EP3642742A1 - Procédé non destructive de validation qu'un vitrage résiste à un impact - Google Patents
Procédé non destructive de validation qu'un vitrage résiste à un impactInfo
- Publication number
- EP3642742A1 EP3642742A1 EP18733518.7A EP18733518A EP3642742A1 EP 3642742 A1 EP3642742 A1 EP 3642742A1 EP 18733518 A EP18733518 A EP 18733518A EP 3642742 A1 EP3642742 A1 EP 3642742A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- glazing
- glass sheet
- impact
- glass
- sheet
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
- G06F30/23—Design optimisation, verification or simulation using finite element methods [FEM] or finite difference methods [FDM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J1/00—Windows; Windscreens; Accessories therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B64—AIRCRAFT; AVIATION; COSMONAUTICS
- B64C—AEROPLANES; HELICOPTERS
- B64C1/00—Fuselages; Constructional features common to fuselages, wings, stabilising surfaces or the like
- B64C1/14—Windows; Doors; Hatch covers or access panels; Surrounding frame structures; Canopies; Windscreens accessories therefor, e.g. pressure sensors, water deflectors, hinges, seals, handles, latches, windscreen wipers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/30—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying a single impulsive force, e.g. by falling weight
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/10—Geometric CAD
- G06F30/15—Vehicle, aircraft or watercraft design
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/20—Design optimisation, verification or simulation
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N2203/0058—Kind of property studied
- G01N2203/006—Crack, flaws, fracture or rupture
- G01N2203/0067—Fracture or rupture
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2113/00—Details relating to the application field
- G06F2113/24—Sheet material
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2119/00—Details relating to the type or aim of the analysis or the optimisation
- G06F2119/14—Force analysis or force optimisation, e.g. static or dynamic forces
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a non-destructive method of validating that a glazing installed in a structure resists a dynamic impact, such as a bird impact for an aircraft glazing.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a glazing so that it withstands a dynamic impact.
- the term “glazing” means a structure comprising at least one glass sheet.
- laminated glazing means a glazing structure comprising a stack of at least one glass sheet and a polymeric interlayer, including a stack of a single sheet of glass and a single polymeric interlayer assembled between them.
- a glass sheet is a rigid transparent substrate, which may be made of mineral glass or organic glass.
- a polymeric interlayer is a spacer sheet based on a polymeric material, in particular thermoformable or pressure sensitive, that is to say the type of sheet that is used as interlayer in laminated glazing. It may be a monolithic interlayer or a composite interlayer constituted by the assembly of several polymeric elements in the form of layers, resins or films.
- the invention intends to remedy more particularly by proposing a non-destructive method of validation that a glazing unit installed in a structure resists a dynamic impact, and a method of manufacturing a glazing guaranteeing obtaining a glazing optimized in terms of mass, cost and impact resistance.
- the subject of the invention is a non-destructive method for validating that a glazing installed in a structure resists a dynamic impact, such as a bird impact for a glazing installed in an aircraft, the glazing comprising at least one glass sheet, characterized in that it comprises steps in which:
- the envelope of maximum stress on at least one critical glass sheet of the glazing unit preferably the maximum stress envelope is calculated on each glass sheet of the glazing
- the maximum stress envelope is compared with the breaking stress of the glass sheet obtained according to an experimental method for determining the breaking stress of a selected glass sheet according to the type of impact, in particular it is verified whether the maximum stress envelope is strictly less than the breaking stress.
- the method is a non-destructive method for validating that a laminated glazing installed in a structure resists a dynamic impact, the laminated glazing comprising a stack of at least one glass sheet and a polymeric interlayer the process comprising steps wherein:
- the maximum stress envelope is calculated on at least one critical glass sheet of the laminated glazing unit (preferably the envelope of maximum stress on each sheet of glass of the laminated glazing); for at least the critical glass sheet of the laminated glazing (preferably for each glass sheet of the laminated glazing), the maximum stress envelope is compared with the breaking stress of the glass sheet obtained according to an experimental determination method. the breaking stress of a selected glass sheet depending on the type of impact, in particular whether the maximum stress envelope is strictly less than the breaking stress.
- the invention also relates to a method of manufacturing a glazing so that it withstands a dynamic impact when it is installed in a structure, such as an impact to the bird for a glazing installed in an aircraft, the glazing comprising at least one glass sheet, characterized in that it comprises steps in which:
- the envelope of maximum stress on at least one critical glass sheet of the glazing unit preferably the maximum stress envelope is calculated on each glass sheet of the glazing, as a function of the dimensions of the glazing unit;
- the characteristics of the glazing are adjusted among its dimensions, the constituent material of each glass sheet, so that the maximum stress envelope calculated for at least the critical glass sheet of the glazing (preferably for each glass sheet of glazing) is strictly lower than the breaking stress of the glass sheet obtained according to an experimental method for determining the breaking stress of a glass sheet selected according to the type of impact, while having an optimized dimensioning of the glazing ;
- each glass sheet of the glazing unit is prepared and assembled with the adjusted characteristics.
