EP3571243A1 - Method of making an anion exchange membrane - Google Patents

Method of making an anion exchange membrane

Info

Publication number
EP3571243A1
EP3571243A1 EP18706011.6A EP18706011A EP3571243A1 EP 3571243 A1 EP3571243 A1 EP 3571243A1 EP 18706011 A EP18706011 A EP 18706011A EP 3571243 A1 EP3571243 A1 EP 3571243A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
membrane
spectrum
anion exchange
exchange membrane
vinylbenzyl
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP18706011.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Richard I. Masel
Syed Dawar Sajjad
Mark J. Pellerite
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
3M Innovative Properties Co
Dioxide Materials Inc
Original Assignee
3M Innovative Properties Co
Dioxide Materials Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from US15/411,831 external-priority patent/US9943841B2/en
Application filed by 3M Innovative Properties Co, Dioxide Materials Inc filed Critical 3M Innovative Properties Co
Publication of EP3571243A1 publication Critical patent/EP3571243A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
    • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
    • C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2218—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2231—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J47/00—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor
    • B01J47/12—Ion-exchange processes in general; Apparatus therefor characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
    • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
    • C08J5/2206—Films, membranes or diaphragms based on organic and/or inorganic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2218—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • C08J5/2231—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds
    • C08J5/2243—Synthetic macromolecular compounds based on macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds obtained by introduction of active groups capable of ion-exchange into compounds of the type C08J5/2231
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
    • C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
    • C08J5/20—Manufacture of shaped structures of ion-exchange resins
    • C08J5/22—Films, membranes or diaphragms
    • C08J5/2287—After-treatment

