EP3649487A1 - Mehrkanalphotomultiplier mit auslese-elektronik - Google Patents
Mehrkanalphotomultiplier mit auslese-elektronikInfo
- Publication number
- EP3649487A1 EP3649487A1 EP18734207.6A EP18734207A EP3649487A1 EP 3649487 A1 EP3649487 A1 EP 3649487A1 EP 18734207 A EP18734207 A EP 18734207A EP 3649487 A1 EP3649487 A1 EP 3649487A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- event
- integrated circuit
- signal
- photomultiplier
- analog
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01T—MEASUREMENT OF NUCLEAR OR X-RADIATION
- G01T1/00—Measuring X-radiation, gamma radiation, corpuscular radiation, or cosmic radiation
- G01T1/16—Measuring radiation intensity
- G01T1/20—Measuring radiation intensity with scintillation detectors
- G01T1/208—Circuits specially adapted for scintillation detectors, e.g. for the photo-multiplier section
Definitions
- the invention relates to a device for detecting a photon or photons on a front side of a multi-channel photomultiplier, the device comprising the multichannel photomultiplier and a read-out electronics connected to the multichannel photomultiplier.
- the invention further relates to a system.
- multichannel photomultiplier readout systems are typically custom-made for a given built-in geometry and multi-unit detector area, e.g. for the electronic readout of the photomultiplier, for the interim evaluation of the signals or for a white balance with manual intervention.
- a device for detecting a photon or photons on a front side of a multi-channel photomultiplier wherein the device comprises the Mehrkanalphotomultiplier and connected to the multi-channel photomultiplier readout electronics, wherein the read-out electronics has a base area which is smaller than or equal to Area of the front is.
- the device may detect one or more photons striking a detection surface of the multi-channel photomultiplier at the front of the multi-channel photomultiplier.
- the device serves to detect a photon or a charged or uncharged particle or a plurality of photons or a plurality of charged or non-charged particles.
- a charged particle e.g. an electron or proton, or uncharged particle, e.g. a neutron
- a front-end conversion unit e.g. a scintillator
- a particularly suitable scintillator is known from document WO 2016/083021 A1. It is made of pixels that are separated by gaps or grooves.
- Detecting on a front side of the multi-channel photomultiplier means that, for example, one or more photons strike for detection on the front side, in particular on a detection surface that extends over part or all of the front side of the multichannel photomultiplier.
- a circumferential outer edge around the detection surface is provided on the front side for stabilization and optical shielding.
- the edge occupies a total of less than 5%, preferably equal to or less than 3% of the total area of the front.
- a non-detecting edge around the detection surface on the front side is less than 2 mm, preferably equal to or less than 1, 5 mm wide.
- a photomultiplier is also called photomultiplier, photomultiplier or engl., "Photomultiplier tube” and commonly abbreviated to "PMT".
- An ordinary photomultiplier includes a photocathode that converts one or more photons via the photoelectric effect into at least one or a plurality of photoelectrons, that is, free electrons, regardless of where a photon strikes the photocathode. In this way, an analog signal can be provided via an anode upon detection of one or more photons by the photomultiplier.
- a multichannel photomultiplier also called Multianodenmultiplier or Engl, "multianode photomultiplier” and commonly abbreviated to “MaPMT” corresponds to several integrated Photomultipliern especially in a single housing.
- Each of the individual anodes then provides an output for an analog signal in each case in particular via a pin penetrating the housing to the outside, which output can be forwarded, read out and / or further processed by the readout electronics.
- a photocathode covers a certain surface portion of the detection surface, which is hereinafter referred to as pixels. If a photon falls on this surface section, ie on this pixel, the corresponding photocathode will detect the photon and output a corresponding analog signal via the analog output. Each analog signal can thus be assigned locally to a pixel on the detection surface.
- the number of channels of the multi-channel photomultiplier corresponds to the number of photocathodes, the anodes and / or the analog outputs.
- the number of channels is therefore a measure of the resolution, i. Pixels per area, multichannel photomultiplier or detection area.
- the multi-channel photomultiplier is connected to the read-out electronics, in particular by means of post connectors.
- a signal connection can optionally also be mechanically connected to a mechanically fixed fixation between the multi-channel photomultiplier and the readout electronics.
- Signal connection means the connection of signal conductors or signal lines, ie, for example, a line for an analog or digital signal.
