-08-27 | 金井 宏之 | Top needle cloth |
JPH0835125A (en) | 1994-07-22 | 1996-02-06 | Kanai Hiroaki | High-strength card clothing wire |
US6269522B1 (en) | 1998-11-24 | 2001-08-07 | Graf & Cie Ag | Method of operating a card and a card flat for carrying out the method |
DE102006016832B4 (en) * | 2006-04-07 | 2021-04-15 | Trützschler GmbH & Co Kommanditgesellschaft | Set carrier for a card cover covering |
ATE556798T1 (en) * | 2008-09-12 | 2012-05-15 | Klein Ag L | ARTICLES MADE OF POWDER METALLURGICAL, LEAD-FREE FREE-MAKING STEEL AND PRODUCTION PROCESSES THEREOF |
PL3250719T3 (en) * | 2015-01-30 | 2020-03-31 | Nv Bekaert Sa | High tensile steel wire |
CN108138276B (en) * | 2015-10-09 | 2021-05-25 | 江阴贝卡尔特钢丝制品有限公司 | Elongated steel wire with a metal coating for corrosion resistance |
CN105838981A (en) | 2016-05-20 | 2016-08-10 | 金轮针布(江苏)有限公司 | Steel for card clothing |
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WO2024083497A1 (en) * | 2022-10-21 | 2024-04-25 | Nv Bekaert Sa | An elongated zinc coated steel wire for flexible carding clothing |
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WO2019015957A1 (en) | 2019-01-24 |
CN110945149A (en) | 2020-03-31 |
EP3655556B1 (en) | 2021-09-01 |
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