- the method is a method of manufacturing a laminated glazing so that it resists a dynamic impact when installed in a structure, the laminated glazing comprising a stack of at least one sheet of glass and a polymeric interlayer, the process comprising steps in which: ⁇
- the maximum stress envelope is calculated on at least one critical glass sheet of the laminated glazing unit (preferably the envelope of maximum stress on each glass sheet of the laminated glazing), as a function of the dimensions of the laminated glazing unit;
- the characteristics of the laminated glazing are adjusted among its dimensions, the constituent material of each glass sheet, the constituent material of each polymeric interlayer, the nature of each interface between a glass sheet and a polymeric interlayer, so that the maximum stress envelope calculated for at least the critical glass sheet of the laminated glazing (preferably for each glass sheet of the laminated glazing) is strictly less than the breaking stress of the glass sheet obtained according to an experimental method for determining the breaking stress of a selected glass sheet depending on the type of impact, while having an optimized dimensioning of the laminated glazing;
- each sheet of glass and each polymeric interlayer of the laminated glazing is prepared and assembled with the adjusted characteristics.
- critical glass sheet means a glass sheet of the glazing which is known to be most likely to break during the dynamic impact, for example because of its thickness, its constituent material, its positioning vis-à-vis the impactor, etc.
- the invention can then be implemented by calculating the maximum stress envelope on this critical glass sheet only. However, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the maximum stress envelope is calculated on each glass sheet of the glazing.
- the term "dimensions of the glazing” not only its peripheral dimensions, for example in the case of a rectangular glazing, its width and length, but also the thicknesses of his or her glass sheets and , in the case of a laminated glazing, its or its component polymeric interleaves.
- the term “sizing Optimized glazing” having a thickness of glass and optionally a polymeric interlayer thickness in the glazing adjusted to minimize the mass and / or the cost of the glazing.
- the or each glass sheet of the glazing may be a mineral glass sheet, in particular an oxide glass such as a silicate, borate, sulfate, phosphate, or other.
- oxide glass such as a silicate, borate, sulfate, phosphate, or other.
- Each glass sheet of the glass which is made of mineral glass is advantageously reinforced, in particular by a thermal quenching process or by an ion exchange process also called "chemical quenching".
- the methods of thermal quenching and chemical quenching make it possible to increase the impact resistance of the mineral glass sheets by creating a superficial zone in compression and a central zone in tension.
- the superficial substitution of an ion of the glass sheet usually an alkaline ion such as sodium or lithium
- a larger ionic ion ion usually an alkaline ion, such as potassium or sodium
- a depth corresponds, in a cross section, to a distance between a point considered and a surface of the glass sheet, measured according to a normal to said surface.
- the stresses are parallel to the surface of the glass sheet, and are thickness constraints, in the sense that, with the exception of the edge zones, the average of the stresses over the entire thickness of the glass sheet is zero.
- the compressive surface stresses are indeed balanced by the presence of a central zone in tension. There is therefore a certain depth at which the transition between compression and tension occurs, this depth being called “depth of compression P" in the rest of the text.
- the or each glass sheet of the glazing may also be an organic glass sheet containing one or more high molecular weight organic polymer substances, for example polycarbonate (PC) or polymethyl methacrylate ( PMMA).
- PC polycarbonate
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- the or each polymeric interlayer of the laminated glazing unit may be a thermoformable or pressure-sensitive sheet, especially based on polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyurethane 6
- PU ethylene-vinyl acetate
- EVA ethylene-vinyl acetate
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- a dynamic impact is considered between a glazing unit and an impactor, where the relative speed between the glazing unit and the impactor is between 15 m / s and 1500 m / s.
- the impactor may be of a varied nature, in particular the impactor may be a hard element such as a steel ball, a paved projectile, a ballistic projectile, or the impactor may be a soft element such as a bird. It can also be a fluid-type impactor, for example a gas under pressure in the case of a glazing subject to an explosive impact, or a volume of water sprayed in the case of a glazing subject to an impact with a package of water, especially for marine applications.
- a fluid-type impactor for example a gas under pressure in the case of a glazing subject to an explosive impact, or a volume of water sprayed in the case of a glazing subject to an impact with a package of water, especially for marine applications.
