EP3537087A1 - Échangeur de chaleur - Google Patents

Échangeur de chaleur Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3537087A1
EP3537087A1 EP18160944.7A EP18160944A EP3537087A1 EP 3537087 A1 EP3537087 A1 EP 3537087A1 EP 18160944 A EP18160944 A EP 18160944A EP 3537087 A1 EP3537087 A1 EP 3537087A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
heat exchanger
fluid
conduit
base plate
channels
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP18160944.7A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
designation of the inventor has not yet been filed The
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
BAE Systems PLC
Original Assignee
BAE Systems PLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by BAE Systems PLC filed Critical BAE Systems PLC
Priority to EP18160944.7A priority Critical patent/EP3537087A1/fr
Priority to ES19709557T priority patent/ES2958209T3/es
Priority to US16/976,309 priority patent/US11609049B2/en
Priority to EP19709557.3A priority patent/EP3762672B1/fr
Priority to PCT/GB2019/050654 priority patent/WO2019171078A1/fr
Publication of EP3537087A1 publication Critical patent/EP3537087A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F7/00—Elements not covered by group F28F1/00, F28F3/00 or F28F5/00
    • F28F7/02—Blocks traversed by passages for heat-exchange media
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
    • F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
    • F28F2250/00—Arrangements for modifying the flow of the heat exchange media, e.g. flow guiding means; Particular flow patterns
    • F28F2250/04—Communication passages between channels

