EP3617469A1 - Sintered metal blanket - Google Patents

Abstract

A method of manufacturing an insulation component of an insulation system, comprising: a) providing a powdery sinterable material; b) providing an insulation material; c) positioning the sinterable material with respect to the insulation material such that a core of insulation material is surrounded by a layer of sinterable material; d) pressing the sinterable material and the insulation material positioned relative to one another to form a green compact; e) sintering the green compact to form an insulation component.

Description

Field of the Invention

The invention relates to a method for producing an insulation component, hereinafter also called a powder blanket, of an insulation system, in particular a sintered insulation component called a sintered metal blanket, and an insulation component for a funnel of a catalytic converter or a particle filter of an exhaust gas system.

State of the art

Before going into thermal insulation, it is useful to define the specific heat capacity of a body.

The heat capacity C of a substance is the quotient of the heat Q that is supplied to the body and the temperature increase ΔT caused thereby: $$C=\frac{Q}{\mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{T}}\mathrm{,}$$

The specific heat capacity c, also called specific heat, results from the normalization of the heat capacity C to the mass of the substance. In other words, the specific heat capacity of a substance is the energy required to heat 1 kg of this substance by 1 K: $$c=\frac{C}{m}=\frac{Q}{m\cdot \mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{T}}\mathrm{,}$$

The specific heat capacity is only slightly temperature-dependent. Since the specific heat capacity c is usually available as a material constant, formula (2) is often rewritten as $$Q=c\cdot m\cdot \mathrm{\Delta }\mathit{T}\mathrm{,}$$

When it comes to thermal insulation, for example in the exhaust systems of vehicles, there are basically three mechanisms to consider: heat conduction, heat radiation and convection. Thermal conduction, also called heat diffusion, is understood to mean a heat flow due to a temperature difference. According to the second law of thermodynamics, the direction of flow is always directed from the higher to the lower temperature. Ideally, no thermal energy is lost.

In the case of heat radiation, electromagnetic radiation is emitted from a solid, fluids or plasmas. The emitted radiation power P is proportional to the fourth power of the radiating body, ie P ∝ T ⁴ (Stefan-Boltzmann law). In the vacuum, heat radiation is the only way to transfer heat energy.

Convection or heat transfer is another mechanism for heat transfer. Convection is caused by a current that carries particles. For example, a flowing fluid can absorb or dissipate heat from a surface. Temperature differences can be a cause of the transporting flow. In the case of forced convection, the particle transport is brought about by external influences, for example a blower or a pump. With free convection, the particle transport is caused by a temperature gradient within the medium.

In the systems to be insulated, motors are often driven at high speed, which can result in high noise levels. Thus, in addition to thermal insulation, the aspect of sound insulation is added.

Three known types of insulation / insulation from practice are described below as examples.

1. Air gap insulation

A first example is air gap insulation without convection. In the case of air gap insulation without convection, there is a self-contained insulation system in which essentially still air is used as the insulation material. An advantage of this type of insulation is the low specific heat capacity of the air. This means that only a small amount of heat can be absorbed by the system. This fact means that with heat-saturated insulation material, i.e. heat-saturated air, most of the heat energy is retained in the system to be insulated. Furthermore, due to the low thermal conductivity of the air, the heat loss through heat conduction is kept very small. A disadvantage of this method is the heat radiation that can affect the surrounding components. Furthermore, only a very small temperature difference beyond the insulation zone is possible. That means the surface temperature of the insulation system, that is, the air is only insignificantly lower than the application temperature, that is to say the temperature of the system to be insulated, for example the exhaust gas component. In summary, it can be said about air gap insulation without convection that it offers very good energy conservation in the system to be insulated but does not guarantee adequate protection for surrounding components due to the high surface temperatures. Likewise, the environment is hardly protected from acoustic emissions.

2. Air gap insulation with convection and heat shield

Another example is the air gap insulation with convection and heat shield. In the case of air gap insulation with convection and a heat shield, which is often classically referred to only as a heat shield, there is an insulation system that is not self-contained. It offers enhanced environmental impact. With this type of insulation, a kind of protective shield is attached at a distance in front of the component to be insulated, which shields the heat radiation from surrounding components in order to protect them. The advantages and disadvantages described in 1. above are shown here in reverse position. Due to the constant change of layers in the air, the heat given off by the system to be insulated can be absorbed again and again; this is also in accordance with equation (3). This leads to increased energy losses in this system to be insulated, since the amount of heat to be absorbed by the insulation, that is to say the air gap, can practically never go to zero.