- Mechanically connected means generally non-positively, materially connected or positively connected.
- Mechanically fixed or fixed generally means not manually without tools and / or non-destructive releasable. In other words, a mechanically fixed assembly is not provided in operation for separating the fixedly connected components.
- a readout electronics for a multi-channel photomultiplier comprises a plurality of signal lines, logic and / or programmable devices, one or more printed circuit boards and / or at least one preferably digital interface for an external evaluation unit.
- Readout electronics take at least one step to further process at least one analog signal.
- an external evaluation unit e.g. PC (personal computer).
- read-out electronics can nevertheless determine, for example, a yes / no result from the signals read out, e.g. whether at a pixel a measured value has exceeded a threshold or not, and output what is not considered herein a detailed evaluation or analysis.
- the footprint of the readout electronics is defined by the projection of the outermost contours of the entire readout electronics onto a plane parallel to the detection area of the multichannel photomultiplier.
- Entire read-out electronics in this context means without connected cables, for example to the external evaluation unit or an external power source.
- the base area indicates how far the entire readout electronics extend outward parallel to the detection surface.
- This imaginary tube would have the outer contour of the base both on the back and on the opposite side, which faces the multi-channel photomultipher.
- the hose would then be stretched in a straight line at each point of the outer contour, because no component or no part of the read-out electronics would project beyond this imaginary hose.
- the hose thus illustrates a sufficient volume for the entire read-out electronics, ie without cables to external components.
- such a tube would be cuboid.
- the base area viewed from the back of the device or readout electronics, covers the entire readout electronics toward the front.
- the multi-channel photomultipher has no outer contour that extends beyond the outer contour of the front side of the multi-channel photomultiphers.
- the read-out electronics has a base area which is smaller than or equal to the area of the front side of the multi-channel photomultiphers, a modular construction of a system with several of the devices according to the invention is made possible.
- the structure can be scaled arbitrarily in this way, and thus an overall detection area can be provided as the sum of a plurality of adjacent detection surfaces each of a device according to the invention in any size.
- Dead areas of the detection area or total detection area can thus be reduced.
- the structure is particularly flexible and can also be changed later if necessary.
- a compact device for a simple and flexibly constructed system is made possible so that an automated use of the measurement data or measurement information directly from the readout unit permits.
- a footprint of the read-out electronics which is smaller than or equal to the area of the front face of the multi-channel photomultiplier has a smaller length and / or width compared with the front face of the multi-channel photomultiplier. In other words, the footprint is shorter and / or narrower than the front.
- the base area is thus at no point on the outer circumference of the front, so in particular over the edge around the detection area around, over or beyond.
- the base area as the front side is spanned by the length and the width.
- the length and width are in the plane or a parallel plane to the detection surface of the multi-channel photomultiplier.
- the length is generally perpendicular to the width.
- the depth is perpendicular to the length and perpendicular to the width. The depth extends from the direction of the front to the back of the readout electronics.
- the length and width of the base together with the depth form an imaginary parallelepiped corresponding to the imaginary tube described above.
- the front side is rectangular or square and / or the base is substantially rectangular or substantially square.
- a rectangular shape and a square shape allow for a particularly close juxtaposition and stacking to minimize dead areas of a total detection area.
- a square shape allows a particularly flexible arrangement of several devices in the length and width direction.
- the base area or its outer contour can thereby take the form of a non-rectangular polygonal shape.
- the overall impression of the base surface shape is still rectangular or square, it is a substantially rectangular or substantially square base.
- the read-out electronics are configurable so that the read-out electronics can be operated in an event report mode or in an event data mode, wherein in the event report mode only the occurrence of an event, in particular in the form of an event signal, while in event data mode, measurement information about the event, in particular in the form of a measurement signal, is output.
- This embodiment is based on the recognition that the mere occurrence of an event, e.g. detecting a photon at a pixel, detected particularly quickly and in particular in the form of the event signal, i. e.g. as a binary code, so yes or no or 1 or 0, can be output.
- an event e.g. detecting a photon at a pixel
- the form of the event signal i. e.g. as a binary code, so yes or no or 1 or 0, can be output.
- providing one or more measurement information e.g. a measured pulse height of a detected photon, compared to much longer.
- the measurement signal containing the measurement information eg the Detected waveform output for this event, which is relatively slow.
- the waveform is transmitted only in event data mode.
