EP3542593A1 - Dispositif de chauffage d'un reservoir contenant un liquide corrosif - Google Patents
Dispositif de chauffage d'un reservoir contenant un liquide corrosifInfo
- Publication number
- EP3542593A1 EP3542593A1 EP17816469.5A EP17816469A EP3542593A1 EP 3542593 A1 EP3542593 A1 EP 3542593A1 EP 17816469 A EP17816469 A EP 17816469A EP 3542593 A1 EP3542593 A1 EP 3542593A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- heating element
- oxide layer
- layer
- element according
- conductor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/78—Heating arrangements specially adapted for immersion heating
- H05B3/82—Fixedly-mounted immersion heaters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/16—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor the conductor being mounted on an insulating base
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater
- H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional [2D] plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/003—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using serpentine layout
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/007—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple electrically connected resistive elements or resistive zones
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/014—Heaters using resistive wires or cables not provided for in H05B3/54
Definitions
- the present invention relates to heaters mounted in tanks containing urea or ammonia, and often used in the exhaust air pollution control systems of motor vehicles "SCR".
- SCR system is meant a system for catalytic reduction of NOx contained in the exhaust gas of an internal combustion engine, preferably a vehicle, and using urea as a precursor of liquid ammonia .
- the tank is equipped with heating elements arranged on the bottom or on the sides of the tank.
- These heating elements may be in the form of flexible sheets matching the shape of the walls of the tank. They are generally formed of a conductive element of stainless steel, acting as a heating resistor, sandwiched between two sheets of protective material, for example two thin sheets of silicone.
- the object of the invention is to propose a more robust alternative solution.
- the heating element which is intended to be placed in a tank containing a corrosive liquid, comprises an electrical resistance formed by an aluminum or titanium conductor on the surface of which is deposited respectively a layer of oxide of aluminum or a layer of titanium oxide composed of:
- the heating element according to the invention has the same anticorrosive properties for other liquids than urea such as acid solutions and alkaline containing by way of example hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, tartaric acid, etc.
- Corrosion refers here to all the phenomena by which a metal or a metal alloy tends to oxidize under the influence of gaseous reactants or in solution.
- This oxide layer is a protective layer that has the effect of preserving the metal against natural aggressions.
- it is proposed to increase the thickness of the oxide layer by means of an electrochemical anodizing process.
- This layer of increased thickness is then in the form of a dense oxide layer, without porosity, surmounted by a porous oxide layer.
- the effect of the pores is to prevent, under the effect of surface tension mechanisms, the penetration of the corrosive element to the dense oxide layer disposed directly on the surface of the conductor.
- the aluminum oxide or titanium oxide forms a corrosion resistant layer particularly resistant to the urea solution, and is an effective barrier to the permeation of ammonia molecules likely to alter the properties of aluminum or titanium is presented in metallic form.
- the aluminum oxide or titanium oxide layer has a total thickness of less than 2000 nm, and preferably between 100 nm and 1500 nm.
- the dense oxide layer has a thickness of between 10 nm and 10 nm.
- the porous oxide layer has a thickness of between 100 nm and 1400 nm.
- the porous oxide layer comprises pores in the form of hollow channels, one end of which is open to the outside.
- the pores have an inner diameter which is between 10nm and 400nm.
- the porous oxide layer has a pore density of between 10 9 and 10 11 pores / cm 2 .
- the conductor is a layer of aluminum or titanium, of thickness between 10 ⁇ and 100 ⁇ .
- the aluminum oxide or titanium oxide layer is deposited on at least one of the faces of the metal layer forming the conductor.
- the electrical resistance is placed between two protective sheets made of plastic material.
- the bending stiffness of the heating element is less than or equal to 4000 Nm, preferably less than or equal to 100 Nm, more preferably less than or equal to 10 Nm, and even more preferably less than or equal to 1 Nm.
- the invention also relates to a tank, in which is installed a heating device comprising a heating element according to any one of the preceding characteristics.
- This reservoir may contain water, urea, a mixture of water and urea or a mixture of water, urea and alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, water, ethylene glycol or isopropanol.
- Figure 1 shows a perspective view of a heating element, comprising a conductor formed of a thin layer.
- FIG. 2 represents a sectional view along A-A of the driver illustrated in FIG.
- Figure 2a shows a sectional view of a conductor shaped cylindrical wire.
- Figure 3 shows a schematic perspective view of the oxide layer.
- Figures 4 and 5 are photographs taken under an electron microscope of an aluminum oxide layer in top view and in side view.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a cutaway view of a heating element 1 in which the electrical resistance 10 is sandwiched between two protective sheets 11.