Definitions

  • Baffles can improve the heat transfer efficiency of a heat exchanger, but can tend to raise the pressure drop across the exchanger.
  • a heat exchanger comprising: a plurality of first fluid channels, a plurality of conduits for interconnecting the first fluid channels, a plurality of second fluid channels, a plurality of conduits for interconnecting the second fluid channels, wherein the heat exchanger is configured as a plurality of repeating units, each repeating unit comprising: a base plate comprising a first opening, and a first conduit extending from the plate, the shape of the opening corresponding to the shape of the conduit.
  • Such heat exchangers can readily be formed from a template of input data, and are suited to forming by various manufacturing techniques, additive layer manufacturing methods in particular. They can also offer increased inter channel mixing, which can tend to raise the heat transfer capability.
  • the plurality of repeating units may be arranged as a matrix, where units repeat in a first and second mutually orthogonal direction, and each repeating unit is contiguous with neighbouring units in the plane defined by the first and second mutually orthogonal direction, such that base plates in the plane are coplanar.
  • Units in the matrix may further repeat in a third direction mutually orthogonal to the first and second directions, where each repeating unit is contiguous with neighbouring units such that the conduit from a first neighbouring unit connects to the first opening and the conduit connects to an opening of a second neighbouring unit.
  • the conduit may be substantially straight and substantially perpendicular to the base plate. Such a provision gives a generally simple structure.
  • the conduit may be inclined to the base plate and may terminate in a space perpendicularly above the opening.
  • Providing inclined conduits can tend to reduce the pressure drop across the heat exchanger, for a given channel mixing characteristic.
  • the base plate may have a further opening and a further conduit.
  • the opening, conduit, further opening and further conduit may have rotational symmetry substantially about an axis extending perpendicularly from the base plate.
  • the base plate may have a tessellating form, and for example may be rectangular.
  • Such a method can give an engineer an adaptable process for simply designing a bespoke heat exchanger to match a particular set of environments and requirements, chosen from a number of different environments and requirements.
  • the repeating unit may be predetermined as being in the form of a base plate comprising a first opening, and a first conduit extending from the plate, the shape of the opening corresponding to the shape of the conduit.
  • Defining the repeating unit may comprise determining a base plate depth, a conduit inner and outer diameter, and an extension height.
  • the method may further comprise further forming: a housing for the heat exchanger structure, a first manifold comprising, a first fluid ingress manifold comprising an input port which splits into a plurality of input branches, each branch corresponding with a first fluid channel, a second fluid egress manifold comprising an outlet port which convenes a plurality of outlet branches, each branch corresponding with a second fluid channel, an second manifold comprising: a first fluid egress manifold comprising an outlet port which convenes a plurality of outlet branches, each branch corresponding with a first fluid channel; a second fluid ingress manifold comprising an input port which splits into a plurality of input branches, each branch corresponding with a second fluid channel, to thereby form a heat exchanger.
  • the first and second manifolds may each formed as a monolithic structure, the inlet branches and outlet branches being in an interdigitated arrangement.
  • the heat exchanger structure, the housing and the manifolds may be formed in a single additive layer manufacturing process.
  • a first heat exchanger is shown generally at 100 which comprises a first manifold 2, a core 3, and a second manifold 4.
  • the heat exchanger 100 is arranged for counter-flow where a first fluid, hot fluid H (which may alternatively be referred to as a working fluid), passes in the opposite direction to a second fluid, cold fluid C (which may alternatively be referred to as a coolant fluid).
  • a first fluid hot fluid H (which may alternatively be referred to as a working fluid)
  • cold fluid C which may alternatively be referred to as a coolant fluid
  • the hot fluid H and the cold fluid C could be arranged for co-flow (where the fluids run in the same direction, e.g. both right-to-left) or cross-flow (where fluids run perpendicular to each other).
  • the core 3 comprises a plurality of channels. These channels are configured as two groups, the first group for transporting the first fluid, the second group for transporting the second fluid. Channels alternate by group so that an interleaved arrangement is provided, with channels separated by base plates. A multi-layer stack is thus provided.
  • the first group of channels, corresponding with the odd-numbered channels pass fluid in a first direction.
  • the second group of channels, corresponding with the even-numbered channels pass the fluid in a second direction.
  • a first channel 10 is defined between a top plate 6 and a first base plate 16, and extends between a pair of first channel ports. These ports are configured for a right-to-left (as shown in Figure 1 ) flow direction and as such represent a first inlet 12 communicating with the second manifold 4 and a first outlet 14 communicating with the first manifold 2.
  • a second channel 20 is defined between the first base plate 16 and a second base plate 26, and extends between a pair of second channel ports. These ports are configured for a left-to-right (as shown in Figure 1 ) flow direction and as such represent a second inlet 22 communicating with the first manifold 2 and a second outlet 24 communicating with the second manifold 4.
  • a third channel 30 is defined between the second base plate 26 and a third base plate 36, and extends between a pair of third channel ports. These ports are configured for a right-to-left (as shown in Figure 1 ) flow direction and as such represent a third inlet 32 communicating with the second manifold 4 and a third outlet 34 communicating with the first manifold 2.
  • a fourth channel 40 is defined between the third base plate 36 and the fourth base plate 46, and extends between a pair of fourth channel ports. These ports are configured for to a left-to-right (as shown in Figure 1 ) flow direction and as such represent a fourth inlet 42 communicating with the first manifold 2 and a fourth outlet 44 communicating with the second manifold 4.
  • a fifth, sixth and seventh channel (50, 60 and 70 respectively); a fifth and sixth base plate (not numbered so as to reduce visual clutter in the figure), and a bottom plate 7, and their respective inlets and outlets (not numbered).
  • the channels are further defined by side walls 5.
  • a first group of channels comprises the first, third, fourth, fifth and seventh channels.
  • These odd channels can pass a common fluid in a common direction, in this example they pass hot fluid H right to left. In other examples they could pass fluid left to right.
  • a second group of channels, the even channels comprises the second, fourth and sixth channels.
  • These even channels can pass a common fluid in a common direction, in this example they pass a cold fluid C from left to right. In other examples they could pass fluid right to left.
  • channels 10 and 70 provide such outermost layers.
  • hot fluid channels pass through these peripheral layers.