Definitions

  • the field of the invention is polymers.
  • the method described in this patent is useful in crosslinking ion conducting polymers containing styrene and vinylbenzyl chloride.
  • the method will comprise the steps of:
  • a membrane comprising a polymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-R x , wherein R s is a positively charged cyclic amine group, R s being associated with a negatively charged counterion, and wherein R x is at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of CI, OH, and O-Rz, wherein Rz is selected from linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, and heteroalkylaryls , and wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R x groups is greater than 0.3% of the total weight of the polymer electrolyte membrane; and
  • the polymer electrolyte membrane is soaked in a hydroxide-containing solution having a pH of at least 13 for at least 5 minutes. In a more preferred embodiment the polymer electrolyte membrane is soaked in a hydroxide-containing solution having a pH of at least 14 for at least 5 minutes.
  • the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R s groups is between 15% and 90% of the total weight of membrane.
  • R s is selected from the group consisting of imidazoliums, pyridiniums, pyrazoliums, pyrrolidiniums, pyrroliums, pyrimidiums, piperidiniums, indoliums, triaziniums, preferably imidazoliums and pyridiniums.
  • R s is an imidazolium.
  • the imidazolium is preferably an alkylimidazolium, more preferably tetramethylimidazolium.
  • R s is a pyridinium.
  • the pyridinium is preferably an alkylpyridinium
  • the polymer will have a molecular weight between 1,000 and 10,000,000 atomic units (A.U.) preferably between 10,000 and 1,000,000 A.U., most preferably between 25,000 and 250,000 A.U.
  • the polymeric composition is in the form of a membrane.
  • the membrane has a preferred thickness of from 10 to 300 micrometers.
  • the 2D H/C- 13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the membrane polymer shows a correlation between peaks at 53.3- 5.4 in the proton spectrum and 569-76 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
  • the 2D H/C- 13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the membrane polymer shows a correlation between peaks at 54.4 ⁇ 1 in the proton spectrum and 571 ⁇ 2 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
  • the 2D H/C- 13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the membrane polymer shows a correlation between peaks at54.4 ⁇ l in the proton spectrum and 562 ⁇ 2 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
  • any numerical value ranges recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit, provided that there is a separation of at least two units between any lower value and any higher value.
  • concentration of a component or value of a process variable such as, for example, size, angle size, pressure, time and the like, is, for example, from 1 to 98, specifically from 20 to 80, more specifically from 30 to 70, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32, and the like, are expressly enumerated in this specification.
  • one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate.
  • polymer electrolyte membrane refers to both cation exchange membranes, which generally comprise polymers having multiple covalently attached negatively charged groups, and anion exchange membranes, which generally comprise polymers having multiple covalently attached positively charged groups.
  • Typical cation exchange membranes include proton conducting membranes, such as the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer available under the trade designation NAFION from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont) of Wilmington, DE.
  • anion exchange membrane electrolyzer refers to an electrolyzer with an anion-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
  • polymeric film liner refers to a single or multilayer polymer film that is no more than 2 millimeters thick.
  • Hydrogen Evolution Reaction also called “HER,” as used here refers to the electrochemical reaction 2H + + 2e ⁇ ⁇ H 2 .
  • ME A refers to a membrane electrode assembly
  • Millipore water is water that is produced by a Millipore filtration system with a resistivity of at least 18.2 megaohm-cm.
  • imidazolium refers to a positively charged ligand containing an imidazole group. This includes a bare imidazole or a substituted imidazole.
  • Ri - R 5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halides, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, heteroalkylaryls, and polymers thereof, such as the vinylbenzyl copolymers described herein, are specifically included.
  • pyridinium refers to a positively charged ligand containing a pyridine group. This includes a bare pyridine or a substituted pyridine.
  • Rs - Rn are each independently selected from hydrogen, halides, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, heteroalkylaryls, and polymers thereof, such as the vinyl benzyl copolymers described herein, are specifically included.
