EP3545182A1 - Steel piston for an internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Steel piston for an internal combustion engine

Info

Publication number
EP3545182A1
EP3545182A1 EP17758471.1A EP17758471A EP3545182A1 EP 3545182 A1 EP3545182 A1 EP 3545182A1 EP 17758471 A EP17758471 A EP 17758471A EP 3545182 A1 EP3545182 A1 EP 3545182A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
piston
shaft surface
shaft
internal combustion
combustion engine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP17758471.1A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3545182B1 (en
Inventor
Ralf Meske
Lukas Merz
Michael Kraemer
Christoffer SCHMOLL
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Federal Mogul Nuernberg GmbH
Original Assignee
Federal Mogul Nuernberg GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Federal Mogul Nuernberg GmbH filed Critical Federal Mogul Nuernberg GmbH
Publication of EP3545182A1 publication Critical patent/EP3545182A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3545182B1 publication Critical patent/EP3545182B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/16—Pistons  having cooling means
    • F02F3/20—Pistons  having cooling means the means being a fluid flowing through or along piston
    • F02F3/22—Pistons  having cooling means the means being a fluid flowing through or along piston the fluid being liquid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/0015—Multi-part pistons
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/0084—Pistons  the pistons being constructed from specific materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F3/00—Pistons 
    • F02F3/0015—Multi-part pistons
    • F02F3/003—Multi-part pistons the parts being connected by casting, brazing, welding or clamping
    • F02F2003/0061—Multi-part pistons the parts being connected by casting, brazing, welding or clamping by welding

Definitions

  • the width of the shaft surfaces usually results from the installation space conditions, in the interior of the piston through the small connecting rod eye and the ⁇ l moussedüsenposition
  • Shaft surface results from the position of the oil spray nozzle, wherein on the side with oil spray nozzle preferably the unchanged, wider shaft surface is provided and the
  • the steel piston according to the invention is used in heavy-duty diesel engines. extensive
  • adekanalauslas s is provided, which is preferably arranged on the side of the smaller shaft surface. Regardless of thedekanalauslass
  • Piston-headed end is wider than at the end
  • shank surfaces are characterized by so-called
  • connection of at least one shaft surface can be carried out obliquely, which is advantageous for the rigidity of the connection.
  • the steel piston according to the invention consists of at least two components joined by friction welding.
  • the piston base can be made by forging or casting. In the case of the forging process, a draft angle is to be provided. This results in an embodiment of the shank surfaces in which the shank surfaces are each wider at their end directed towards the piston head end than at the opposite end.
  • the invention is based on a in the
  • Fig. 1 is a bottom view of the piston according to the invention.
  • Fig. 2 is a side view of the piston according to the invention.
  • a shaft surface 12 which is provided in the example shown on the counter-pressure side, and a shaft surface 14 on the pressure side through
  • the shaft surface 12 on the counter-pressure side is significantly smaller, in particular narrower, as can be seen in addition in the side view of FIG. However, it can also be the shaft surface 14 on the Pressure side to be made smaller, if the position of the oil spray nozzle is located on the counter-pressure side.
  • Cooling duct inlet 24 is provided laterally.
  • the skirt wall has a convexity 22 on its inside at the lower end on this side. However, it preferably extends over the entire "height" of the skirt wall in the direction of the piston axis.
  • the shaft wall is substantially thickened in the middle or bulged to the inside.
  • the convexity extends over approximately one third of the width of the shaft surface 14, for example, and, like the two transitions to the wall thickness of the shaft surface 14, is rounded.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)

Abstract

The invention relates to a steel piston (10) for an internal combustion engine, comprising a cooling duct and skirt surfaces (12, 14), with which the piston (10), in the installed state, rests on a pressure and a counter-pressure side on a cylinder bore or a cylinder liner, wherein a skirt surface (12) has a width which is smaller than the other skirt surface (14) by about 25-50 %.

