EP3529283B1 - Thermisch abstimmbare phosphiniminkatalysatoren - Google Patents

Thermisch abstimmbare phosphiniminkatalysatoren Download PDF

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EP3529283B1
EP3529283B1 EP17808576.7A EP17808576A EP3529283B1 EP 3529283 B1 EP3529283 B1 EP 3529283B1 EP 17808576 A EP17808576 A EP 17808576A EP 3529283 B1 EP3529283 B1 EP 3529283B1
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group
substituted
nmr
catalyst
hydrocarbyl group
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EP3529283C0 (de
EP3529283A1 (de
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Darryl MORRISON
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Nova Chemicals International SA
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/6592—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond containing at least one cyclopentadienyl ring, condensed or not, e.g. an indenyl or a fluorenyl ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/65908—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an ionising compound other than alumoxane, e.g. (C6F5)4B-X+
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F210/00—Copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
    • C08F210/16—Copolymers of ethene with alpha-alkenes, e.g. EP rubbers
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
    • C08F4/42—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors
    • C08F4/44—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides
    • C08F4/60—Metals; Metal hydrides; Metallo-organic compounds; Use thereof as catalyst precursors selected from light metals, zinc, cadmium, mercury, copper, silver, gold, boron, gallium, indium, thallium, rare earths or actinides together with refractory metals, iron group metals, platinum group metals, manganese, rhenium technetium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/62—Refractory metals or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/64—Titanium, zirconium, hafnium or compounds thereof
    • C08F4/659—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond
    • C08F4/65912—Component covered by group C08F4/64 containing a transition metal-carbon bond in combination with an organoaluminium compound
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
    • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
    • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
    • B01J31/1845—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing phosphorus
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
    • C08F2/04—Polymerisation in solution
    • C08F2/06—Organic solvent
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
    • C08F2420/00—Metallocene catalysts
    • C08F2420/04—Cp or analog not bridged to a non-Cp X ancillary anionic donor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

Definitions

  • the present disclosures provides phosphinimine polymerization catalysts exhibiting variable single-site/multi-site behavior.
  • the catalysts allow one to tune the microstructure of ethylene copolymers simply by changing the temperature of polymerization.
  • Fluxional molecules are molecules that undergo dynamics such that some or all of their atoms interchange between symmetry-inequivalent positions.
  • Metallocene polymerization catalysts showing fluxional ligand behavior are known.
  • unbridged metallocenes have two 2-arylindenyl ligands, each substituted on the 1-position.
  • These propylene polymerization catalysts which can be substituted on the 1-postion by a substituted or unsubstituted alky, alkylsilyl, or aryl substituent produce blocky polypropylene by virtue of rotation about the metal-ligand on a timescale competitive with the formation of polymer chain blocks.
  • phosphinimine catalysts for the solution phase production of ethylene copolymers is well known. See for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,372,864 ; 6,777,509 ; and U.S. 6,984,695 . Other relevant prior art documents are: WO 02/092649 , WO 01/25328 and EP 1 669 376 . Phosphinimine catalysts however, have not previously been known for temperature dependent rotational behavior within a phosphinimine ligand.
  • a phosphinimine olefin polymerization catalyst having the following structure: wherein M is Ti, Zr or Hf; L is a cyclopentadienyl type ligand; each X is independently an activatable ligand; A 1 is a H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; A 2 and A 5 are independently an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; A 3 and A 4 are independently a H, a halide, an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; and where any of A 2 to A 5 may be part of a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group.
  • a solution polymerization process comprising polymerizing ethylene with one or more C 3-12 alpha olefins in a solvent in the presence of a catalyst system comprising: i) a phosphinimine catalyst having the following structure: wherein M is Ti, Zr or Hf; L is a cyclopentadienyl type ligand; each X is independently an activatable ligand; A 1 is a H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; A 2 and A 5 are independently an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; A 3 and A 4 are independently a H, a halide, an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; and where any of A 2 to A 5 may be part of a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or
  • phosphinimine catalysts described herein usually require activation by one or more cocatalytic or activator species in order to provide polymer from olefins.
  • an un-activated phosphinimine complex may be described as a "pre-catalyst".
  • a phosphinimine catalyst is a compound (typically an organometallic compound) based on a group 3, 4 or 5 metal and which is characterized as having at least one phosphinimine ligand. Any compounds/complexes having a phosphinimine ligand and which display catalytic activity for ethylene (co)polymerization may be called "phosphinimine catalysts".
  • the phosphinimine catalyst employed in the present disclosure is one having a bulky phosphinimine ligand which leads to dynamic 1 H NMR fluxional behavior.
  • the phosphinimine polymerization catalyst may be used in combination with further catalyst components such as one or more than one support, one or more than one catalyst activator and one or more than one catalyst modifier.
  • the phosphinimine polymerization catalyst used in an embodiment of the disclosure is defined by the following structure: wherein M is Ti, Zr or Hf; L is a cyclopentadienyl type ligand; each X is independently an activatable ligand; A 1 is a H or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; A 2 and A 5 are independently an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; A 3 and A 4 are independently a H, a halide, an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; and where any of A 2 to A 5 may be part of a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group.
  • unsubstituted means that hydrogen atoms are bounded to the molecular group that follows the term unsubstituted.
  • heteroatom containing means that one or more than one non carbon atoms may be present in the hydrocarbyl groups.
  • non-carbon atoms that may be present are N, O, S, P, Si, Ge and B as well as halides such as for example Br and metals such as Sn or Al.
  • hydrocarbyl group or “heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group”, which are acyclic or cyclic may be C 1 -C 30 hydrocarbyl groups which are unsubstituted or further substituted by a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an amido group, a silyl group or a germanyl group.
  • hydrocarbyl refers to linear or cyclic, aliphatic, olefinic, acetylenic and aryl (aromatic) radicals comprising hydrogen and carbon that are deficient by one hydrogen.
  • aryl or “aryl group” includes phenyl, naphthyl, pyridyl and other radicals whose molecules have an aromatic ring structure; examples include naphthylene, phenanthrene and anthracene.
