EP3619476B1 - Heating electric radiator and method for controlling a heating electric radiator - Google Patents

Heating electric radiator and method for controlling a heating electric radiator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3619476B1
EP3619476B1 EP18728231.4A EP18728231A EP3619476B1 EP 3619476 B1 EP3619476 B1 EP 3619476B1 EP 18728231 A EP18728231 A EP 18728231A EP 3619476 B1 EP3619476 B1 EP 3619476B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heating element
power
control unit
supplied
energy
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EP18728231.4A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3619476A1 (en
Inventor
Orlando NIBOLI
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Fondital SpA
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Fondital SpA
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D19/00—Details
    • F24D19/10—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24D19/1096—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for electric heating systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24H—FLUID HEATERS, e.g. WATER OR AIR HEATERS, HAVING HEAT-GENERATING MEANS, e.g. HEAT PUMPS, IN GENERAL
    • F24H9/00—Details
    • F24H9/20—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
    • F24H9/2064—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for air heaters
    • F24H9/2071—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for air heaters using electrical energy supply
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/0252—Domestic applications
    • H05B1/0275—Heating of spaces, e.g. rooms, wardrobes
    • H05B1/0277—Electric radiators
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
    • F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
    • F24D2200/00—Heat sources or energy sources
    • F24D2200/08—Electric heater
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
    • G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
    • G05F1/66—Regulating electric power