In contrast to air gap insulation without convection, the fact that the air layers are constantly changing and the associated heat dissipation on the surface of the insulation system means that the temperature is much lower than the initial temperature. In addition, the function as a protective shield greatly reduces the exposure to heat radiation from surrounding components. A disadvantage of this system is the low acoustic absorption. In summary, it can be said about the air gap insulation with convection that surrounding components are very well protected against thermal influences, but this is at the expense of energy conservation in the system to be insulated and the avoidance of acoustic emissions into the environment.

3. Insulation with filler

A third example of insulation systems are those in which the insulation material / insulation material is a filler between the system to be insulated and the metal outer shell. In the high temperature range, these are mostly glass fibers, for example silicate fibers or ceramic fibers, which are applied directly to systems to be insulated. This is currently one of the most used methods in the automotive sector. This isolation method offers the interim solution to the the first two. The advantages are the low surface temperatures with limited installation space and good acoustic absorption through the fiber material. In terms of energy conservation in the system to be isolated, it is an interim solution. There is no noticeable convection, which is why it is more suitable for energy conservation than heat shield insulation. However, this system offers a much larger amount of heat to be absorbed than air gap insulation without convection, which in this case means reduced energy conservation. Another disadvantage with regard to energy conservation is the lack of radiation reflection, due to the direct application which only allows heat conduction. In summary, it can be said that this insulation system is the middle ground between the first two systems and is therefore one of the most frequently used methods.

That In the prior art, for example, silicate fibers, ECR glass fibers or E-glass fibers are used as fillers. Mineral wool or glass wool can also be used. Ceramic fibers are an alternative, but they do not comply with the reach regulation. Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006 (REACH regulation) is an EU chemicals regulation that entered into force on June 1, 2007. REACH stands for Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals, i.e. for the registration, evaluation, approval and restriction of chemicals. This makes the use of materials that do not comply with this regulation considerably more difficult. If these materials are used anyway, special requirements are placed on the tightness of the system so that these materials can be blown out of the system.

Integral liners or layers are often used for the types of insulation. Their advantages are a low surface temperature, a small space requirement, and a sufficiently good acoustic absorption. However, their disadvantages are that these materials absorb heat in the light-off area. The light-off area or light-off area begins at the temperature at which heat is released by catalytic reactions. Put simply, the light-off temperature denotes the beginning of the temperature range at which catalysts reach the temperature necessary for their efficient function.

Description of the invention

In view of the disadvantages in the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide an alternative insulation system, in particular for applications in which the operating temperature or processing temperatures (previously) only allow polycrystalline high-temperature insulation materials to be used in order to isolate the system to be insulated and thereby protect the environment from heat and acoustic stress.

This object is achieved by a method for producing an insulation component of an insulation system.

1. a) Bereitstellen eines pulverförmigen sinterbaren Materials;
2. b) Bereitstellen eines Isolationsmaterials;
3. c) Positionieren des sinterbaren Materials in Bezug auf das Isolationsmaterial derart, dass ein Kern aus Isolationsmaterial von einer Schicht aus sinterbarem Material umgeben ist;
4. d) Verpressen des zueinander positionierten sinterbaren Materials und des Isolationsmaterials zu einem Grünling;
5. e) Sintern des Grünlings zu einer Isolationskomponente.

The invention provides:
A method of making an insulation component, called a powder blanket, of an insulation system comprising:

1. a) providing a powdery sinterable material;
2. b) providing an insulation material;
3. c) positioning the sinterable material with respect to the insulation material such that a core of insulation material is surrounded by a layer of sinterable material;
4. d) pressing the sinterable material and the insulation material positioned relative to one another to form a green compact;
5. e) sintering the green compact to form an insulation component.

If a powder is mentioned, the process should be understood to mean a powder or powder as a very fine, ground solid in contrast to a granulate which has a particle diameter of more than 1 mm. Granules are rather difficult to use because granules as coarse bulk have too large gaps, and accordingly the density is too small and the contact surfaces are too small to produce a stable green body that is used for this technology.

