EP3574270A1 - Dispositif de pompe à chaleur - Google Patents

Dispositif de pompe à chaleur

Info

Publication number
EP3574270A1
EP3574270A1 EP17737508.6A EP17737508A EP3574270A1 EP 3574270 A1 EP3574270 A1 EP 3574270A1 EP 17737508 A EP17737508 A EP 17737508A EP 3574270 A1 EP3574270 A1 EP 3574270A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat
liquid
room
temperature
buffer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP17737508.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Branko BRACKX
Kristoff Six
Ronald Van Ham
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Integrate Nv
Original Assignee
Integrate Nv
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Integrate Nv filed Critical Integrate Nv
Publication of EP3574270A1 publication Critical patent/EP3574270A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B30/00—Heat pumps
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B21/00—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B21/02—Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effect; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effect
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B2321/02—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effects; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effects
    • F25B2321/021—Control thereof
    • F25B2321/0212—Control thereof of electric power, current or voltage
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2321/00—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B2321/02—Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effects; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effects
    • F25B2321/025—Removal of heat
    • F25B2321/0252—Removal of heat by liquids or two-phase fluids
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/24—Storage receiver heat
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
    • F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
    • F25B2500/19—Calculation of parameters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a heat pump device, and the use of the device, for conditioning the temperature inside a room.
  • Rooms or containers comprising temperature sensitive contents are required to be thermal conditioned, i.e. the temperature inside these rooms has to be maintained within a given temperature range.
  • Thermal conditioning is also advised for living/business rooms in order to, for example, maintain suitable humidity in all parts of a building and to free the air from excessive humidity during certain seasons.
  • Fluctuations in time of the average interior temperature of rooms might be caused by several factors, for example (i) cavities in the housing of the room such as air gaps, doors, windows, etc., (ii) by the thermal properties of the material the housing of the room is made of, and/or (iii) the thermal leakage through insulation, all of which result in a natural heat exchange between ambient fluid, in particular air, and interior fluid, in particular air, resulting in a temperature rise or drop inside the room.
  • temperature fluctuations may also be caused by processes inside a room which have a higher heat generating rate than the heat exchanging rate between the fluid contained in the room and the ambient fluid.
  • rooms are preferably conventionally equipped with state-of-the-art refrigeration units installed to control the interior fluid, in particular air, temperature.
  • Most of these refrigeration units are vapor- compression refrigeration systems in which a refrigerant undergoes phase changes to cool the interior of the room.
  • the cooled air is distributed using a blowing means, typically a fan.
  • Typical power sources for the refrigeration system are diesel engines, diesel generators or external AC power, configured to continuously provide power to the refrigeration systems.
  • Exemplary of such apparatus include those disclosed in the published PCT application WO 2013/187997 A l , which is a refrigerated room including a room and a refrigeration unit.
  • a plurality of refrigerant tubes are in fluid communication with the refrigeration unit and extend along a roof of the room.
  • the plurality of refrigeration tubes are configured to convey refrigerant there through and cool an interior of the room via natural convection and thermal radiation.
  • the method of cooling a cargo in a room disclosed in WO ' 997 includes flowing a refrigerant through a plurality of refrigerant tubes disposed at a roof of the room. Thermal energy is transferred from the air in the container to the refrigerant thereby cooling the container air.
  • the container air is circulated via natural convection toward the cargo thereby cooling the cargo via thermal energy transfer to the container air.
  • the container air is recirculated toward the plurality of refrigerant tubes.
  • Boosting is appropriated after for example (un)loading operations during which the interior fluid, in particular air, and ambient fluid, in particular air, are (almost) in thermic equilibrium as a result of heat exchange v ia at least one means for ( unloading the container, for example a door.
  • the interior fluid, in particular air, and ambient fluid, in particular air are (almost) in thermic equilibrium as a result of heat exchange v ia at least one means for ( unloading the container, for example a door.
  • the present invention is made in light of the above problems, and has as its object to provide a device for an energy efficient conditioning of the temperature inside rooms, in particular when thermal boosting is required.
  • the present invention provides heat pump devices for conditioning the temperature T, inside a room, the device comprising at least one first means for heat distribution configured to be at least partly disposed inside said room, and configured to distribute heat between a first liquid and an interior fluid, a first liquid circuit connected to said at least one first means for heat distribution, a first liquid transfer pump configured to circulate said first liquid in said first circuit, at least one means for heat exchange connected to a heat buffer and configured to exchange heat between said first liquid and an ambient fluid, wherein said ambient fluid is located outside said room.
  • the present invention discloses a heat pump device for conditioning the temperature 7 ⁇ inside a room, the device comprising at least one first means for heat distribution configured to be at least partly disposed inside said room, and configured to distribute heat between a first liquid and an interior fluid, a first liquid circuit connected to said at least one first means for heat distribution, a first liquid transfer pump configured to circulate said first liquid in said first circuit, at least one means for heat exchange connected to a heat buffer and configured to exchange heat between said first liquid and an ambient fluid, wherein said ambient fluid is located outside said room, said heat buffer is liquidly connected to said at least one first means for heat distribution, and configured to comprise at least a part of said first liquid, wherein said heat buffer is designed in accordance with wherein Q b is the heat to be comprised inside
  • m h is the total mass of said at least a part of said first liquid comprised in said heat buffer
  • cp b is the mass weighted heat capacity of said at least a part of said first liquid comprised in said heat buffer
  • T is the temperature inside said room
  • P tot is the total power required to operate said first liquid transfer pump, said at least one first means for heat distribution and said at least one means for heat exchange.