- event reporting mode the transmission of an event signal always occurs only for the pixel which is addressed first, in particular until the next dead time.
- the event data mode the analog-digitally converted values of all pixels are transmitted.
- Output can generally be a forwarding to a downstream component or a downstream component within the device, which processes the event signal or measurement signal or makes it available unprocessed to an external evaluation unit via an interface.
- the speed of processing could be increased, in which the downstream components, which will be discussed in more detail, are equipped particularly powerful.
- this requires space, which in the present case is preferably to save, so that the base area is less than or equal to the area of the front.
- each pixel of the multi-channel photomultiplier is assigned an analog output of the multi-channel photomultiplier, and each of these analog outputs is in turn connected to an analog input of an integrated circuit unit, wherein the integrated circuit unit is in particular an ASIC.
- a particularly high processing speed can be achieved in this way.
- the integrated circuit unit for example, a first processing of the signals, eg amplification, can be carried out.
- a plurality of integrated circuit units are provided to divide the analog outputs to a plurality of integrated circuit units.
- the multichannel photomultiplier has 64 analog outputs, it would be possible to provide exactly four integrated circuit units each having 16 analog inputs.
- the integrated circuit units are connected in parallel. A particularly high processing speed can be realized in this way.
- An ASIC is the abbreviation for an application-specific integrated circuit and is also called a "custom chip.” By using an ASIC as an integrated circuit unit, a particularly high processing speed can be achieved.
- a signal provided by an integrated circuit unit will hereinafter be called an output signal.
- the integrated circuit unit which preferably only processes a signal analogously, additionally has one or only one event signal A / D converter in order to convert the preferably analog-processed signal into a digital output signal of the integrated circuit unit for outputting to a downstream one Convert component.
- the integrated circuit unit may be configured such that the integrated circuit unit only forwards all the signals of the analog outputs of the multi-channel photomultiplier, i. without performing any signal processing. Preferably, then forwarded purely analog, so that the output signal is analog.
- the integrated circuit unit transmits an event signal via a trigger line or in event data mode.
- Mode a measurement signal via a measurement information line to a programmable and / or digitally operating logic device unit, in particular an FPGA.
- the occurrence of an event can be reported very quickly to an external evaluation unit or measurement information about the event in a ready-prepared form, for example, for a PC as an external evaluation unit can be provided by the readout electronics.
- Ready-prepared form of measurement information means, for example via an Ethernet interface transmitted.
- the trigger line is connected directly to the integrated circuit unit to transmit an event signal as an output signal of the integrated circuit unit by means of the trigger line, preferably a trigger line for each channel.
- the event signal is a digital output of the integrated circuit unit.
- the integrated circuit unit it is possible for the integrated circuit unit to comprise digital and / or analog circuits or functions.
- the integrated circuit unit has an event signal A / D converter. An event can be reported so fast.
- the measurement information line is connected to or connected to an integrated circuit unit for transmitting a measurement signal as an output signal of the integrated circuit unit by means of the measurement information line.
- a separate measurement information line is provided, but a common measurement information line to transmit a measurement signal of one of the integrated circuit units to the logic device unit.
- the read-out electronics have a total of at least two and / or at most five measurement information lines, in particular independently from the number of integrated circuit units. In this way, several different measurement information about an event can be transmitted very quickly in parallel and at the same time a simple structure can be obtained.
- the measurement signal is an analog output signal of the integrated circuit unit, which is transmitted via the measurement information line.
- the read-out electronics have a measurement signal A / D converter, which is preferably arranged on the measurement information line, preferably between the integrated circuit unit and the logic module, around the analog measurement signal of the integrated circuit unit to convert the path to the logic device into a digital measurement signal.
- the measurement signal A / D converter is multiplexable, can convert the measurement signals of multiple parallel measurement information lines into digital measurement signals. Space can be saved.
- analog signals of the multi-channel photomultiplier and / or the analog output signals of the integrated circuit unit are generally current signals, ie no voltage signals.
- the measurement signal A D converter is preferably preceded by a current-voltage converter so that a voltage signal is received at the measurement signal A D converter which is to be converted into the digital signal, in particular for the logic module.
- a particularly effective conversion from the analog output signal into a digital input signal for the logic module can thus be made possible.
- the measurement information line is an analog differential line.
- An FPGA is the abbreviation for "Field Programmable Gate Array.”
