EP3631173B1 - Système et procédé de commande de la pression d'un fluide de travail au niveau d'une entrée d'un dispositif de pressurisation d'un système de moteur thermique - Google Patents

Système et procédé de commande de la pression d'un fluide de travail au niveau d'une entrée d'un dispositif de pressurisation d'un système de moteur thermique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3631173B1
EP3631173B1 EP18805266.6A EP18805266A EP3631173B1 EP 3631173 B1 EP3631173 B1 EP 3631173B1 EP 18805266 A EP18805266 A EP 18805266A EP 3631173 B1 EP3631173 B1 EP 3631173B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
working fluid
heat exchanger
inlet
engine system
pressure
Prior art date
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EP18805266.6A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3631173A4 (fr
EP3631173A1 (fr
Inventor
Vamshi Krishna AVADHANULA
Timothy J. Held
Jason D. Miller
Katherine L. HART
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Echogen Power Systems Delaware Inc
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Echogen Power Systems Delaware Inc
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Priority claimed from PCT/US2018/034289 external-priority patent/WO2018217969A1/fr
Publication of EP3631173A1 publication Critical patent/EP3631173A1/fr
Publication of EP3631173A4 publication Critical patent/EP3631173A4/fr
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K13/00—General layout or general methods of operation of complete plants
    • F01K13/02—Controlling, e.g. stopping or starting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K9/00—Plants characterised by condensers arranged or modified to co-operate with the engines
    • F01K9/003—Plants characterised by condensers arranged or modified to co-operate with the engines condenser cooling circuits
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01K—STEAM ENGINE PLANTS; STEAM ACCUMULATORS; ENGINE PLANTS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; ENGINES USING SPECIAL WORKING FLUIDS OR CYCLES
    • F01K25/00—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for
    • F01K25/08—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours
    • F01K25/10—Plants or engines characterised by use of special working fluids, not otherwise provided for; Plants operating in closed cycles and not otherwise provided for using special vapours the vapours being cold, e.g. ammonia, carbon dioxide, ether
    • F01K25/103—Carbon dioxide

Definitions

  • Waste heat is often created as a byproduct of industrial processes where flowing streams of high-temperature liquids, gases, or fluids must be exhausted into the environment or removed in some way in an effort to maintain the operating temperatures of the industrial process equipment.
  • Some industrial processes utilize heat exchanger devices to capture and recycle waste heat back into the process via other process streams.
  • the capturing and recycling of waste heat is generally infeasible by industrial processes that utilize high temperatures or have insufficient mass flow or other unfavorable conditions.
  • Waste heat can be converted into useful energy by a variety of turbine generator or heat engine systems that employ thermodynamic methods, such as Rankine and Brayton cycles.
  • Rankine cycles, Brayton cycles, and similar thermodynamic methods are typically steam-based processes that recover and utilize waste heat to generate steam for driving a turbine, turbo, or other expander connected to an electric generator, a pump, or other device.
  • An organic Rankine cycle utilizes a lower boiling-point working fluid, instead of water, during a traditional Rankine cycle.
  • exemplary lower boiling-point working fluids include hydrocarbons, such as light hydrocarbons (e.g. , propane or butane) and halogenated hydrocarbon, such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) or hydrofluorocarbons (H FCs) (e.g., R245fa).
  • hydrocarbons such as light hydrocarbons (e.g. , propane or butane)
  • halogenated hydrocarbon such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) or hydrofluorocarbons (H FCs) (e.g., R245fa).
  • HCFCs hydrochlorofluorocarbons
  • H FCs hydrofluorocarbons
  • heated working fluid utilized therein is expanded in an expansion device, and the expansion device may convert the thermal energy into mechanical energy.
  • the expanded working fluid may be cooled in a condenser before entering a main compressor of the heat engine system.
  • the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the main compressor may affect the performance and operation of the heat engine system. Accordingly, one such approach to control the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the main compressor provides for the use of a pump and a storage tank including additional working fluid.
  • the additional working fluid from the storage tank may be supplied to the heat engine system via the pump to increase the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the main compressor as needed.
  • US 2011/0066298 A1 relates to an optimization and control system for a utility plant that uses fan based air cooled condensers that control the operation of the power generation system at the plant in conjunction with the operation of the air cooled condensers so as to run the power plant at an optimum operating point associated with minimizing or reducing the cost of each kilowatt-hour of energy or other useful energy produced by the plant.
  • the optimization and control system includes an optimizer having a numerical solver that determines values for a set of control variables associated with an optimal operating point of the plant and an expert system that oversees and modifies the control variable settings prior to providing these settings to a plant controller.
  • the numerical solver uses an objective function and one or more models of plant equipment to determine the operating point of the plant that minimizes the cost per unit of useful energy generated by the plant. As part of determining the optimal plant operating point, the numerical solver may determine the number of fans to run within the air cooled condensers of the plant and/or the speed of the fans to use in the air cooled condensers in conjunction with the amount of fuel to burn in the boiler, the desired temperature of the steam at the input of the steam turbine, etc., all required to produce a given amount of power (load demand) at the particular environmental conditions currently experienced at the plant.
  • the expert system may modify these outputs by determining which fans to actually use at any particular time based on, for example, the availability of or the operational status of the fans, the wear of the fans and fan motors, etc.
  • US 2011/041502 A1 relates to a closed Rankine cycle power plant using an organic working fluid that includes a solar trough collector for heating an organic working fluid, a flash vaporizer for vaporizing the heated organic working fluid, a turbine receiving and expanding the vaporized organic working fluid for producing power or electricity, a condenser for condensing the expanded organic working fluid and a pump for circulating the condensed organic working fluid to the solar trough collector. Heated organic working fluid in the flash vaporizer that is not vaporized is returned to the solar trough collector.
  • US 2011/0203278 A1 relates to a waste heat recovery plant control system that includes a programmable controller configured to generate expander speed control signals, expander inlet guide vane pitch control signals, fan speed control signals, pump speed control signals, and valve position control signals in response to an algorithmic optimization software to substantially maximize power output or efficiency of a waste heat recovery plant based on organic Rankine cycles, during mismatching temperature levels of external heat source(s), during changing heat loads coming from the heat sources, and during changing ambient conditions and working fluid properties.