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a heating electric radiator (for heating building interiors) and to a method for controlling a heating electric radiator.
  • electric radiators for space heating have a metal body with heat exchange surfaces facing the space to be heated and an electric heating element (i.e. with an electrical supply) which, when supplied with electric power, heats up and in turn heats the heat exchange surfaces and/or a heating fluid circulating in a circuit inside the radiator and transferring heat to the heat exchange surfaces.
  • an electric heating element i.e. with an electrical supply
  • the heating element is typically a resistive heating element, controlled by a control unit, e.g. an electronic control board, connected to a user interface.
  • a control unit e.g. an electronic control board
  • the heating elements are normally available with preset thermal values but in different sizes.
  • the current market trend is having the same power with the smallest possible encumbrance.
  • the regulations in several countries require that radiators have preset maximum surface temperatures and do not cause any excessive overheating with respect to ambient temperature.
  • One way to avoid any unacceptable overheating is to provide the radiator with temperature regulation and control systems, e.g. a thermostat, which interrupts the electrical supply of the heating element when the surface temperature of the radiator reaches a preset threshold.
  • temperature regulation and control systems e.g. a thermostat
  • GB 2 101 773 A discloses a heating electric radiator according to the preamble of claim 1. Further examples of heating electric radiators which are controlled by temperature are US 2004/039487 A , US 2008/046129 A or EP2327939 A . Examples of controllers based in power supplied to heating elements are EP 1 350 647 A or JP 2010 091155 .
  • the present invention therefore relates to a heating electric radiator and to a method for controlling a heating electric radiator as defined in the enclosed claims 1 and 5, respectively, as well as, for their preferred additional features, in the dependent claims.
  • the control of the radiator temperature differential with respect to the environment is obtained by controlling the power/energy supplied to the resistive heating element.
  • the temperature difference i.e. the difference in temperature between the radiator and the surrounding space
  • the applied power/energy is a function of the applied power/energy.
  • the control unit of the electric radiator of the invention therefore integrates a power controller which limits, in particular by means of an on-off system, the time in which the heating element is on so as to never exceed a preset energy limit corresponding to an operating condition in which the temperature of the heat exchange surfaces is maintained within a preset threshold complying with the overheating regulations.
  • the control unit detects the power supplied to the heating element (directly or by detecting power-related electrical quantities and calculating the power based on these electrical quantities) and compares it to a preset threshold value, suitably calculated and verified so as to meet the operating requirements and regulations and to guarantee the maximum thermal power in the long term (thermal energy).
  • the control unit operates to keep the energy supplied to the heating element below the preset energy limit and if a detected power exceeds the threshold value, operates accordingly to interrupt or reduce the electrical supply to the heating element.
  • control unit interrupts or reduces the power supply to the heating element.
  • Figure 1 indicates as a whole with 1 an electric radiator for space heating.
  • the radiator 1 comprises a body 2, preferably made of a metal material and provided with an inner cavity 3 and outer heat exchange surfaces 4, facing in use the space to be heated; an electric power heating element 5 housed in the cavity 3; an electric power supply connection 6 connectable to an external power network; and a control unit 7 connected to the heating element 5 and to the power supply connection 6 for controlling the electrical supply of the heating element 5.
  • the heating element 5 is a substantially known electric power heating element, in particular a resistive heating element, consisting for example of an electrical resistance incorporated or embedded in a block of suitable material (mineral, stone, composite, refractory, metal material, etc.).
  • the control unit 7 comprises e.g. an electronic control card connected to a user interface 8.
  • the control unit 7 includes a power controller 9, configured to detect the power supplied to the heating element 5.