Description

Stahlkolben für einen Verbrennungsmotor  Steel piston for an internal combustion engine
Technisches Gebiet Technical area
Die Erfindung betrifft einen Stahlkolben für einen The invention relates to a steel piston for a
Verbrennungsmotor . Internal combustion engine.
Stand der Technik State of the art
Insbesondere für heavy-duty Verbrennungsmotoren werden häufig Stahlkolben eingesetzt, die in der Regel rotationssymmetrisch bezüglich der Kolbenachse ausgeführt sind. Als Beispiel sei der Kolben gemäß der US 2012/0037112 AI genannt. Ergänzend geht aus der US 8,220,432 B2 ein Kolben hervor, der im In particular, heavy-duty internal combustion engines steel pistons are often used, which are generally rotationally symmetrical with respect to the piston axis. As an example, the piston according to US 2012/0037112 AI called. In addition, US Pat. No. 8,220,432 B2 discloses a piston which is in the
Hinblick auf seine Schaftflächen asymmetrisch ist. Is asymmetrical with respect to its shank surfaces.
Die Breite der Schaftflächen ergibt sich üblicherweise aus den Bauraumbedingungen, die im Innenbereich des Kolbens durch das kleine Pleuelauge und die Ölspritzdüsenposition The width of the shaft surfaces usually results from the installation space conditions, in the interior of the piston through the small connecting rod eye and the Ölspritzdüsenposition
vorgegeben sind. Aufgrund der hohen Zylinderspitzendrücke ist das kleine Pleuelauge bei Heavy-Duty Kolben relativ breit. Neben dem durch die Pleuelschwenkbewegung verbrauchten are predetermined. Due to the high cylinder tip pressures, the small connecting rod eye is relatively wide in heavy-duty pistons. In addition to the consumed by the Pleuelschwenkbewegung
Bauraum wird die Ölspritzdüse platziert, wodurch die innere Mindestbreite der Schaftflächen vorgegeben ist. Damit ergibt sich eine Schaftbreite, welche 70-80% des Kolbendurchmessers beträgt. Die Verbindungswände zwischen Schaftfläche und Kolbennabe wird üblicherweise gerade ausgeführt. Bei Kolben ohne Ventiltaschen und ohne Desachsierung der Bolzenbohrung erlaubt eine rotationssymmetrische Gestaltung bezüglich der Kolbenachse einen verdrehsicheren Einbau im Motor . Space is placed the oil spray nozzle, whereby the inner minimum width of the shank surfaces is specified. This results in a shank width which is 70-80% of the piston diameter. The connecting walls between the shaft surface and the piston hub is usually made straight. In the case of pistons without valve pockets and without desalination of the pin bore, a rotationally symmetrical design with respect to the piston axis permits a torsion-proof installation in the engine.
Darstellung der Erfindung Presentation of the invention
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, einen im Hinblick auf Reibung und Kraftstoffverbrauch verbesserten Stahlkolben zu schaffen. The invention is based on the object to provide an improved in terms of friction and fuel consumption steel piston.
Die Lösung der Aufgabe erfolgt durch den im Anspruch 1 beschriebenen Stahlkolben. The object is achieved by the steel piston described in claim 1.
Demzufolge weist dieser Schaftflächen auf, von denen eine um 25-50% schmäler ist als die andere. Besonders bevorzugt wird eine Verringerung der Schaftbreite um 30-35%, insbesondere etwa 33% . Hierdurch wird eine Verringerung der As a result, it has shank surfaces, one of which is 25-50% narrower than the other. Particularly preferred is a reduction of the shaft width by 30-35%, in particular about 33%. This will reduce the
hydrodynamischen Reibung erzielt, die nach Erkenntnis der Erfinder im Hinblick auf den Kraftstoffverbrauch relevant ist. Die Auswahl der in ihrer Breite zu reduzierenden achieved hydrodynamic friction, which is relevant in the knowledge of the inventor in terms of fuel consumption. The selection of reducing in width
Schaftfläche ergibt sich aus der Lage der Ölspritzdüse, wobei auf der Seite mit Ölspritzdüse bevorzugt die unveränderte, breitere Schaftfläche vorgesehen wird und die Shaft surface results from the position of the oil spray nozzle, wherein on the side with oil spray nozzle preferably the unchanged, wider shaft surface is provided and the
gegenüberliegende Schaftfläche die zu reduzierenden Seite darstellt. Gemäß der Erfindung wird die bei Stahlkolben üblicherweise vorgesehene Rotationssymmetrie aufgegeben, wobei die Anforderungen durch den erfindungsgemäßen opposite shaft surface represents the side to be reduced. According to the invention, the rotation symmetry usually provided for steel pistons is abandoned, the requirements being met by the invention
Stahlkolben weiterhin erfüllt werden, und in vorteilhafter Weise nicht nur die Reibung, sondern auch das Gewicht verringert werden kann. Steel pistons continue to be met, and advantageously not only the friction, but also the weight can be reduced.