  • WO 2011/011831 A1 relates to a cooling assembly for a thermal power plant that comprises an air cooling tower and a solar refrigeration unit.
  • the air cooling tower is operable to decrease the temperature of a working fluid of the thermal power plant to a first temperature by heat exchange with ambient air.
  • the refrigeration unit is operable to further decrease the temperature of the working fluid to a second temperature.
  • the solar refrigeration unit includes a solar collector to drive the solar refrigeration in an absorption refrigeration cycle during the day.
  • Embodiments of the disclosure may provide a heat engine system.
  • the heat engine system may include a control system and a working fluid circuit configured to flow a working fluid therethrough.
  • the working fluid circuit may include a waste heat exchanger, an expansion device, a recuperator, a main pressurization device, and a heat exchanger assembly.
  • the waste heat exchanger may be configured to be in fluid communication and in thermal communication with a heat source stream, and to transfer thermal energy from the heat source stream to the working fluid.
  • the expansion device may be disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the waste heat exchanger and configured to convert a pressure drop in the working fluid to mechanical energy.
  • the recuperator may be disposed upstream of and in fluid communication with the waste heat exchanger and disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the expansion device.
  • the main pressurization device may be disposed upstream of and in fluid communication with the recuperator and configured to pressurize and circulate the working fluid within the working fluid circuit.
  • the heat exchanger assembly may be disposed upstream of and in fluid communication with the main pressurization device and disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the recuperator.
  • the heat exchanger assembly may include a plurality of gas-cooled heat exchangers, a plurality of fans, and a plurality of drivers.
  • the plurality of gas- cooled heat exchangers may be configured to transfer thermal energy from the working fluid to a cooling medium.
  • the plurality of fans may be configured to direct the cooling medium into contact with the plurality of gas-cooled heat exchangers.
  • Each driver of the plurality of drivers may be configured to drive a respective fan of the plurality of fans.
  • the control system may be communicatively coupled to the heat exchanger assembly and configured to modulate a rotational speed of at least one fan of the plurality of fans to control a pressure of the working fluid at an inlet
  • Embodiments of the disclosure may further provide a heat engine system.
  • the heat engine system may include a main controller and a working fluid circuit device, and a heat exchanger assembly.
  • the waste heat exchanger may be configured to be in fluid communication and in thermal communication with a heat source stream, and to transfer thermal energy from the heat source stream to the working fluid.
  • the expansion device may be disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the waste heat exchanger and configured to convert a pressure drop in the working fluid to mechanical energy.
  • the recuperator may be disposed upstream of and in fluid communication with the waste heat exchanger and disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the expansion device.
  • the main pressurization device may be disposed upstream of and in fluid communication with the recuperator and configured to pressurize and circulate the working fluid within the working fluid circuit.
  • the heat exchanger assembly may be disposed upstream of and in fluid communication with the main pressurization device and disposed downstream from and in fluid communication with the recuperator.
  • the heat exchanger assembly may include an inlet manifold, an outlet manifold, a plurality of air-cooled heat exchangers, a plurality of fans, a plurality of drivers, and a plurality of driver controllers.
  • the inlet manifold may be in fluid communication with the recuperator, and the outlet manifold may be in fluid communication with the main pressurization device.
  • the plurality of air-cooled heat exchangers may be fluidly connected to the inlet manifold and the outlet manifold and arranged in parallel with one another.
  • the plurality of air-cooled heat exchangers may also be configured to transfer thermal energy from the working fluid to a cooling medium including air.
  • the plurality of fans may be configured to direct the cooling medium into contact with the plurality of air-cooled heat exchangers.
  • Each driver of the plurality of drivers may be configured to drive a respective fan of the plurality of fans.
  • Each driver controller of the plurality of driver controllers may be operatively coupled to a respective driver and configured to modulate a rotational speed of the respective fan.
  • the main controller may be communicatively coupled to the plurality of drive controllers and at least one sensor configured to detect a pressure of the working fluid at an inlet of the main pressurization device.
  • the main controller may also be configured to modulate the rotational speed of one or more of the fans to control the pressure of the working fluid at an inlet of the main pressurization device in response to the detected pressure.
  • Embodiments of the disclosure may further provide a method for controlling a pressure of a working fluid at an inlet of the main pressurization device of a heat engine system.
  • the method may include circulating the working fluid in a working fluid circuit of a heat engine system via the main pressurization device.
  • the method may also include transferring thermal energy from a heat source stream to the working fluid in a waste heat exchanger of the working fluid circuit.
  • the method may further include expanding the working fluid in an expansion device in fluid communication with the waste heat exchanger.
  • the method may also include detecting the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the main pressurization device of the working fluid circuit via one or more sensors.
  • the method may further include modulating a rotational speed of at least one fan configured to direct a cooling medium in contact with a respective gas-cooled heat exchanger of a plurality of gas-cooled heat exchangers of a heat exchanger assembly of the working fluid circuit. Modulating the rotational speed of the at least one fan may include adjusting a thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger assembly based on the detected pressure. The method may also include feeding the working fluid having the adjusted thermodynamic quality or density to the inlet of the main pressurization device, thereby adjusting and controlling the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the main pressurization device.
  • first and second features are formed in direct contact
  • additional features may be formed interposing the first and second features, such that the first and second features may not be in direct contact.
  • exemplary embodiments presented below may be combined in any combination of ways, i.e., any element from one exemplary embodiment may be used in any other exemplary embodiment, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
  • Embodiments of the disclosure generally provide heat engine systems and methods for transforming energy, such as generating mechanical energy and/or electrical energy from thermal energy.
  • the heat engine systems are configured to efficiently convert thermal energy of a heated stream (e.g., a waste heat stream) into valuable mechanical energy and/or electrical energy.
  • the heat engine systems may utilize the working fluid in a supercritical state (e.g., sc-CO2) or subcritical state contained within the working fluid circuit for capturing or otherwise absorbing thermal energy of the waste heat stream with one or more waste heat exchangers.