  • the control unit 7 is able to directly detect the power supplied to the heating element 5, or is configured to detect power-related electrical quantities and to calculate the power based on the detected electrical quantities. Power detection can take place continuously or at preset intervals.
  • the control unit 7 has a memory containing a preset power threshold value P lim , which is the power at which no overheating occurs, namely at which the radiator 1 operates according to its design specifications and in compliance with the regulations.
  • the threshold value can be given e.g. by the nominal electric power.
  • control unit 7 When the control unit 7 detects an electric power supplied to the heating element 5 greater than the preset threshold value P lim , the control unit 7 operates through the controller 9 to limit the energy supplied to the heating element 5.
  • control unit 7 operates by means of an on-off system to adjust the time in which the heating element 5 is on (i.e. the time in which the heating element 5 is supplied) so as to never exceed a preset energy limit E lim (also stored in the memory of the control unit 7), corresponding to an operating condition in which the temperature of the heat exchange surfaces is maintained within a preset limit complying with the overheating regulations.
  • E lim also stored in the memory of the control unit 7
  • the control unit 7 detects the power supplied to the heating element 5 (directly or by detecting power-related electrical quantities and calculating the power based on these electrical quantities) and compares it with the preset threshold value P lim , suitably calculated and verified so as to meet the operating requirements and regulations.
  • the control unit 7 then operates to keep the energy supplied to the heating element 5 below the corresponding energy limit E lim and, if a detected power exceeds the threshold value, operates accordingly to interrupt or reduce the electrical supply to the heating element 5.
  • control unit 7 interrupts or reduces the electrical supply to the heating element 5.
  • the control unit 7 starts again supplying the heating element 5 after a preset interval, or when the energy reaches a minimum value or falls below the threshold value. In other words, the control unit 7 controls the supply of the heating element 5 so that the energy supplied to the heating element 5 never exceeds the energy limit E lim and never falls below a minimum threshold.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically some possible operating conditions of the radiator 1.
  • Figure 2 is a graph representing the energy E supplied to the radiator 1 (specifically to the heating element 5) as a function of the time T.
  • E Ref is the energy supplied in the reference time T Ref ;
  • the preset energy limit E lim is the energy that, having been supplied to the radiator 1 in the reference time T Ref , allows maintaining the preset operating conditions with respect to the overheating of the heat exchange surfaces.
  • Line A represents the limit operating condition in which the detected power P (measured by the slope of line A in the energy/time graph) equals the threshold value P lim (in the non-limiting example of Figure 2 , corresponding to an energy equal to 95% of the energy limit E lim ).
  • Line B represents an operating condition in which the detected power (measured by the slope of line A in the energy/time graph) is lower than the threshold value P lim .
  • the control unit 7 detects a power lower than the threshold value P lim , the control unit 7 keeps supplying the heating element 5.
  • Line C represents an operating condition in which the detected power P is greater than the threshold value P lim .
  • the control unit 7 detects a power greater than the threshold value P lim , the control unit 7 stops supplying the heating element 5 for a preset time period, calculated so that the energy supplied during this period (i.e. power over time) is lower than the energy limit E lim .
  • the threshold power value P lim therefore serves to establish whether it is necessary to stop supplying the heating element 5.
  • the energy limit E lim is instead used to define the reduction of the energy supplied to the heating element 5. It is clear that it can also be used a threshold power value P lim corresponding to the same energy limit E lim so that the two thresholds coincide, as well as threshold values and energy limits corresponding to different percentages if compared to those given here by way of example.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Central Heating Systems (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)