The positioning in step c) can also be seen as an alignment of the insulation material and the sinterable material. The point is that with regard to the insulation component to be produced, the insulation material, for example an insulation layer, is surrounded by sinterable material. In particular, this can be a homogeneous insulation layer made of insulation material and a homogeneous layer made of sinterable material, for example a metal layer. The result is that a core made of insulation material is surrounded by sinterable material. As a result, the insulation material can be enclosed, that is enclosed, by the sinterable material.

By pressing in step d), the particles of the sinterable material are pressed closer together. This will fill the gaps between the powder particles of the sinterable material smaller. At the same time, the contact areas of the particles with one another or with one another increase. The pressing thus leads to a cold deformation of the particles of the green compact, in particular before the sintering process.

During the subsequent sintering, the sinterable material is then melted on these contact surfaces and the crystal structure is regenerated during the cooling process. The sintering achieves a stable, solid jacket geometry that surrounds the core made of insulation material. The insulation component obtained in this way, a sintered metal blanket or insulation blanket, has a high temperature resistance and also a high degree of tightness, so that even materials which do not comply with the reach regulation can be used as insulation materials. Other properties include a better thermal conductivity and a possible higher application temperature.

In the method, the sinterable material may comprise a metallic material or a ceramic material, wherein the metallic material may comprise one or more different, mixed metallic materials; and the insulation material may comprise one or more different mixed insulation materials.

It goes without saying that further additives such as copper, nickel, graphite or lubricants can be added to the mixture of sinterable materials. For example, zinc powder or zinc powder and fatty acid amide can be used as a lubricant for compacting the powder.

In the method, the positioning can include that a layer of sinterable material surrounds a layer of insulation material.

In the case of powders, in particular the layer of metal powder and / or the layer of insulation powder can be homogeneous.

Here a homogeneous layer means an even layer. This is desirable in order to obtain a good result and a uniformly thick layer with the help of or during pressing. This is again desirable in order to design the system appropriately. If, for example, the sintered layer, in particular the sintered metal layer, is thinner at one point, this can lead to problems in operation, for example breakage / leakage / fiber exit. Is the insulation layer in the core not homogeneous or even in terms of thickness and / or density, the insulation effect is accordingly not uniform over the entire surface and so-called hot spots can occur.

In the method, the pressing in step d) can be carried out at pressures of 4000-10000 bar.

In the method, prior to step c), in a further step c1), the insulation material can be pre-pressed to form an insulation molding which forms the core of the insulation material, and then in step c) the sinterable material can be positioned with respect to the insulation molding.

This is a first pressing process that serves to press the insulation material into one piece, a compact, in order to make it easier to handle, in particular with regard to the subsequent positioning step. A distinction is made between the insulation compact and the green compact, step d). Other methods can also be used to position the insulation material as a homogeneous filling layer / insulation core in relation to the sinterable material, that is to say the surrounding material.

In step d) of the method, the material which can be sintered with respect to the insulating compact can be pressed with the insulating compact.

In this case, the insulation compact previously obtained in the first pressing process is used for pressing sinterable material and insulation material. For this purpose, the insulation molding comprises the insulation material.

In step d) of the method, the sinterable material positioned in relation to the insulation material can be pressed directly with the insulation material.

This step is an alternative in which the insulation compact mentioned above is not used. In other words, no pre-pressing is carried out, but the pressing, step d) is carried out directly. This can simplify the pressing process.

In the method, the insulation material can comprise an insulation powder or an insulation mat, and a powder layer for insulation powder can be used for positioning the insulation powder in step c).

In order to simplify the pressing process, a powder layer can be used to introduce, ie position, the insulation material in the form of an insulation powder with respect to the sinterable material. The powder layer represents one possibility of realizing a "sandwich structure" made of sinterable material, for example metal powder, and insulation material, for example insulation powder. Certain similarities with an industrial 3D printer can be pointed out. A printhead can be moved in the x and y directions and thus can be used to provide a surface with a powder image. The z direction is shown by moving the construction table or in this case the powder bed downwards. Additionally or alternatively, if the insulation material is present as an insulation mat, ie not in powder form, the powder layer can also be used to position the powdery sinterable material. An insulation mat should be understood as a mat-shaped layer made of insulation material.

In the method, a calibration pressing process of the insulation component can be carried out after the sintering.

A calibration pressing process can compensate for material distortion that can arise from the temperatures occurring during the sintering process.