  • the thermal energy may be transformed to mechanical energy by an expansion device and subsequently transformed to electrical energy by a generator coupled to the expansion device.
  • the heat engine systems further contain a control system and a heat exchanger assembly utilizing the working fluid contained in the working fluid circuit for controlling the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of a main pressurization device of each of the heat engine systems.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of an exemplary heat engine system 100, according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the heat engine system 100 is generally configured to encompass one or more elements of a Rankine cycle, a derivative of a Rankine cycle, or another thermodynamic cycle for generating electrical energy from a wide range of thermal sources.
  • the heat engine system 100 may include an expansion device 102, a recuperator 104, a heat exchanger assembly 106, a main pressurization device 108, and a waste heat exchanger 110 fluidly coupled with one another to form a working fluid circuit 112.
  • the working fluid circuit 112 contains a working fluid for absorbing and transferring thermal energy to components throughout the heat engine system 100.
  • the working fluid circuit 112 may be configured to circulate the working fluid through the expansion device 102, the recuperator 104, the heat exchanger assembly 106, the main pressurization device 108, and the waste heat exchanger 110.
  • the working fluid circuit 112 may generally have a high pressure side and a low pressure side and may be configured to flow the working fluid through the high pressure side and the low pressure side. As shown in the embodiment of Figure 1 , the high pressure side may extend along the flow path of the working fluid from the main pressurization device 108 to the expansion device 102, and the low pressure side may extend along the flow path of the working fluid from the expansion device 102 to the main pressurization device 108. In some embodiments, working fluid may be transferred from the low pressure side to the high pressure side via a pump bypass valve (not shown).
  • the thermal energy utilized to generate the mechanical and/or electrical energy may be provided via a waste heat source 114 thermally coupled to the waste heat exchanger 110.
  • the waste heat source 114 may be a stream or exhaust from another system (none shown), such as a system including a gas turbine, furnace, boiler, combustor, nuclear reactor, or the like. Additionally, the waste heat source 114 may be a renewable energy plant, such as a solar heater, geothermal source, or the like.
  • the waste heat exchanger 110 may be configured to transfer thermal energy from waste heat emitted from the waste heat source 114 to the working fluid flowing therethrough, thereby heating the working fluid to a high-temperature, high-pressure working fluid.
  • the expansion device 102 may be fluidly coupled to and downstream from the waste heat exchanger 110 via line 116 and configured to receive the high-temperature, high-pressure working fluid discharged therefrom.
  • the expansion device 102 may be configured to convert thermal energy stored in the working fluid into rotational energy, which may be employed to power a generator (not shown).
  • the expansion device 102 may be referred to as a power turbine; however, the expansion device 102 may be coupled to other devices in lieu of or in addition to the generator and/or may be used to drive other components of the heat engine system 100 (e.g., the main pressurization device 108) or other systems (not shown).
  • the expansion device 102 may be any suitable expander, such as an axial or radial flow, single or multi-stage, impulse or reaction turbine.
  • the working fluid may also be cooled in the expansion device 102; however, in some embodiments the temperature may remain close to the temperature of the working fluid upstream of the expansion device 102. Accordingly, after pressure reduction, and a limited amount of temperature reduction, the working fluid may exit the expansion device 102 as a high-temperature, low-pressure working fluid.
  • the recuperator 104 may be any suitable type of heat exchanger, such as a shell-and-tube, plate, fin, printed circuit, or other type of heat exchanger.
  • the recuperator 104 may include at least a heating portion forming part of the high pressure side of the working fluid circuit 112 and a cooling portion forming part of the low pressure side of the working fluid circuit 112.
  • the cooling portion of the recuperator 104 may be fluidly coupled to and disposed downstream of the expansion device 102 via line 118 and upstream of the heat exchanger assembly 106 via line 120.
  • the heating portion of the recuperator 104 may be fluidly coupled to and disposed downstream of the main pressurization device 108 via line 122 and upstream of the waste heat exchanger 110 via line 124.
  • the cooling portion of the recuperator 104 may be configured to transfer at least a portion of the thermal energy in the high-temperature, low-pressure working fluid discharged from the expansion device 102 to another flow of high-pressure working fluid in the heating portion of the recuperator 104, as will be described below.
  • the flow of working fluid in the cooling portion of the recuperator 104 may be reduced in temperature, resulting in a low/intermediate-temperature, low-pressure working fluid being discharged from the cooling portion of the recuperator 104.
  • the heat exchanger assembly 106 may be fluidly coupled to and disposed downstream from the cooling portion of the recuperator 104 via line 120 and upstream of the main pressurization device 108 via line 126.
  • the heat exchanger assembly 106 may be configured to control the pressure of the working fluid at an inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108, thereby allowing for a faster start up and an improved and efficient operation of the heat engine system 100 within a compact footprint.
  • the heat exchanger assembly 106 may further be configured to store a portion of the working fluid in the working fluid circuit 112 while the heat engine system 100 is in stand-by mode, i.e., during periods of inoperativeness. As configured, the heat engine system 100 allows for the removal of or the reduction in size of an external storage tank (not shown) for additional working fluid for use in the operation of the heat engine system 100.
  • the heat exchanger assembly 106 may include an inlet manifold 130, outlet manifold 132, a plurality of gas-cooled heat exchangers (four shown 134a-d), a plurality of fans (four shown 136a-d), a plurality of driver controllers (four shown 138a-d), and a plurality of drivers (four shown 140a-d).
  • the inlet manifold 130 may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from the cooling portion of the recuperator 104 via line 120 and upstream of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d via respective lines 142a-d.
  • the inlet manifold 130 may be configured to receive and split the low/intermediate-temperature, low-pressure working fluid being discharged from the cooling portion of the recuperator 104 into respective flow portions of the working fluid.
  • the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d may be arranged in parallel with one another.
  • the respective flow portions may be substantially the same. In other embodiments, the respective flow portions may differ depending on factors, such as, for example, the flow capacity or other operational parameters of the respective gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d.
  • Each of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d may be a fin fan heat exchanger or air-cooled heat exchanger and may be configured to increase or decrease the thermodynamic quality (i.e., the amount of vapor) or density of the respective portion of the working fluid flowing therethrough.