- the material forming the protective sheets is chosen for its flexibility and for its chemical resistance to ammonia or its derivatives.
- the electrical resistance 10 illustrated in FIG. 2 is formed by a thin layer of an electrically conductive metal 101, made of aluminum or titanium forming a continuous track, sandwiched between two oxide layers 102, of width I given, of total thickness e 2 , and traveling along a path defined on the surface of the heating element 1.
- the thickness ei of the conductor layer 101 can usefully be between 10 ⁇ and 100 ⁇ . This thickness ei, is adjusted according to the type of metal forming the conductor and the width I, so as to obtain an ohmic resistance of the desired value, to provide the amount of heat necessary for thawing the liquid contained in the reservoir in a time compatible with the use of the vehicle.
- the heating power is generally between 100W and 500W.
- the heating element can then usefully have properties of flexibility and flexibility allowing it to match the shapes of the walls or the bottom of the tank, or be easily arranged on a technical module or a component such as a baffle fixed in the tank.
- the term “flexible” we mean actually “easily deformable” and this usually reversibly. Generally, this corresponds to a bending stiffness (defined as being equal to (Eh 3/12 (lv 2)) where E is the Young's modulus of the flexible portion measured according to ASTM D790-03, h is its thickness, and v is the fish coefficient of its constituent material) preferably lower than 4000 Nm, the rigidity of the flexible part is less than or equal to 1000 Nm, or even 100 Nm or even 10 Nm and very particularly preferably, lower or equal to 1 Nm
- the heating element may also comprise one or more resistive track (s) affixed to a sheet, or disposed between two sheets, ie two substantially flat supports, the material of which and the thickness are such that they are flexible.
- Electrical conductors 12 are connected to both ends of the path traveled by the resistor 10, so as to bring the electric power to raise the temperature of the heating element by Joule effect.
- the heating element comprises several tracks
- these tracks are connected in parallel, so that, if one of the tracks is damaged, it does not jeopardize the operation of the other tracks
- the protective sheets are preferably made of plastic (although any other insulating material may be suitable) and in particular, based on elastomer.
- the flexible sheets may be silicone resin, polyolefin (polyethylene or polypropylene), thermoplastic elastomer (or TPE), polyester, polyimide (such as KAPTON® resin).
- TPE thermoplastic elastomer
- polyester polyimide
- KAPTON® resin a polyimide
- they are based on silicone, polyolefin or TPE, given that the polyester and the polyimide have a lower resistance to urea, especially at high temperature.
- the oxide layer 102 may be disposed on both sides of the layer formed by the conductive metal 101 as proposed in Figure 2 or, in some arrangements, on only one side of the conductor.
- the upper and lower oxide layers 102 have an identical thickness equal to e 2 . This feature is not limiting, and the two layers may, depending on the needs, have different thicknesses.
- the oxide layer 102 is deposited over the entire surface of the wire, as shown in FIG. 2a.
- the conductor 101 may also have a cylindrical shape and form a wire of given diameter as illustrated in Figure 2a, or be in the form of a thin layer as shown in Figure 2.
- Electrical conductors 101 made of aluminum or titanium are known for their conductive properties, for their ability to transmit heat, for their ductility.
- the modulus of elasticity of aluminum or titanium is relatively low which allows to obtain a heating resistance more robust to the geometric variations of the reservoir during freezing or thawing cycles of urea.
- the conductivity of aluminum or titanium is excellent, which allows to design a heating resistance of the same efficiency as a steel resistance, having a mass and a much lower cost.
- the oxide layer 102 is obtained, according to a known method, by anodizing a layer of aluminum or titanium forming the actual conductor.
- the conductor is then immersed in an electrolytic bath and connected to the negative pole of a generator to form the anode.
- the electrolytic bath is based on sulfuric acid, but may also be formed by boric acid or phosphoric acid.
- the cathode is formed by an inert metal such as platinum connected to the positive pole of the generator.
- the growth of the oxide layer is then controlled as a function of the density of the generated electric current, so as to obtain a structure of the alumina layer as illustrated in FIG.
- the reaction at the anode is of the type: 2AI + 3H 2 0> AI 2 O 3 + 3H 2.
- the reaction at the cathode is of the type: 6 H + + 6 e ⁇ > 3 H 2 .
- the reaction at the anode is of the Ti + 2H 2 O> TiO 2 + 2H 2 type , and the reaction at the anode is of the type: 4H + 4e ⁇ > 2H 2 .
- the oxide layer comprises a first layer 103, of thickness e 3 , resting directly on the metal 101 of the conductor.
- the thickness e 3 of the layer 103 is advantageously between 10 nm and 100 nm.