Description

    TECHNICAL FIELD
  • The present invention relates to a heating electric radiator (for heating building interiors) and to a method for controlling a heating electric radiator.
    • PRIOR ART
  • Generally, electric radiators for space heating have a metal body with heat exchange surfaces facing the space to be heated and an electric heating element (i.e. with an electrical supply) which, when supplied with electric power, heats up and in turn heats the heat exchange surfaces and/or a heating fluid circulating in a circuit inside the radiator and transferring heat to the heat exchange surfaces.
  • The heating element is typically a resistive heating element, controlled by a control unit, e.g. an electronic control board, connected to a user interface.
  • The heating elements are normally available with preset thermal values but in different sizes. The current market trend is having the same power with the smallest possible encumbrance. On the other hand, the regulations in several countries require that radiators have preset maximum surface temperatures and do not cause any excessive overheating with respect to ambient temperature.
  • The need to respect the regulations and, in any case, to avoid an excessive overheating of the heat exchange surfaces by using normally available heating elements, imposes size limitations on the radiator design and, in particular, prevents the production of small radiators, which would otherwise be desirable from the point of view of manufacturing costs.
  • One way to avoid any unacceptable overheating is to provide the radiator with temperature regulation and control systems, e.g. a thermostat, which interrupts the electrical supply of the heating element when the surface temperature of the radiator reaches a preset threshold.
  • For example, it is known checking the temperature of the electric radiator by means of:
    • thermostats integrated into the resistive element;
    • thermostats integrated and arranged in/on the radiator body;
    • thermostatic/electronic controls that, by means of thermal sensors, alternatively measure the surface temperature or the air temperature determined by the convective or radiative heat flux of the heat exchange surfaces.
  • Clearly, the use of such systems increases the costs and the complexity of the radiator; moreover, known systems are not always fully efficient and reliable.
  • The main problem with these controls is that they have intervention thresholds that are hardly manageable, because:
    • the control is carried out by a sensitive element that is arranged in a specific point of the radiator, thus being difficult to see it as a global maximum temperature;
    • the proposed systems read the temperatures of parts of the radiator that have a noticeable thermal inertia: this prevents a precise control of the temperatures and can result in a reduction of the emitted thermal power or thermal energy;
    • the temperature control, if performed by thermostats, shows a hysteresis of some degrees centigrade; also the electronic regulation normally shows a hysteresis to avoid any "flickering" about the set-point;
    • actually, the surface temperature control is not the differential control if compared to the ambient temperature as required by the regulations: the result is thus an intermittent operation of the radiator, whereby in real conditions the radiator is not able to ensure a supply of thermal power or thermal energy corresponding or close to the nominal electric power under all different installation conditions.
  • The electric radiators of the type described above are therefore not free from drawbacks
  • GB 2 101 773 A discloses a heating electric radiator according to the preamble of claim 1. Further examples of heating electric radiators which are controlled by temperature are US 2004/039487 A , US 2008/046129 A or EP2327939 A . Examples of controllers based in power supplied to heating elements are EP 1 350 647 A or JP 2010 091155 .
    • OBJECT OF THE INVENTION
  • It is an object of the present invention to provide an electric radiator and a method for controlling an electric radiator which overcomes the aforesaid drawbacks of the prior art. In particular, it is an object of the invention to provide an electric radiator and a relative control method, which allow a dimensional containment of the electric radiator, without however negatively affecting the thermal power delivered in the long term (thermal energy) in relation to the nominal electric power, in a simple, effective and relatively inexpensive way.
  • The present invention therefore relates to a heating electric radiator and to a method for controlling a heating electric radiator as defined in the enclosed claims 1 and 5, respectively, as well as, for their preferred additional features, in the dependent claims.
  • According to the invention, the control of the radiator temperature differential with respect to the environment is obtained by controlling the power/energy supplied to the resistive heating element. In fact, once defined the geometry (shape and size) of the electric radiator, the temperature difference (i.e. the difference in temperature between the radiator and the surrounding space) is a function of the applied power/energy.
  • The control unit of the electric radiator of the invention therefore integrates a power controller which limits, in particular by means of an on-off system, the time in which the heating element is on so as to never exceed a preset energy limit corresponding to an operating condition in which the temperature of the heat exchange surfaces is maintained within a preset threshold complying with the overheating regulations.
  • The control unit then detects the power supplied to the heating element (directly or by detecting power-related electrical quantities and calculating the power based on these electrical quantities) and compares it to a preset threshold value, suitably calculated and verified so as to meet the operating requirements and regulations and to guarantee the maximum thermal power in the long term (thermal energy).
  • The control unit operates to keep the energy supplied to the heating element below the preset energy limit and if a detected power exceeds the threshold value, operates accordingly to interrupt or reduce the electrical supply to the heating element.
  • If the power detected over a certain time interval exceeds the threshold value, the control unit interrupts or reduces the power supply to the heating element.
  • The invention achieves the following main advantages:
    1. a) the invention permits overcoming the usual power limit related to the radiator size (allowing in particular a size reduction though maintaining the same thermal/electric power);
    2. b) the invention permits reducing temperature fluctuations during the radiator operation;
    3. c) the invention ensures that the thermal power supplied by the radiator corresponds to a nominal electric power within the limits complying with the regulations;