  • phosphonium refers to a positively charged ligand containing phosphorus. This includes substituted phosphorus.
  • R 12 -Ri5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halides, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, heteroalkylaryls, and polymers thereof, such as the vinylbenzyl copolymers described herein, are specifically included.
  • positively charged cyclic amine refers to a positively charged ligand containing a cyclic amine. This specifically includes imidazoliums, pyridiniums, pyrazoliums, pyrrolidiniums, pyrroliums, pyrimidiums, piperidiniums, indoliums, triaziniums, and polymers thereof, such as the vinyl benzyl copolymers described herein.
  • R 16 - Ri8 are each independently selected from hydrogen, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, and
  • heteroalkylaryls but not polymers.
  • HSQC heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance
  • the objective of this example was to demonstrate a method to crosslink an anion exchange membrane.
  • Step 1 Preparing a polymer membrane comprising a polymer comprising styrene, vinylbenzyl-R s and vinylbenzyl-R x , wherein R s is a positively charged cyclic amine group, R s being associated with a negatively charged counterion, and wherein R x is at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of CI, OH, and O-Ri9, wherein Ri9 is selected from linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, and heteroalkylaryls and wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-R x groups is greater than 0.3% of the total weight of the polymer electrolyte membrane, as in the following example:
  • VBC inhibitor- free vinylbenzyl chloride
  • Step 2 Crosslinking.
  • the polymer membranes above were soaked in a 1 M KOH solution overnight at room temperature, during which time the membranes fell from the liners.
  • the KOH solution was changed twice, each with at least two hours of immersion, to make sure that the membrane chloride ions were completely exchanged for hydroxide ions, so that the polymer membranes were converted into the hydroxide form.
  • NMR analysis before step 2 indicates that the about 20% of the VBC groups in the resultant polymer were not converted to vinylbenzyl imidazolium chloride at the end of this step. Calculations indicate the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Cl groups is about 6% of the total weight of the polymer electrolyte membrane;
  • step 2 the polymers were soluble in many solvents, but after step 2 the polymer membranes were insoluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol, 1-propanol, chloroform, acetone, toluene and ethanol, suggesting that some residual vinylbenzyl chlorides and/or the hydroxides from the soaking solution had reacted with some other species to form cross-links.
  • DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
  • DMF dimethylformamide
  • the conductivity of the film using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also measured.
  • the particular film created here had a conductivity of 73 mS/cm at 60°C in 1 M KOH.
  • Films manufactured by varying the functionalization time in step 1(d) had conductivities between 40 and 95 mS/cm at 60°C in 1 M KOH.
  • the Young's modulus of the membrane was also measured after being soaked in 6% by weight ethylene glycol overnight and then 1 M KOH for 20 hours. The membrane showed a tensile strength of 33 MPa and an elongation at break of 58%. Other membranes with fewer vinylbenzyl-R z groups showed Young's modulus down to about 15 MPa.
  • This technique generates two-dimensional correlation plots that use the one-dimensional NMR spectra (in this case, carbon- 13 and proton) as x- and y-axes, respectively.
  • This method is useful for elucidating peak assignments and connectivity patterns in organic molecules. This is achieved by indicating bonding relationships between, for instance, a peak in the proton spectrum and a peak in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
  • the two-dimensional spectrum indicates a correlation between peaks giving rise to a carbon- 13 signal and the proton spectrum signal from the hydrogens bonded to that carbon.
  • HSQC can aid in revealing when strongly overlapped signals in the proton spectrum actually arise from more than one type of chemical functionality even though such information is hidden when only the one-dimensional spectrum is analyzed.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Manufacture Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

Abstract

Method to manufacture a crosslinked anion exchange membrane involving treatment of a membrane comprising a terpolymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx, wherein Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group and Rx is at least ome group selected from Cl, OH and O-Rz, in a strong base (hydroxide-containing solution having a pH of at least 12) for at least 5 minutes to strengthen the membrane, decrease the membrane solubility, and create linkages that can be detected by analysis using two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).