  • the cold fluid may be passed through a first group of channels providing the peripheral layers of the stack, whilst the hot fluid is passed through a second group of channels interleaved with the first group.
  • first group of channels providing the peripheral layers of the stack
  • second group of channels interleaved with the first group
  • the core 3 comprises a plurality of conduits which interconnect channels from the same group.
  • a plurality of first conduits 8 provides inter-channel connections between odd-numbered channels. As such a fluid can flow between the interconnected channels.
  • Each conduit 8 extends through an even channel but does not fully occlude that even channel.
  • conduits 8 are provided, each of which interconnects the first channel 10 and the third channel 30, passing through the second channel 20.
  • Some conduits 8 are substantially perpendicular to the channels. Some conduits are inclined to the channels.
  • the odd conduits extend only between neighbouring odd channels; however in alternative examples, some odd conduits could extend between other odd channel combinations.
  • an odd conduit could connect a first channel 10 and a fifth channel 50, passing through the second 20, third 30, and fourth 40 channels.
  • a plurality of second conduits 9 provides inter-channel connections between even-numbered channels. As such a fluid can flow between the interconnected channels.
  • Each of the second conduits 9 extends through at least one odd channel but does not fully occlude it or them.
  • the first manifold 2 comprises, given the counter-flow configuration, an odd channel egress manifold collocated with an even channel ingress manifold.
  • the odd channel egress manifold connects the odd outlets to a common odd outlet C out .
  • the even channel ingress manifold connects the even inlets to a common even inlet, H in .
  • a first fluid can pass from the odd channels to the common odd outlet.
  • a second fluid can pass from the common even inlet to the even channels.
  • the second manifold 4 comprises, in reciprocity with the first manifold 2, an even channel egress manifold collocated with an odd channel ingress manifold.
  • the even channel egress manifold connects the even outlets to a common even outlet.
  • the odd channel ingress manifold connects the odd inlets to a common odd inlet C in .
  • a first fluid can pass from the even channels to the common even outlet H out .
  • a second fluid can be transported from the common odd inlet C in to the odd channels.
  • FIG. 2 there is shown a three-dimensional portion 200 of a heat exchanger core which could be used in the heat exchanger 100.
  • the portion 200 is shown in the context of three mutually orthogonal reference axes, x, y, and z.
  • the y-dimension corresponds to height (up/down)
  • the x-dimension corresponds to width (fore/aft, or alternatively right/left)
  • the z-dimension corresponds to depth (near/far).
  • the portion 200 corresponds to a portion of the third, fourth and fifth channels of the core 3.
  • the portion 200 is comprised by a set of repeating units R (shown as the shaded components in the top left of Figure 2 ).
  • a repeating unit R comprises a base plate section 216 which has a rectangular planar form, which is parallel with the zx plane.
  • a pair of openings 218a and 218b and a pair of linear conduits 208a, 208b Formed in the base plate section 216 is a pair of openings 218a and 218b and a pair of linear conduits 208a, 208b.
  • the openings and conduits are arranged such that their footprints in the plate 216 define a rectangle, with conduit footprints positioned diagonally opposite on another.
  • the conduits 208a and b extend in or parallel to the yx plane out from the plate 216 and are inclined to the plate 216 by approximately 45 degrees. More particularly the near conduit 208a extends from a foremost and nearmost footprint in a backwards direction (-45 degrees), and the far conduit 208b extends from an aftwards and farmost footprint in a forwards direction (+45 degrees).
  • the openings 218a 218b and the conduits 208a 280b are arranged such that they exhibit rotational symmetry, order 2, about the base plate axis P.
  • the extension of the conduits is such that the near conduit 208a meets the near opening of the plate 226 below, whilst the far conduit meets the far opening of the plate 226 below.
  • core 3 Whilst only a section 200 of a core 3 has been described, it will be appreciated that any size of core 3 could be populated with repeating units R by forming multiple repeating units in the x, y, and z directions. In effect this would form a number of continuous base plates interconnected by a plurality of conduit pairs.
  • FIG. 3 With reference to Figure 3 , there is shown a portion 300 for a heat exchanger core which would be suitable for a cross-flow arrangement.
  • the portion 300 shown comprises three channels 320, 340 and 360 interleaved in that order.
  • the channels 320 and 360 are for passing a first fluid, H, in the x-direction (that is to say from aft to fore) and the channel 340 is for transporting a second fluid, C, in the z-direction (i.e. from near to far).
  • Each of a plurality of conduits 308 extends between the H channels 320 and 360, and through the C channel 340, in or parallel to the yx plane. Thus the channels 320 and 360 are in fluid communication.
  • Each of a plurality of conduits 309 extends between the C channel 340 and the next upwards C channel, passing through the H channel 320, in or parallel to the yz plane.
  • the portion 300 for the heat exchanger core can be seen as a combination of the repeating unit R discussed in connection with portion 200 and Figure 2 , with a further repeating unit. As shown in Figure 3 , two R-type units are present in one layer, and these are sandwiched between further layers, each further layer having two further repeating units. As such the R-type layers alternate with further-type layers.
  • Each further repeating unit is the mirror image of the unit R, reflected in an yz plane, and rotated by 90 degrees, about its plate axis P.
  • FIG. 4 there is a shown schematically a further example of a portion, indicated generally at 400, of a heat exchanger core.
  • the portion 400 is comprised from a number of repeating units Q, each of which, as with repeating units R, tessellates with other repeating units.
  • the units Q comprise a hexagonal base plate 416, in which is provided six regularly spaced footprints, arranged symmetrical about the axis defined by the plate 416. Three of the footprints correspond with openings 418a-c, three of the footprints correspond with conduits 408a-c which extend upwardly from the base plate in the yx plane. Two of the conduits, the nearest 408a and farthest 408c extend aftwards. The other conduit, middle/aftmost conduit 408b, extends forwards.
  • Figure 6 shows a monolithic multi-channel heat exchanger 600 where three first fluid channels 620, 640 and 660 are interleaved with 2 second fluid channels 630 and 650.
  • a first integrated manifold 602 communicates with the channels at a first side of the exchanger 600.
  • a second integrated manifold 604 communicates with the channels at a second side of the exchanger 600.
  • the first manifold 602 comprises a first common port 602a for working fluid H and a second common port 602b for coolant C.
  • the first common port 602a is generally cylindrical and communicates with three branches (one of which 622 is visible) each of which meets a respective taper section (624) which tapers out to meet a respective channel (620).
  • the second common port 602b is generally cylindrical and communicates with two branches 621, 623 each of which meets a respective taper section 625, 627 which tapers out to meet a respective channel 630, 650.