  • a heat pump device for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, for conditioning the temperature inside a room in an energy efficient manner since heat is stored in said heat buffer and a heat exchange takes place between said first liquid, provided to have a high heat capacity, and said ambient fluid located outside said room, using means for heat exchange configured to operate at a high COP (coefficient of performance).
  • said heat buffer and said means for heat exchange allow for the efficient pumping of heat, wherein said means for heat exchange may operate efficiently.
  • thermal boosting may be executed in an energy efficient and/or fast way, wherein fast may refer to short time intervals during which the provided (and required) heating power is a factor of at least 1 , 1 , 1 ,2, 1 ,5 or 2 larger than heating power, or steady state low power, needed to condition a room or container against heat insulation losses to ensure a steady state condition.
  • the invention may be provided to condition the temperature inside the room over a short time period, preferably, but not limited to, tens of minutes or minutes when a sudden rise in temperature is measured with the first series of measuring sensors configured to measure the temperature inside 1 said room or container, for example a first series of temperature sensors.
  • the first series of measuring sensors configured to measure the temperature inside 1 said room or container, for example a first series of temperature sensors.
  • Another advantage of a device according to the present invention is its capability to operate also where the energy supply fluctuates in time, e.g. as in the case of photovoltaic solar panels.
  • said heat buffer allows to work on an averaged continuous basis with increased efficiency and the autonomy of an off-grid system in comparison with prior art heat pump dev ices, for example thermoelectric heat pump devices, in which electric batteries are generally installed to act as an energy buffer for sudden required heat bursts, i.e.
  • a device decreases the operating costs since the configuration of its components do not have to be able to transfer the peak load of the device.
  • it also allows a decrease of the noise level compared to conditioning devices known in the art since the heat exchange between said first liquid and said interior fluid is decoupled from the heat exchange with said ambient fluid.
  • ambient fluid we intend to mean the fluid contained in the room.
  • the latter heat exchange rate may be regulated within the limits of the device and be planned to optimize efficiency, noise pollution at specific times and autonomy via, for example, energy consumption during grid connection for a semi off-grid system or high solar irradiances in the case of a connected photovoltaic system.
  • this allows to select a heat buffer volume and heat capacity of the at least a part of the first liquid comprised in the heat buffer, so that the required energy to condition the temperature inside the room may be store in an energy efficient manner hence designing a device where the working points may be on or near the optimal characteristics.
  • the at least one means for heat exchange comprises at least one compressor, a series of thermoelectric elements, or a combination of said at least one compressor and said series of thermoelectric elements.
  • said at least one compressor is fluidly connected to at least one component selected from the group consisting of a condenser, a circuit, an expansion valve, or an evaporator.
  • said heat buffer further comprises at least one substance selected from the group consisting of phase change materials, paraffin, gels, molten salts, or reversible exothermic hydration materials, wherein said at least one substance is separated from said first liquid, wherein m b is the total mass of said at least a part of said first liquid and said at least one substance comprised in said heat buffer, wherein cp b is the mass weighted heat capacity of said at least a part of said first liquid and said at least one substance comprised in said heat buffer, and F fe opt is the optimal temperature of said first liquid and said at least one substance comprised in said heat buffer.
  • at least one substance selected from the group consisting of phase change materials, paraffin, gels, molten salts, or reversible exothermic hydration materials, wherein said at least one substance is separated from said first liquid, wherein m b is the total mass of said at least a part of said first liquid and said at least one substance comprised in said heat buffer, wherein cp
  • the device comprises a series of measuring sensors configured to measure the temperature inside said room, a temperature
  • T a outside said room the temperature T b of said at least a part of said first liquid and said at least one substance comprised in said heat buffer, and the temperature at said at least one means for heat exchange.
  • the device comprises a controller to employ a relationship in particular more in particular
  • P tot is the total power required to operate said first liquid transfer pump, said at least one first means for heat distribution and at least one means for heat exchange, wherein the total optimized power when the temperature T b of said first liquid and said at least one substance
  • meteorological information for the next hours or days and properties of the installed device can be used in a control strategy potentially further increasing the device efficiency.
  • the device comprises a heat buffer which is at least partly disposed inside said room.
  • a heat buffer which is at least partly disposed inside said room. This allows that heat exchange between said first liquid and said interior fluid might take place through the housing of said heat buffer. Hence, this heat exchange provides a continuous conditioning of the temperature inside the room.
  • these heat losses may beneficially contribute the acclimatization of the room, reducing the operation time of a first liquid transfer pump and at least one means for distribution, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, hence, reducing the energy consumption.
  • said first liquid circuit is at least partly formed by a first plurality of refrigerant tubes and configured to be disposed inside said room, wherein said first plurality of refrigerant tubes are made of a heat conductive metal configured to convey heat there through.
  • thermoelectric heat pump device for example thermoelectric heat pump device, according to the invention, comprises a at least one second means for heat distribution configured to be disposed outside said room, and configured to exchange heat between a second liquid and said ambient fluid, a second liquid circuit disposed to liquidly connecting said at least one second means for heat distribution with said at least one means for heat exchange, and a second liquid transfer pump to circulate said second liquid in said second liquid circuit.
  • the second liquid circuit is at least partly formed by a second plurality of refrigerant tubes configured to be disposed outside said room, wherein said second plurality of refrigerant tubes are made of a heat conductive metal configured to convey heat there through.