- An FPGA is a particularly digitally working integrated circuit in which a logic circuit can be loaded.
- an FPGA as the logic device unit, a ready-processed measurement signal can be provided in a particularly reliable and simple manner. Furthermore, an FPGA allows a particularly simple and user-friendly adjustability and use in operation.
- the number of trigger lines corresponds to the number of analog outputs of the multi-channel photomultiplier associated with each pixel. A particularly fast event signal transmission can thus be made possible.
- event reporting mode when an event occurs at a pixel, only the respective trigger line is used to transmit the event signal while blocking all other trigger lines.
- a particularly fast transmission and further processing of the event signal by the downstream component, in particular logic module, can be made possible.
- the device has only one multi-channel photomultiplier and / or the read-out electronics have only one logic module for controlling the readout electronics and for providing a data interface for an external evaluation unit.
- the logic module further serves to calibrate the readout electronics, preferably the at least one integrated circuit unit.
- the read-out electronics comprise a plurality of integrated circuit units for first processing the analog signals of the multi-channel photomultiplier, which split the analog outputs of the multi-channel photomultiplier and / or use a common measurement information line for the transmission of a measurement signal to the logic module.
- First processing of the analog signals means that the signals are subsequently processed by a downstream component such as the logic module.
- Processing or processing means that in principle there is the possibility of scheduled modification of the signal, but also a calibration can be provided, by which the signal is forwarded only without modification.
- a simple cable is not set up or suitable for processing or further processing a signal, because it does not allow any scheduled modification of the signal in the sense of the present application.
- the mere physical properties of a cable, such as intrinsic resistance, which may also affect a signal are not expressly meant to be a modification herein. Rather, a planned modification of a signal requires, for example, a logical operation, interconnection or at least one additional electronic component.
- the logic device unit processes the event signal by forwarding the signal to a data interface, even though the event signal may not have been purposefully modified. Because the logic module has basically the means to be able to modify the event signal with an appropriate configuration. Similarly, the integrated processes Switching unit a measurement signal by forwarding in the direction of the logic device unit, even if the measurement signal may not be specifically modified. Because the integrated switching unit basically has the facility to be able to modify the measurement signal with an appropriate configuration.
- an event signal A / D converter is associated with the integrated circuit unit to communicate a digital event signal to the logic device unit.
- a measurement signal A / D converter is interposed on a measurement information line to communicate a digital measurement signal to the logic device unit.
- the logic module allows controlling and / or configuring the integrated circuit unit or the plurality of integrated circuit units.
- the central control and / or calibration by the logic module allows a simple structure.
- a control and calibration is particularly simple and convenient, for example by the evaluation unit possible, in particular, due to the programmability of the logic device unit a variety of measures can be automated, which would otherwise require manual intervention.
- a D / A converter is interposed on a calibration line from the logic device unit to the integrated circuit device a calibration signal analog to the at least one integnerte circuit unit to transmit.
- the at least one integrated circuit unit and / or all integrated circuit units can be calibrated particularly easily at the same time, because also digitally processed signals from the logic module can be used for the calibration.
- a calibration line with an interposed D / A converter in the readout electronics is provided, which is shared when providing a plurality of integrated circuit units.
- a control line is provided between the logic device unit and the at least one integrated circuit unit.
- the control line is for example the configuration, which is e.g. the selection between the two alternatives, event notification mode and event data mode, includes. Discrimination generally concerns the information in which energy domain useful signals are to be found.
- a separate control line is provided for each of the integrated circuit units.
- control lines are provided to each of the integrated circuit units in order to realize a particularly high degree of automation in operation.
- a separate analog calibration line is provided from the logic module to the at least one integrated circuit unit.
- the readout electronics only one of the logic device unit to the integrated circuit unit purely analog Calibration line on. An analog-to-digital conversion can thus be omitted and calibrated very quickly.
- a photomultiplier simulation unit is provided, preferably by means of one or more capacitances.
- the photomultiplier simulation unit is interposed on the calibration line and / or on the calibration line, in particular between an integrated circuit unit and a D / A converter.
- a particularly high level of automation and at the same time reliable detection operation can be achieved.
- the multi-channel photomultiplier comprises at least 32, at least or exactly 64, at least or exactly 256, and / or at most 1024 channels, anodes or analog outputs.