  • arylalkyl group is an alkyl group having one or more aryl groups pendant there from; examples include benzyl, phenethyl and tolylmethyl.
  • alkylaryl group is an aryl group having one or more alkyl groups pendant there from; examples include tolyl, xylyl, mesityl and cumyl.
  • alkenyl group refers to linear, branched and cyclic hydrocarbons containing at least one carbon-carbon double bond that is deficient by one hydrogen radical.
  • cyclic hydrocarbyl group and "cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group”, connote groups that comprise cyclic moieties and which may have one or more than one cyclic aromatic ring, and/or one or more than one nonaromatic ring.
  • alkyl group includes saturated and unsaturated alkyl groups.
  • the saturated or unsaturated groups may be straight chain alkyl groups or they may be branched alkyl groups.
  • the straight chain alkyl groups or branched alkyl groups may be further substituted by a halogen atom, an alkyl group, an alkylaryl group, an arylalkyl group, an alkoxy group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an amido group, a silyl group or a germanyl group.
  • a 1 is an alkyl group containing 1 to 30 carbon atoms. In an embodiment of the disclosure A 1 , is an aliphatic (i.e. saturated) group. In embodiment of the disclosure, A 1 is an alkyl group containing unsaturation. In an embodiment of the disclosure, A 1 is a straight chain alkyl group. In an embodiment of the disclosure, A 1 is a substituted alkyl group. If substituted, the A 1 alkyl group may be substituted with a halogen group, an aryl group, an arylalkyl group, an alkylaryl group, an alkoxy group, an aryloxy group, an amido group, a silyl group or a germanyl group.
  • a 1 is a straight chain alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • a 1 is a branched alkyl group having at least 3 carbon atoms.
  • a 1 is an alkyl group selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-heptyl, n-hexyl, n-septyl, and n-octyl.
  • a 1 is a methyl group.
  • a 1 is an alkenyl group.
  • a 1 is an allyl group.
  • a 1 is H.
  • a 1 is H, an alkyl group or a substituted alkyl group and each of A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 is a methyl group.
  • a 1 is H, or an alkyl group and each of A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 is a methyl group.
  • a 1 is H, or a methyl group and each of A 2 , A 3 , A 4 and A 5 is a methyl group.
  • a 1 is H, or a methyl group, and of each of A 2 and A 3 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group while A 4 and A 5 are H.
  • a 1 is H, or a methyl group
  • each of A 2 and A 3 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group
  • a 4 and A 5 are independently a H, a halide, an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group.
  • a 1 is H, or a methyl group
  • each of A 2 and A 3 are independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl group
  • a 4 and A 5 are independently a H, or a substituted or an unsubstituted alkyl or aryl group.
  • the A 2 to A 5 substituents form an indenyl group having the following structure: wherein each A 7 is independently a H, a halide, an acyclic or a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or an acyclic or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group, and where any A 7 may be part of a cyclical hydrocarbyl group or a cyclical heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group and where A 1 is a H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group
  • the moiety is selected from the group consisting of the following structures: where A 1 is a H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
  • the moiety is selected from the group consisting of the following structures:
  • a 9 is an aryl group (such as for example a phenyl group, or a napthyl group), which may be substituted or unsubstituted by one or more of an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a halide group.
  • aryl group such as for example a phenyl group, or a napthyl group
  • the moiety has the following structure: where A 1 is a H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; A 8 is a H, a halide, a hydrocarbyl group or heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group, a cyclical hydrocarbyl group or a cyclical heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; where A 8 may be part of a cyclical hydrocarbyl group or a cyclical heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; and A 9 is a hydrocarbyl group or heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group, a cyclical hydrocarbyl group or a cyclical heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group and where A 9 may be part of a cyclical hydrocarbyl group or a cyclical heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group.
  • a 9 an aryl group (such as for example a phenyl group, or a napthyl group), which may be substituted or unsubstituted by one or more of an alkyl group, an aryl group, or a halide group.
  • aryl group such as for example a phenyl group, or a napthyl group
  • the moiety has the following structure: where A 1 is a H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and X* is a halide.
  • X* is bromide
  • the moiety is selected from the group consisting of the following structures: where A 1 is a H, or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.
  • cyclopentadienyl-type ligand is meant to include ligands which contain at least one five-carbon ring which is bonded to the metal via eta-5 (or in some cases eta-3) bonding.
  • cyclopentadienyl-type includes, for example, unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl, singly or multiply substituted cyclopentadienyl, unsubstituted indenyl, singly or multiply substituted indenyl, unsubstituted fluorenyl and singly or multiply substituted fluorenyl.
  • Substituents for a cyclopentadienyl ligand, an indenyl ligand (or hydrogenated version thereof) and a fluorenyl ligand (or hydrogenated version thereof) may be selected from the group consisting of a C 1-30 hydrocarbyl radical (which hydrocarbyl radical may be unsubstituted or further substituted by for example a halide and/or a hydrocarbyl group; for example a suitable substituted C 1-30 hydrocarbyl radical is a pentafluorobenzyl group such as -CH 2 C 6 F 5 ); a halogen atom; a C 1-8 alkoxy radical; a C 6-10 aryl or aryloxy radical (each of which may be further substituted by for example a halide and/or a hydrocarbyl group); an amido radical which is unsubstituted or substituted by up to two C 1-8 alkyl radicals; a phosphido radical which is unsub
  • L is a ligand selected from the group consisting of cyclopentadienyl, substituted cyclopentadienyl, indenyl, substituted indenyl, fluorenyl, and substituted fluorenyl.
  • L is an unsubstituted cyclopentadienyl ligand (i.e. Cp).
  • L is perfluorophenyl substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand (i.e. Cp-C 6 F 5 ).
  • L is 1,2 substituted cyclopentadienyl ligand (e.g. a 1,2-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp) where the substituents are selected from R* a hydrocarbyl group, and Ar-F a perfluorinated aryl group, a 2,6 (i.e. ortho) fluoro substituted phenyl group, a 2,4,6 (i.e. ortho/para) fluoro substituted phenyl group, or a 2,3,5,6 (i.e. ortho/meta) fluoro substituted phenyl group respectively.