  • the device comprises a third liquid circuit disposed to liquidly connecting said heat buffer with said at least one means for heat exchange, and a third liquid transfer pump configured to circulate said first liquid in said third liquid circuit.
  • the third liquid transfer pump allows to reduce the effect of conductive heat losses through the means for heat exchange when the means for heat exchange are not powered by disabling the pump and thus creating a larger conductive temperature barrier in the not moving third liquid.
  • said first liquid is selected from the group consisting of water, water-glycol mixture, mineral oil, terphenyl, liquid metals, or ethylene. This allows to have an energy efficient transport of heat since these liquids have a preferable heat capacity.
  • said second liquid is selected from the group consisting of water, water-glycol mixture, mineral oil, terphenyl, liquid metals, or ethylene. This allows to have an energy efficient transport of heat since these liquids have a preferable heat capacity.
  • said means for heat exchange is a series of thermoelectric elements comprising a cold side and a hot side, and at least a part of said series of temperature sensors is configured to measure a temperature difference AT pe over said cold side and said hot side of said series of thermoelectric elements.
  • Another aim of the present invention is to provide a room comprising at least one conditioning device according to any one of the mentioned embodiments of the invention. This room has the advantageously effect of condition the temperature inside in an energy and time efficient way.
  • Another aim of the present invention is to provide a use of the invention for the conditioning of the temperature inside a room, in particular air cargo container transport dollies comprising a housing configured to store cargo.
  • Embodiments of the present invention discloses a heat pump device, for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, for conditioning the temperature inside a room wherein the device further comprises a heat buffer liquidly connected to said first heat exchanging forced convection means, and provided to comprise said first liquid, and said series of thermoelectric elements connected to said heat buffer and provided to exchange heat between said first liquid and an ambient fluid, wherein said ambient fluid is located outside said room.
  • a heat pump device for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, for conditioning the temperature inside a room in an energy efficient manner since heat is stored in said heat buffer and a heat exchange takes place between said first liquid, provided to have a high heat capacity, and said ambient fluid located outside said room, using thermoelectric elements provided to operate at a high COP (coefficient of performance).
  • thermoelectric elements allow for the efficient pumping of heat, wherein said thermoelectric elements operate most efficiently when the temperature difference over them is small. For example, during hot summer days, it may be more energy efficient to charge the heat buffer during the cooler nights and use the stored heat when necessary during the day, and vice versa in during winter.
  • a device according to the invention allows that the stored heat in said heat buffer is immediately available to condition the temperature inside said room, hence, thermal boosting may be executed in an energy efficient way.
  • Another advantage of a device according to the present invention is its capabi lity to operate also where the energy supply fluctuates in time, e.g. as in the case of photovoltaic solar panels.
  • said heat buffer allows to work on an averaged continuous basis with increased efficiency and the autonomy of an off- grid system in comparison with prior art thermoelectric heat pump devices in which electric batteries are generally installed to act as an energy buffer for sudden required heat bursts, i.e. thermal boosts, or higher rate heat pumping performed at reduced efficiency (hence decrease of autonomy) since the efficiency of the batteries decreases due to the peak loads from the thermoelectric elements.
  • a device according to the present invention decreases the operating costs since the configuration of its components do not have to be able to transfer the peak load of the device.
  • the invention also allows a decrease of the noise level compared to conditioning devices known in the art since the heat exchange between said first liquid and said interior fluid is decoupled from the heat exchange with said ambient fluid.
  • the heat buffer further comprises a substance selected from the group consisting of phase change materials, paraffins, gels, molten salts, and reversible exothermic hydration materials, wherein said substance is separated from said first liquid. This allows to obtain a higher heat capacity of the heat buffer compared to a heat buffer containing only a first liquid.
  • a series of temperature sensors are provided to measure the temperature ⁇ inside said room, the temperature outside said
  • thermoelectric elements thermoelectric elements.
  • the heat buffer is designed in accordance with wherein Q b is the heat to be comprised inside
  • m b is the sum of the masses of said first liquid and said substance comprised in said heat buffer
  • cp b is the mass averaged heat capacity of said first liquid and said substance comprised in said heat buffer
  • t is the optimal temperature of said first
  • thermoelectric elements This allows to select a heat buffer volume and heat capacity of the first fluid and substance, comprised in the heat buffer, so that the required energy to condition the temperature inside the room may be store in an energy efficient manner hence designing a device where the working points may be on or near the optimal characteristics.
  • a controller employs a relationship n particular more m particular to condition
  • P tot is the sum of the power required to operate said first liquid transfer pump, said first heat exchanging forced convection means and said series of thermoelectric elements, wherein when the temperature of said first liquid and said substance in said heat buffer equals This allows the device to operate
  • meteorologic information for the next hours or days and properties of the installed device can be used in a control strategy potentially further increasing the device efficiency
  • the device comprises a heat buffer which is at least partly disposed inside said room. This allows that heat exchange between said first liquid and said interior fluid might take place through the housing of said heat buffer. 1 lence, this heat exchange provides a continuous conditioning of the temperature inside the room. When properly designed, these heat losses may beneficially contribute the acclimatization of the room, reducing the operation time of a first liquid transfer pump and a first heat exchanging forced convection means, hence, reducing the energy consumption.
  • said first liquid circuit is at least partly formed by a first plurality of refrigerant tubes and provided to be disposed inside said room, wherein said first plurality of refrigerant tubes are made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat there through.