  • the present disclosure is not limited thereto, as the number of gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d utilized may depend, amongst other factors, on the amount of mechanical energy and/or electrical energy generated in the heat engine system. Accordingly, for example, in heat engine systems generating 10 MW of electricity, a heat engine system of the present disclosure may include twenty or more gas-cooled heat exchangers.
  • Each of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d may be configured to cool the respective portion of the working fluid flowing therethrough via a cooling medium directed thereto via a respective fan 136a-d of the plurality of fans 136a-d.
  • a plenum (not shown) may be disposed between each fan 136a-d and a respective gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d and configured to direct the cooling medium to and through tube bundles (not shown) of the gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d.
  • each gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d the tube bundles may be coupled to headers at both ends thereof, thereby allowing for the working fluid to make several passes through each of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d, as illustrated in Figure 1 .
  • the cooling medium may be ambient air in one or more embodiments.
  • each of the fans 136a-d may be forced draft, as the cooling medium may be pushed through the respective gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d; however, the present disclosure is not limited thereto, and in other embodiments, one or more fans 136a-d may be induced draft, such that the cooling medium is pulled through the respective gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d.
  • Each of the fans 136a-d may be driven by a respective driver 140a-d of the plurality of drivers 140a-d.
  • Each driver 140a-d may be a motor and more specifically may be an electric motor, such as a permanent magnet motor, and may include a stator (not shown) and a rotor (not shown). It will be appreciated, however, that other embodiments may employ other types of electric motors including, but not limited to, synchronous motors, induction motors, and brushed DC motors.
  • each of the drivers 140a-d may be operatively coupled to a respective driver controller 138a-d of the plurality of driver controllers 138a-d and configured to receive an input from the respective driver controller 138a-d corresponding to a desired performance parameter of the respective driver 140a-d.
  • the input may be an instruction to increase or decrease a rotational speed of the driver 140a-d.
  • each of the driver controllers 138a-d may be a variable frequency drive (VFD) configured to drive the respective driver 140a-d by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the driver 140a-d.
  • VFD variable frequency drive
  • frequency or Hertz
  • RPM rotational speed
  • the VFD can be used to ramp down the frequency and voltage to meet the requirements of the load (e.g., fan 136a-d) of the driver 140a-d.
  • the VFD may increase or decrease the speed of the driver 140a-d to meet the load demands.
  • each of the driver controllers 138a-d may be communicatively coupled, wired and/or wirelessly, with a main controller 144 thereby forming in part a control system configured to control the operation of the heat engine system 100.
  • the control system may further include a plurality of sensors 146 communicatively coupled, wired or wirelessly, with the main controller 144 and/or the driver controllers 138a-d in order to process the measured and reported temperatures, pressures, and/or mass flowrates of the working fluid at designated points within the working fluid circuit 112.
  • Designated points in the working fluid circuit 112 may include, but are not limited to, the inlet 128, in the flow path of the cooling medium, and at or within each gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d.
  • control system may be operable to selectively adjust the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108 in accordance with a control program or algorithm, thereby maximizing operation of the heat engine system 100.
  • the main controller 144 may include one or more processors 148 configured to monitor the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108 via one or more sensors 146 and to determine if the pressure at the inlet 128 should be increased, decreased, or maintained to optimize the performance of the heat engine system 100. To that end, the main controller 144 may transmit one or more instructions via signals to one or more of the driver controllers 138a-d to increase, decrease, or maintain the RPMs of the respective drivers 140a-d.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to at least one driver controller 138a-d to increase the speed (RPMs) of the respective driver(s) 140a-d.
  • the increase in RPMs of the driver(s) 140a-d may increase the flow rate of the cooling medium generated by the fan(s) 136a-d operatively coupled to the driver(s) 140a-d.
  • the thermodynamic quality of the working fluid may decrease (amount of vapor decreases) or density increase, thereby decreasing the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to at least one driver controller 138a-d to decrease the frequency (RPMs) of the respective driver(s) 140a-d.
  • the decrease in frequency (RPMs) of the driver(s) 140a-d may decrease the flow rate of the cooling medium generated by the fan(s) 136a-d operatively coupled to the driver(s) 140a-d.
  • the thermodynamic quality of the working fluid may increase (amount of vapor increases) or density increase, thereby increasing the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108 may be increased or decreased by adjusting the frequency (RPMs) of one or more drivers 140a-d, thus increasing or decreasing the flow rate of the cooling medium across the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d.
  • RPMs frequency
  • the thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid may be increased or decreased, thereby affecting the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the processor(s) 148 may be configured to execute the operating system, programs, interfaces, and any other functions of the main controller 144.
  • the processor(s) 148 may also include one or more microprocessors and/or related chip sets, a computer/machine readable memory capable of storing date, program information, or other executable instructions thereon, general purpose microprocessors, special purpose microprocessors, or a combination thereof, on board memory for caching purposes, instruction set processors, and so forth.
  • the main controller 144 may also include one or more input/output (I/O) ports 150 that enable the main controller 144 to couple to one or more external devices (e.g., external data sources).
  • I/O controller 152 may provide the infrastructure for exchanging data between the processor(s) 148 and external devices connected through the I/O ports 150 and/or for receiving user input through one or more input devices (not shown).
  • a storage device 154 may store information, such as one or more programs and/or instructions, used by the processor(s) 148, the main controller 144 and/or the drive controllers 138a-d, the I/O controller 152, or a combination thereof.
  • the storage device 154 may store firmware for the main controller 144, programs, applications, or routines executed by the main controller 144, processor functions, etc.
  • the storage device 154 may include one or more non-transitory, tangible, machine-readable media, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), solid state memory (e.g., flash memory), CD-ROMs, hard drives, universal serial bus (USB) drives, any other computer readable storage medium, or any combination thereof.
  • the storage media may store encoded instructions, such as firmware, that may be executed by the processer(s) 146 to operate the logic or portions of the logic presented in the methods disclosed herein.