  • a 1,2-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp where the substituents are selected from R* a hydrocarbyl group, and Ar-F a perfluorinated aryl group, a 2,6 (i.e. ortho) fluoro substituted phenyl group, a 2,4,6 (i.e. ortho/para) fluoro substituted phenyl group, or a 2,3,
  • 1,2 substituted cyclopentadienyl ligands such as for example 1,2-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp ligands may contain as impurities 1,3 substituted analogues such as for example 1,3-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp ligands.
  • L is 1,2-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp where R* is a hydrocarbyl group; Ar-F is a perfluorinated aryl group, a 2,6 (i.e. ortho) fluoro substituted phenyl group, a 2,4,6 (i.e. ortho/para) fluoro substituted phenyl group, or a 2,3,5,6 (i.e. ortho/meta) fluoro substituted phenyl group.
  • L is 1,2-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp where R* is an alkyl group; Ar-F is a perfluorinated aryl group, a 2,6 (i.e.
  • L is 1,2-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp where R* is a hydrocarbyl group having from 1 to 20 carbons; Ar-F is a perfluorinated aryl group. In an embodiment of the disclosure, L is 1,2-(R*)(Ar-F)Cp where R* is a straight chain alkyl group; Ar-F is a perfluorinated aryl group, a 2,6 (i.e.
  • L is 1,2-(n-R*)(Ar-F)Cp where R* is a straight chain alkyl group; Ar-F is a perfluorinated aryl group.
  • L is 1,2-(R*)(C 6 F 5 )Cp where R* is a hydrocarbyl group having 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
  • L is 1,2-(n-R*)(C 6 F 5 )Cp where R* is a straight chain alkyl group. In an embodiment of the disclosure, L is 1,2-(n-R*)(C 6 F 5 )Cp where R* is any one of a methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, n-penty, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, and n-octyl group.
  • perfluorinated aryl group means that each hydrogen atom attached to a carbon atom in an aryl group has been replaced with a fluorine atom as is well understood in the art (e.g. a perfluorinated phenyl group or substituent has the formula -C 6 F 5 ).
  • M is titanium
  • M is hafnium
  • indenyl ligand (or "Ind” for short) as defined in the present disclosure will have framework carbon atoms with the numbering scheme provided below, so the location of a substituent can be readily identified.
  • L is a singly substituted or multiply substituted indenyl ligand.
  • L is a singly or multiply substituted indenyl ligand where the substituent is selected from the group consisting of a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or an unsubstituted aryl group, and a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl (e.g. C 6 H 5 CH 2 -) group.
  • Suitable substituents for the alkyl, aryl or benzyl group may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, alkylaryl groups (e.g. a benzyl group), arylalkyl groups and halide groups.
  • L is a singly substituted indenyl ligand, R ⁇ -Indenyl, where the R ⁇ substituent is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or an unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group.
  • R ⁇ substituents for an R ⁇ alkyl, R ⁇ aryl or R ⁇ benzyl group may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, alkylaryl groups (e.g. a benzyl group), arylalkyl groups and halide groups.
  • L is an indenyl ligand having at least a 1-position substituent (1-R ⁇ ) where the substituent R ⁇ is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or an unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted benzyl group.
  • substituents for an R ⁇ alkyl, R ⁇ aryl or R ⁇ benzyl group may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, alkylaryl groups (e.g. a benzyl group), arylalkyl groups and halide groups.
  • L is a singly substituted indenyl ligand, 1-R ⁇ -Indenyl where the substituent R ⁇ is in the 1-position of the indenyl ligand and is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or a substituted or an unsubstituted benzyl group.
  • Suitable substituents for an R ⁇ alkyl, R ⁇ aryl or R ⁇ benzyl group may be selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups, aryl groups, alkoxy groups, aryloxy groups, alkylaryl groups (e.g. a benzyl group), arylalkyl groups and halide groups.
  • L is a singly substituted indenyl ligand, 1-R ⁇ -Indenyl, where the substituent R ⁇ is a (partially/fully) halide substituted alkyl group, a (partially/fully) halide substituted benzyl group, or a (partially/fully) halide substituted aryl group.
  • L is a singly substituted indenyl ligand, 1-R ⁇ -Indenyl, where the substituent R ⁇ is a (partially/fully) halide substituted benzyl group.
  • a benzyl group When present on an indenyl ligand, a benzyl group can be partially or fully substituted by halide atoms, preferably fluoride atoms.
  • the aryl group of the benzyl group may be a perfluorinated aryl group, a 2,6 (i.e. ortho) fluoro substituted phenyl group, 2,4,6 (i.e. ortho/para) fluoro substituted phenyl group or a 2,3,5,6 (i.e. ortho/meta) fluoro substituted phenyl group respectively.
  • the benzyl group is, in an embodiment of the disclosure, located at the 1 position of the indenyl ligand.
  • L is a singly substituted indenyl ligand, 1-R ⁇ -Indenyl, where the substituent R ⁇ is a pentafluorobenzyl (C 6 F 5 CH 2 -) group.
  • the term "activatable”, means that the ligand X may be cleaved from the metal center M via a protonolysis reaction or abstracted from the metal center M by suitable acidic or electrophilic catalyst activator compounds (also known as "co-catalyst” compounds) respectively, examples of which are described below.
  • the activatable ligand X may also be transformed into another ligand which is cleaved or abstracted from the metal center M (e.g. a halide may be converted to an alkyl group).
  • protonolysis or abstraction reactions generate an active "cationic" metal center which can polymerize olefins.
  • the activatable ligand, X is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom; a halogen atom, a C 1-10 hydrocarbyl radical; a C 1-10 alkoxy radical; and a C 6-10 aryl or aryloxy radical, where each of the hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, aryl, or aryl oxide radicals may be un-substituted or further substituted by one or more halogen or other group; a C 1-8 alkyl; a C 1-8 alkoxy, a C 6-10 aryl or aryloxy; an amido or a phosphido radical, but where X is not a cyclopentadienyl.