- Exactly 64, ie 8 ⁇ 8, or exactly 256, ie 16 ⁇ 16, have the advantage that this number of channels, anodes or analog outputs can be arranged in a space-efficient manner and / or on a square area where the number of rows is equal to the number of rows Number of columns is.
- a manageable and manageable number of chips is also sufficient for processing the signals of the analog outputs, so that still a particularly simple structure and controllable system can be obtained.
- At least 32 channels, anodes or analogue outputs have the advantage that this number still allows to provide a device in which the footprint is less than or equal to the area of the front face.
- the front side length and / or the front side width is at least 35 mm, preferably 45 mm, and / or at most 70 mm, preferably at most 60 mm, particularly preferably at most 55 mm.
- At least 35 mm allow to provide a device in which the base area is less than or equal to the area of the front. At most 70 mm allows a particularly compact, but simple design, with a system with several such devices can be built very flexible.
- a particularly advantageous tuning and utilization of the components is hereby made possible.
- the front side depth is substantially as large or larger than the front side length and / or the front side width, preferably at most 1.5 times as large.
- the device With a substantially as large front side depth as front side length and front side width, the device has a cube-like overall impression.
- a particularly easy and flexible handleable device By having the front side depth larger than the front side length and / or the front side width, but preferably not larger than 1.5 times, a particularly easy and flexible handleable device can be provided, which due to the balanced proportions and the comparatively uniform weight distribution a particularly stable system with several devices releasably assembled and can also be changed if necessary.
- a mechanical receiving and fixing device is used to a particularly easy fixability and solvability of a single device of one or more adjacent devices of a system with several identical devices.
- such a receiving and fixing device may be made of metal and / or have at least one screw for releasable fixing.
- the read-out electronics ie the entire readout electronics, are arranged distributed on at least two printed circuit boards and / or at most six printed circuit boards, wherein the printed circuit boards are arranged one behind the other, parallel or orthogonal to the front side and / or to the detection surface of the multi-channel photomultiplier ,
- a circuit board is generally a carrier of insulating material for the mechanical attachment of electronic components and / or electrical connection (s).
- the division into at least two printed circuit boards makes it possible in a particularly simple manner that the base area is smaller than or equal to the area of the front side.
- a separation of analog / digital signal processing is made possible and crosstalk avoided or reduced.
- the structure would achieve a particularly high level of complexity and also an excessively large depth, which would hinder smooth operation in practice.
- the successive arrangement of the printed circuit boards parallel to the front side and / or to the detection surface enables a particularly compact construction with a particularly reliable mode of operation.
- the line lengths between the multi-channel photomultiplier and the at least one integrated circuit unit can thus be minimized.
- this can be spatially particularly efficient to obtain a base area that is less than or equal to the area of the front.
- the readout electronics is distributed to two separate, but firmly mechanically connected components, wherein the first component, the at least one integrated circuit unit and / or the second component of the Logic unit comprises.
- a component comprises at least one printed circuit board.
- a component may also comprise two printed circuit boards and / or additional electronic components, which are, however, mechanically firmly connected to each other.
- data is exchanged or transmitted between two components through lines that freely traverse an air gap of more than 1 mm. In other words, freely suspended cables run between two components.
- the data lines between the components are preferably not firmly integrated in a carrier.
- a particularly compact and functionally clear structure can thus be made possible.
- a receiving and fixing device can hold a readout electronics with two components particularly reliable and easy attachable and detachable for the user and fix. Also, the base can be kept in this way, taking advantage of the synergies described above less than or equal to the area of the front.
- the first component is arranged between the multi-channel photomultiplier and the second component and / or connects the multichannel photomultiplier to the second component.
- the inputs of the integrated circuit unit are arranged at or about the positions of the analog outputs of the multi-channel photomultiplier, preferably in rows and columns, i. a matrix.
- the measurement signal A / D converter, the current-voltage converter, the D / A converter and / or the photomultiplier simulation unit are arranged on the second component.
- the read-out electronics preferably the second component, has at least one interface for outputting a signal to an external evaluation unit, preferably an RJ-45 interface, a lemo interface and / or a JTAG interface.
- a particularly high degree of automation and user comfort can be achieved in this way.
- the arrangement of at least one interface on the second component simplifies the access to connect a cable for the user and also allows a particularly compact design, because as little space is lost through cable management.