  • the control system formed via the drive controllers 138a-d, the main controller 144, and the sensors 146 may operate over a network and may also include a network device (not shown) for communication with external devices over the network, such as a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN), or the Internet and may be powered by a power source (not shown).
  • the power source may be an alternating current (AC) power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a portable energy storage device (e.g., a battery or battery pack), a combination thereof, or any other suitable source of available power.
  • AC alternating current
  • some or all of the components of the main controller 144 may be provided in a housing, which may be configured to support and/or enclose some or all of the components of the main controller 144.
  • the outlet manifold 132 of the heat exchanger assembly 106 may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from each of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d via lines 156a-d and upstream of the main pressurization device 108 via line 126. Accordingly, the outlet manifold 132 may be configured to collect the respective flow portions of the working fluid discharged from the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d and to provide the collected working fluid to the main pressurization device 108 via line 126. As the heat exchanger assembly 106 may be configured to adjust the thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid, the collected working fluid in line 126 may be a thermally adjusted working fluid.
  • the main pressurization device 108 may be configured to receive the thermally adjusted working fluid from the heat exchanger assembly 106, such that the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device is adjusted to or maintained at the desired pressure to optimize the performance of the heat engine system 100.
  • the main pressurization device 108 may be further configured to circulate or pressurize the working fluid within the working fluid circuit 112.
  • the main pressurization device 108 may be configured to compress the thermally adjusted working fluid.
  • the main pressurization device 108 may be a compressor. In other embodiments, the main pressurization device may be a pump.
  • the thermally adjusted working fluid received from the heat exchanger assembly 106 may be pressurized, and in some embodiments compressed, and discharged to the heating portion of the recuperator 104 via line 122.
  • the heating portion of the recuperator 104 may be configured to transfer thermal energy from the cooling portion of the recuperator 104, thereby heating the working fluid.
  • the working fluid may be discharged from the heating portion of the recuperator 104 to the waste heat exchanger 110 via line 116.
  • the working fluid may be heated in the waste heat exchanger 110 via the waste heat provided from the waste heat source 114 and the cycle may be repeated.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of another exemplary heat engine system 200, according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the heat engine system 200 may be similar in some respects to the heat engine system 200 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to Figure 1 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail.
  • the heat engine system 200 includes a heat exchanger assembly 206.
  • the heat exchanger assembly 206 may include drive controllers 238-d configured to selectively activate the respective drivers 140a-d.
  • Each of the drive controllers 238a-d may be a switch configured to energize or de-energize the respective driver 140a-d, which in turn may energize or de-energize the respective fan 136a-d. Therefore, in the embodiment of Figure 2 , the drivers 140a-d may either operate in either of two states: on or off. Accordingly, the drive controllers 238a-d may only provide for the operation of the drivers 140a-d at 0 RPMs or at maximum RPMs. Thus, the main controller 144 may adjust the thermodynamic quality or density of working fluid at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108 by selectively turning on or off each driver 140a-d as necessary to achieve the desired pressure at the inlet 128. In one or more embodiments, the thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid may be controlled by switching the drivers 140a-d selectively on or off in sequence via the drive controllers 238a-d.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals starting with the driver controller (driver controller 238d) disposed most downstream from the inlet manifold 130 to shut off the respective driver) 140d.
  • the de-energizing of the driver 140d may stop the flow of the cooling medium generated by the fan 136d operatively coupled to the driver 140d.
  • the thermodynamic quality of the working fluid may increase (amount of vapor increases) or density decrease, thereby increasing the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals starting with the driver controller (driver controller 238a) disposed immediately downstream from the inlet manifold 130 to energize the respective driver) 140a.
  • the energizing of the driver 140a may increase the flow of the cooling medium generated by the fan 136a operatively coupled to the driver 140a.
  • the thermodynamic quality of the working fluid may decrease (amount of vapor decreases) or density increase, thereby decreasing the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • Figure 3 is a schematic of another exemplary heat engine system 300, according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the heat engine system 300 may be similar in some respects to the heat engine systems 100 and 200 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to Figures 1 and 2 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail.
  • the heat engine system 300 includes a heat exchanger assembly 306.
  • the heat exchanger assembly 306 may include drive controllers 238a-d configured to selectively activate the respective drivers 140a-d and may further include a plurality of valves 358a-h communicatively coupled to the main controller 144 and configured to selectively isolate the respective gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d from the working fluid circuit 112.
  • each of the valves 358a-h may be coupled to lines 142a-d and 156a-d and fluidly coupled to the inlet manifold 130 and the outlet manifold 132, such that the valves 358a-h may selectively isolate one or more of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d from the remainder of the working fluid circuit 112.
  • One or more of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d may be isolated from the remainder of the working fluid circuit 112 to adjust the pressure of working fluid at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to a pair of valves 358a and 358b to isolate gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a.
  • the main controller 144 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to the driver controller 238a to shut off the respective driver 140a.
  • the de-energizing of the driver 140a may stop the flow of the cooling medium generated by the fan 136a operatively coupled to the driver 140a.
  • the capacity for cooling in the heat exchanger assembly 106 is decreased by isolating the gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a, the thermodynamic quality of the working fluid in the remained of the heat exchanger assembly 106 may increase (amount of vapor increases) or density decrease, thereby increasing the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to the pair of closed valves 358a and 358b to open the valves 358a and 358b such that the gas-cooled heat exchanger may communicate with the remainder of the working fluid circuit 112.
  • the main controller 144 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to the driver controller 238a to turn on the respective driver 140a.
  • the energizing of the driver 140a may increase the flow of the cooling medium generated by the fan 136a operatively coupled to the driver 140a.
  • the thermodynamic quality of the working fluid may decrease (amount of vapor decreases) or density increase, thereby decreasing the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic of another exemplary heat engine system 400, according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the heat engine system 400 may be similar in some respects to the heat engine systems 100, 200, 300 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to Figures 1-3 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail.
  • the heat engine system 400 includes the heat exchanger assembly 106.
  • the heat engine system may include either the heat exchanger assembly 206 or the heat exchanger assembly 306 in place of the heat exchanger assembly 106.
  • the heat engine system 400 further includes a refrigeration system 460 forming part of the working circuit 112.