  • Two X ligands may also be joined to one another and form for example, a substituted or unsubstituted diene ligand (i.e. 1,3-butadiene); or a delocalized heteroatom containing group such as an acetate or acetamidinate group.
  • each X is independently selected from the group consisting of a halide atom, a C 1-4 alkyl radical and a benzyl radical.
  • activatable ligands are monoanionic such as a halide (e.g. chloride) or a hydrocarbyl (e.g. methyl, benzyl).
  • a halide e.g. chloride
  • a hydrocarbyl e.g. methyl, benzyl
  • the catalyst activator used to activate the phosphinimine catalyst can be any suitable activator including one or more activators selected from the group consisting of alkylaluminoxanes and ionic activators, optionally together with an alkylating agent.
  • alkylaluminoxanes are thought to be complex aluminum compounds of the formula: R 3 2 Al 1 O(R 3 Al 1 O) m Al 1 R 3 2 , wherein each R 3 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-20 hydrocarbyl radicals and m is from 3 to 50.
  • a hindered phenol can be added to the alkylaluminoxane to provide a molar ratio of Al 1 :hindered phenol of from 2:1 to 5:1 when the hindered phenol is present.
  • R 3 of the alkylaluminoxane is a methyl radical and m is from 10 to 40.
  • the alkylaluminoxanes are typically used in substantial molar excess compared to the amount of group 4 transition metal in the organometallic compound/complex.
  • the Al 1 :group 4 transition metal molar ratios may be from about 10:1 to about 10,000:1, preferably from about 30:1 to about 500:1.
  • the catalyst activator is methylaluminoxane (MAO).
  • the catalyst activator is modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO).
  • alkylaluminoxane can serve dual roles as both an alkylator and an activator.
  • an alkylaluminoxane activator is often used in combination with activatable ligands such as halogens.
  • the catalyst activator of the present disclosure may be a combination of an alkylating agent (which may also serve as a scavenger) with an activator capable of ionizing the group 4 of the transition metal catalyst (i.e. an ionic activator).
  • the activator can be chosen from one or more alkylaluminoxane and/or an ionic activator, since an alkylaluminoxane may serve as both an activator and an alkylating agent.
  • the alkylating agent may be selected from the group consisting of (R 4 ) p MgX 2 2-p wherein X 2 is a halide and each R 4 is independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-10 alkyl radicals and p is 1 or 2; R 4 Li wherein in R 4 is as defined above, (R 4 ) q ZnX 2 2-q wherein R 4 is as defined above, X 2 is halogen and q is 1 or 2; and (R 4 ) s Al 2 X 2 3-s wherein R 4 is as defined above, X 2 is halogen and s is an integer from 1 to 3.
  • R 4 is a C 1-4 alkyl radical, and X 2 is chlorine.
  • TEAL triethyl aluminum
  • tributyl aluminum diethyl aluminum chloride
  • DEC diethyl aluminum chloride
  • BuEtMg or BuMgEt butyl ethyl magnesium
  • Alkylaluminoxanes can also be used as alkylating agents.
  • the ionic activator may be selected from the group consisting of: (i) compounds of the formula [R 5 ] + [B(R 6 ) 4 ] - wherein B is a boron atom, R 5 is a cyclic C 5-7 aromatic cation or a triphenyl methyl cation and each R 6 is independently selected from the group consisting of phenyl radicals which are unsubstituted or substituted with from 3 to 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of a fluorine atom, a C 1-4 alkyl or alkoxy radical which is unsubstituted or substituted by a fluorine atom; and a silyl radical of the formula --Si--(R 7 ) 3 ; wherein each R 7 is independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen atom and a C 1-4 alkyl radical; and (ii) compounds of the formula [(R 8 ) t ZH]+ [B(R 6 ) 4 ] - wherein
  • R 6 is a pentafluorophenyl radical
  • R 5 is a triphenylmethyl cation
  • Z is a nitrogen atom
  • R 8 is a C 1-4 alkyl radical or R 8 taken together with the nitrogen atom forms an anilinium radical which is substituted by two C 1-4 alkyl radicals.
  • Examples of compounds capable of ionizing the phosphinimine catalyst include the following compounds: triethylammonium tetra(phenyl)boron, tripropylammonium tetra(phenyl)boron, tri(n-butyl)ammonium tetra(phenyl)boron, trimethylammonium tetra(p-tolyl)boron, trimethylammonium tetra(o-tolyl)boron, tributylammonium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)boron, tripropylammonium tetra (o,p-dimethylphenyl)boron, tributylammonium tetra(m,m-dimethylphenyl)boron, tributylammonium tetra(p-trifluoromethylphenyl)boron, tributylammonium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)boron,
  • the ionic activator compounds may be used in amounts which provide a molar ratio of group 4 transition metal to boron that will be from 1:1 to 1:6.
  • mixtures of alkylaluminoxanes and ionic activators can be used as activators for the organometallic complex.
  • Solution polymerization processes for the polymerization or copolymerization of ethylene are well known in the art (see for example U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,372,864 and 6,777,509 ). These processes are conducted in the presence of an inert hydrocarbon solvent, typically, a C 5-12 hydrocarbon which may be unsubstituted or substituted by C 1-4 alkyl group such as pentane, methyl pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and hydrogenated naphtha.
  • an inert hydrocarbon solvent typically, a C 5-12 hydrocarbon which may be unsubstituted or substituted by C 1-4 alkyl group
  • pentane typically, a C 5-12 hydrocarbon which may be unsubstituted or substituted by C 1-4 alkyl group
  • pentane typically, a C 5-12 hydrocarbon which may be unsubstituted or substituted by
  • the polymerization temperature in a conventional solution process is from about 80°C to about 300°C. In an embodiment of the disclosure the polymerization temperature in a solution process if from about 120°C to about 250°C.
  • the polymerization pressure in a solution process may be a "medium pressure process", meaning that the pressure in the reactor is less than about 6,000 psi (about 42,000 kiloPascals or kPa). In an embodiment of the disclosure, the polymerization pressure in a solution process may be from about 10,000 to about 40,000 kPa, or from about 14,000 to about 22,000 kPa (i.e. from about 2,000 psi to about 3,000 psi).