Hierdurch lässt sich beispielsweise der Kraftstoffverbrauch senken. Bevorzugt wird der erfindungsgemäße Stahlkolben in heavy-duty Dieselmotoren eingesetzt. Umfangreiche As a result, for example, the fuel consumption can be reduced. Preferably, the steel piston according to the invention is used in heavy-duty diesel engines. extensive
Simulationsrechnungen haben gezeigt, dass die Reibung eines Heavy-Duty Stahlkolbens in einem üblichen Betriebspunkt für eine Autobahnfahrt überwiegend durch den hydrodynamischen Anteil bestimmt wird. Die hydrodynamische Reibung hängt neben weiteren Faktoren stark von der Größe der Kontaktflächen ab. Daher wird eine Verringerung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs durch eine Reduktion der Breite der Schaftkontaktflächen des Simulation calculations have shown that the friction of a heavy-duty steel piston at a common operating point for A motorway journey is predominantly determined by the hydrodynamic component. The hydrodynamic friction depends, among other factors, strongly on the size of the contact surfaces. Therefore, a reduction in fuel consumption by reducing the width of the shaft contact surfaces of the
Kolbens erreicht. Reached the piston.
Nachdem der erfindungsgemäße Stahlkolben zumindest einen Kühlkanal aufweist, ist ein Kühlkanalauslas s vorzusehen, der bevorzugt auf der Seite der kleineren Schaftfläche angeordnet wird. Unabhängig davon wird der Kühlkanalauslass After the steel piston according to the invention has at least one cooling channel, a Kühlkanalauslas s is provided, which is preferably arranged on the side of the smaller shaft surface. Regardless of the Kühlkanalauslass
erfindungsgemäß zentral vorgesehen, so dass in vorteilhafter Weise das ausfließende Öl auf das schwenkende Pleuel gelangt und somit teilweise in Richtung des kleinen Pleuelauges transportiert wird, so dass hier in vorteilhafter Weise eine Schmierung erfolgt. Durch diese Anordnung kann ferner in vorteilhafter Weise eine weitere Auslass- oder provided centrally according to the invention, so that advantageously the outflowing oil reaches the pivoting connecting rod and thus is partially transported in the direction of the small connecting rod, so that here advantageously lubrication takes place. By this arrangement can also advantageously another outlet or
Drainagebohrung entfallen. Drainage hole omitted.
Bevorzugte Weiterbildungen der Erfindung sind in den weiteren Ansprüchen beschrieben. Preferred developments of the invention are described in the further claims.
Insbesondere im Hinblick auf die Entformung, beispielsweise aus einem Schmiedegesenk, werden Ausführungsformen bevorzugt, bei denen die kleinere Schaftfläche an ihrem zu dem In particular, with regard to the demolding, for example, from a forging die, embodiments are preferred in which the smaller shaft surface at its to the
Kolbenboden gerichteten Ende breiter ist, als an dem Piston-headed end is wider than at the end
entgegengesetzten Ende. opposite end.
Typischerweise sind die Schaftflächen durch sogenannte Typically, the shank surfaces are characterized by so-called
Verbindungswände mit der Bolzennabe verbunden. Durch die hier beschriebene Erfindung lässt sich die Anbindung zumindest einer Schaftfläche schräg ausführen, was für die Steifigkeit der Anbindung vorteilhaft ist. Connecting walls connected to the bolt hub. By the invention described here, the connection of at least one shaft surface can be carried out obliquely, which is advantageous for the rigidity of the connection.
Im Hinblick auf die Steifigkeit der breiteren Schaftfläche, die bevorzugt auf der Druckseite vorgesehen ist, bietet es Vorteile, wenn diese zumindest eine Konvexität, eine In view of the stiffness of the wider shaft surface, which is preferably provided on the pressure side, it offers Benefits, if this at least one convexity, one
Verdickung oder eine Ausbauchung aufweist. Thickening or bulging.
Schließlich wird für den erfindungsgemäßen Stahlkolben bevorzugt, dass er aus zumindest zwei durch Reibschweißen verbundenen Komponenten besteht. Das Kolbenunterteil kann hierbei durch Schmieden oder Gießen gefertigt werden. Beim Fertigungsverfahren Schmieden ist eine Entformungsschräge vorzusehen. Dadurch ergibt sich eine Ausführungsform der Schaftflächen, bei denen die Schaftflächen jeweils an ihrem zu dem Kolbenboden gerichteten Ende breiter sind, als an dem entgegengesetzten Ende. Finally, it is preferred for the steel piston according to the invention that it consists of at least two components joined by friction welding. The piston base can be made by forging or casting. In the case of the forging process, a draft angle is to be provided. This results in an embodiment of the shank surfaces in which the shank surfaces are each wider at their end directed towards the piston head end than at the opposite end.