In the process, the metallic materials can include one or more materials selected from: iron, alloy steel, copper, nickel, and graphite can be used as the filler. However, other metallic materials can also be selected.

In the method, the insulation materials can be one or more materials selected from: aluminum silicate wool; polycrystalline wool; AES fiber, silicate fiber, and microporous insulation include.

The invention further comprises an insulation component produced by the method described above.

Furthermore, an internal insulation, for example comprising a portliner or a push-in sleeve, is provided for a cylinder head, the inner insulation, in particular the portliner or the push-in sleeve, comprising one or more layers, at least one of the layers comprising an insulation component as described above.

A funnel of a catalyst or a particle filter is further provided, the funnel comprising one or more layers, at least one of the layers comprising an insulation component as described above.

Furthermore, a jacket is provided for an inlet and / or outlet funnel of a catalytic converter or a particle filter, the jacket comprising one or more layers, at least one of the layers comprising an insulation component as described above.

The jacket of a catalyst in the area of the catalyst body, i.e. without an inlet or outlet funnel, is often already covered by a bearing mat, i.e. a ceramic fiber insulates. The same applies to a particle filter. This ceramic fiber bearing mat can often also be used for the insulation of the inlet and outlet funnels, as this could otherwise result in considerable heat losses. Since the material is not Reach-compliant and is classified as harmful to health, blowing out the fiber must be avoided under all circumstances. This usually happens with expensive wire mesh seals, which are introduced at the joints of the catalyst jacket and funnel, as well as the funnel and exhaust pipe. The insulation component described here offers the possibility of tightly enclosing the harmful ceramic fiber material, which is due to the temperatures during the completion process, i.e. during welding or soldering, in a system. This eliminates the need for additional sealing measures.

In the following, embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the drawings. The described embodiments are to be considered in all respects only as illustrative and not restrictive, and various combinations of the listed features are included in the invention.

Brief description of the figures

Fig. 1

Schematic view of an insulation system in the prior art

Fig. 2

Schematic view of a sintered metal blanket.

Fig. 3

Schematic view of an insulation system with a sintered metal blanket according to Fig. 2 ,

Fig. 4.1

Schematic view of a portliner in the prior art.

Fig. 4.2

Schematic view of a portliner with a layer of sintered metal blanket.

Fig. 5.1

Schematic view of a catalyst with conventional funnel.

Fig. 5.2

Schematic view of a catalyst without a funnel.

Fig. 5.3

Schematic view of a catalyst with sintered metal blanket as a funnel.

Fig. 6

Sectional view of a cylinder head using an insertion sleeve or a portliner according to the present invention.

Detailed description

1. 1. Prägen der Oberschale 101,
2. 2. Prägen Unterschale 105,
3. 3. Beschnitt der Oberschale 101
4. 4. Beschnitt der Unterschale 105
5. 5. Herstellung der Faserschale 103
6. 6. Komplettierung des Systems
7. 7. Verschluss des Systems durch Schweißen oder Falzen.

Fig. 1 shows an isolation component 100 in the prior art. The insulation component 100 has a three-layer structure. In the up two embossed stainless steel sheets or stainless steel trays 101 and 105 are shown. A fiber shell or insulation mat 103 is shown in between. For processing, this means at least two tools for the stainless steel shells 101 and 103, as well as a further tool for the fiber shell or insulating mat 103. These are then typically installed together in several steps. The steps include, for example:

1. 1. embossing the upper shell 101,
2. 2. Emboss lower shell 105,
3. 3. Trimming the upper shell 101
4. 4. Trimming the lower shell 105
5. 5. Production of the fiber shell 103
6. 6. Completion of the system
7. 7. Closure of the system by welding or folding.

The Fig. 2 shows a schematic view of an insulation component, ie a sintered metal blanket, with the reference number 1 according to the present invention. Fig. 2 shows an upper part 5, an insulation area 3 and a lower part 6. In the sectional view in Fig. 2 encloses an upper part 5 and a lower part 6 an insulation area 3. Upper part 5 and lower part 6 are made of sintered material, while insulation area 3 corresponds to an insulation material. In one Manufacturing processes, the upper part 5 and the corresponding lower part 6 can be positioned in relation to the insulation region 3, that is to say a core made of insulation material, then pressed into a green body and finally sintered to form the insulation component 1 shown.