  • Suitable monomers for copolymerization with ethylene include C 3-20 mono- and di-olefins.
  • Preferred comonomers include C 3-12 alpha olefins which are unsubstituted or substituted by up to two C 1-6 alkyl radicals, C 8-12 vinyl aromatic monomers which are unsubstituted or substituted by up to two substituents selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl radicals, C 4-12 straight chained or cyclic diolefins which are unsubstituted or substituted by a C 1-4 alkyl radical.
  • alpha-olefins are one or more of propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene and 1-decene, styrene, alpha methyl styrene, and the constrained-ring cyclic olefins such as cyclobutene, cyclopentene, dicyclopentadiene norbornene, alkyl-substituted norbornenes, and alkenyl-substituted norbornenes (e.g. 5-methylene-2-norbornene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, bicyclo-(2,2,1)-hepta-2,5-diene).
  • cyclobutene cyclopentene
  • dicyclopentadiene norbornene norbornene
  • alkyl-substituted norbornenes alkenyl-substituted norbornenes
  • the polyethylene polymers which may be prepared in accordance with the present disclosure are LLDPE's which typically comprise not less than 60, preferably not less than 75 weight % of ethylene and the balance one or more C 4-10 alpha olefins, preferably selected from the group consisting of 1-butene, 1-hexene and 1-octene.
  • the polyethylene prepared in accordance with the present disclosure may be LLDPE having a density from about 0.910 to 0. 935 g/cc or (linear) high density polyethylene having a density above 0.935 g/cc.
  • the present disclosure might also be useful to prepare polyethylene having a density below 0.910 g/cc - the so-called very low and ultra low density polyethylenes (note: "cc" is cubic centimeters, cm 3 and "g" is grams).
  • the alpha olefin may be present in an amount from about 3 to 30 weight %, preferably from about 4 to 25 weight %.
  • the present disclosure may also be used to prepare co-and ter-polymers of ethylene, propylene and optionally one or more diene monomers.
  • such polymers will contain about 50 to about 75 weight % ethylene, preferably about 50 to 60 weight % ethylene and correspondingly from 50 to 25 weight % of propylene.
  • a portion of the monomers, typically the propylene monomer, may be replaced by a conjugated diolefin.
  • the diolefin may be present in amounts up to 10 weight % of the polymer although typically is present in amounts from about 3 to 5 weight %.
  • the resulting polymer may have a composition comprising from 40 to 75 weight % of ethylene, from 50 to 15 weight % of propylene and up to 10 weight % of a diene monomer to provide 100 weight % of the polymer.
  • Preferred examples of the dienes are dicyclopentadiene, 1 ,4-hexadiene, 5-methylene-2-norbornene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene and 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, especially 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene and 1 ,4-hexadiene.
  • the monomers are dissolved/dispersed in the solvent either prior to being fed to the reactor (or for gaseous monomers the monomer may be fed to the reactor so that it will dissolve in the reaction mixture).
  • the solvent and monomers Prior to mixing, are generally purified to remove potential catalyst poisons such as water, oxygen or metal impurities.
  • the feedstock purification follows standard practices in the art, e.g. molecular sieves, alumina beds and oxygen removal catalysts are used for the purification of monomers.
  • the solvent itself as well e.g. methyl pentane, cyclohexane, hexane or toluene is preferably treated in a similar manner.
  • the feedstock may be heated or cooled prior to feeding to the reactor.
  • the catalyst components may be premixed in the solvent for the reaction or fed as separate streams to the reactor. In some instances premixing it may be desirable to provide a reaction time for the catalyst components prior to entering the reaction.
  • premixing it may be desirable to provide a reaction time for the catalyst components prior to entering the reaction.
  • An embodiment of the disclosure is a solution polymerization process comprising polymerizing ethylene with one or more C 3-12 alpha olefins in a solvent in the presence of a catalyst system comprising: i) a phosphinimine catalyst having the following structure: wherein M is Ti, Zr or Hf; L is a cyclopentadienyl type ligand; each X is independently an activatable ligand; A 1 is a H or an alkyl group; A 2 and A 5 are a hydrocarbyl group or heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; A 3 and A 4 are H, a hydrocarbyl group, or a heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; and where any of A 2 to A 5 may be part of a cyclic hydrocarbyl group or a cyclic heteroatom containing hydrocarbyl group; and ii) a catalyst activator selected from the group consisting of an ionic activator, a methylaluminoxane or a mixture thereof
  • Chlorodiisopropylphosphine, chlorodi- tert -butylphosphine, methylmagnesium bromide (3.0 M solution in diethylether), 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-ethylphenol (BHEB), and azidotrimethylsilane were purchased from Aldrich and used as received.
  • MMAO-7 (7 wt% solution in Isopar-E) was purchase from Akzo Nobel and used as received.
  • Triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate was purchased from Albemarle Corp. and used as received.
  • Cyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride (CpTiCl 3 ) was purchased from Strem and used as received.
  • (Pentafluorophenyl)-cyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride, (C 6 F 5 Cp)TiCl 3 was prepared according to the literature method ( Maldanis, R. J., Chien, J. C. W., Rausch, M. D. J. Organomet. Chem. 2000, 599, 107 ).
  • Octamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorene (C 29 H 38 ) was prepared according to the literature method ( Miller, S. A.; Bercaw, J. E.
  • Polymer sample solutions (1 to 2 mg/mL) were prepared by heating the polymer in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB) and rotating on a wheel for 4 hours at 150°C in an oven.
  • the antioxidant 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was added to the mixture in order to stabilize the polymer against oxidative degradation.
  • the BHT concentration was 250 ppm.
  • Sample solutions were chromatographed at 140°C on a PL 220 high-temperature chromatography unit equipped with four Shodex columns (HT803, HT804, HT805 and HT806) using TCB as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/minute, with a differential refractive index (DRI) as the concentration detector.
  • DRI differential refractive index
  • BHT was added to the mobile phase at a concentration of 250 ppm to protect the columns from oxidative degradation.