    4. d) the invention also permits providing the user with indications on actual consumption.
    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • Further characteristics and advantages of the present invention will become clear from the description of the following non-limiting embodiments, with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:
    • Figure 1 is a schematic view of a heating electric radiator according to the invention;
    • Figure 2 is an energy/time graph, which schematically illustrates the operating modes of the radiator of the invention.
    PREFERRED EMBODIMENT OF THE INVENTION
  • Figure 1 indicates as a whole with 1 an electric radiator for space heating.
  • The radiator 1 comprises a body 2, preferably made of a metal material and provided with an inner cavity 3 and outer heat exchange surfaces 4, facing in use the space to be heated; an electric power heating element 5 housed in the cavity 3; an electric power supply connection 6 connectable to an external power network; and a control unit 7 connected to the heating element 5 and to the power supply connection 6 for controlling the electrical supply of the heating element 5.
  • The heating element 5 is a substantially known electric power heating element, in particular a resistive heating element, consisting for example of an electrical resistance incorporated or embedded in a block of suitable material (mineral, stone, composite, refractory, metal material, etc.).
  • The heating element 5, when crossed by an electric current supplied by the supply connection 6, heats and transfers heat to the body 2 and consequently to the heat exchange surfaces 4 or to a heating fluid circulating in a circuit (not shown) inside the radiator 1 and transferring heat to the heat exchange surfaces 4.
  • The control unit 7 comprises e.g. an electronic control card connected to a user interface 8.
  • The control unit 7 includes a power controller 9, configured to detect the power supplied to the heating element 5.
  • The control unit 7 is able to directly detect the power supplied to the heating element 5, or is configured to detect power-related electrical quantities and to calculate the power based on the detected electrical quantities. Power detection can take place continuously or at preset intervals.
  • The control unit 7 has a memory containing a preset power threshold value Plim, which is the power at which no overheating occurs, namely at which the radiator 1 operates according to its design specifications and in compliance with the regulations.
  • The threshold value can be given e.g. by the nominal electric power.
  • When the control unit 7 detects an electric power supplied to the heating element 5 greater than the preset threshold value Plim, the control unit 7 operates through the controller 9 to limit the energy supplied to the heating element 5.
  • For example, the control unit 7 operates by means of an on-off system to adjust the time in which the heating element 5 is on (i.e. the time in which the heating element 5 is supplied) so as to never exceed a preset energy limit Elim (also stored in the memory of the control unit 7), corresponding to an operating condition in which the temperature of the heat exchange surfaces is maintained within a preset limit complying with the overheating regulations.
  • The control unit 7 then detects the power supplied to the heating element 5 (directly or by detecting power-related electrical quantities and calculating the power based on these electrical quantities) and compares it with the preset threshold value Plim, suitably calculated and verified so as to meet the operating requirements and regulations.
  • The control unit 7 then operates to keep the energy supplied to the heating element 5 below the corresponding energy limit Elim and, if a detected power exceeds the threshold value, operates accordingly to interrupt or reduce the electrical supply to the heating element 5.
  • If the power detected in a certain time interval exceeds the threshold value Plim, the control unit 7 interrupts or reduces the electrical supply to the heating element 5.
  • The control unit 7 starts again supplying the heating element 5 after a preset interval, or when the energy reaches a minimum value or falls below the threshold value. In other words, the control unit 7 controls the supply of the heating element 5 so that the energy supplied to the heating element 5 never exceeds the energy limit Elim and never falls below a minimum threshold.
  • Figure 2 shows schematically some possible operating conditions of the radiator 1.
  • Figure 2 is a graph representing the energy E supplied to the radiator 1 (specifically to the heating element 5) as a function of the time T.
  • Once set a reference time TRef, ERef is the energy supplied in the reference time TRef; the preset energy limit Elim is the energy that, having been supplied to the radiator 1 in the reference time TRef, allows maintaining the preset operating conditions with respect to the overheating of the heat exchange surfaces.
  • Clearly, even a percentage of the energy ERef can be set as energy limit Elim, e.g. 90% (as in the example in Figure 2). Line A represents the limit operating condition in which the detected power P (measured by the slope of line A in the energy/time graph) equals the threshold value Plim (in the non-limiting example of Figure 2, corresponding to an energy equal to 95% of the energy limit Elim).
  • Line B represents an operating condition in which the detected power (measured by the slope of line A in the energy/time graph) is lower than the threshold value Plim. When the control unit 7 detects a power lower than the threshold value Plim, the control unit 7 keeps supplying the heating element 5.
  • Line C represents an operating condition in which the detected power P is greater than the threshold value Plim. When the control unit 7 detects a power greater than the threshold value Plim, the control unit 7 stops supplying the heating element 5 for a preset time period, calculated so that the energy supplied during this period (i.e. power over time) is lower than the energy limit Elim.
  • The threshold power value Plim therefore serves to establish whether it is necessary to stop supplying the heating element 5.
  • The energy limit Elim is instead used to define the reduction of the energy supplied to the heating element 5. It is clear that it can also be used a threshold power value Plim corresponding to the same energy limit Elim so that the two thresholds coincide, as well as threshold values and energy limits corresponding to different percentages if compared to those given here by way of example.
  • It is finally understood that further modifications and variations, which are within the scope of the appended claims, can be made to the electric radiator and to its control method herein described and illustrated.