  • thermoelectric heat pump device for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, according to the invention, comprises a second heat exchanging forced convection means provided to be disposed outside said room and provided to exchange heat between a second liquid and said ambient fluid, wherein said second liquid is in contact with said series of thermoelectric elements, a second liquid circuit disposed to liquidly connecting said second heat exchanging forced convection means with said series of thermoelectric elements, and a second liquid transfer pump to circulate said second liquid in said second liquid circuit.
  • This allows to have a more efficient thermal charging of the heat buffer since the (forced) heat exchange might take place between the second liquid and the ambient fluid, and between the first and second liquid using the thermoelectric elements.
  • the second liquid circuit is at least partly formed by a second plurality of refrigerant tubes provided to be disposed outside said room. wherein said second plurality of refrigerant tubes are made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat there through.
  • the device comprises a third liquid circuit disposed to liquidly connecting said heat buffer with said series of thermoelectric elements, and a third liquid transfer pump provided to circulate said first liquid in said third liquid circuit.
  • the third liquid transfer pump allows to reduce the effect of conductive heat losses through the series thermoelectric elements when the thermoelectric elements are not powered by disabling the pump and thus creating a larger conductive temperature barrier in the not moving third liquid.
  • the third liquid circuit is at least partly formed by a third plural ity of refrigerant tubes, wherein said third plurality of refrigerant tubes are made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat there through. This allows to have an additional heat sink or heat exchange between the third liquid and the interior fluid or ambient fluid, hence, less energy is required to perform a forced heat exchange. Hence no additional insulation for these tubes is required, reducing device costs and installation time.
  • said first liquid is selected from the group consisting of water, water-glycol mixture, mineral oil, terphenyl, liquid metals, and ethylene. This allows to have an energy efficient transport of heat since these liquids have a preferable heat capacity.
  • said second liquid is selected from the group consisting of water, water-glycol mixture, mineral oil, terphenyl, liquid metals, and ethylene.
  • This allows to have an energy efficient transport of heat since these liquids have a preferable heat capacity.
  • a second aim of the present invention is to provide a room comprising at least one conditioning device according to any one of the mentioned embodiments of the invention. This room has the advantageously effect of condition the temperature inside in an energy and time efficient way.
  • a third aim of the present invention is to provide a use of the invention for the conditioning of the temperature inside a room, in particular air cargo container transport dollies comprising a housing provided to store cargo.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic of a cross section of a room constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the components being part of this preferred embodiment are not represented on scale with respect to each other or the room.
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic of a cross section of a room constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprising a second liquid circuit.
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic of a cross section of a room constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprising a third liquid circuit.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic of a cross section of a room constructed in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, comprising a second and a third liquid circuit.
  • the components being part of this preferred embodiment are not represented on scale with respect to each other or the room.
  • FIG. 5 is a graph depicting the operating power of a first liquid transfer pump, at least one means for heat distribution, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, and at least one means for heat exchange, for example a series of thermoelectric elements, normalized at the optimal power, as a function of the temperature difference between an ambient fluid and a first fluid in a heat buffer, in order to design a preferred embodiment according to the invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of at least one means for heat exchange, in particular a compressor system.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of the integration of a compressor system into the heat pump device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of the integration of a compressor system into the heat pump device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • compressor reference may be made to at least one means for heat exchange comprising at least one compressor, or reference may be made to at least one means for heat exchange comprising at least one compressor and at least one component selected from the group consisting of a condenser, an expansion valve and an evaporator, connected to each other to transfer at least one heat-carrying fluid.
  • thermal boosting may be executed in an energy efficient and/or fast way, wherein fast may refer to short time intervals during which the provided (and required) heating power is a factor of at least 1 , 1 to 2 times, preferably 1 ,2 to larger than heating power, or steady state low power, needed to condition a room or container against heat insulation losses to ensure a steady state condition.
  • steady state reference may be made to a system for which the variables defining the behavior of the system are unchanging in time.
  • references is made to "substance(s)" or to "at least one substance” comprised in the heat buffer reference may be made to at least a part of the first liquid comprised in the heat buffer, or to at least a part of the first liquid and at least one substance selected from the group consisting of phase change materials, paraffin, gels, molten salts, and reversible exothermic hydration materials, comprised in said heat buffer.
  • first heat exchanging convection means and/or radiation means for example ceiling heat exchangers
  • heat exchange may refer to heat exchange between at least two fluids, for example at least one liquid and air, which may be separated by a solid material, preferably a heat conductive material
  • heat distribution may refer to mixing of at least one fluid, for example air, in particular interior air.
  • a means for heat distribution may also be forced heat exchanging convection means.
  • second heat exchanging convection means and/or radiation means for example a means for blowing, typically a fan
  • heat exchange may refer to heat exchange between at least two fluids, for example at least one liquid and air, which may be separated by a solid material, preferably a heat conductive material
  • heat distribution may refer to mixing of at least one fluid, for example air, in particular interior air.
  • a heat pump device for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, for conditioning the temperature in a room in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the room may be, but is not limited to, a container for storing or transporting cargo, a living/business room or a server room.
  • the room comprises a housing 2 designed to store relevant content and to protect the content from being in thermal equilibrium with ambient fluid, in particular air wherein air is.
  • the device according to the invention is also suited to be implemented in air cargo container transport dollies comprising a housing provided for storing cargo containers.
  • the housing 2 may include a thermal insulated layer, such as foam boards or blankets.