  • the sample injection volume was 200 mL.
  • the raw data were processed with CIRRUS ® GPC software.
  • the columns were calibrated with narrow distribution polystyrene standards.
  • the polystyrene molecular weights were converted to polyethylene molecular weights using the Mark-Houwink equation, as described in the ASTM standard test method D6474.
  • the branch frequency of copolymer samples i.e. the short chain branching, SCB per 1000 carbons
  • C 6 comonomer content in wt% was determined by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as per the ASTM D6645-01 method.
  • FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
  • branch frequency as a function of molecular weight (and hence the comonomer distribution) was carried out using high temperature Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) and FT-IR of the eluent. Polyethylene standards with a known branch content, polystyrene and hydrocarbons with a known molecular weight were used for calibration.
  • reverse(d) comonomer distribution is used herein to mean, that across the molecular weight range of the ethylene copolymer, comonomer contents for the various polymer fractions are not substantially uniform and the higher molecular weight fractions thereof have proportionally higher comonomer contents (i.e. if the comonomer incorporation rises with molecular weight, the distribution is described as “reverse” or “reversed”). Where the comonomer incorporation rises with increasing molecular weight and then declines, the comonomer distribution is still considered “reverse”, but may also be described as “partially reverse”.
  • a solubility distribution curve is first generated for the polyethylene composition. This is accomplished using data acquired from the TREF technique. This solubility distribution curve is a plot of the weight fraction of the copolymer that is solubilized as a function of temperature. This is converted to a cumulative distribution curve of weight fraction versus comonomer content, from which the CDBI(50) is determined by establishing the weight percentage of a copolymer sample that has a comonomer content within 50% of the median comonomer content on each side of the median (See WO 93/03093 and U.S. Patent 5,376,439 ). The CDBI(25) is determined by establishing the weight percentage of a copolymer sample that has a comonomer content within 25% of the median comonomer content on each side of the median.
  • the temperature rising elution fractionation (TREF) method used herein was as follows. Polymer samples (50 to 150 mg) were introduced into the reactor vessel of a crystallization-TREF unit (Polymer Char). The reactor vessel was filled with 20 to 40 mL 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB), and heated to the desired dissolution temperature (e.g. 150°C) for 1 to 3 hours. The solution (0.5 to 1.5 mL) was then loaded into the TREF column filled with stainless steel beads. After equilibration at a given stabilization temperature (e.g. 110°C) for 30 to 45 minutes, the polymer solution was allowed to crystallize with a temperature drop from the stabilization temperature to 30°C (0.1 or 0.2°C/minute).
  • TAB 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
  • the crystallized sample was eluted with TCB (0.5 or 0.75 mL/minute) with a temperature ramp from 30°C to the stabilization temperature (0.25 or 1.0°C/minute).
  • the TREF column was cleaned at the end of the run for 30 minutes at the dissolution temperature.
  • the data were processed using Polymer Char software, Excel spreadsheet and TREF software developed in-house.
  • reaction flask was wrapped in aluminum foil and stirred for 18 hours.
  • volatiles were removed under vacuum and the residue was taken up into toluene, filtered through a silica plug, and then concentrated to give the product as an off-white solid (10.1 g; 93%).
  • Di-iso-propyl-(9-methylfluorenyl)phosphine, (9-Me-Flu)( i -Pr) 2 P To an ether solution (40 mL) of 9-methylfluorene (2.05 g; 11.1 mmol; 1 equiv.) at -60°C was added n-BuLi (7 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane; 11.2 mmol; 1.01 equiv.) dropwise via syringe. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and then stirred for a further 2 hours.
  • 9-Methyl-2,7-di- tert -butyl(di- iso -propyl)phosphine (9-Me-2,7- t -Bu 2 -Flu)( i- Pr)2P.
  • 9-Me-2,7- t -Bu 2 -FluH i- Pr 2P.
  • n -BuLi 2.1 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane; 3.36 mmol; 1 equiv.
  • 2,7-Di-tert-butylfluorenyllithium, 2,7- t- Bu 2 FluLi To a solution of 2,7-di- tert- butylfluorene (2.781 g, 9.99 mmol) in minimal amount of pentane (10 mL) at ambient temperature was added n -BuLi (6.5 mL of a 1.6M hexane solution; 10.4 mmol; 1.05 equiv.) dropwise via syringe. A formation of a yellow precipitate occurred overnight. The lithium salt solution was filtered and a yellow solid collected. The filtrate was placed in the freezer and more yellow precipitate was collected to yield a total of 2.67 g (94%).
  • MeMgBr 0.672 mL of a 3.0 M solution in Et 2 O, 2.02 mmol
  • octamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorene (1.59 g; 4.10 mmol; 1 equiv.) at ambient temperature was added n -BuLi (2.6 mL of a 1.6 M hexane solution; 4.10 mmol; 1 equiv.) dropwise via syringe. The formation of an orange slurry was observed.
  • 9-Methyloctamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorene 9-MeC 29 H 37 .
  • Preparation of 9-MeOct was accomplished by sequential treatment of OctH with n -BuLi and Mel as described for 9-methyl-2,7-di- tert -butylfluorene.
  • 9-Methyloctamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorenyl(di- iso- propyl)phosphine (9-MeC 29 H 36 )( i -Pr) 2 P.
  • Et 2 O solution 10 mL
  • n -BuLi 1.6 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane; 2.56 mmol; 1 equiv.
  • the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature and then stirred for a further 2 hours.
  • 9-Allyloctamethyloctahydrodibenzofluorenyl(di- iso -propyl)phosphine 9-AllylC 29 H 36 ( i -Pr) 2 P.
  • n -BuLi 3.22 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane; 5.15 mmol; 1 equiv.
  • 1,3-Dimethylindene was prepared by successive methylations of indene according to the following procedure. To a stirred solution of freshly distilled indene (17.5 g, 150.67 mmol, 1.00 equiv.) in pentane (400 mL) at ambient temperature was added dropwise a solution of n -BuLi (98.9 mL of a 1.6 M solution in hexane, 158.2 mmol, 1.05 equiv.). The resulting colourless slurry was stirred for 18 hours, filtered, and dried under vacuum to give indenyllithium as a colourless solid (17.10 g, 93%).