Kurze Beschreibung der Zeichnungen Brief description of the drawings
Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand eines in den The invention is based on a in the
Zeichnungen dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher Drawings illustrated embodiment closer
erläutert . explained.
Es zeigen: Show it:
Fig. 1 eine Unteransicht des erfindungsgemäßen Kolbens; und Fig. 1 is a bottom view of the piston according to the invention; and
Fig. 2 eine Seitenansicht des erfindungsgemäßen Kolbens. Fig. 2 is a side view of the piston according to the invention.
Ausführliche Beschreibung einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform der Erfindung Detailed description of a preferred embodiment of the invention
Wie in Fig. 1 zu erkennen ist, sind eine Schaftfläche 12, die bei dem gezeigten Beispiel auf der Gegendruckseite vorgesehen ist, und eine Schaftfläche 14 auf der Druckseite durch As can be seen in Fig. 1, a shaft surface 12, which is provided in the example shown on the counter-pressure side, and a shaft surface 14 on the pressure side through
Verbindungswände 20 mit einer Kolbennabe 26, welche die Kolbenbolzenbohrung aufweist, verbunden. Die Schaftfläche 12 auf der Gegendruckseite ist deutlich kleiner, insbesondere schmäler, wie ergänzend in der Seitenansicht von Fig. 2 erkennbar. Es kann jedoch auch die Schaftfläche 14 auf der Druckseite kleiner ausgeführt werden, wenn die Position der Ölspritzdüse auf der Gegendruckseite liegt. Connecting walls 20 with a piston hub 26, which has the piston pin bore connected. The shaft surface 12 on the counter-pressure side is significantly smaller, in particular narrower, as can be seen in addition in the side view of FIG. However, it can also be the shaft surface 14 on the Pressure side to be made smaller, if the position of the oil spray nozzle is located on the counter-pressure side.
In Fig. 1 ist ergänzend zu sehen, dass ein Kühlkanalauslas s 16 im Wesentlichen zentral angeordnet ist, während der In addition, it can be seen in FIG. 1 that a cooling duct outlet s 16 is arranged substantially centrally, while the
Kühlkanaleinlass 24 seitlich vorgesehen ist. Im Hinblick auf die Druckseite ist in Fig. 1 eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform dergestalt gezeigt, dass die Schaftwand an dieser Seite an ihrer Innenseite am unteren Ende eine Konvexität 22 aufweist. Sie erstreckt sich jedoch bevorzugt über die gesamte "Höhe" der Schaftwand in Richtung der Kolbenachse. Mit anderen Worten, ist die Schaftwand im Wesentlichen mittig verdickt oder zur Innenseite ausgebaucht. Die Konvexität erstreckt sich beispielsweise über etwa ein Drittel der Breite der Schaftfläche 14 und ist, ebenso wie die beiden Übergänge zu der Wanddicke der Schaftfläche 14, gerundet ausgeführt. Cooling duct inlet 24 is provided laterally. With regard to the pressure side, a preferred embodiment is shown in FIG. 1 in such a way that the skirt wall has a convexity 22 on its inside at the lower end on this side. However, it preferably extends over the entire "height" of the skirt wall in the direction of the piston axis. In other words, the shaft wall is substantially thickened in the middle or bulged to the inside. The convexity extends over approximately one third of the width of the shaft surface 14, for example, and, like the two transitions to the wall thickness of the shaft surface 14, is rounded.
Insoweit entsteht zu beiden Seiten der Konvexität 22 jeweils eine Konkavität. In that regard, on both sides of the convexity 22 each creates a concavity.
In Fig. 2 ist ergänzend erkennbar, dass die kleinere In Fig. 2 is additionally seen that the smaller
Schaftfläche 12 an ihrem zu dem Kolbenboden 18 gerichteten Ende etwas breiter ist als am entgegengesetzten Ende. Mit Ausnahme des deutlich abgeschrägten unteren Endes beträgt jedoch die in Umfangsrichtung gemessene Breite am oberen Ende maximal 120% der Breite am unteren Ende. Im Übrigen verlaufen die seitlichen Ränder von zumindest einer, bevorzugt beiden Schaftflächen 12, 14 weitgehend geradlinig. Schließlich weist die größere Schaftfläche 14 bei dem gezeigten Beispiel am oberen und unteren Ende eine im Wesentlichen übereinstimmende Breite auf. Shaft surface 12 is slightly wider at its end directed to the piston head 18 end than at the opposite end. However, with the exception of the significantly beveled lower end, the circumferentially measured width at the upper end is at most 120% of the width at the lower end. Incidentally, the lateral edges of at least one, preferably two shank surfaces 12, 14 are largely rectilinear. Finally, in the example shown, the larger shaft surface 14 has a substantially coincident width at the upper and lower ends.