  • heat exchanger 600 is shown in cut-away, at a point in the core equivalent to the cross section WW shown in Figure 2 .
  • a first, or cold fluid C is put under pressure and thereby caused to flow into the common cold fluid inlet of first manifold, then through the first manifold, then into and through the even channels and then into the second manifold, and then out of the second manifold at the common cold outlet.
  • the cold fluid Whilst flowing through the first manifold, the cold fluid splits into separate flows, each one associated with a particular even channel. As the fluid flows through a given even channel, it may be further diverted by the conduits 9, which bleed off some of the fluid into neighbouring even channels. Meanwhile, some of the fluid flowing through neighbouring even channels will be bled off into the given even channel.
  • An equivalent flow occurs as the second, or hot fluid, is introduced to heat exchanger at the second manifold, whereupon it flows into and through the odd channels, and into first manifold where it leaves the heat exchanger.
  • the base plates and conduits are formed from a thermally conductive material.
  • a surface area at the boundaries between hot and cold fluids which enable the transfer of thermal energy from the hot fluid to the cold fluid.
  • conduits 9, 8 promotes bleeding off and inter-channel fluid mixing.
  • the conduits that extend from a given channel in the opposite general direction to the flow e.g. at -45 degrees
  • conduits extending from a given channel in the same general direction to the flow e.g. at +45 degrees
  • conduits extending from a given channel in the same general direction to the flow will tend to bleed fluid out of the given channel into neighbouring same-fluid channels.
  • the interconnecting conduits 8 and 9 are generally inclined at 45 degrees and as such are biased to promote the inter-channel flow. Such an angle can be achieved using an additive layer manufacturing process, providing a sufficiently robust structure without requiring supports or buttressing. In alternative examples, a range of angles may be suitable for this inclination. For example inclinations in the range of 30 to 60 degrees or 40 to 50 degrees may be suitable, with additional supporting structures provided as appropriate.
  • the conduits could extend perpendicularly from the base plate and thereby achieve promote inter-channel fluid mixing; such an arrangement may lead to a greater pressure drop across the core as compared with the inclined conduits.
  • conduits could be fitted with a one-way valve to promote certain flow characteristics.
  • the heat exchangers provided for can be formed from a heat-conducting material having the structural integrity to retain complex forms. Metals for example would be suitable.
  • the heat exchangers provided for can be manufactured using additive layer manufacturing techniques (also known as additive manufacturing, or 3D printing). For example, a selective laser melting (SLM) process may be used to form the heat exchanger. SLM uses a high power-density laser to melt and fuse metallic powders together.
  • additive layer manufacturing techniques also known as additive manufacturing, or 3D printing.
  • SLM selective laser melting
  • SLM uses a high power-density laser to melt and fuse metallic powders together.
  • the heat exchanger may be formed from any of a number of suitable materials which would be apparent to the skilled person, including but not limited to an Inconel alloy, titanium or an alloy thereof, aluminium or an alloy thereof, or a stainless steel.
  • a method of forming a heat exchanger structure is shown as involving a first step 702 of defining a repeating unit, a second step 704 of defining an operational characteristic set for a heat exchanger structure, a third step 706 of determining the parameters of the repeating units which satisfy the operational characteristic set, and at a fourth step 708, forming the structure according to the parameters.
  • defining the repeating unit includes providing the definition of the repeating unit R having a set of variable parameters including but not limited to: base plate size, base plate thickness, base plate shape, conduit upward extension (i.e. channel height), opening/conduit bore, conduit wall thickness, conduit inclination, footprint location, and in-channel orientation (i.e. which plane the conduits align with for a channel, determining counter flow or co flow).
  • the operational characteristic set may define a number of constraints including but not limited to: a desired thermal transfer rate, a working fluid combination (e.g. air and air, oil and fuel, air and glycol), a given space into which the exchanger should fit, a channel height, and an allowable pressure drop across the heat exchanger.
  • a working fluid combination e.g. air and air, oil and fuel, air and glycol
  • the determination of the parameters of the unit R could be carried out, in light of the operational characteristics from step 704, using a number of fluid dynamic simulations of the heat exchanger. These simulations could be carried out iteratively, for example in combination with a genetic algorithm, to arrive at a solution.
  • the output of such determinations would be a data file defining a suitable heat exchanger, the definition including the parameters for the unit R, and the repetition frequency of R along each of the three orthogonal axes (for example referring back to figure 6 , it can be seen that there are four units along the fore to aft axis, and five along the bottom to top axis, with the near to far number being hidden from view).
  • the heat exchanger could be formed by issuing the data file to an additive layer manufacturing station.
  • a manifold corresponding to the heat exchanger core, could be generated by the process.
  • a data file defining such a manifold could thereby be issued to an additive manufacturing station, alongside the heat exchanger data file, to enable the entire heat exchanger to be formed.
  • the heat exchanger may comprise channels in the form of a tubular cluster.
  • a first group of tubes (odd tubes) would carry a first fluid
  • a second group of tubes (even tubes) would carry a second fluid.
  • a first set of conduits would provide interconnections between the odd tubes, with interconnecting conduits passing through an even tube.
  • a second set of conduits would interconnect the even tubes, with interconnecting conduits passing through an odd tube.
  • such tubular clusters could comprise linear tubes arranged in parallel.
  • Such tubular clusters could comprise nested spirals of tubes.
  • the example cores given so far have been in the form of planar or substantially planar layers and channels, formed by planar base plates stacked in parallel.
  • the core may be provided by a plurality of curved channels which may be of a predetermined shape or curvature so as to be conformal with a further device.
  • the further device could be a substantially cylindrical engine.
  • channels could be substantially conformal with one another, so as to maintain an inter-plate separation.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
EP18160944.7A 2018-03-09 2018-03-09 Échangeur de chaleur Ceased EP3537087A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP18160944.7A EP3537087A1 (fr) 2018-03-09 2018-03-09 Échangeur de chaleur
ES19709557T ES2958209T3 (es) 2018-03-09 2019-03-08 Intercambiador de calor
US16/976,309 US11609049B2 (en) 2018-03-09 2019-03-08 Heat exchanger
EP19709557.3A EP3762672B1 (fr) 2018-03-09 2019-03-08 Échangeur de chaleur
PCT/GB2019/050654 WO2019171078A1 (fr) 2018-03-09 2019-03-08 Échangeur de chaleur