  • the indenyllithium (17.10 g, 113.5 mmol, 1.00 equiv.) was taken up into Et 2 O (200 mL) and added dropwise via cannula to a solution of iodomethane (10.6 mL, 170.2 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) in Et 2 O (100 mL) at ambient temperature.
  • the reaction flask was covered with aluminum foil and the resulting pink solution was stirred for 18 hours.
  • the reaction mixture was quenched with distilled water (100 mL) and the organic portion was extracted into Et 2 O (3 ⁇ 50 mL). The combined organic fraction was dried over anhydrous MgSO 4 and filtered.
  • 1,3-dimethylindene 3.19 g, 22.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv.
  • THF 100 mL
  • n -BuLi 14.5 mL of a 1.6 M hexane solution; 23.2 mmol; 1.05 equiv.
  • the resulting mixture was stirred for 2 hours and then the volatiles were removed under vacuum.
  • Example 14 was prepared according to the literature method ( Stephan, D. W.; Stewart, J. C.; Guerin, F.; Courtenay, S.; Kickham, J.; Hollink, E.; Beddie, C.; Hoskin, A.; Graham, T.; Wei, P.; Spence, R. E. v. H.; Xu, W.; Koch, L.; Gao, X.; Harrison, D. G. Organometallics 2003, 22, 1937-1947 ).
  • Example 15 was prepared according to the literature method ( Stephan, D. W.; Stewart, J. C.; Guerin, F.; Courtenay, S.; Kickham, J.; Hollink, E.; Beddie, C.; Hoskin, A.; Graham, T.; Wei, P.; Spence, R. E. v. H.; Xu, W.; Koch, L.; Gao, X.; Harrison, D. G. Organometallics 2003, 22, 1937-1947 ).
  • the energetic barrier for the exchange of two NMR resonance frequencies can be estimated from the free energy of activation, ⁇ G ⁇ (J ⁇ mol -1 ), using the following equation: where T c is the coalescence temperature (in Kelvin, K), ⁇ v is the difference between the resonance frequencies of the nuclei in positions A and B (Hz), and R is the universal gas constant (8.31 J ⁇ K -1 ).
  • Titanium phosphinimine complexes Examples 5, 6, 7, 11 and 12 exhibited fluxional solution NMR behaviour and the calculated free energies of activation, ⁇ G ⁇ , are shown in Table 1.
  • Table 1 the aromatic region for the variable temperature 1 H NMR spectra of titanium complexes Examples 5 and 11 are shown in Figures 1 and 2 , respectively.
  • Example 5 245 ⁇ 5 344 11.0 ⁇ 0.2
  • Example 6 - - Not measured. NMR behaviour is similar to Example 5.
  • Example 11 230 ⁇ 5 412 10.2 ⁇ 0.2
  • Example 12 230 ⁇ 5 405 10.2 ⁇ 0.2
  • Continuous polymerizations were conducted on a continuous polymerization unit (CPU) using cyclohexane as the solvent.
  • the CPU contained a 71.5 mL stirred reactor and was operated between 130 to 190°C for the polymerization experiments.
  • An upstream mixing reactor having a 20 mL volume was operated at 5°C lower than the polymerization reactor.
  • the mixing reactor was used to preheat the ethylene, octene and some of the solvent streams.
  • Catalyst feeds xylene or cyclohexane solutions of titanium phosphinimine complex, (Ph 3 C)[B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ], and MMAO-7/BHEB) and additional solvent were added directly to the polymerization reactor in a continuous process.
  • MMAO-7 and BHEB solution flows were combined prior to the reactor to ensure that all of the phenolic OH had been passivated through reaction with the MMAO-7 prior to reaching the reactor.
  • a total continuous flow of 27 mL/min into the polymerization reactor was maintained.
  • Copolymers were made at a 1-octene / ethylene weight ratio of 0.5.
  • the ethylene was fed at a 10 wt% ethylene concentration in the polymerization reactor.
  • the CPU system operated at a pressure of 10.5 MPa.
  • the solvent, monomer, and comonomer streams were all purified by the CPU systems before entering the reactor.
  • Copolymer samples were collected at 90 ⁇ 1 % ethylene conversion (Q), dried in a vacuum oven, ground, and then analyzed using FTIR (for short-chain branch frequency) and GPC-RI (for molecular weight and distribution). Selected ethylene/1-octene copolymer samples were further characterized using GPC-FTIR and TREF. Copolymerization conditions are listed in Table 2 and copolymer properties are listed in Table 3.
  • Phosphinimine complexes having P-bonded cyclopentadienyl (Ex. 1 and 2) or fluorenyl (Ex. 3 and 4) substituents and two iso -propyl groups displayed sharp 1 H NMR spectra at ambient temperature.
  • Catalysts made from Ex. 1-4 produced copolymers (runs 16-19) with moderate to low activity at 140°C and with no obvious differentiated behaviour versus comparative phosphinimine catalysts Ex. 14 and 15 (copolymer runs 35 and 37).
  • copolymers from runs 16-19 had polymer molecular weight distributions ranging from M w / M n of 1.91-2.06 which are slightly broader than the comparative copolymers from runs 35 and 37 ( M w / M n 1.68 and 1.63, respectively). This may be an indication of some effect on catalyst site behaviour and polymer microstructure from having very sterically bulky substituents on the phosphinimine ligand even though dynamic behaviour was not observed in the NMR spectra.
  • inventive phosphinimine complexes having P-bonded bulky 2,7-di- tert -butylfluorenyl substituents and two larger P-bonded tert -butyl groups (Ex. 5, 6, and 7) displayed dynamic 1 H NMR behaviour.
  • Catalysts derived from these complexes displayed multisite behaviour, inferred from the nonhomogeneous distribution of short chain branches (SCB) as indicated by GPC-FTIR and TREF analysis of the copolymers.