- a JTAG or IEEE interface can be used for user-side control, configuration and / or programming of the logic module, in particular FPGA.
- An ordinary computer or PC can be used as an evaluation device by the JTAG interface or Ethernet interface.
- the lemo interface is used for temporal synchronization in the further processing of the signals of the multi-channel photomultiplier.
- the RJ-45 interface ie an Ethernet interface, allows the logic device unit, in particular FPGA, to receive instructions via the Internet.
- an Internet interface is provided.
- the logic module can also forward data without instructions via an Internet interface.
- an electrical energy distributor for supplying the read-out electronics with power and / or a separate high-voltage distributor for the multi-channel photomultiplier is preferably provided on the second component.
- the separate provision of the electrical power distributor and the high-voltage distributor can be technically particularly simple implement.
- Another aspect of the invention for solving the problem relates to a system with a plurality of devices, in particular according to at least one embodiment of the device described above for achieving the object, wherein the Front sides of the multi-channel photomultiplier of the devices are arranged on a common plane to form a coherent total detection area, wherein two adjacent devices on one another and / or next to each other directly abut or adjoin one another.
- Adjacent means that two devices are arranged side by side and parallel to each other as closely as possible juxtaposed and preferably mechanically firmly connected in this position.
- Concern means that two adjacent devices adjoin one another at least in one point or area section.
- two adjacent edge portions which surround the respective detection surface of their device, abut each other.
- a particularly large total detection area with minimal dead areas can thus be provided and controlled and operated with little effort.
- an integrated data preparation and a direct readout of user data can be made possible.
- FIG. 1 Schematic representation of the device
- FIG. 1 Schematic overview of the structure of the device
- FIG. 1 Schematic isometric rear view of the device
- Figure 4 Schematic isometric back view of a system with multiple mechanically connected devices
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of the device with a scintillator 23, shown in dashed lines, which can be coupled to the front side, and an evaluation unit 22, in particular a computer, which can be connected to the device and is shown in dashed lines.
- FIG. 2 shows the division of the readout electronics 2, 3 onto the first component 2 and the second component 3, which are explained in more detail below.
- FIG. 3 shows the outer dimensions of the device 10, which has a total of a preferably square front side 4 with a square detection surface 21 and a rectangular or substantially square base 5, which is spanned by the length L 'and the width B'.
- the entire read-out electronics are located within a cuboid, imaginary tube with the length L ', the width B' and the depth T ", as outlined by a dashed line in Fig. 3.
- the base area 5 is smaller than the area of the Front side 4 with the length L and the width B. Also, the remaining outer contours of the multi-channel photomultiplier remain in the length and width direction within the outer contour of the front side. 4
- the device 10 can be easily arranged to a system 20 adjacent to each other and adjacent to each other and adjacent, so that a flat total detection area from the single detection surface 21 of the individual devices 10 can be assembled.
- FIG. 4 shows by way of example such a system 20 with four devices 10 arranged next to one another and one above the other.
- the system 20 can be scaled arbitrarily and the outer contour of the total detection area can be changed flexibly if required by changing the arrangement of the devices 10.
- FIG. 5 shows the system 20 of FIG. 4 with optionally coupled scintillators 23.
- the scintillator 23 is for illustrative purposes hidden to show the detection surface 21.
- the readout electronics 2, 3 has also been hidden in FIG.
- a scintillator is a body whose molecules are traversed by the passage of high-energy particles, e.g. a neutron, in particular by collision processes are excited and the excitation energy in the form of, for example, light, so photons, again. Some of these photons propagate toward the detection surface 21 of the multi-channel photomultiplier 1 and fall on a pixel of the detection surface 21.
- high-energy particles e.g. a neutron
- the scintillator is brought to the multichannel photomultiplier by an air gap of about 1 mm from the detection surface 21 separately, in particular when the scintillator has no grooves, and / or comprises or consists of Li glass.
- grooves are provided in the scintillator, in particular when the scintillator lies directly on the detection surface 21, in order to achieve a clear separation of the pixels of the multichannel photomultiplier 1 and thereby, for example, the so-called "cross-talk" effect, ie crosstalk effect in which, for example, a photon generated in a certain pixel of the scintillator in the course of a detection process strikes an adjacent pixel of the detection surface 21 due to an oblique propagation direction and the air gap past the corresponding pixel of the detection surface 21 and is consequently misallocated ,
- a multi-channel photomultiplier 1 is shown on the left.