Description

METHOD OF MAKING AN ANION
EXCHANGE MEMBRANE
Statement of Government Interest
[0001] This invention was made, at least in part, with U.S. government support under ARPA-E Contract No. DE-AR-0000345. The government has certain rights in the invention.
Field of the Invention
[0002] The field of the invention is polymers. The method described in this patent is useful in crosslinking ion conducting polymers containing styrene and vinylbenzyl chloride.
Background of the Invention
[0003] U.S. Patent Nos. 9,370,773 and 9,481,939, as well as U.S. Patent Application Publication No US2016/0251766A1, describe a series of anion exchange membranes that were synthesized by functionalizing a styrene- vinyl benzyl chloride (VBC) polymer with a positively charged cyclic amine. The membranes showed record performance in a CO2 electrolyzer, but the membranes were soft and easily broken so they needed to be reinforced with another polymer or cross-linking agent to obtain enough mechanical strength to be used in practice.
Summary of the Invention
[0004] A method to crosslink an anion exchange membrane and/or improve its mechanical strength without having to add additional components.
Generally, the method will comprise the steps of:
(a) providing a membrane comprising a polymer of styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx, wherein Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group, Rs being associated with a negatively charged counterion, and wherein Rx is at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of CI, OH, and O-Rz, wherein Rz is selected from linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, and heteroalkylaryls , and wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Rx groups is greater than 0.3% of the total weight of the polymer electrolyte membrane; and
(b) soaking the polymer electrolyte membrane in a hydroxide- containing solution having a pH of at least 12 for at least 5 minutes.
[0005] In a preferred embodiment, the polymer electrolyte membrane is soaked in a hydroxide-containing solution having a pH of at least 13 for at least 5 minutes. In a more preferred embodiment the polymer electrolyte membrane is soaked in a hydroxide-containing solution having a pH of at least 14 for at least 5 minutes.
[0006] In a preferred embodiment, the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Rs groups is between 15% and 90% of the total weight of membrane.
[0007] In a preferred embodiment, Rs is selected from the group consisting of imidazoliums, pyridiniums, pyrazoliums, pyrrolidiniums, pyrroliums, pyrimidiums, piperidiniums, indoliums, triaziniums, preferably imidazoliums and pyridiniums.
[0008] In a preferred embodiment of the polymeric composition, Rs is an imidazolium. The imidazolium is preferably an alkylimidazolium, more preferably tetramethylimidazolium. [0009] In a preferred embodiment of the polymeric composition, Rs is a pyridinium. The pyridinium is preferably an alkylpyridinium
[0010] In a preferred embodiment, the polymer will have a molecular weight between 1,000 and 10,000,000 atomic units (A.U.) preferably between 10,000 and 1,000,000 A.U., most preferably between 25,000 and 250,000 A.U.
[0011] In a preferred embodiment, the polymeric composition is in the form of a membrane. The membrane has a preferred thickness of from 10 to 300 micrometers.
[0012] Preferably the 2D H/C- 13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the membrane polymer shows a correlation between peaks at 53.3- 5.4 in the proton spectrum and 569-76 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
[0013] Preferably the 2D H/C- 13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the membrane polymer shows a correlation between peaks at 54.4 ± 1 in the proton spectrum and 571 ± 2 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
[0014] Preferably the 2D H/C- 13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the membrane polymer shows a correlation between peaks at54.4±l in the proton spectrum and 562 ± 2 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
Detailed Description of Illustrative Embodiments)
[0015] It is understood that the process is not limited to the particular methodology, protocols and reagents described herein, as these can vary as persons familiar with the technology involved here will recognize. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the process. It also is to be noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include the plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, a reference to "a linker" is a reference to one or more linkers and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art. Similarly, the phrase "and/or" is used to indicate one or both stated cases can occur, for example, A and/or B includes (A and B) and (A or B).
[0016] Unless defined otherwise, technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meanings as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the process pertains. The embodiments of the process and the various features and advantageous details thereof are explained more fully with reference to the non-limiting embodiments and/or illustrated in the
accompanying drawings and detailed in the following description. It should be noted that the features illustrated in the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale, and features of one embodiment can be employed with other
embodiments as the skilled artisan would recognize, even if not explicitly stated herein.
[0017] Any numerical value ranges recited herein include all values from the lower value to the upper value in increments of one unit, provided that there is a separation of at least two units between any lower value and any higher value. As an example, if it is stated that the concentration of a component or value of a process variable such as, for example, size, angle size, pressure, time and the like, is, for example, from 1 to 98, specifically from 20 to 80, more specifically from 30 to 70, it is intended that values such as 15 to 85, 22 to 68, 43 to 51, 30 to 32, and the like, are expressly enumerated in this specification. For values which are less than one, one unit is considered to be 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01 or 0.1 as appropriate. These are only examples of what is specifically intended and all possible combinations of numerical values between the lowest value and the highest value are to be treated in a similar manner.