  • the refrigeration system 460 may be fluidly coupled with and disposed downstream from the outlet manifold 132 via line 426 and upstream of the main pressurization device via line 462.
  • the refrigeration system 460 may include a refrigeration loop including an evaporator, a condenser, a compressor, and a heat exchanger 464.
  • the heat exchanger may be configured to transfer thermal energy from the working fluid to a refrigerant flowing through the refrigeration loop.
  • the refrigerant may be utilized in the refrigerant system 460 by the heat exchanger 464 for cooling the working fluid and removing thermal energy outside of the working fluid circuit 112.
  • the refrigerant flows through, over, or around while in thermal communication with the heat exchanger 464. Thermal energy in the working fluid is transferred to the refrigerant via the heat exchanger 464. Therefore, the refrigerant is in thermal communication with the working fluid circuit 112, but not fluidly coupled to the working fluid circuit 112.
  • the heat exchanger 464 may be fluidly coupled to the working fluid circuit 112 and independently fluidly coupled to the refrigerant.
  • the refrigerant may contain one or multiple compounds and may be in one or multiple states of matter.
  • the refrigerant may be a media or fluid in a gaseous state, a liquid state, a subcritical state, a supercritical state, a suspension, a solution, derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof.
  • the refrigeration system 460 may operate to more finely tune the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108 by increasing or decreasing the thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid passing through the refrigeration system 460.
  • the pressure of the adjusted working fluid discharged from any of the heat exchanger assemblies 106, 206, 306 may be detected via one or more sensors 446 disposed inside or adjacent the refrigeration system 460 to measure and report the pressure, temperature, mass flowrate, or other properties of the working fluid within the refrigeration system 460.
  • the main controller 144 may determine that the thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid may need further adjustments to provide the desired pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to the refrigeration system 460 to circulate the refrigerant through the refrigerant loop, thereby cooling the working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger 464 and decreasing the thermodynamic quality or increasing the density of the working fluid, thereby decreasing the pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • FIG. 5 is a schematic of another exemplary heat engine system 500, according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the heat engine system 500 may be similar in some respects to the heat engine systems 100, 200 described above and thus may be best understood with reference to Figures 1 and 2 and the description thereof, where like numerals designate like components and will not be described again in detail.
  • the heat engine system 500 includes a heat exchanger assembly 506.
  • the heat exchanger assembly 506 as shown in Figure 5 is similar to the heat exchanger assembly 206 of Figure 2 and further includes an external heating system 560 to add heat to one or more of the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d.
  • the external heating system 560 may include ducting or louvers directing heat from a heat source (the exhausted cooling medium of one gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d) to another gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d in a counter flow direction, thereby heating the working fluid flowing through the gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d.
  • the heat source may be an electric heater or process flow.
  • One or more sensors 546 may be disposed inside or adjacent the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d to measure and report the pressure, temperature, mass flowrate, or other properties of the working fluid within the gas-cooled heat exchangers 134a-d.
  • the main controller 144 may determine that the thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid may need further adjustments to provide the desired pressure at the inlet 128 of the main pressurization device 108.
  • the main controller 144 may send one or more instructions via one or more signals to the external heat system 560 to direct additional heat from the heat source to the gas-cooled heat exchanger 134a-d, thereby increasing the thermodynamic quality, or decreasing the density, of the working fluid and the pressure of the inlet 128 at the main pressurization device 108.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a flowchart of an exemplary method 600 for controlling the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the compressor of the heat engine system, according to one or more embodiments disclosed herein.
  • the method 600 may proceed by operation of either of the heat engine systems 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and may thus be best understood with reference thereto.
  • the method 600 may include circulating the working fluid in a working fluid circuit of a heat engine system via the main pressurization device, as at 602.
  • the method 600 may also include transferring thermal energy from a heat source stream to the working fluid in a waste heat exchanger of the working fluid circuit, as at 604.
  • the method 600 may further include expanding the working fluid in an expansion device in fluid communication with the waste heat exchanger, as at 606.
  • the method 600 may also include detecting the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the main pressurization device of the working fluid circuit via one or more sensors, as at 608.
  • the method 600 may further include modulating a rotational speed of at least one fan configured to direct a cooling medium in contact with a respective gas-cooled heat exchanger of a plurality of gas-cooled heat exchangers of a heat exchanger assembly of the working fluid circuit, as at 610. Modulating the rotational speed of the at least one fan may include adjusting a thermodynamic quality or density of the working fluid flowing through the heat exchanger assembly based on the detected pressure.
  • the method 600 may also include feeding the working fluid having the adjusted thermodynamic quality or density to the inlet of the main pressurization device, thereby adjusting and regulating the pressure of the working fluid at the inlet of the main pressurization device, as at 612.
  • the types of working fluid that may be circulated, flowed, or otherwise utilized in the working fluid circuit 112 of the heat engine systems 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 include or may contain carbon oxides, hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons, ammonia, amines, aqueous, or combinations thereof.
  • Exemplary working fluids that may be utilized in the working fluid circuits 112 include carbon dioxide, ammonia, methane, ethane, propane, butane, ethylene, propylene, butylene, acetylene, methanol, ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, water, derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof.
  • Halogenated hydrocarbons may include hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (e.g., 1,1,1,3, 3-pentafluoropropane (R245fa)), fluorocarbons, derivatives thereof, or mixtures thereof.
  • HCFCs hydrochlorofluorocarbons
  • HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
  • R245fa 1,1,1,3, 3-pentafluoropropane
  • the working fluid the working fluid circulated, flowed, or otherwise utilized in the working fluid circuit 112 may be or may contain carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and mixtures containing carbon dioxide.
  • CO 2 carbon dioxide
  • the working fluid circuit 112 contains the working fluid in a supercritical state (e.g., sc-CO 2 ).
  • Carbon dioxide utilized as the working fluid or contained in the working fluid for power generation cycles has many advantages over other compounds typical used as working fluids, since carbon dioxide has the properties of being non-toxic and non-flammable and is also easily available and relatively inexpensive. Due in part to a relatively high working pressure of carbon dioxide, a carbon dioxide system may be much more compact than systems using other working fluids.