- the first component 2 follows, which performs the function amplifier, discriminator and analog-to-digital conversion for the measurement signal.
- the discriminator ensures that the useful signals are filtered out of the multiplicity of measured signals of the multi-channel photomultiplier 1.
- the signals filtered out by the integrated circuit unit 7 are transmitted to the second component 3 with the FPGA as the logic module 1 1, preferably in digital form.
- the FPGA places a measurement signal, which has been provided analogously by the integrated circuit unit 7 through a first processing and digitally transmitted to the FPGA by the measurement signal A / D converter 25, a location the detector surface 21, so for example the position or the number of a pixel.
- the FPGA can provide the measurement signal with a time stamp and / or calculates, if necessary, for example, the pulse height as a measurement information into a corresponding units.
- the FPGA receives only the event signal with the yes / no information that there has been an event at a particular pixel or at a pixel associated with a particular integrated circuit device.
- the data processed in this way are transmitted by the FPGA into a network or via a network, for example to a computer.
- the numbers set in parenthesis indicate the number of lines used in the illustrated embodiment, which are shown in a simplified manner only by a line. That Sixteen lines extend from the multi-channel photomultiplier 1 to each of the four integrated circuit units 7.
- the integrated circuit units 7, which are in the form of a chip, serve as amplifiers and discriminators and can additionally perform an analog-to-digital conversion of an event signal.
- Each of the four chips or integrated circuit units 7 has sixteen signal inputs. This ensures that a separate signal input into the chip or the integrated circuit unit is available for each pixel of the detection surface 21.
- the chips or integrated circuit units 7 are connected in parallel in a logical sense. It has been found that in this way a particularly reliable and fast operation can be achieved.
- the FPGA 1 1 controls, for example, the discrimination, ie transmits the information in which energy range the useful signals are to be found.
- the FPGA 1 1 continues to perform a calibration.
- the calibration line 12 comprises a D / A converter 19.
- a photomultiplier simulation unit 24 in particular one or more capacitances, which are responsible for simulating a photomultiplier.
- the FPGA outputs a digital calibration signal. This is converted into an analog calibration signal via the D / A converter 19 and then fed into capacitances.
- the capacities now simulate a photomultiplier.
- the resulting simulation signal is then forwarded to the chips, that is to say the integrated circuit units 7. Subsequently, the integrated circuit units 7 output a digital signal. This is then calibrated so that all the integrated circuit units 7 produce an equal output in response to a same input signal.
- the multichannel photomultiplier 1 also reacts differently, as a rule. However, these different reactions are previously known and are stored in the FPGA, so that an adjustment or calibration can be made here as well.
- trigger lines 8 For forwarding an event signal in event reporting mode there are trigger lines 8.
- a differential analog measurement information line 9 serves to forward measurement information, for example the pulse height or the pulse shape, ie complete pulse shape, preferably as analog data. This distinction between two different redirects serves to allow a quick readout when it only depends on the occurrence of events. If only one event is to be measured and if, for example, an event is detected on any pixel, eg a photon is registered, this event is further processed and transmitted by the integrated circuit unit 7 as a digital signal to the FPGA.
- Each integrated circuit unit 7 has only one event signal A / D converter (not shown).
- the differential analog measurement information line 9 likewise comprises a measurement signal A D converter.
- the chips or integrated circuit units 7 are further created so that no digital processing needs to take place. Each integrated circuit unit 7 therefore has sixteen analog outputs.
- the chips or integrated circuit units 7 can be switched, via FPGA and control lines 17, that is, that an analog signal of the multi-channel photomultiplier 1 is forwarded to an analog output 6 of the integrated circuit units 7, which is merely optionally leveled by resistors.
- the analog signals can be transmitted via 4x16 lines, namely the trigger line 8, or else only via a line 9, namely the measurement information line 9, to the second component 3, preferably in digital form according to an analog-digital Conversion by the above-mentioned A / D converter.
- the measuring signal A / D converter 25 is preferably capable of multiplexing, ie it can process several signals simultaneously.
- a / D converters it would also be possible to provide correspondingly a plurality of A / D converters, that is to say an arrangement which can operate more efficient analog-to-digital conversion.
- a / D converter 25 only one measurement signal A / D converter 25 is preferable.