[0018] Moreover, provided immediately below is a "Definitions" section, where certain terms related to the process are defined specifically. Particular methods, devices, and materials are described, although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the process.
Definitions
[0019] The term "polymer electrolyte membrane" refers to both cation exchange membranes, which generally comprise polymers having multiple covalently attached negatively charged groups, and anion exchange membranes, which generally comprise polymers having multiple covalently attached positively charged groups. Typical cation exchange membranes include proton conducting membranes, such as the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer available under the trade designation NAFION from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont) of Wilmington, DE.
[0020] The term "anion exchange membrane electrolyzer" as used here refers to an electrolyzer with an anion-conducting polymer electrolyte membrane separating the anode from the cathode.
[0021] The term "polymeric film liner" as used here refers to a single or multilayer polymer film that is no more than 2 millimeters thick.
[0022] The term "Hydrogen Evolution Reaction," also called "HER," as used here refers to the electrochemical reaction 2H+ + 2e~→ H2.
[0023] The term "ME A" as used here refers to a membrane electrode assembly.
[0024] The term "Millipore water" is water that is produced by a Millipore filtration system with a resistivity of at least 18.2 megaohm-cm.
[0025] The term "imidazolium" as used here refers to a positively charged ligand containing an imidazole group. This includes a bare imidazole or a substituted imidazole. Ligands of the form:
Ri - R5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halides, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, heteroalkylaryls, and polymers thereof, such as the vinylbenzyl copolymers described herein, are specifically included.
[0026] The term "pyridinium" as used here refers to a positively charged ligand containing a pyridine group. This includes a bare pyridine or a substituted pyridine. Ligands of the form:
Rs - Rn are each independently selected from hydrogen, halides, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, heteroalkylaryls, and polymers thereof, such as the vinyl benzyl copolymers described herein, are specifically included.
[0027] The term "phosphonium" as used here refers to a positively charged ligand containing phosphorus. This includes substituted phosphorus. Ligands of the form:
P+(R12Ri3Ri4Ri5) R12-Ri5 are each independently selected from hydrogen, halides, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, heteroalkylaryls, and polymers thereof, such as the vinylbenzyl copolymers described herein, are specifically included.
[0028] The term "positively charged cyclic amine" as used here refers to a positively charged ligand containing a cyclic amine. This specifically includes imidazoliums, pyridiniums, pyrazoliums, pyrrolidiniums, pyrroliums, pyrimidiums, piperidiniums, indoliums, triaziniums, and polymers thereof, such as the vinyl benzyl copolymers described herein.
[0029] The term "simple amine" as used here refers to a species of the form:
R16- Ri8 are each independently selected from hydrogen, linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, and
heteroalkylaryls, but not polymers.
[0030] The term "HSQC" as used here refers to heteronuclear single quantum correlation nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.
Specific Description
Specific Example 1
[0031] The objective of this example was to demonstrate a method to crosslink an anion exchange membrane.
[0032] Step 1. Preparing a polymer membrane comprising a polymer comprising styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx, wherein Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group, Rs being associated with a negatively charged counterion, and wherein Rx is at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of CI, OH, and O-Ri9, wherein Ri9 is selected from linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, and heteroalkylaryls and wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Rx groups is greater than 0.3% of the total weight of the polymer electrolyte membrane, as in the following example:
(a) First, inhibitor- free vinylbenzyl chloride (VBC) was prepared by adding a volume V of 4-vinylbenzyl chloride, (Sigma- Aldrich, Saint Louis, MO) and a volume equal to V/4 of 4% aqueous sodium hydroxide into a separatory funnel, followed by agitating the funnel to mix the water and VBC, then decanting the VBC. The process was repeated five times until the water layer didn't show obvious color change. The procedure was repeated using pure water instead of sodium hydroxide solution until the water layer pH was neutral. Washed VBC was put into a freezer overnight before weighing, to make sure any residual water was mainly in ice form, and the ice was then separated from the VBC by filtration or decantation.
(b) Next, inhibitor- free styrene was prepared by feeding styrene
(Sigma- Aldrich) through a 60 mL syringe (HSW, Tuttlingen, DE) packed with Sigma- Aldrich 311340 Inhibitor remover.
(c) Poly(4-vinylbenzyl chloride-co-styrene) was then synthesized by heating a solution of inhibitor- free styrene (Sigma- Aldrich) (172.3 g, 1.65 mol) and the 4-vinylbenzyl chloride prepared above
(Sigma- Aldrich) (143.1 g, 0.94 mol) in chlorobenzene (Sigma- Aldrich) (250 g) at 60-65 °C in an oil bath for 22 hours under nitrogen gas with AIBN (α,α'-Azoisobutyronitrile, Sigma- Aldrich) (2.9635 g, 0.94 wt% based on the total monomers weight) as initiator. The copolymer was precipitated in methanol, then washed thoroughly with millipore water and dried at 60 °C overnight. (d) Next, 1,2,4,5-tetramethylimidazole (TCI, Japan) (3.700 g, 0.0298 mol), above-synthesized poly(4-VBC-co-St) (10 g), anhydrous ethanol (17 g, Sigma- Aldrich), anhydrous toluene (12.5 g, Sigma- Aldrich), were mixed under the protection of nitrogen flow. The mixture was stirred and heated to 78 °C for about 1 hour. When the solution turned clear, the reaction temperature was decreased to 55°C and maintained for 71 hours resulting in an imidazolium- substituted cationic polymer having negative chloride counterions. The chloride ions were a product of the imidazolium- forming quaternization reaction between the 1,2,4,5-tetramethylimidazole and the benzyl chloride groups.