  • the housing 2 separates the inside or interior 1 of the room from the outside or exterior 20. Cavities in the housing may be filed with components, or part of components, of the device according to the invention, such as refrigerant tubes extending from the interior 1 to the exterior 20. Cavities in the housing 2 may also be filled with functional ity means to access the room.
  • the temperature inside the room might be obtained from a first series of measuring sensors 23, for example temperature sensors, provided to measure the temperature inside 1 the room.
  • the first series of measuring sensors 23, for example temperature sensors are preferably disposed close to the bottom and roof of the room provided to monitor the temperature inside the room in a reliable way.
  • At least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, is provided to be at least partly disposed inside 1 the room and provided to exchange and/or distribute heat between a first liquid, contained in a first circuit 6 and interior 1 air.
  • the at least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means is provided to condition the temperature inside the room over a short time period, preferably, but not limited to, tens of minutes or minutes when a sudden rise in temperature is measured with the first series of measuring sensors configured to measure the temperature inside 1 said room or container, for example a first series of temperature sensors.
  • At least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, is provided to be at least partly contained inside the room.
  • the at least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means may also be integrated in the housing 2 of the room.
  • the at least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means is powered by an external energy source, such as, but not limited to, a series of batteries or solar panels or directly or indirectly connected to the power grid, and its operation is controlled by a controller 27 in such a manner that when the device is in its design conditions and the heat buffer is sufficiently charged, the desired internal temperature can be reached within the required conditioning time by applying sufficient flow rate to said at least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, which is described later in this detailed description.
  • the flow rate is preferably not too high with respect to the needed flow rate to limit the performance penalty of restrictive flow losses which increase with the flow rate.
  • the first circuit 6 is connected to at least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, and is configured to convey a first liquid.
  • This first liquid may be, but is not limited to, the group consisting of water, mixture water and glycol, mineral oil, terphenyl, liquid metals, or ethylene, or a combination of.
  • the first liquid preferably is a liquid with a high heat capacity, able to meet the cooling and heating requirements of the dev ice that remains liquid in the operating temperature range.
  • the first circuit 6 is at least partly formed by a first plurality of refrigerant tubes which are disposed inside 1 the room.
  • the first circuit may be disposed close to the roof of the room which in case of cooling, supports to cool the room in an energy efficient way since convection will distribute the heat uniformly over the interior of the room.
  • the first plurality of refrigerant tubes may be made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat contained in the first liquid there through, such as, but not limited to, a copper or aluminum material.
  • a first liquid transfer pump 7 is comprised in the first liquid circuit 6 and provides the circulation of the first liquid in the first liquid circuit 6.
  • the first liquid transfer pump provides a minimum mass flow rate of the first liquid equal to the required rate of heat exchanged with the interior 1 divided by the product of the specific heat capacity of first liquid and a factor of 20°C and a maximum mass flow rate of the first liquid equal to the required rate of heat exchanged with the interior 1 divided by the product of the specific heat capacity of first liquid and a factor of 0,02°C in cooling or heating mode required to perform a fast heat exchange between the first liquid and the interior of the room.
  • the mass flow rate or volume flow rate or capacity or pressure of the first liquid transfer pump 7 is controlled by the controller 27.
  • the first liquid transfer pump 7 is connected to the aforementioned energy source for operating.
  • a heat buiTer 8 is liquidly connected to the at least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, via first circuit 6 and provided to at least partly contain the first liquid.
  • the heat buffer 8 is configured to operate as a thermal battery , storing thermal energy or heat as a consequence of heat exchange between the first liquid and ambient fluid, in particular air. A series of means for performing this heat exchange is described below.
  • the heat buffer 8 is preferably, but not limited to, cylindrical shaped because this shape react to the stresses caused by internal pressures much more favorably. Because liquid pressure acts in all directions a round wall shape will see even distribution of pressure, whereas any shape with corners will see concentrations of load due to pressure acting on either side of the corner pushing the two sides apart.
  • the heat buffer has a minimum capacity such that the temperature in the heat buffer changes maximal 20°C per discharge event.
  • the heat buffer is at least partly disposed in the room. Heat exchange takes place between the first liquid contained in the heat buffer 8 and the interior 1.
  • a second series of measuring sensors 24, for example temperature sensors, is disposed inside the heat buffer 8 provided to measure the temperature of the at least one substance comprised in the heat buffer 8, for example the temperature T b of said at least a part of said first liquid and said at least one substance comprised in said heat buffer 8. These measurements are transferred by means of a connection between from the second series of measuring sensors 24, for example temperature sensor, to measure the temperature and the controller 27.
  • the controller may operate the first fluid pump and at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements, to condition the temperature inside the room.
  • the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements, disposed to be in contact with the heat buffer are preferably, but not limited to, Peltier elements.
  • the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements are configured to exchange heat between the first liquid and the ambient fluid, in particular air, hence, they comprise a first solid-air heat exchanger 21 .
  • the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements may be disposed in the housing 2 of the room and in direct contact with the heat buffer 8.
  • the position of the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements is not limited to the aforementioned configuration, i.e. they may also be disposed at least partly inside or outside the room. Hence, in case heat may be transferred from the at least one substance and/or at least a part of said at least first liquid contained in the heat buffer 8 to the ambient fluid, i.e.
  • the cold side of the series of thermoelectric elements 13 is in direct contact with the substance(s) contained in the heat buffer 8 or in direct contact with the walls of heat buffer 8, which preferably at least locally is foreseen of a thermal conductive material which directly or indirectly is in contact with the substance(s) in the heat buffer 8, and the hot side is in direct contact with first solid-air heat exchanger 21 which is in direct contact with the ambient fluid, in particular air.