- This layer is considered to be dense in that it is formed of oxide aluminum or pure titanium oxide, and that it does not include porosities.
- the layer 104 is disposed above the layer 103.
- This layer 104 is formed of pores, in the form of hollow channels, whose inner diameter ⁇ is between 10 nm and 400 nm.
- the ends of the channels, located opposite the dense oxide layer, are open to the outside.
- the walls 105 of the pores are formed of pure oxide.
- the pores have a depth ⁇ of between 100 nm and 1400 nm.
- the pores make it possible to reinforce the anticorrosive effect of the oxide by reducing the access of the corrosive liquid to the dense oxide protective layer 102 which constitutes the ultimate barrier of protection.
- This configuration also increases the flexibility of the oxide layer by preventing it from breaking in the event of bending of the conductor.
- the total thickness e 2 of the oxide layer is therefore less than 2000 nm and preferably between 100 nm and 1500 nm.
- FIG. 4 is a photograph in plan view of an aluminum oxide layer 102 taken with the aid of an electron microscope on which the pores of diameter ⁇ opening towards the outer surface are clearly distinguished.
- the pore density is advantageously between 10 9 and 10 11 pores / cm 2 .
- FIG. 5 is a side view photograph of the alumina layer 102 on which is distinguished the dense portion 103 and the porous portion 104 of said alumina layer 102.
- the titanium oxide layer formed on the surface of a titanium conductor has the same characteristics as those illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5.
- the invention finally relates to a reservoir for containing a corrosive liquid, in which a heating device is arranged comprising a heating element according to the preceding characteristics.
- This corrosive liquid may be basic in nature with a pH greater than 8, or an acid with a pH below 1.
- the corrosive liquid is urea.
- urea any solution, generally aqueous, containing urea.
- the invention gives good results with eutectic solutions water / urea for which there is a quality standard:
- AdBlue® also known under the name English Saxon DEF (Diesel Ehaust Fluid)
- the urea content is between 31.8% and 33.2% (by weight) (ie 32.5 +/- 0.7% by weight) from which a quantity of available ammonia between 18.0% e 18.8%.
- Adblue solution freezes from a temperature of -11 ° C.
- the invention can also apply also urea mixtures / ammonium formate in aqueous solution and sold under the trade name Denoxium TM and one of the compositions (Denoxium-30) contains an equivalent amount of ammonia to that of the Adblue® solution.
- Denoxium TM one of the compositions (Denoxium-30) contains an equivalent amount of ammonia to that of the Adblue® solution.
- the present invention is also particularly advantageous in the context of water / urea eutectic solutions, or alternatively ternary solutions composed of water, urea and an alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, ethylene- glycol or isopropanol.
- the invention can also be used for tanks containing water.
- This assembly has resistance to aggression of the liquid contained in the tank much higher than that of steel or stainless steel used until today, and also has the advantage of being inexpensive because of the low cost of the heating element as described above, particularly when selecting an aluminum conductor.
Landscapes
- Resistance Heating (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1661259 | 2016-11-21 | ||
| PCT/EP2017/079881 WO2018091727A1 (fr) | 2016-11-21 | 2017-11-21 | Dispositif de chauffage d'un reservoir contenant un liquide corrosif |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3542593A1 true EP3542593A1 (fr) | 2019-09-25 |
| EP3542593B1 EP3542593B1 (fr) | 2020-09-02 |
Family
ID=57590704
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP17816469.5A Active EP3542593B1 (fr) | 2016-11-21 | 2017-11-21 | Dispositif de chauffage d'un reservoir contenant un liquide corrosif |
Country Status (2)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3542593B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2018091727A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ES2116741T3 (es) * | 1994-04-16 | 1998-07-16 | Ceramaspeed Ltd | Metodo de fabricar unos medios de calentamiento por resistencia electrica. |
| DE102007005154B4 (de) * | 2007-01-29 | 2009-04-09 | Thyssenkrupp Vdm Gmbh | Verwendung einer Eisen-Chrom-Aluminium-Legierung mit hoher Lebensdauer und geringen Änderungen im Warmwiderstand |
| US20150101316A1 (en) * | 2013-10-14 | 2015-04-16 | General Electric Company | Heater assembly with protective coating and method of applying same |
| NL2014079B1 (en) * | 2014-12-31 | 2016-10-07 | Metalmembranes Com B V | Heater element, device provided therewith and method for manufacturing such element. |
-
2017
- 2017-11-21 WO PCT/EP2017/079881 patent/WO2018091727A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2017-11-21 EP EP17816469.5A patent/EP3542593B1/fr active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO2018091727A1 (fr) | 2018-05-24 |
| EP3542593B1 (fr) | 2020-09-02 |
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