(e) Membranes were then generated by casting the polymer solutions prepared above directly onto a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polymeric film liner. The thickness of the solution on the liner was controlled by a film applicator (MTI Corporation, Richmond, CA) with an adjustable doctor blade. The polymer membranes were then dried in a vacuum oven with temperature increased to 70°C and held for 1 hour. After one more hour in the vacuum oven with temperature slowly decreased, the polymer membranes were taken out of the oven.
[0033] Step 2: Crosslinking. The polymer membranes above were soaked in a 1 M KOH solution overnight at room temperature, during which time the membranes fell from the liners. The KOH solution was changed twice, each with at least two hours of immersion, to make sure that the membrane chloride ions were completely exchanged for hydroxide ions, so that the polymer membranes were converted into the hydroxide form.
[0034] NMR analysis before step 2 indicates that the about 20% of the VBC groups in the resultant polymer were not converted to vinylbenzyl imidazolium chloride at the end of this step. Calculations indicate the total weight of the vinylbenzyl-Cl groups is about 6% of the total weight of the polymer electrolyte membrane;
[0035] Before step 2, the polymers were soluble in many solvents, but after step 2 the polymer membranes were insoluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol, 1-propanol, chloroform, acetone, toluene and ethanol, suggesting that some residual vinylbenzyl chlorides and/or the hydroxides from the soaking solution had reacted with some other species to form cross-links.
[0036] In other measurements it was found that when the total weight of vinylbenzyl-Rz groups is less that about 0.3%, the membranes are still soluble in DMF suggesting that the cross linking is limited.
[0037] The conductivity of the film using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was also measured. The particular film created here had a conductivity of 73 mS/cm at 60°C in 1 M KOH. Films manufactured by varying the functionalization time in step 1(d) had conductivities between 40 and 95 mS/cm at 60°C in 1 M KOH.
[0038] The Young's modulus of the membrane was also measured after being soaked in 6% by weight ethylene glycol overnight and then 1 M KOH for 20 hours. The membrane showed a tensile strength of 33 MPa and an elongation at break of 58%. Other membranes with fewer vinylbenzyl-Rz groups showed Young's modulus down to about 15 MPa.
[0039] The crosslinking above was done by soaking the membrane in 1 M
KOH (pH=14) overnight at room temperature. In other experiments it was found that a membrane prepared as above was initially soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol, and ethanol.
When it was soaked in 1 M KOH for 30 minutes at room temperature it was still soluble in all of these solvents, but when the membrane was treated for 12 minutes in 1 M KOH at 50 °C, it was insoluble. Other tests showed that the membrane started to lose solubility at about 5 minutes at 50°C in 1 M KOH (pH 14). The membrane was still soluble in 30 minutes in 0.1 M KOH (pH 13) and 0.01 M KOH (pH 12), but was insoluble after 2 hours. Generalizing this result says that some crosslinking occurs when the polymer membrane is exposed to a hydroxyl-containing solution at a pH of at least 12 for at least 5 minutes.
[0040] Two-dimensional (2D) proton/C- 13 NMR spectra were taken on samples where 1-methylimidazole was substituted for tetramethylimidazole in a procedure comparable to that described above. NMR spectra of this sample were acquired on a Bruker 500 MHz instrument equipped with HSQC
(heteronuclear single quantum correlation) capability. This technique generates two-dimensional correlation plots that use the one-dimensional NMR spectra (in this case, carbon- 13 and proton) as x- and y-axes, respectively. This method is useful for elucidating peak assignments and connectivity patterns in organic molecules. This is achieved by indicating bonding relationships between, for instance, a peak in the proton spectrum and a peak in the carbon- 13 spectrum. The two-dimensional spectrum indicates a correlation between peaks giving rise to a carbon- 13 signal and the proton spectrum signal from the hydrogens bonded to that carbon. In some instances, HSQC can aid in revealing when strongly overlapped signals in the proton spectrum actually arise from more than one type of chemical functionality even though such information is hidden when only the one-dimensional spectrum is analyzed.
[0041] The NMR spectra after the membrane was soaked in KOH showed correlated peaks at chemical shifts of 64.3 - 4.4 in the proton NMR spectrum and 671 - 74 in the carbon- 13 NMR spectrum versus a tetramethylsilane reference, consistent with the formation of benzyl ether substituents Rx in the polymer, and consistent with dibenzyl ether crosslinks. This suggests that the KOH treatment can create crosslinks in the polymer, presumably via a mechanism such as:
OH + -CH2CI→ -CH2OH (benzyl alcohol) + CT
-CH2OH + -CH2CI→ -CH2OCH2- (dibenzyl ether) + HC1
OH + HCl→H2O + Cl-
[0042] Further support for the above mechanism can be found in the observation of 2-D NMR signals arising from benzylic alcohol units (Rx = OH) at 64.4 in the proton NMR spectrum and 662 in the carbon- 13 NMR spectrum. These are formed from reaction of the vinylbenzyl chloride units (seen by 2-D NMR at 64.7 in the proton NMR spectrum and 646 in the carbon- 13 NMR spectrum) with water or hydroxide.