- the impactor is a chicken weighing 0.5 kg to 2 kg and the relative speed between the glazing and the impactor is included between 50 m / s and 200 m / s;
- an impact to the glass bottle, used to test train glazings where the impactor is a glass bottle and the relative speed between the glazing unit and the impactor is between 25 m / s and 180 m / s;
- a gravel type impact used to test train glazings, where the impactor is a 20 g aluminum element having a pointed head and the relative speed between the glazing unit and the impactor is between 25 m / s and 150 m / s;
- an impact to hailstones used to test aircraft glazing (aircraft, helicopters), where the impactor is a set of cotton and frozen water of predefined diameter (10 mm, 12.7 mm, 25.4 mm 50.8 mm) and the relative speed between the glazing unit and the impactor is between 40 m / s and 260 m / s; a ballistic impact, used to test armored vehicle windows, where the impactor is a ballistic projectile that can be of different shapes and sizes, and the relative speed between the glazing unit and the impactor is between 350 m / s and 1000 m / s.
- the finite element numerical model is obtained by performing a mesh of geometric models of the impactor, on the one hand, and the glazing with the surrounding elements that hold it in position in the structure, on the other hand.
- CAD computer-assisted design
- CAD computer-aided design
- the mesh of the geometric models of the impactor and the glazing with its surrounding elements, as well as the calculation of the envelope of maximum stress on each sheet of glass of the glazing are made using a software finite element analysis, such as ABAQUS, ANSYS, RADIOSS software.
- the properties of the materials of the impactor, the glazing and its surrounding elements are provided as input to the finite element calculation over at least the characteristic frequency and temperature ranges of the 'impact.
- the characteristics of the dynamic impact in particular the location and the angle of impact of the impactor on the glazing, the relative speed, are provided as input for the finite element calculation. between the glazing and the impactor, the mass of the impactor, the temperature of each component.
- a method according to the invention comprises:
- the injection into the finite element numerical model of the characteristics of the dynamic impact in particular the location and the angle of impact of the impactor on the glazing, the relative speed between the glazing and the impactor, the mass the impactor, the temperature of each component,
- An important step of the invention is the selection of an experimental method for determining the breaking stress of a glass sheet corresponding to the type of impact, that is to say in which the impactor solicits the sheet similar to what happens during the real impact.
- the method selected must be representative of the type of stressing of the critical defects present in the glass sheet, which may depend in particular on the composition of the glass, the type of treatment applied to the glass (thermal quenching, chemical quenching, etc.). , the type of impactor, the speed of impact.
- the method selected will not be the same for an aircraft glazing subjected to a bird impact, for a glazing of a train subjected to an impact pavement, or for a glazing automobile subjected to an impact ballistic.
- Examples of experimental methods for determining the breaking stress of a glass sheet include but are not limited to: an impact test at the chute tower; ring bending test on tripod without indentation; ring bending test on tripod after indentation.
- a rigid impactor which is a steel ball
- the steel ball is positioned at different heights until the test piece breaks.
- a finite element numerical model of the test is realized, by modeling the strain gauges in the numerical model.
- the deformations in dynamics are recorded thanks to the strain gauges in order to validate the numerical model, which makes it possible to determine the stress at the departure of breakage, which corresponds to the breaking stress of the glass sheet.
- two strain gauges are used for each test, which allows to see the centering of the ball vis-à-vis the center of the test piece.
- the glass sheet is dynamically stressed, which is analogous to what happens during a bird strike, an impact to the UlC projectile. , a ballistic impact for example.
- the glazing is a glazing intended to be installed in an aircraft, the impact is an impact on the bird and the method selected to determine the breaking stress of the glass sheet is an impact test at the fall tower ,
- the glazing is a glazing intended to be installed in a train
- the impact is an impact to the UlC projectile
- the method selected to determine the breaking stress of the glass sheet is an impact test at the fall tower
- the glazing is a glazing intended to be installed in a motor vehicle, the impact is a ballistic impact and the method selected to determine the breaking stress of the glass sheet is an impact test at the tower of fall.
- the tripod ring bending test is carried out, for example, using an Instron 5567 machine, adjusted with a traverse speed of 2 mm / min, instrumented with a force sensor. of 10 kN, a 10 mm diameter ring with a torus 1 mm in radius, fixed at the end of the Instron machine, and a base on which are glued three balls of radius 5 mm, arranged at 120 ° on a circle 20 mm in radius and whose center coincides with the center of the ring. The test piece is placed between these three balls and the ring. An increasing force is then applied to the ring until the test piece breaks. Only test specimens whose fracture origin is below the ring are counted. The breaking stress as a function of the breaking force and the thickness of the test piece is given by the following formula, the result being taken as the average of five tests:
- the bending test is carried out as before, except that the specimens were previously subjected to indentation, performed on the opposite side to the adhesive film with the aid of weight placed over a Vickers tip.