  • a third series of measuring sensors 26, for example temperature sensors, may be placed close to the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements, to measure the local temperature difference between, for example, the hot and cold side of the series of thermoelectric elements 13.
  • the third series of measuring sensors 26, for example temperature sensors, may be provided to measure the temperature difference over the hot and cold side of the series of thermoelectric elements. These measurements are sent to the controller 27 and may be used to control the thermoelectric elements in an energy efficient manner and / or monitor the state of the device and / or thermoelectric elements. Forced air blowing of the ambient fluid, in particular air, may be provided by a blower 1 8 disposed at the outside 20 of the room, if the blower 1 8 is not installed, the heat exchanger is preferably of sufficient size to be able to exchange heat with the outside 20 environment by means of natural convection.
  • a fourth series of measuring sensors 25, for example temperature sensors, is disposed outside provided to measure the temperature of the ambient fluid, in particular air.
  • Measurements are sent to the controller 27 to have the possibility be able to estimate the heat losses through the insulation upfront and act accordingly and / or determine the needed amount of energy stored in the buffer 8 as a temperature difference relative to the temperature inside 1 , measured by a first series of measuring sensors 23, for example temperature sensors, to be able to reacclimatize the interior 1 in an adequate manner when the doors are opened, goods are inserted or the like.
  • thermoelectric heat pump device for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, for conditioning the temperature in a room in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the device includes the elements of the device in FIG. 1 and, additionally includes at least one second means for heat distribution 17, for example a second heat exchanging forced convection means, which have to be disposed outside the room.
  • the at least one second means for heat distribution 17, for example a second heat exchanging forced convection means provides heat exchange between a second liquid or fluid and the ambient fluid.
  • a forced blower preferably a fan operated by a fan motor, may be provided to enhance the heat exchange effect.
  • the at least one second means for heat distribution 17, for example a second heat exchanging forced convection means is in liquid contact with the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements, via a second liquid circuit 15.
  • This second liquid circuit is configured to convey the flow of the second liquid or fluid between the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements, and the at least one second means for heat distribution 17, for example a second heat exchanging forced convection means.
  • the second liquid circuit 1 5 is at least partly formed by a second plurality of refrigerant tubes which are disposed outside said room, wherein said second plurality of refrigerant tubes are preferably made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat there through.
  • the plurality of refrigerant tubes are made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat contained in the first liquid there through, such as, but not limited to, a copper or aluminum material.
  • a second liquid transfer pump 16 is used to circulate the second liquid in the second liquid circuit 15.
  • This second liquid transfer pump 16 has a minimum mass flow rate of the second liquid equal to the average rate of heat exchanged with the exterior 20 divided by the product of the specific heat capacity of second liquid and a factor of 20°C and a maximum mass flow rate of the second liquid equal to the average rate of heat exchanged with the exterior 20 divided by the product of the specific heat capacity of second liquid and a factor of 0,001 °C.
  • the type of pumps that are used are preferably well known in the state-of-the art and are preferably able to work energy efficient.
  • the second liquid transfer pump 16 is controlled by the controller 27 and is in active mode when the heat buffer 8 has to be charged, preferably after the boosting mode.
  • a fourth series of measuring sensors 25, for example temperature sensors, is disposed outside provided to measure the temperature of the ambient fluid, in particular air.
  • Measurements are sent to the controller 27 to have the possibility be able to estimate the heat losses through the insulation upfront and act accordingly and / or determine the needed amount of energy stored in the buffer 8 as a temperature difference relative to the temperature inside 1 , measured by the first series of measuring sensors 23 to measure the temperature, for example temperature sensors, to be able to reacclimatize the interior 1 in an adequate manner when the doors are opened, goods are inserted or the like.
  • thermoelectric heat pump device for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, for conditioning the temperature in a room in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the device includes the elements of the dev ice in FIG. 1 and, additionally a third liquid circuit 10 which is at least partly disposed inside the room and liquidly connects the heat buffer 8 with the at least one means for heat exchange 1 3, for example a a promotes of thermoelectric elements.
  • the third liquid circuit 10 may comprise of a third plurality of refrigerant tubes.
  • This third plurality of refrigerant tubes may be made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat contained in the first liquid there through, such as, but not limited to, a copper or aluminum material.
  • the refrigerant tubes located outside 20 are preferably insulated.
  • the tubes disposed to be in direct contact with the interior fluid, in particular air, of the room may be isolated depending on the desired heat exchange. Insulating at least a part of the tubes disposed to be in direct contact with the interior fluid may avoid a heat sink or heat exchange between the first fluid contained in the third liquid circuit and the interior fluid, in particular air, contained in the room.
  • a third liquid transfer pump 1 1 is provided to circulate said first liquid in said third circuit 10.
  • the third circuit 10 might provide a faster charging of the heat buffer 8 since heat exchange may take place between two liquids or fluids in the at least one means for heat exchange 13, for example a series of thermoelectric elements.
  • a controller 27 controls the operations of the different components comprised in an embodiment of the invention.
  • a fan 18 is provided to facilitate the heat exchange with the exterior 20.
  • the third liquid circuit 10 is at least partly formed by a third plurality of refrigerant tubes, wherein said third plurality of refrigerant tubes are made of a heat conductive metal provided to convey heat there through.