  • carbon dioxide CO 2
  • sc-CO 2 supercritical carbon dioxide
  • sub-CO 2 subcritical carbon dioxide
  • the working fluid in the working fluid circuit 112 may be a binary, ternary, or other working fluid blend.
  • the working fluid blend or combination can be selected for the unique attributes possessed by the fluid combination within a heat recovery system, as described herein.
  • one such fluid combination includes a liquid absorbent and carbon dioxide mixture enabling the combined fluid to be pumped in a liquid state to high pressure with less energy input than required to compress carbon dioxide.
  • the working fluid may be a combination of carbon dioxide (e.g., sub-CO 2 or sc-CO 2 ) and one or more other miscible fluids or chemical compounds.
  • the working fluid may be a combination of carbon dioxide and propane, or carbon dioxide and ammonia, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
  • the working fluid circuit 112 may have a high pressure side and a low pressure side and contain the working fluid in multiple states or phases of matter throughout various portions of the working fluid circuit 112.
  • the use of the term "working fluid" is not intended to limit the state or phase of matter of the working fluid.
  • the working fluid or portions of the working fluid may be in a liquid phase, a gas phase, a fluid phase, a subcritical state, a supercritical state, or any other phase or state at any one or more points within the working fluid circuit 112.
  • the high pressure side of the working fluid circuit 112 contains the working fluid (e.g., sc-CO 2 ) at a pressure of about 15 MPa or greater, such as about 17 MPa or greater or about 20 MPa or greater.
  • the high pressure side of the working fluid circuit 112 may have a pressure within a range from about 15 MPa to about 30 MPa, more narrowly within a range from about 16 MPa to about 26 MPa, more narrowly within a range from about 17 MPa to about 25 MPa, and more narrowly within a range from about 17 MPa to about 24 MPa, such as about 23.3 MPa.
  • the high pressure side of the working fluid circuit 112 may have a pressure within a range from about 20 MPa to about 30 MPa, more narrowly within a range from about 21 MPa to about 25 MPa, and more narrowly within a range from about 22 MPa to about 24 MPa, such as about 23 MPa.
  • the low pressure side of the working fluid circuit 1 12 contains the working fluid (e.g., CO2 or sub-C02) at a pressure of less than 15 MPa, such as about 12 MPa or less or about 10 MPa or less.
  • the low pressure side of the working fluid circuit 1 12 may have a pressure within a range from about 4 MPa to about 14 MPa, more narrowly within a range from about 6 MPa to about 13 MPa, more narrowly within a range from about 8 M Pa to about 12 MPa, and more narrowly within a range from about 10 MPa to about 1 1 MPa, such as about 10.3 MPa .
  • the low pressure side of the working fluid circuit 1 12 may have a pressure within a range from about 2 MPa to about 10 MPa, more narrowly within a range from about 4 MPa to about 8 MPa, and more narrowly within a range from about 5 MPa to about 7 MPa, such as about 6 MPa.
  • the high pressure side of the working fluid circuit 1 12 may have a pressure within a range from about 17 MPa to about 23.5 MPa , and more narrowly within a range from about 23 MPa to about 23.3 MPa while the low pressure side of the working fluid circuit 1 12 may have a pressure within a range from about 8 MPa to about 1 1 MPa, and more narrowly within a range from about 10.3 MPa to about 1 1 MPa.

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Claims (15)

  1. Système de moteur thermique (100), comprenant :
    un circuit de fluide de travail (112) configuré pour laisser s'écouler un fluide de travail à travers celui-ci, le circuit de fluide de travail (112) comprenant :
    un échangeur de chaleur perdue (110) configuré pour être en communication de fluide et en communication thermique avec un flux de source de chaleur (114), et pour transférer de l'énergie thermique du flux de source de chaleur au fluide de travail ;
    un dispositif d'expansion (102) disposé en aval de et en communication de fluide avec l'échangeur de chaleur perdue (110) et configuré pour convertir une chute de pression dans le fluide de travail en énergie mécanique ;
    un récupérateur (104) disposé en amont de et en communication de fluide avec l'échangeur de chaleur perdue et disposé en aval de et en communication de fluide avec le dispositif d'expansion (102) ;
    un dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108) disposé en amont de et en communication de fluide avec le récupérateur (104) et configuré pour mettre sous pression et faire circuler le fluide de travail dans le circuit de fluide de travail (112) ;
    un ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) disposé en amont de et en communication de fluide avec le dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108) et disposé en aval de et en communication de fluide avec le récupérateur (104),
    l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) comprenant :
    une pluralité d'échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz (134a-d) configurés pour transférer de l'énergie thermique du fluide de travail à un agent de refroidissement ;
    une pluralité de ventilateurs (136a-d) configurés pour diriger l'agent de refroidissement en contact avec la pluralité d'échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz (134ad) ; et
    une pluralité d'éléments d'entraînement (140a-d), chaque élément d'entraînement étant configuré pour entraîner un ventilateur respectif de la pluralité de ventilateurs (136a-d) ; et
    un système de commande couplé de manière à communiquer à l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) et configuré pour moduler une vitesse de rotation d'au moins un ventilateur de la pluralité de ventilateurs (136a-d) pour réguler une pression du fluide de travail au niveau d'une admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108).
  2. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) comprend en outre une pluralité de dispositifs de commande d'éléments d'entraînement (138ad), chaque dispositif de commande d'élément d'entraînement étant couplé fonctionnellement à un élément d'entraînement respectif et configuré pour moduler la vitesse de rotation du ventilateur respectif entraîné par l'élément d'entraînement respectif.
  3. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 2, dans lequel le système de commande comprend en outre un dispositif de commande principal (144) couplé de manière à communiquer à chacun des dispositifs de commande d'éléments d'entraînement et configuré pour transmettre une ou plusieurs instructions à au moins un dispositif de commande pour moduler la vitesse de rotation du ventilateur respectif afin de réguler la pression du fluide de travail au niveau de l'admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108).
  4. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 3, dans lequel chaque dispositif de commande d'élément d'entraînement est un variateur de fréquence.