- each test piece is positioned under the tip so that the indentation is made in the middle of the test piece, to within 1 mm.
- the descent of the tip on the test piece is carried out for example using an Instron machine equipped with a force sensor of 5 kN. In the initial position, the tip is placed between 2 and 5 mm above the test piece. Then the tip is approached from the glass at a speed of 10 mm / min.
- the force applied by the machine becomes zero and only the weights placed on the tip cause the indentation of the glass.
- the indentation lasts 20 seconds, then the tip is raised by the machine.
- the glass is then stored for at least 12 hours to stabilize crack propagation. In case of breakage after indentation but before the flexural test, the flexural breaking stress is declared null.
- the test piece is then placed between the three balls and the ring in such a way that the indentation mark is aligned with the center of the ring, to within 1 mm.
- the evolution of the fracture probability as a function of the stress obtained by the fall tower impact test or the tripod ring bend test after or without indentation may depend on the volume of the test piece tested. Indeed, the mechanical strength of the mineral glass sheet is fixed by the most important defect in the area requested. In By changing the stress conditions or by taking a larger specimen, there is a greater probability of encountering a larger defect. To take this phenomenon into account, we then use a statistical method based on the Weibull model.
- the inventors have demonstrated that, for a sheet of mineral glass reinforced by chemical quenching such as those used in aircraft glazing, the test of ring bending on tripod after indentation makes it possible to overcome the appearance statistics of glass breakage if a suitable depth of indentation is chosen.
- the depth of indentation is chosen greater than the largest defect size of the glass, in order to create a larger defect than the intrinsic defects of the glass, and less than the depth of compression P resulting from the chemical quenching, so to have a measured breaking stress which remains representative of the breaking stress of reinforced glass, with little dispersion.
- the indentation tripod ring bending test is well representative of the stresses of the critical defects of the glass generated during a dynamic impact, such as an impact to the bird, an impact to the UIC projectile, an impact ballistics, etc.
- a larger defect is created than the intrinsic defects of the glass, there is no longer a problem of scaling for the probability of failure.
- the glazing comprises at least one mineral glass sheet reinforced by chemical quenching and the method selected for determining the breaking stress of the glass sheet is a ring bending test on tripod after indentation.
- the depth of indentation is chosen greater than the largest defect size of the glass and less than the compression depth P resulting from the chemical quenching.
- the depth of indentation is of the order of 5 to 25 ⁇ for a compression depth P of the order of 200 to 250 ⁇ .
- the value of the breaking stress, to which the maximum stress envelope on the glass sheet will be compared may for example be chosen as being the stress value at 10% of rupture probability on the graph of evolution of the probability of rupture as a function of the stress. It is also possible to add a factor X (X> 1), considering that the test of ring bending on tripod after indentation is too conservative, since a defect is added. The value of this factor X is chosen in relation to the experiment and the observations made on destructive tests.
- the glazing is a laminated aircraft glazing consisting of a stack of three sheets of glass and two polymeric interleaves interposed between the glass sheets.
- a three-ply structure of glass is a conventional structure of front glazing, lateral front or rear side of aircraft.
- an example of a conventional structure for laminated aircraft glazing is the following stack: mineral glass (3 mm) / PU (5.3 mm) / mineral glass (8 mm) / PVB (2 mm) / glass mineral (8 mm).
- the glazing is a laminated helicopter glazing consisting of a stack comprising at least one glass sheet and a polymeric interlayer.
- an example of a conventional structure for a laminated helicopter glazing is the following stack: mineral glass (0.7 mm) / PU (2.5 mm) /
- PMMA (7 mm), or a stack of a single sheet of glass and a single composite polymeric interlayer: mineral glass (3 mm) / PU (3.56 mm) + PET
- the constitutive law of the constituent material of each polymeric interlayer of the laminated glazing is a viscoelastic model determined from DMA measurements (dynamic mechanical analysis or "Dynamic Mechanical Analysis "). DMA is used to characterize the response of a material in temperature and frequency, applying small cyclic deformations. In practice, from DMA results on a sample of the polymeric interlayer, the shear properties of the interlayer material are studied by establishing:
- the evolution curve of the conservation module G 'of the material as a function of the frequency for different temperatures in particular the frequency is between 5 Hz and 285 Hz and the temperature is between -60 ° C. and + 60 ° C.,
- the evolution curve of the loss modulus G "of the material as a function of the frequency for different temperatures in particular the frequency is between 5 Hz and 285 Hz and the temperature is between -60 ° C. and + 60 ° C.
- a master curve is constructed for the conservation modules G' and loss G" on at least the characteristic frequency and temperature ranges of the impact, using for example the law of equivalence frequency / temperature established by the method WLF (Williams-Landel-Ferry).