  • a heat pump device for example a thermoelectric heat pump device, for conditioning the temperature in a room in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the device includes the elements of the device in FIG. 1, FIG. 2 and FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 5 there is shown a relation to configure a preferred embodiment according to the invention.
  • This relation allows to select a heat buffer volume and heat capacity of the first liquid so that the required heat buffer energy might be stored in an efficient manner and hence designing a device where the working points can be on or near the optimal characteristic.
  • the energy Q b stored in the heat buffer 8 with respect to the temperature 1 ⁇ inside 1 the room and the average temperature T b of the substance(s) inside the heat buffer 8 is:
  • m b is the mass of the substance(s) in the heat buffer 8 and cp b is the mass averaged heat capacity (at constant pressure) of the substance(s) in said heat buffer 8.
  • the substance in the heat buffer might be the first fluid alone, or a combination of the first fluid with at least one substance selected from the group consisting of phase change materials, paraffin, gels, molten salts, and reversible exothermic hydration materials.
  • the temperature T b is not given and may be used to optimize the efficiency of the device, given further that the power provided to condition said inside room is depending on:
  • rh 1 is the mass flow rate of the first liquid transfer pump 7
  • cpj s the heat capacity of the first liquid.
  • the power consumption of the first liquid transfer pump 7 and the at least one means for heat distribution 5, for example a first heat exchanging forced convection means, i.e. P t typically follows a relationship
  • the at least one means for heat exchange 13 for example a series of thermoelectric elements, have a power consumption depending on the type of means that may be used.
  • the power consumption may be by approximation equal to
  • T a the temperature of the ambient fluid, in particular air, and the average current flowing through an individual
  • thermoelectric element and the number of installed thermoelectric elements. is a term further representing additional temperature losses occurring in the device between the outside 20 and the heat buffer 8.
  • the optimal temperature of the substance(s) inside said heat buffer T b for specific design conditions results in an optimal power consumption for those design conditions. This allows to condition the temperature inside said room in an energy efficient way, and according to equation (i) select a heat buffer volume and heat capacity of the first liquid so that the required buffer energy can be stored in an efficient manner and hence designing a device where the working points can be on or near the optimal characteristic.
  • the total power consumption P tot may include the power consumption of the at least one compressor wherein may be by approximation equal to
  • the function f is depending on the electric energy Q comp to drive the compressor, T a the temperature of the ambient fluid, the average temperature T b of the substance(s) inside the heat buffer 8, T Ulss representing additional temperature losses occurring in the device between the outside 20 and the heat buffer 8, and, besides others, the characteristics of the compressor and the type of cooling gas used, represented by c comp .
  • Information on this relation can be found in the specification sheet of the at least one compressor or can be obtained in a test setup by, for example, applying a specific heat flux and known voltage and observe the temperature difference and current consumption for different working points of the compressor system.
  • a potential first control strategy that allows for the conditioning of the interior could be to always have a given amount of energy in the heat buffer to be able to condition the interior.
  • a potential second control strategy improving on this first strategy could be to try to estimate the needed energy to reacclimatize the interior and control the heat buffer temperature accordingly. This allows for a significant energy reduction.
  • the needed energy to reacclimatize the interior can be the sum of following components and others:
  • the walls can hold with the difference in inside and outside temperature, which can be a value gathered from the design of the system, or it could be a value is fit based on the measurements during the previous operation cycles of the system, tis the time and lis a time constant that could also be fitted based on the previous measurements.
  • This energy has to be stored inside the said heat buffer which has a specific heat capacity and volume, hence a minimal temperature difference can be determined at which the heat buffer holds at least the needed energy. From this difference the actual temperature T b m the heat buffer can be calculated.
  • a first buffer loading strategy can be, if the time between door openings can be known by approximation, is to determine the average thermal power needed to reload the heat buffer. Together with the measured temperature over the thermoelectric elements and the properties of the thermoelectric elements, the needed electric input power to drive the elements can be obtained.
  • An improved buffer loading strategy could be to also take the predicted local climatologie conditions into account and plan the heat buffer loading in such a manner that a further energy reduction can be obtained. Once the predictions are known the planner could find the optimum profile in an iterative manner, taking the properties the system into account.
  • a typical exemplary thermoelectric element has following relations, (exact relations of the used thermoelectric elements are preferably used):
  • thermoelectric clement connected the heat buffer.
  • the equation is an exemplary form for the cooling condition, an equivalent form for heating the heat buffer can be derived from the characteristics of thermoelectric elements.
  • thermoelectric elements energy needed to refill the heat buffer to a certain level.
  • the possibility to adapt the shape has an effect on total consumed electric power.
  • An iterative search procedure can find a minimal power consumption, based on the predictions, which results in a profile of Q te (t)that could be requested from the thermoelectric elements and that would minimize the electric power consumption of the thermoelectric elements, hence further optimizing the system efficiency.
  • the requested power Q te (t)from the series of thermoelectric elements further translates with given relations into a control signal, which can be a voltage or current, applied by a controller and (power) electronics to the thermoelectric elements which hence will by approximation transfer the requested heat, if the system is working properly.
  • thermoelectric module(s) If the time to a next door opening event is not known or varies too much, a tradeoff can be made between energy efficiency and acclimatization quality. The latter can be improved by quickly reloading the heat buffer, but this would be at reduced system efficiency or the installed power of the thermoelectric module(s) could be increased to be able to transport more heat in a more efficient manner.
  • FIG. 6 there is provided a schematic representation of a means for heat exchange use in embodiments of the present invention, in particular a compressor system 60 comprised in a heat pump device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention.