In the following a funnel, i.e. an input or output funnel, a catalyst described. The funnel can comprise one or more layers, at least one of the layers comprising an insulation component or insulation system, as described below. With regard to the insulation aspects, the funnel can also be a funnel of a particle filter, even if only the term catalyst is mentioned below. The requirements for the funnel insulation are practically the same for catalytic converters or particle filters.

The Fig. 3 shows an insulation system with a sintered metal blanket 1 according to Fig. 2 , Fig. 3 shows similar to in Fig. 2 the upper part 5, the insulation region 3 and the lower part 6. These are plugged onto an inlet or outlet funnel 7.1 of a catalytic converter 7, for example an exhaust gas catalytic converter. Here, the sintered metal blanket 1 can thus be plugged onto the existing catalyst 7 at its inlet or outlet funnel 7.1 and thereby fulfill a jacket-like insulation function. It is also possible to replace the entire input or output funnel 7.1 with the sintered metal blanket 1 (not shown).

Unlike the one in Fig. 2 structure shown, the sintered metal blanket can be mapped in fewer work steps with larger quantities, that is to say automatable. These include, among other things, 1. the mixing of the powdery sinterable material, in particular a metal powder, 2. the positioning or laying of the sinterable material on the one hand and / or the positioning or laying of the insulation material on the other hand, wherein laying the insulation material can be considered if the insulation material is in powder form. The insulation material can be pre-pressed. This is followed by a pressing step, ie cold forming, and finally the sintering takes place, which can optionally be followed by a calibration step.

The invention relates to a system in the production of which sinterable material, for example metal powder, is pressed together with insulation material, for example insulation material, to form a green body and is finally further processed in the sintering process to form a solid shell geometry.

The sintered metal blanket can have advantages wherever only polycrystalline high-temperature insulation materials come into question due to the operating temperature or processing temperatures. These are in a non-exhaustive list: the manufacture of metal and insulation component in one work step, the production of an insulation system if possible, the processing of materials that do not comply with the reach regulation, in particular due to the good sealing properties of the sintered metal blanket, and the execution as a load-bearing system in the sense of use instead of conventional thick sheet metal cladding in exhaust gas aftertreatment. Temperatures of more than 1000 ° C are possible, especially when manufacturing the system.

Examples of components subject to high thermal loads are, for example, internal insulation such as port liners or inlet bushes / insertion sleeves for cylinder heads, which in extreme cases can experience temperatures of greater than 1000 ° C. when a vehicle is being operated, for example in sports cars.

The Figures 4.1 and 4.2 represent a further example of an insulation component for an application in the context of internal insulation, here a portliner. It is therefore a (short) insulation sleeve for the insulation of an (for example) upper end of a cylinder head. The Fig. 4.1 schematically such an insulation sleeve 110. Here, a cylinder 100 is insulated in a conventional manner with a three-layer insulation consisting of an inner liner 110, which lies directly on the cylinder, an insulating material 104, which rests on the inner liner 110 and an outer liner 106, which rests on the insulating material 104 rests. Typically, only polycrystalline insulation materials are suitable for the insulation material 104. The tightness of the insulation system must be guaranteed. The tightness must be guaranteed here.

In contrast to Fig. 4.1 is in Fig. 4.2 a modified portliner 10 is shown. Here, the insulation component according to the present invention is used as an example in the cylinder wall. That is, the cylinder wall of the portliner 10 comprises a cladding layer 15 and an insulation layer 13. The cladding layer 15 is a sintered metal powder sleeve which encloses the insulation layer 13. In this case, the insulation component is made from the cladding layer 15 and the insulation layer 13 in accordance with the method described above.

Another example of components that are exposed to very high temperatures during manufacture, such as catalysts or their inlet and outlet funnels. In the prior art, thick sheet metal typically has to be soldered or welded due to the ceramic bearing mats, which takes place at approximately 1100 ° C. Due to this very high temperature, conventional silicate fiber separates as an insulation material, ie as an insulation material in the jacket of the component because these are only stable up to about 1000 ° C. A complex isolation in a subsequent work step is then necessary. The sintered metal blanket can also be used advantageously here.