- G 0 the instantaneous module (high frequency or low temperature), g k relative modules, r k relaxation times.
- Another object of the invention is glazing obtained by the manufacturing method as described above so as to withstand a given dynamic impact when installed in a given structure. ⁇ ⁇
- At least a portion of the non-destructive method validation steps that a glazing installed in a structure withstands a dynamic impact as described above, or the method of manufacturing a glazing so that it resists to a dynamic impact when installed in a structure as described above, are determined by computer program instructions.
- the subject of the invention is also a computer program on a recording medium, this program being capable of being implemented in a terminal, or more generally in a computer, this program comprising instructions adapted to the implementation of all or part of the steps of a method as described above.
- This program can use any programming language, and be in the form of source code, object code, or intermediate code between source code and object code, such as in a partially compiled form.
- the invention also relates to a computer readable recording medium, and comprising instructions of a computer program as mentioned above.
- the recording medium may be any entity or device capable of storing the program.
- the medium may comprise storage means, such as a read-only memory, a rewritable non-volatile memory, for example a USB key, an SD card, an EEPROM, or a magnetic recording means, for example a Hard disk.
- the recording medium may also be an integrated circuit in which the program is incorporated, the circuit being adapted to execute or to be used in the execution of the method.
- the recording medium may be a transmissible medium such as an electrical or optical signal, which may be conveyed via an electrical or optical cable, by radio or by other means.
- the program according to the invention can be downloaded in particular on an Internet type network.
- the invention also relates to a terminal comprising a processing module configured for:
- the terminal processing module is also configured to:
- the processing module of the terminal according to the invention comprises a computer program as mentioned above, this program being recorded on a recording medium according to the invention and consisting of a rewritable non-volatile memory of the terminal, the program instructions being interpretable by a processor of the terminal.
- the terminal, the computer program and the recording medium have, according to the invention, the same characteristics as the method according to the invention.
- the invention can be implemented with any type of terminal, for example a laptop or not.
- the subject of the invention is a finite element analysis validation system that a glazing installed in a structure resists a dynamic impact, where the glazing comprises at least one glass sheet, the system comprising: ⁇
- a graphical interface configured to display an impactor model and glazing model with its surrounding elements, provide input data for finite element analysis and display finite element analysis results;
- an impact modeling module in particular to define the location and the angle of impact of the impactor on the glazing, the relative speed between the glazing unit and the impactor, the mass of the impactor, the temperature each component;
- a processing module to prepare the finite element numerical model of the glazing installed in the structure and subjected to the impact, to perform the finite element analysis, and to calculate the maximum stress envelope on each glass sheet of the glazing unit .
- the processing module uses the data defined in the material modeling module and in the impact modeling module.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic front view of an aircraft cockpit having several laminated glass or "windows”, respectively in front position 1 (F), lateral front 1 (FL) and rear side 1 (BL);
- FIG. 2 is a partial schematic cross section of a rear side laminated glazing unit 1 (BL) of an airplane and its surrounding elements when it is installed in the structure of an airplane cockpit, the laminated glazing consisting of a stack of three sheets of glass and two polymeric interleaves interposed between the glass sheets;
- BL rear side laminated glazing unit 1
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing the successive steps of a method according to the invention, implemented to evaluate whether the laminated glazing of Figure 2 installed in the structure of the aircraft resists impact to the bird;
- FIG. 4 is a mesh assembly intended to be used in a finite element numerical model made from DAO models of a bird and the laminated glazing unit of FIG. 2 with its surrounding elements, during an impact of the bird in the center of the laminated glazing;
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the identification (or "fitting") of a Prony series on the master curve of the conservation module G '(f), obtained according to the invention for the PU polymeric interlayer of FIG. laminated glazing of Figure 2;
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the maximum stress envelope as a function of time for a 3 mm thick glass sheet of the laminated glazing unit of FIG. 2, as calculated using the finite element numerical model, in a first impact configuration to the bird on the laminated glazing;
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the maximum stress envelope as a function of time for a 3 mm thick glass sheet of the laminated glazing unit of FIG. 2, as calculated using the finite element numerical model, in a second impact configuration to the bird on the laminated glazing;
- FIG. 8 is a graph representative of the probability of rupture of a glass sheet of the same glass composition and even reinforcement by chemical quenching than the glass sheets of the laminated glazing unit of FIG. 2 as a function of the stress, obtained according to FIG. impact test at the fall tower, where the probability of rupture depends on the volume of the glass sheet and is given on the graph for a sheet of glass of the same dimensions as the 3 mm thick glass sheet of the laminated glazing unit ;
- FIG. 9 is a graph representative of the probability of rupture of a glass sheet of the same glass composition and even reinforcement by chemical quenching than the glass sheets of the laminated glazing unit of FIG. 2 as a function of the stress, obtained according to FIG. ring bending test on tripod after indentation, where the probability of breaking is independent of the volume of the glass sheet;
- FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram showing the successive steps of a manufacturing method according to the invention, implemented to obtain the laminated glazing unit of FIG. 2 with optimized dimensioning. 1 o to resist an impact to the bird when installed in the structure, while having a mass and / or minimized cost;
- FIG. 1 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for implementing a method according to the invention.