[0043] Correlated peaks at 64.4 were also observed in the proton NMR spectrum and 671 in the C-13 NMR, and 63.4 (proton) and 665 (carbon-13) that are suggestive of vinylbenzyl-OCH2CH3 (R19 = ethyl) units in the case where ethanol was used as the solvent instead of chlorobenzene in step 1(c). Also observable in some samples exposed to methanol solvent are correlated peaks at 63.2 (proton) and 657 (carbon-13) assigned to the presence of benzyl methyl ether units, -vinylbenzyl-OCH3 (R19 = methyl) in the ionomer.
[0044] Note, however that proton NMR peaks can shift as much as ±1 ppm according to polymer chemical structural environment, which solvent is used and how much the membrane swells in the solvent, while carbon-13 NMR spectra can shift by was much as ±2 ppm. Thus, there is the uncertainty of ±1 ppm in the proton NMR peak positions and ±2 ppm in the carbon-13 NMR spectra.
[0045] While particular elements, embodiments and applications of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the present disclosure, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.
[0046] The examples given above are merely illustrative and are not meant to be an exhaustive list of all possible embodiments, applications or modifications of the present electrochemical device. Thus, various modifications and variations of the described methods and systems of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Although the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments, it should be understood that the invention as claimed should not be unduly limited to such specific embodiments. Indeed, various modifications of the described modes for carrying out the invention which are obvious to those skilled in the chemical arts or in the relevant fields are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:
1. A process for making a crosslinked anion exchange membrane, comprising the steps of:
(a) providing a polymer membrane comprising a terpolymer of
styrene, vinylbenzyl-Rs and vinylbenzyl-Rx, wherein Rs is a positively charged cyclic amine group, wherein Rx is at least one constituent selected from the group consisting of CI, OH, and O-Rz, wherein Rz is selected from linear alkyls, branched alkyls, cyclic alkyls, heteroalkyls, aryls, heteroaryls, alkylaryls, and heteroalkylaryls, and wherein the total weight of the vinylbenzyl- Rx groups is greater than 1% of the total weight of the polymer; and
(b) soaking the polymer membrane in a hydroxide-containing solution having a pH of at least 12 for at least 5 minutes.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein step (b) comprises soaking the polymer membrane in a hydroxide- containing solution having a pH of at least
13 for at least 5 minutes.
3. The process of claim 2, wherein step (b) comprises soaking the polymer membrane in a hydroxide- containing solution having a pH of at least
14 for at least 5 minutes
4. The process of claim 1, comprising the step of forming the polymer membrane by casting a polymer solution made from a solvent onto a polymeric film liner.
5. The process of claim 1, wherein the total weight of the
vinylbenzyl-Rs groups in said polymer membrane is between 15% and 90% of the total weight of the polymer membrane.
6. The process of claim 1, wherein said crosslinked ion exchange membrane has a thickness of from 10 to 300 micrometers.
7. The process of claim 1, wherein the total weight of the
vinylbenzyl-Rx groups in said polymer membrane is between 0.3% and 25% of the total weight of the polymer membrane.
8. The process of claim 7, wherein the total weight of the
vinylbenzyl-Rx groups in said polymer membrane is between 1% and 15% of the total weight of the membrane.
9. The process of claim 1, wherein said positively charged cyclic amine group is an imidazolium or a pyridinium.
10. The process of claim 9, wherein said positively charged cyclic amine group is an alkylpyridinium.
11. The process of claim 9, wherein said positively charged cyclic amine group is tetramethylimidazolium.
12. The process of claim 1, wherein said crosslinked anion exchange membrane is characterized by the presence of benzyl ether groups, as measured by 2D nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
13. The process of claim 12, wherein the 2D proton/carbon- 13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements are performed on solid samples of said crosslinked anion exchange membrane that have been swollen by soaking the samples in dimethyl sulfoxide.
14. The process of claim 1 wherein a 2D H/C-13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of crosslinked anion exchange membrane shows a correlation between peaks having a chemical shift of from 53.3 to 55.4 in the proton spectrum and from 569 to 576 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
15. The process of claim 14 wherein the 2D H/C-13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the crosslinked anion exchange membrane shows a correlation between peaks at 54.4 ± 1 in the proton spectrum and 571 ± 2 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
16. The process of claim 1 wherein a 2D H/C-13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the crosslinked anion exchange membrane shows a correlation between peaks at chemical shifts of 54.4 ± 1 in the proton spectrum and 562 ± 2 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
17. The process of claim 1 wherein a 2D H/C-13 HSQC nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the crosslinked anion exchange membrane shows a correlation between peaks at chemical shifts of 53.2 ± 1 in the proton spectrum and 557 ± 2 in the carbon- 13 spectrum.
18. The process of claim 1, wherein said crosslinked anion exchange membrane is insoluble in any solvent or solvent mixture selected from the group consisting of ethanol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethyl formamide.
19. The process of claim 1, wherein said crosslinked anion exchange membrane has a hydroxide ion conductivity of at least 40 mS/cm at 60 °C in 1 M KOH.
20. The process of claim 1, wherein said crosslinked anion exchange membrane has a Young's Modulus of at least 15 MPa.
EP18706011.6A 2017-01-20 2018-01-19 Method of making an anion exchange membrane Withdrawn EP3571243A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US15/411,831 US9943841B2 (en) 2012-04-12 2017-01-20 Method of making an anion exchange membrane
PCT/US2018/014525 WO2018136798A1 (en) 2017-01-20 2018-01-19 Method of making an anion exchange membrane