- the preferably multiplexable measurement signal A / D converter 25 then forwards the digitized data to the FPGA.
- a standardized l 2 C-Sch n ittstel le 26 is provided, preferably on the second component 3, which is arranged so that data from a sensor 27 (in Fig. 2 only schematically indicated by a dashed line) can be fed, preferably in the logic module 1 1.
- the sensor may be a temperature sensor, humidity sensor and / or voltage sensor. If required, temperature, humidity, voltage and current values can be fed in, for example, to ambient data such as: For example, if light was on and the multichannel photomultiplier could not measure anything.
- RJ-45 interface 16 through which the FPGA receives instructions.
- a lemo interface via which a clock for the internal quartz crystal oscillations can be specified for the purpose of synchronization.
- a clock for the internal quartz crystal oscillations can be specified for the purpose of synchronization.
- JTAG interface 14 which can be connected to an external evaluation unit 22, preferably PC, and serves to be able to upload firmware into the FPGA.
- an external evaluation unit 22 preferably PC
- a supply unit 30 provides the energy for the energy distributor 28 and / or the high-voltage distributor 29, ie converts the current of the external energy supply accordingly.
- the second component 3 as a whole is the FPGA or an FPGA component or FPGA component arrangement.
- the second component 3 or the FPGA or the FPGA component is composed of two sub-components - as illustrated in FIG. 2 by the two boxes bordered by dashed lines, both of them are again surrounded by a dashed line representing the second component 3.
- the interfaces to external components and the power supply are combined in a sub-component, ie the RJ-45 interface 16, the LEMO interface 15, and the JTAG interface 14 and the power distributor 28, the high-voltage distributor 29 and the supply unit 30 This allows a simple and clear structure as well as a particularly compact design.
- the multi-channel photomultiplier 1 is a Hamamatsu Flat-Plan MaPMT H8500 with 8x8 PMTs.
- the integrated circuit unit 7 is an Ideas IDE3465 from the company Ideas Integrated Detector Electronics AS.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE102017211581.5A DE102017211581A1 (de) | 2017-07-06 | 2017-07-06 | Mehrkanalphotomultiplier mit Auslese-Elektronik |
| PCT/EP2018/067030 WO2019007748A1 (de) | 2017-07-06 | 2018-06-26 | Mehrkanalphotomultiplier mit auslese-elektronik |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3649487A1 true EP3649487A1 (de) | 2020-05-13 |
Family
ID=62748992
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18734207.6A Withdrawn EP3649487A1 (de) | 2017-07-06 | 2018-06-26 | Mehrkanalphotomultiplier mit auslese-elektronik |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3649487A1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE102017211581A1 (de) |
| WO (1) | WO2019007748A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN115373321A (zh) * | 2022-09-14 | 2022-11-22 | 中国人民解放军96963部队 | 多路星模拟器检定装置 |
| EP4671830A1 (de) * | 2024-06-25 | 2025-12-31 | Akademia Gorniczo-Hutnicza im. Stanislawa Staszica w Krakowie | System zum auslesen und erfassen von daten aus multielementskalierten räumlichen szintillationsdetektoren und system zum nachweis und zur analyse ionisierender strahlung |
Family Cites Families (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2006034585A1 (en) * | 2004-09-28 | 2006-04-06 | UNIVERSITé DE SHERBROOKE | Method and system for low radiation computed tomography (ct) |
| US8395127B1 (en) * | 2005-04-22 | 2013-03-12 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Digital silicon photomultiplier for TOF PET |
| CN101583310B (zh) * | 2007-01-11 | 2013-09-04 | 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 | 用于同时进行pet和mr成像的pet/mr扫描器 |
| DE102014224449A1 (de) | 2014-11-28 | 2016-06-02 | Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH | Szintillationsdetektor mit hoher Zählrate |
| US9541448B2 (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2017-01-10 | General Electric Company | Silicon photomultipliers with digitized micro-cells having a first one-shot pulse and a second one-shot pulse provided by an electronic circuit |
-
2017
- 2017-07-06 DE DE102017211581.5A patent/DE102017211581A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2018
- 2018-06-26 WO PCT/EP2018/067030 patent/WO2019007748A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2018-06-26 EP EP18734207.6A patent/EP3649487A1/de not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE102017211581A1 (de) | 2019-01-10 |
| WO2019007748A1 (de) | 2019-01-10 |
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