Fig. 5.1 schematically shows a conventional catalytic converter 121 in an arrangement 120 with conventional funnel elements 124, the direction of the exhaust gas flow being indicated by an arrow P1 as an example. At least the welds S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, and S9 are necessary for fastening the conventional funnel elements 124 to the catalytic converter 121. It should be noted that four welds are required to close the funnel elements 124, since these typically contain non-reach-compliant insulation materials and blowing out of the insulation material, for example fibers, must be avoided at all costs. Optional seals 122 are also shown.

In Fig. 5.2 A corresponding catalyst 131 is shown in an arrangement 130, in which the funnel elements are not attached. The direction of the exhaust gas flow is exemplified by an arrow P2. This catalyst can be made from catalyst 121 Fig. 5.1 correspond. This catalyst 131 typically consists of a bearing mat and a wire mesh seal.

Fig. 5.3 shows an arrangement 40 in which a catalytic converter 41 can be seen, which uses insulation components as funnel elements 42 in the sense of the powder blanket according to the present invention. The direction of the exhaust gas flow is indicated, for example, by an arrow P3. The funnel element 42 comprises a cladding layer 45 and an insulation layer 43. The cladding layer 45 is a sintered metal powder sleeve which encloses the insulation layer 43. The insulation component, that is to say the respective funnel element 42, is produced from the jacket layer 45 and the insulation layer 43 in accordance with the method described above. On the one hand, the (possibly) non-reach-compliant insulation layer material of the insulation layer 43 is completely enclosed, which in any case prevents this material from being blown out. Furthermore, the number of welds, which are denoted in this figure as S1 ', S2', S3 'and S4', that is to say the fastening points between the catalytic converter 41 and the funnel element 42 to be fitted in a wing-like manner, that is to say the insulation components, to a minimum of four welds S1 ', S2 ', S3' and S4 'are reduced, which therefore also represents a significant machining advantage.

Fig. 6 shows a section through a DOHC cylinder head 50. Although shown here in a figure, either a portliner 51 or an insert sleeve 53 can usually be used here become. The portliner 51 or the insertion sleeve 53 can be insulation components in the sense of the present invention, cf. Figures 4.1 and 4.2 , such as Figures 5.1, 5.2 and 5.3 ,

Claims (15)

A method of manufacturing an isolation component of an isolation system, comprising: a) providing a powdery sinterable material; b) providing an insulation material; c) positioning the sinterable material with respect to the insulation material such that a core of insulation material is surrounded by a layer of sinterable material; d) pressing the sinterable material and the insulation material positioned relative to one another to form a green compact; e) sintering the green compact to form an insulation component. The method of claim 1, wherein sinterable material comprises a metallic material or a ceramic material, the metallic material comprising one or more different mixed metallic materials; and wherein the insulation material comprises one or more different, mixed insulation materials. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein the positioning comprises that a layer of sinterable material surrounds a layer of insulation material. Method according to one of claims 1-3, wherein the pressing in step d) is carried out at pressures of 4000-10000 bar The method according to claims 1-4, wherein before step c) in step c1) the insulation material is pre-pressed to form an insulation molding which forms the core of the insulation material, and then in step c) the sinterable material is positioned with respect to the insulation molding . A method according to claim 5, wherein in step d) the material which can be sintered with respect to the insulating compact is pressed with the insulating compact. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, wherein in step d) the sinterable material positioned in relation to the insulation material is pressed directly with the insulation material. The method according to claim 7, wherein the insulation material comprises an insulation powder or an insulation mat, and wherein a powder layer for insulation powder is used for the positioning of the insulation powder. Method according to one of claims 1-8, wherein after the sintering, a calibration pressing process of the insulation component is carried out. Method according to one of claims 1-9, wherein the metallic materials comprise one or more materials selected from: iron, alloy steel, copper, nickel, and wherein graphite can be used as filler material. Method according to one of claims 1-10, wherein the insulation materials one or more materials selected from: aluminum silicate wool; polycrystalline wool; AES fiber, silicate fiber, and microporous insulation include. Insulation component produced by the method according to any one of claims 1-11. Internal insulation, for example comprising a portliner or a push-in sleeve, for a cylinder head, the internal insulation comprising one or more layers, at least one of the layers comprising an insulation component according to claim 12. A funnel of a catalyst or a particle filter, the funnel comprising one or more layers, at least one of the layers comprising an insulation component according to claim 12. Jacket for an inlet and / or outlet funnel of a catalyst or a particle filter, the jacket comprising one or more layers, at least one of the layers comprising an insulation component according to claim 12.

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