- the method according to the invention is implemented to verify that a laminated glazing unit 1 (BL) intended to be integrated into an aircraft cockpit as a rear side window, resists a bird impact in two configurations. different (examples 1 and 2).
- the laminated glazing unit 1 consists of a stack of three sheets of glass 11, 13, 15 and two polymeric interleaves 12, 14 interposed between the glass sheets.
- Such a three-ply glass structure is a conventional laminated glazing structure of aircraft cockpit.
- Each glass sheet 11, 13, 15 is an aluminosilicate glass sheet which has been reinforced by a chemical quenching process.
- the compression depth P resulting from the chemical quench is of the order of 200 to 250 ⁇ .
- the polymeric interlayer 12 is a polyurethane (PU) based interlayer.
- the polymeric interlayer 14 is an intermediate sheet based on polybutyral vinyl (PVB).
- Figure 2 shows the laminated glazing 1 with its surrounding elements 3, 5, 7 which maintain the laminated glazing 1 in position in the structure of the aircraft.
- the laminated glazing unit 1 is connected to the structure 7 (or fuselage) of the aircraft via a silicone peripheral seal 3, which behaves mechanically like a ball joint between the structure 7 and the laminated glazing unit 1.
- a shim 5 made of epoxy glass composite is also provided on the inner periphery of the laminated glazing unit 1, in order to respect the gap defined by the structure 7.
- the laminated glazing 1 and its surrounding elements 3, 5, 7 are the same for both examples 1 and 2, which differ from each other only by the characteristics of the impact to the bird.
- the implementation of the method according to the invention, to verify that the laminated glazing 1 integrated in the aircraft cockpit is resistant to impact to the bird, is the same for both examples 1 and 2.
- the method comprises the steps shown in the diagram of Figure 3 and described below. It should be noted that the order of the steps in FIG. 3 is not imperative and may be the subject of any technically possible modification.
- the CAD_BRD and CAD_GLZ geometric models were made using the CATIA software.
- step 130 the CAD_BRD and CAD_GLZ geometrical models are meshed and a FEJMP finite element numerical model of the laminated glazing unit 1 installed in the structure 7 of the aircraft and subjected to the impact with the bird 9 is obtained.
- the mesh of the CAD BRD and CAD GLZ geometrical models was made using the HYPERMESH mesh tool and the coding was carried out using the ABAQUS finite element calculation code.
- FIG. 4 shows an example of a model obtained in step 130, comprising the mesh representations of the bird 9 and the laminated glazing unit 1 with its surrounding elements 3, 7.
- step 140 the FEJMP finite element numerical model is supplied with the properties of the materials of the meshed components:
- the parameters of the viscoelastic model of the material constituting the spacer j have been identified by identifying a series of Prony on the master curve, in the form of
- FIG. 5 shows an example of "fitting" of a series of Prony on the master curve of the conservation module G '(f) of the material of the polymeric interlayer 12 made of PU of the laminated glazing unit 1.
- the material data has been defined in the format of the ABAQUS software, for example for the polymeric interlayer 12 in PU (the values are given in SI units):
- step 150 the input of the finite element numerical model is
- T ° C ambient 25 ° C
- T ° C internal face of the glazing 1 20.4 ° C
- T ° C outer face of the glazing 1 23.9 ° C
- T ° C ambient 23 ° C
- T ° C internal face of the glazing 1 23 ° C
- T ° C outer face of the glazing 1 24.3 ° C.
- FIGS. 6 and 7 show, respectively for example 1 and for example 2, the maximum stress envelope om_1 1 as a function of time calculated using the FEJMP numerical model for the glass sheet 1 1 of thickness 3 mm of laminated glazing 1.
- the inventors have shown that the fall tower impact test solicits the glass sheet in a manner similar to what happens during an impact to the bird. Therefore, for Examples 1 and 2, for each glass sheet i of the laminated glazing unit 1, the maximum stress envelope om_i can be compared with the results of the probability of rupture of a sheet of mineral glass of the same glass composition, same reinforcement by chemical quenching and same volume as the glass sheet i depending on the stress, obtained according to the impact test at the tower of fall.