Claims

Patentansprüche claims
1. Stahlkolben (10) für einen Verbrennungsmotor, mit zumindest einem Kühlkanal und Schaftflächen (12, 14), mit denen der Kolben (10) im Einbauzustand auf einer Druck- und einer Gegendruckseite an einer Zylinderbohrung oder einer Zylinderlaufbuchse anliegt, 1. Steel piston (10) for an internal combustion engine, with at least one cooling channel and shaft surfaces (12, 14), with which the piston (10) in the installed state on a pressure and a counter-pressure side against a cylinder bore or a cylinder liner,
wobei eine Schaftfläche (12) eine um 25-50% geringere Breite aufweist als die andere Schaftfläche, und  wherein one shaft surface (12) has a 25-50% smaller width than the other shaft surface, and
ein Kühlkanalauslass (16) zentral auf der Seite der schmäleren Schaftfläche angeordnet ist.  a Kühlkanalauslass (16) is arranged centrally on the side of the narrower shaft surface.
2. Kolben nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die schmälere Schaftfläche (12) an einem zu einem Kolbenboden (18) gerichteten Ende breiter ist als an einem zu dem 2. Piston according to claim 1, characterized in that the narrower shaft surface (12) at a to a piston head (18) directed end is wider than at one to the
Kolbenboden (18) entgegengesetzten Ende. Piston bottom (18) opposite end.
3. Kolben nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Schaftflächen (12, 14) mit einer Kolbennabe (26) durch Verbindungswände (20) verbunden sind, und zumindest eine Verbindungswand (20) zwischen Schaftfläche (12, 14) und der Kolbennabe (26) schräg ausgeführt ist. 3. Piston according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the shaft surfaces (12, 14) with a piston hub (26) by connecting walls (20) are connected, and at least one connecting wall (20) between the shaft surface (12, 14) and the Piston hub (26) is made oblique.
4. Kolben nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die breitere Schaftfläche (14) zumindest eine Konvexität (22) auf der Innenseite aufweist. 4. Piston according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wider shaft surface (14) has at least one convexity (22) on the inside.
5. Kolben nach einem der vorangehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass dieser aus zumindest zwei durch 5. Piston according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it consists of at least two
Reibschweißen verbundenen Komponenten besteht. Friction welding associated components.
EP17758471.1A 2016-11-28 2017-08-17 Steel piston for an internal combustion engine Active EP3545182B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102016223530.3A DE102016223530A1 (en) 2016-11-28 2016-11-28 Steel piston for an internal combustion engine
PCT/EP2017/070830 WO2018095601A1 (en) 2016-11-28 2017-08-17 Steel piston for an internal combustion engine

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3545182A1 true EP3545182A1 (en) 2019-10-02
EP3545182B1 EP3545182B1 (en) 2020-11-25

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EP17758471.1A Active EP3545182B1 (en) 2016-11-28 2017-08-17 Steel piston for an internal combustion engine

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US11131269B2 (en)
EP (1) EP3545182B1 (en)
KR (1) KR102384112B1 (en)
CN (1) CN109996948B (en)
DE (1) DE102016223530A1 (en)
MX (1) MX2019006116A (en)
WO (1) WO2018095601A1 (en)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
MX2019006116A (en) 2019-08-01
US20210115874A1 (en) 2021-04-22
KR102384112B1 (en) 2022-04-06
KR20190086501A (en) 2019-07-22
EP3545182B1 (en) 2020-11-25
CN109996948B (en) 2022-06-17
US11131269B2 (en) 2021-09-28
DE102016223530A1 (en) 2018-05-30
CN109996948A (en) 2019-07-09
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