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3571243A1 true EP3571243A1 (en) 2019-11-27

Family

ID=61244685

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP18706011.6A Withdrawn EP3571243A1 (en) 2017-01-20 2018-01-19 Method of making an anion exchange membrane

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3571243A1 (en)
JP (1) JP2020506978A (en)
KR (1) KR20190103250A (en)
CN (1) CN110177828A (en)
AU (1) AU2018210399B2 (en)
WO (1) WO2018136798A1 (en)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112864436B (en) * 2019-11-27 2022-07-12 中国科学院大连化学物理研究所 Fiber-reinforced anion exchange membrane, preparation and application
CN113325025B (en) * 2021-05-11 2023-06-16 宁波海关技术中心 Identification method of polyoxymethylene

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2016064440A1 (en) 2014-10-21 2016-04-28 Dioxide Materials Electrolyzer and membranes
US9481939B2 (en) 2010-07-04 2016-11-01 Dioxide Materials, Inc. Electrochemical device for converting carbon dioxide to a reaction product
CN102206386B (en) * 2011-04-02 2013-02-06 厦门大学 Polymer anion-exchange membrane based on imidazole cation and preparation method thereof
EP3440237B8 (en) * 2016-04-04 2021-11-03 Dioxide Materials, Inc. Water electrolyzers
JP2020500258A (en) * 2016-08-29 2020-01-09 ダイオキサイド マテリアルズ，インコーポレイティド Apparatus and method for producing renewable fuels and chemicals

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2020506978A (en) 2020-03-05
AU2018210399B2 (en) 2019-08-29
KR20190103250A (en) 2019-09-04
CN110177828A (en) 2019-08-27
WO2018136798A1 (en) 2018-07-26
AU2018210399A1 (en) 2019-06-20

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US9943841B2 (en) Method of making an anion exchange membrane
CA2968110C (en) Novel polymers and methods for their manufacture
US9806314B2 (en) Polymerized ionic liquid block copolymers as battery membranes
JP3521579B2 (en) Phosphate group-containing polymer
AU2018210399B2 (en) Method of making an anion exchange membrane
Lim et al. Hydrophobic comb-shaped polymers based on PPO with long alkyl side chains as novel anion exchange membranes
US8178622B2 (en) Amphiphilic block copolymer, method for manufacturing the same, and polymer electrolyte membrane using the same
Jheng et al. Study on the alkaline stability of imidazolium and benzimidazolium based polyelectrolytes for anion exchange membrane fuel cells
JP5794573B2 (en) Anion exchange resin and fuel cell containing the anion exchange resin
CN105694088B (en) A kind of preparation method and application of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan solid electrolytic thin-membrane
WO2016106979A1 (en) Method for preparing sulfonated polyphosphazene copolymer proton exchange membrane material and sulfonated polyphosphazene copolymer proton exchange membrane
Gaina et al. Chemical modification of chloromethylated polysulfones via click reactions
CN103804631B (en) Quaternised polyketide of side chain and preparation method thereof, anion-exchange membrane
EP4296292A1 (en) Polymer and method for producing same, separation membrane, electrolyte membrane, fuel cell, water electrolysis, and electrolysis technique
Campagne et al. Anhydrous proton motion study by solid state NMR spectroscopy in novel PEMFC blend membranes composed of fluorinated copolymer bearing 1, 2, 4-triazole functional groups and sPEEK
Seo et al. Proton conducting grafted/crosslinked membranes prepared from poly (vinylidene fluoride‐co‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) copolymer
Maekawa et al. Alkaline durable anion-conducting electrolyte membranes prepared by radiation induced grafting of 2-methyl-4-vinylimidazole for non-platinum direct hydrazine hydrate fuel cells
EP3964540A1 (en) Chemically modified anion exchange membrane and method of preparing the same
CN116693801A (en) Zwitterionic polyurethane and preparation method and application of zwitterionic polyurethane-based ionic gel
Lee et al. Synthesis of 4, 4'-Diacryloylphenyl Ether to Conveniently Crosslink Sulfonated Poly (ether ether ketone) Membranes via Electron Beam Irradiation.
Qaisrani et al. The role of cross-linkers in the performance of anion exchange membrane for fuel cell applications
CN116804090A (en) Preparation method and application of ultrahigh ion conductivity polymer hydrogel
Chang et al. Preparation and Characterization of Semi‐IPN Fluorine Containing Polybenzimidazole/Nafion Composite Membrane for Fuel Cells
Zheng et al. Chitosan-based anion exchange membranes for fuel cell application: Enhanced hydration & durability to dry-wet cycling
Rasheed Characterization of polyurethane and polyaniline blends for thermo-mechanical and electro-mechanical properties/I

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: UNKNOWN

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE

PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20190819

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A1

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: BA ME

DAV Request for validation of the european patent (deleted)
DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE APPLICATION IS DEEMED TO BE WITHDRAWN

18D Application deemed to be withdrawn

Effective date: 20200310