- the glass sheet 1 1 with a thickness of 3 mm of the laminated glazing unit 1 it is possible to use the graph of FIG. 8 showing the probability of rupture of a mineral glass sheet of the same dimensions, same glass composition and even reinforcement. that the sheet 1 1 depending on the stress, obtained according to the impact test at the tower of fall.
- We choose as the value of the breaking stress or_1 1, to which we will compare the maximum stress envelope om_1 1, the stress value at 10% probability of rupture on the graph of Figure 8, or_1 590 MPa.
- the graph of FIG. 9 shows the probability of rupture of a mineral glass sheet of the same glass composition and even reinforcement according to of the stress, obtained according to the test of ring bending on tripod after indentation with a depth of indentation between 5 and 25 ⁇ .
- the graph of FIG. 9 can be used directly for each of the three glass sheets 1 1, 13, 15 of the laminated glazing unit 1, because in this case the probability of rupture is independent of the volume of the glass sheet. .
- We choose as the value of the breaking stress or_i, to which we will compare the envelope of maximum stress om_i, the stress value at 10% probability of rupture on the graph of Figure 9, or_i 450 MPa.
- the numerical model FEJMP for the glass sheet 1 1 remains in the course of time strictly less than 450 MPa, which is the value of the breaking stress or_1 1 obtained according to the test of ring bending on tripod after indentation. This validates that the glass sheet 1 1 of the laminated glazing 1 does not present a risk of breakage during the impact to the bird according to Example 1. A similar analysis can be performed for the glass sheets 13 and 15. The laminated glazing 1 is therefore considered to be resistant to the impact of the bird according to Example 1 (result: OK).
- Figure 10 shows the steps of a method of manufacturing laminated glazing 1 to resist impact to the bird when installed in an aircraft cockpit.
- the order of the steps of FIG. 10 is not imperative and may be the subject of any technically possible modification.
- the steps 220, 230, 240, 250 of the method of FIG. 10 are identical to the steps 120, 130, 140, 150 of the method of FIG. 3 respectively.
- the method of FIG. 10 differs from that of FIG. : ⁇
- the thickness h 1 of the glass sheets and the thickness h 1 of the polymeric interlocks are adjusted so that the envelope of maximum stress ⁇ 1 -p on each sheet of glass of the laminated glazing is strictly less than the constraint breaking or_i the glass sheet obtained according to a method selected to match the type of solicitations of a bird impact;
- Such a method of manufacturing laminated glazing guarantees obtaining a laminated glazing unit 1 optimized both in terms of mass, cost and impact resistance in the bird impact configuration defined in FIG. step 250.
- FIG. 11 shows a system 30 according to the invention that can be used to implement the method described above with reference to FIG. 3 to verify that the laminated glazing unit 1 integrated in an aircraft cockpit as ice cream rear side resists an impact to the bird, and / or the method described above in connection with Figure 10 to manufacture the laminated glazing 1 so that it resists an impact an impact to the bird when it is installed in an airplane cockpit.
- the system 30 comprises a graphical user interface 31, a material modeling module 32, an impact modeling module 33 and a processing module 34.
- the graphic interface 31 is configured to display the models of the impactor and the laminated glazing with its elements ⁇
- the material modeling module 32 is configured to store and manage the material data provided in step 140/240.
- the impact modeling module 33 is configured to store and manage the impact characteristic data provided in step 150/250.
- the processing module 34 is configured to prepare the FEM FEJMP finite element model in step 130/230; performing the finite element analysis and calculating the maximum stress envelope om_i, om_i_p in step 160/260 and, in the case of the method of Figure 10, the thickness values h_i and hj adjusted to the step 270.
- the processing module 34 uses the data defined in the material modeling module 32 and the impact modeling module 33.
- the invention is not limited to the examples described and shown.
- the invention has been illustrated with examples of impacts to the bird on a laminated aircraft glazing, but it is understood that it is applicable for any type of dynamic impact and any type of glazing comprising at least one sheet of glass, whether it is a laminated glazing or not.