  5. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 3, dans lequel chaque dispositif de commande d'élément d'entraînement est un commutateur positionnable dans un premier état et un deuxième état, dans lequel le commutateur tel que positionné dans le premier état allume l'élément d'entraînement respectif, et le commutateur tel que positionné dans le deuxième état éteint l'élément d'entraînement respectif.
  6. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 5, dans lequel l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) comprend en outre une pluralité de valves (358) couplées de manière à communiquer au dispositif de commande principal (144) et disposées en amont et en aval de chacun des échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz, la pluralité de valves (358) étant configurées pour isoler de manière sélective un ou plusieurs des échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz d'un reste du circuit de fluide de travail afin de réguler la pression du fluide de travail au niveau de l'admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108).
  7. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 3, dans lequel le système de commande comprend en outre au moins un capteur (146) couplé de manière à communiquer au dispositif de commande principal (144) et configuré pour détecter la pression du fluide de travail au niveau de l'admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108).
  8. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le circuit de fluide de travail comprend en outre un système de réfrigération (460) disposé en amont de et en communication de fluide avec le dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108) et disposé en aval de et en communication de fluide avec l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105), le système de réfrigération (460) comprenant un échangeur de chaleur auxiliaire (464) configuré pour être en communication de fluide et en communication thermique avec un flux de réfrigérant et pour transférer de l'énergie thermique du fluide de travail au flux de réfrigérant afin de réguler la pression du fluide de travail au niveau de l'admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108).
  9. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 8, dans lequel l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) est en outre configuré pour stocker au moins une partie du fluide de travail dans celui-ci durant une période de non-fonctionnement du système de moteur thermique (100).
  10. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel au moins un de ce qui suit s'applique :
    (a) l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) comprend en outre un système de chauffage configuré pour être en communication de fluide et en communication thermique avec une source de chaleur et pour transférer de l'énergie thermique de la source de chaleur au fluide de travail afin de réguler la pression du fluide de travail au niveau de l'admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108) ;
    (b) chacun des échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz est un échangeur de chaleur à ventilateur à ailettes, et l'agent de refroidissement comprend de l'air.
  11. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le fluide de travail comprend du dioxyde de carbone dans un état sous-critique et un état supercritique dans différents endroits du circuit de fluide de travail.
  12. Système de moteur thermique (100) selon une quelconque revendication précédente, dans lequel l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (108) comprend :
    un collecteur d'admission (130) en communication de fluide avec le récupérateur (104) ; et
    un collecteur d'évacuation (132) en communication de fluide avec le dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108),
    dans lequel la pluralité d'échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz (134a-d) sont reliés de manière fluidique au collecteur d'admission (130) et au collecteur d'évacuation (132) et agencés en parallèle les uns avec les autres.
  13. Procédé (600) pour commander une pression d'un fluide de travail au niveau d'une admission (128) d'un dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108) d'un système de moteur thermique (100), comprenant :
    la circulation (602) du fluide de travail dans un circuit de fluide de travail d'un système de moteur thermique (100) via le dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108) ;
    le transfert (604) d'énergie thermique d'un flux de source de chaleur au fluide de travail dans un échangeur de chaleur perdue (110) du circuit de fluide de travail ; l'expansion (606) du fluide de travail dans un dispositif d'expansion (102) en communication de fluide avec l'échangeur de chaleur perdue (110) ;
    la détection (608) de la pression du fluide de travail au niveau de l'admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108) du circuit de fluide de travail via un ou plusieurs capteurs (146) ;
    la modulation (610) d'une vitesse de rotation d'au moins un ventilateur configuré pour diriger un agent de refroidissement en contact avec un échangeur de chaleur refroidi au gaz respectif d'une pluralité d'échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz (134a-d) d'un ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) du circuit de fluide de travail, dans lequel la modulation de la vitesse de rotation de l'au moins un ventilateur comprend :
    l'ajustement d'une qualité ou d'une densité thermodynamiques du fluide de travail s'écoulant à travers l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) sur la base de la pression détectée ; et
    l'apport (612) du fluide de travail ayant la qualité ou la densité thermodynamiques ajustées à l'admission du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108), ajustant et commandant ainsi la pression du fluide de travail au niveau de l'admission (128) du dispositif de mise sous pression principal (108).
  14. Procédé (600) selon la revendication 13, comprenant en outre la transmission d'une ou plusieurs instructions sur la base de la pression détectée à au moins un dispositif de commande d'élément d'entraînement couplé fonctionnellement à un élément d'entraînement configuré pour entraîner l'au moins un ventilateur, dans lequel l'au moins un dispositif de commande d'élément d'entraînement est un variateur de fréquence ou un commutateur.
  15. Procédé (600) selon la revendication 13, comprenant en outre l'ajustement d'une pluralité de valves de l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) pour isoler de manière sélective un ou plusieurs échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz de l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105) d'un reste du circuit de fluide de travail, dans lequel chacun des échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz est couplé par fluide à un collecteur d'admission (130) et un collecteur d'évacuation (132) de l'ensemble d'échangeur de chaleur (105), et la pluralité d'échangeurs de chaleur refroidis au gaz (134a-d) sont disposés en parallèle les uns avec les autres dans le circuit de fluide de travail.
EP18805266.6A 2017-05-26 2018-05-24 Système et procédé de commande de la pression d'un fluide de travail au niveau d'une entrée d'un dispositif de pressurisation d'un système de moteur thermique Active EP3631173B1 (fr)

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US201762511806P 2017-05-26 2017-05-26
PCT/US2018/034289 WO2018217969A1 (fr) 2017-05-26 2018-05-24 Systèmes et procédés de commande de la pression d'un fluide de travail au niveau d'une entrée d'un dispositif de pressurisation d'un système de moteur thermique

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EP3631173A1 EP3631173A1 (fr) 2020-04-08
EP3631173A4 EP3631173A4 (fr) 2021-03-03
EP3631173B1 true EP3631173B1 (fr) 2024-08-28

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US11326550B1 (en) 2021-04-02 2022-05-10 Ice Thermal Harvesting, Llc Systems and methods utilizing gas temperature as a power source
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