  • the compressor system 60 comprises of a compressor 61 , for increasing the pressure and temperature of a heat transfer fluid, and at least one of the components selected from the group consisting of a condenser 63, also referred to as a hot heat exchanger, a fan 66, a circuit 62 configured to conduit at least one heat transporting fluid, an expansion valve 64, to expand the heat transfer fluid to form an expanded heat transfer fluid, or an evaporator 65, also referred to as a cool heat exchanger.
  • a condenser 63 also referred to as a hot heat exchanger
  • a fan 66 a circuit 62 configured to conduit at least one heat transporting fluid
  • an expansion valve 64 to expand the heat transfer fluid to form an expanded heat transfer fluid
  • an evaporator 65 also referred to as a cool heat
  • the condenser 63 enables heat transfer from the heat transporting fluid to an ambient fluid
  • the evaporator 65 enables heat transfer from an ambient fluid to the transporting fluid.
  • FIG.7 there is depicted a schematic representation of the integration of the compressor system 60 into the heat pump device according to a preferred embodiment of the invention when configured to be used for cooling, i.e. to decrease the temperature F £ inside 1 a room, hence the average temperature T b of the substance(s) within the heat buffer 8 should be smaller than 7).
  • the evaporator 65 may be placed to exchange heat between at least a part of the first liquid contained in the third liquid circuit 10 and the heat transporting fluid comprised in the circuit 62.
  • the condenser 63 may be placed to dump the heat contained in the heat transporting fluid in the circuit 62 into at least a part of the second liquid comprised in the second liquid circuit 15.
  • the controller 27 may be connected with the compressor 61 and/or with the expansion valve 64.
  • means for reversing the fluid flow for example a reversing valve (not shown),may be placed in the compressor system 60 for switching from cooling to heating mode.
  • FIG.8 there is depicted a schematic representation of the integration of the compressor system 60 into the heat pump dev ice according to the present invention, wherein the compressor system 60 comprises the expansion valve 64 and the compressor 61 .
  • the second liquid circuit 1 5 and the condenser 63 arc equivalent means for heat exchange with an ambient fluid when the heat pump device according to the invention is used for cooling the interior 1 of a room or container, in this configuration, at least part of the evaporator 65 is disposed inside in the heat buffer 8 for heat exchange between the substance(s) inside the heat buffer 8 and the heat transporting fluid comprised in the circuit 62.
  • At least one combination of the at least one component or system depicted in FIG. 7 and/or FIG. 8 may be combined, for example, the compressor 61 , expansion valve 64 and evaporator 65 may be configured to be connected with the other components or elements depicted in FIG. 8.
  • the compressor 61 and expansion valve 64 may be connected to the at least one second means for heat distribution 17 preferably without being connected to a condenser 63 and/or a second liquid transfer pump 16.
  • a heat pump device may be configured comprising the compressor 61 , condenser 63 and expansion valve 64 connected to the heat buffer 8, without the need to comprise an evaporator 65 and a third liquid transfer pump 1 1.
  • the integration of a compressor system 60 within the heat pump device according the invention is not limited to the preferred embodiments described above.
  • FIG.7 and FIG.8 are configuration of the invention used for cooling the interior 1 of the room, the invention may also be used for heating.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de pompe à chaleur, par exemple un dispositif de pompe à chaleur thermoélectrique, destiné à conditionner la température à l'intérieur (1) d'une pièce, le dispositif comprenant au moins un premier moyen de distribution de la chaleur (5), un premier circuit de liquide (6) relié au ou aux premiers moyens de distribution de la chaleur (5), une première pompe de transfert de liquide (7), au moins un moyen d'échange de chaleur (13) relié à un tampon de chaleur (8). Le tampon de chaleur (8) est relié de manière fluidique au ou aux premiers moyens de distribution de la chaleur (5), et conçu pour comprendre au moins une partie du premier liquide, le tampon de chaleur (8) étant conçu conformément à Qb = mbcpb (Ti - 7bopt), et dérivé selon la Formule (I) dans laquelle Ptot est la puissance totale requise pour faire fonctionner la première pompe de transfert de liquide (7), le ou les premiers moyens de distribution de la chaleur (5) et le ou les moyens d'échange de chaleur (13). Ainsi, le dispositif de pompe à chaleur permet un conditionnement écoénergétique de la température à l'intérieur d'une pièce.
EP17737508.6A 2017-01-30 2017-06-28 Dispositif de pompe à chaleur Withdrawn EP3574270A1 (fr)

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PCT/EP2017/066031 WO2018137789A1 (fr) 2017-01-30 2017-06-28 Dispositif de pompe à chaleur

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WO2008113121A1 (fr) * 2007-03-16 2008-09-25 L.P.E. Group Pty Ltd Système de transfert, de récupération et de gestion thermiques
EP2306111A1 (fr) * 2008-06-06 2011-04-06 Daikin Industries, Ltd. Système d'eau chaude
WO2013169874A1 (fr) 2012-05-08 2013-11-14 Sheetak, Inc. Pompe à chaleur thermoélectrique
WO2013187997A1 (fr) 2012-06-11 2013-12-19 Carrier Corporation Conteneur réfrigéré, procédé de refroidissement de marchandises, procédé de réchauffement de marchandises
EP2959237A1 (fr) * 2013-02-25 2015-12-30 ZELISSEN, Marcus Jozef Gertrudis Système thermoélectrique de transfert de chaleur

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