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP18160944.7A EP3537087A1 (fr) 2018-03-09 2018-03-09 Échangeur de chaleur

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3537087A1 true EP3537087A1 (fr) 2019-09-11

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP18160944.7A Ceased EP3537087A1 (fr) 2018-03-09 2018-03-09 Échangeur de chaleur

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EP (1) EP3537087A1 (fr)

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1506721A (en) * 1974-03-01 1978-04-12 Lorraine Carbone Fluid treatment modules
WO2008139651A1 (fr) * 2007-05-02 2008-11-20 Kanken Techno Co., Ltd. Echangeur de chaleur et dispositif de traitement du gaz utilisant celui-ci
US20090101313A1 (en) * 2006-04-20 2009-04-23 Wilfried Hofmann Multistage heat exchanging duct comprising a parallel conduit
WO2014135844A1 (fr) 2013-03-06 2014-09-12 Bae Systems Plc Échangeur de chaleur feuilleté comprenant un dissipateur thermique et un dispositif thermoélectrique

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1506721A (en) * 1974-03-01 1978-04-12 Lorraine Carbone Fluid treatment modules
US20090101313A1 (en) * 2006-04-20 2009-04-23 Wilfried Hofmann Multistage heat exchanging duct comprising a parallel conduit
WO2008139651A1 (fr) * 2007-05-02 2008-11-20 Kanken Techno Co., Ltd. Echangeur de chaleur et dispositif de traitement du gaz utilisant celui-ci
WO2014135844A1 (fr) 2013-03-06 2014-09-12 Bae Systems Plc Échangeur de chaleur feuilleté comprenant un dissipateur thermique et un dispositif thermoélectrique

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