Claims (7)

  1. A heating electric radiator (1), comprising a body (2) having an inner cavity (3) and outer heat exchange surfaces (4); an electric power heating element (5) housed in the cavity (3); an electric power supply connection (6) connectable to an external power network; and a control unit (7) connected to the supply connection (6) and to the heating element (5) for controlling the power supply of the heating element (5); the radiator (1) being characterized in that the control unit (7) includes a power controller (9), configured so as to detect the power supplied to the heating element (5) and to operate, when the controller (9) detects a power supplied to the heating element (5) greater than a preset threshold value, to limit the energy supplied to the heating element (5); and the control unit (7) operates via an on-off system to adjust the time in which the heating element (5) is on and to never exceed a preset energy limit (Elim), corresponding to an operating condition in which the temperature of the heat exchange surfaces (4) is maintained within a preset threshold; the control unit (7) being configured to control the supply of the heating element (5) so that the energy supplied to the heating element (5) never exceeds the energy limit (Elim) and never falls below a minimum threshold.
  2. An electric radiator according to claim 1, wherein the heating element (5) is a resistive heating element.
  3. An electric radiator according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the control unit (7) is configured so as to directly detect the power supplied to the heating element (5), or is configured so as to detect power-related electrical quantities and to calculate the power based on the detected electrical quantities.
  4. An electric radiator according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the control unit (7) is configured for: detecting the power supplied to the heating element (5); comparing the detected power with a preset threshold value; operating, if the detected power exceeds the threshold value, to interrupt or reduce the electrical supply to the heating element (5).
  5. A method for controlling a heating electric radiator, comprising the steps of: supplying current to a heating element (5) of the radiator (1); detecting the power supplied to the heating element (5) and operating, when the detected power supplied to the heating element (5) exceeds a preset threshold value, to limit the energy supplied to the heating element (5), by adjusting the time in which the heating element (5) is on so as to never exceed a preset energy limit (Elim), corresponding to an operating condition in which the temperature of the heat exchange surfaces (4) is maintained within a preset threshold, and controlling the supply of the heating element (5) so that the energy supplied to the heating element (5) never exceeds the energy limit (Elim) and never falls below a minimum threshold.
  6. A method according to claim 5, comprising the steps of: directly detecting the power supplied to the heating element (5) or detecting power-related electrical quantities and calculating the power based on the detected electrical quantities.
  7. A method according to claim 5 or 6, comprising the steps of: detecting the power supplied to the heating element (5); comparing the detected power with a preset threshold value; operating, if the detected power exceeds the preset threshold value, to interrupt or reduce the electrical supply to the heating element (5).
EP18728231.4A 2017-05-02 2018-05-02 Heating electric radiator and method for controlling a heating electric radiator Active EP3619476B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
IT102017000047140A IT201700047140A1 (en) 2017-05-02 2017-05-02 ELECTRIC HEATER RADIATOR AND METHOD OF CONTROL OF AN ELECTRIC HEATING RADIATOR
PCT/IB2018/053045 WO2018203254A1 (en) 2017-05-02 2018-05-02 Heating electric radiator and method for controlling a heating electric radiator

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3619476A1 EP3619476A1 (en) 2020-03-11
EP3619476B1 true EP3619476B1 (en) 2021-04-21

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EP18728231.4A Active EP3619476B1 (en) 2017-05-02 2018-05-02 Heating electric radiator and method for controlling a heating electric radiator

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EP (1) EP3619476B1 (en)
IT (1) IT201700047140A1 (en)
PT (1) PT3619476T (en)
WO (1) WO2018203254A1 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN111023257B (en) * 2019-12-30 2021-08-20 国网北京市电力公司 Control method and device of electric heating equipment, storage medium and processor

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB2101773B (en) * 1981-06-18 1985-02-06 Ti Domestic Appliances Limited Improvements in and relating to heaters
CA2496725C (en) * 2002-08-21 2010-10-12 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Variable wattage control system
US8423193B2 (en) * 2003-08-20 2013-04-16 Watlow Electric Manufacturing Company Variable wattage control system
JP2012502410A (en) * 2008-09-09 2012-01-26 一峰 林 Heating control device and heating control method

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WO2018203254A1 (en) 2018-11-08
IT201700047140A1 (en) 2018-11-02
EP3619476A1 (en) 2020-03-11
PT3619476T (en) 2021-06-01

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