- An important condition for the proper implementation of the invention is the selection, for determining the breaking stress of a glass sheet, of a method representative of the stresses associated with the type of impact considered and of an appropriate definition. of the breaking stress.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1755709A FR3068136B1 (fr) | 2017-06-22 | 2017-06-22 | Obtention d'un vitrage resistant a un impact |
| PCT/EP2018/064992 WO2018234051A1 (fr) | 2017-06-22 | 2018-06-07 | Procédé non destructive de validation qu'un vitrage résiste à un impact |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3642742A1 true EP3642742A1 (fr) | 2020-04-29 |
Family
ID=59930500
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP18733518.7A Withdrawn EP3642742A1 (fr) | 2017-06-22 | 2018-06-07 | Procédé non destructive de validation qu'un vitrage résiste à un impact |
Country Status (10)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20200226308A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3642742A1 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR20200019720A (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN110945512A (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR112019027126A2 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA3067403A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3068136B1 (fr) |
| IL (1) | IL271363A (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU2768308C2 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2018234051A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3116075B1 (fr) * | 2020-11-10 | 2022-10-21 | Saint Gobain | Vitrage pincé et son joint périphérique de forme limitant le glissement périphérique du vitrage de sorte à garantir qu’il ne se déchausse pas de sa structure de montage |
| CN112763005A (zh) * | 2021-01-27 | 2021-05-07 | 河南扬名科技有限公司 | 一种铝合金防火窗性能检测方法 |
| FR3120849B1 (fr) * | 2021-03-16 | 2023-03-24 | Saint Gobain | Vitrage multiple à joint de montage incorporant un élément de renfort et d’étanchéité |
| FR3122403B1 (fr) * | 2021-04-29 | 2026-02-13 | Saint Gobain | Joint d’etancheite d’un element vitre d’aeronef |
| KR20240045418A (ko) * | 2022-09-29 | 2024-04-08 | 삼성디스플레이 주식회사 | 유리 강도 평가 방법 |
| CN117656612A (zh) * | 2023-10-31 | 2024-03-08 | 福建省万达汽车玻璃工业有限公司 | 用于玻璃成型的玻璃板堆叠结构及其成型方法、防弹玻璃 |
| CN118484039B (zh) * | 2024-05-07 | 2024-11-15 | 广东弘华玻璃科技有限公司 | 一种钢化夹胶玻璃的夹胶温度控制方法及系统 |
| CN119246230B (zh) * | 2024-09-18 | 2025-05-27 | 煤炭科学研究总院有限公司 | 煤岩体静动载应力流的测量方法及装置、电子设备 |
Family Cites Families (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH09183626A (ja) * | 1995-12-28 | 1997-07-15 | Central Glass Co Ltd | 薄板強化ガラス |
| JP4339745B2 (ja) * | 2003-08-22 | 2009-10-07 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | 合わせガラス及び合わせガラス用中間膜 |
| JP2005306326A (ja) * | 2004-04-26 | 2005-11-04 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | 合せガラス及び合せガラス用中間膜 |
| FR2944521B1 (fr) * | 2009-04-20 | 2012-08-24 | Saint Gobain | Procede de dimensionnement d'un vitrage feuillete et vitrage feuillete |
| FR2947257B1 (fr) * | 2009-06-30 | 2011-06-24 | Saint Gobain | Procede de fabrication d'un element de vitrage feuillete |
| DE102012014372A1 (de) * | 2012-07-20 | 2013-03-14 | Daimler Ag | Verbundscheibe für einen Kraftwagen |
| KR102051833B1 (ko) * | 2012-07-27 | 2019-12-04 | 니폰 덴키 가라스 가부시키가이샤 | 판 유리와 판 유리의 제조 방법, 및 판 유리의 제조 장치 |
| EP3202739B1 (fr) * | 2014-09-30 | 2024-07-31 | Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd. | Utilisation d'un film de résine pour obtenir un stratifié contenant une plaque de verre, stratifié contenant une plaque de verre et méthode de production d'un film de résine |
-
2017
- 2017-06-22 FR FR1755709A patent/FR3068136B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2018
- 2018-06-07 BR BR112019027126-0A patent/BR112019027126A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2018-06-07 US US16/624,159 patent/US20200226308A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2018-06-07 RU RU2020102029A patent/RU2768308C2/ru active
- 2018-06-07 WO PCT/EP2018/064992 patent/WO2018234051A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2018-06-07 EP EP18733518.7A patent/EP3642742A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2018-06-07 CA CA3067403A patent/CA3067403A1/fr active Pending
- 2018-06-07 CN CN201880054439.9A patent/CN110945512A/zh active Pending
- 2018-06-07 KR KR1020207001634A patent/KR20200019720A/ko not_active Ceased
-
2019
- 2019-12-11 IL IL271363A patent/IL271363A/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| IL271363A (en) | 2020-02-27 |
| US20200226308A1 (en) | 2020-07-16 |
| FR3068136B1 (fr) | 2021-04-02 |
| WO2018234051A1 (fr) | 2018-12-27 |
| RU2768308C2 (ru) | 2022-03-23 |
| RU2020102029A3 (fr) | 2021-07-29 |
| FR3068136A1 (fr) | 2018-12-28 |
| KR20200019720A (ko) | 2020-02-24 |
| BR112019027126A2 (pt) | 2020-07-07 |
| CA3067403A1 (fr) | 2018-12-27 |
| CN110945512A (zh) | 2020-03-31 |
| RU2020102029A (ru) | 2021-07-22 |
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