  • SCB short chain branches
  • Copolymers from runs 20-22 conducted at 140°C all displayed broadened bimodal or trimodal TREF profiles ( Figures 4 , 6 , and 8 ) with CDBI 50 of ⁇ 90 wt% while comparative runs 35 and 37 (140°C) had sharp, unimodal TREF profiles with CDBI 50 of 96.0 and 94.4 wt%, respectively ( Figures 28 and 30 ).
  • the GPC-FTIR profiles for runs 20-22 ( Figures 3 , 5 , and 7 ) all displayed 'normal' SCB distributions (higher SCB at lower MW) which are in contrast to the flat (uniform) SCB distributions shown in runs 35 and 37 ( Figures 27 and 29 ).
  • Copolymer run 27 had M w / M n of 2.57, a broad trimodal TREF profile (CDBI 50 of 81.4 wt%), and sloped SCB distribution in the GPC-FTIR, while copolymer from run 23 showed M w / M n of 1.62, flat SCB distribution, and CDBI 50 of 91.2 wt% indicative of single-site behaviour (compare Figures 9 and 10 for run 23 with Figures 13 and 14 for run 27). This observation correlates with Ex. 8 exhibiting a sharp 1 H NMR spectrum while Ex. 11 exhibits dynamic NMR behaviour and a large, measurable free energy of activation. Increasing the ligand steric bulk on Ex. 8 by functionalizing the 9-fluorenyl position with CH 3 (Ex.
  • Polyethylene copolymers composed of resin components with broader (non-uniform) comonomer compositions and broader molecular weight distributions could bring commercial advantages.
  • an ethylene copolymer having a mixed microstructure derived from a catalyst having a mixture of single site and multisite catalyst behaviors may provide a balance of good dart impact values, processability and tear properties, as well as good optical properties.
  • Phosphinimine catalysts are important catalysts for use in the solution phase polymerization of ethylene and alpha olefins into commercially useful polyethylene thermoplastic materials.
  • the present invention provides phosphinimine catalysts exhibiting thermally tunable polymerization behavior which allows for increased levels of control over a polyethylene copolymer microstructure.

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Claims (11)

  1. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator, der die folgende Struktur aufweist:
    Figure imgb0059
     worin M Ti, Zr oder Hf ist; L ein Ligand vom Cyclopentadienyl-Typ ist; die X jeweils unabhängig ein aktivierbarer Ligand sind; A1 ein H oder eine substituierte oder unsubstituierte Alkylgruppe ist; A2 und A5 jeweils unabhängig voneinander eine azyklische oder zyklische Hydrocarbylgruppe oder eine azyklische oder zyklische Heteroatom-hältige Hydrocarbylgruppe sind; A3 und A4 jeweils unabhängig voneinander ein H, ein Halogenid, eine azyklische oder zyklische Hydrocarbylgruppe oder eine azyklische oder zyklische Heteroatom-hältige Hydrocarbylgruppe sind; und wobei gegebenenfalls beliebige von A2 bis A5 Teil einer zyklischen Hydrocarbylgruppe oder einer zyklischen Heteroatom-hältigen Hydrocarbylgruppe sind.
  2. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin L ein substituierter Cyclopentadienyl-Ligand ist.
  3. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin L ein Cyclopentadienyl-Ligand ist, der mit einer C6F5-Gruppe substituiert ist.
  4. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin A1 ein H oder eine unverzweigte Alkylgruppe ist und A2, A3, A4 und A5 jeweils eine Methylgruppe sind.
  5. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin
    Figure imgb0060
     an A2 bis A5 substituiert ist, um eine Indenylgruppe mit der folgenden Struktur zu bilden:
    Figure imgb0061
     worin A1 ein H oder eine unverzweigte Alkylgruppe ist; die A7 jeweils unabhängig ein H, ein Halogenid, eine azyklische oder zyklische Hydrocarbylgruppe oder eine azyklische oder zyklische Heteroatom-hältige Hydrocarbylgruppe sind, wobei gegebenenfalls jedes beliebige A7 Teil einer zyklischen Hydrocarbylgruppe oder einer zyklischen Heteroatom-hältigen Hydrocarbylgruppe ist.
  6. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin
    Figure imgb0062
     an A2 bis A5 substituiert ist, um eine Struktur zu bilden, die aus der aus den folgenden bestehenden Gruppe ausgewählt ist:
    Figure imgb0063
    Figure imgb0064
    Figure imgb0065
     und worin A1 ein H oder eine unverzweigte Alkylgruppe ist.
  7. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin
    Figure imgb0066
     an A2 bis A5 substituiert ist, um eine Struktur zu bilden, die aus der aus den folgenden bestehenden Gruppe ausgewählt ist:
    Figure imgb0067
     und worin A1 en H oder eine unverzweigte Alkylgruppe ist.
  8. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin A1 H ist.
  9. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin M Ti ist.
  10. Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator nach Anspruch 1, worin M Hf ist.
  11. Lösungspolymerisationsverfahren, welches das Polymerisieren von Ethylen mit einem oder mehreren C3-12-α-Olefinen in einem Lösungsmittel in Gegenwart eines Katalysatorsystems umfasst, das Folgendes umfasst:
    i) einen Phosphinimin-Polymerisationskatalysator, der die folgende Struktur aufweist:
    Figure imgb0068
     worin M Ti, Zr oder Hf ist; L ein Ligand vom Cyclopentadienyl-Typ ist; die X jeweils unabhängig ein aktivierbarer Ligand sind; A1 ein H oder eine Alkylgruppe ist; A2 und A5 eine Hydrocarbylgruppe oder eine Heteroatom-hältige Hydrocarbylgruppe sind; A3 und A4 ein H, eine Hydrocarbylgruppe oder eine Heteroatom-hältige Hydrocarbylgruppe sind; und wobei gegebenenfalls beliebige von A2 bis A5 Teil einer zyklischen Hydrocarbylgruppe oder einer zyklischen Heteroatom-hältigen Hydrocarbylgruppe sind; und
    ii) einen Katalysator-Aktivator, der aus der aus einem ionischen Aktivator, einem Alkylaluminoxan oder einem Gemisch davon bestehenden Gruppe ausgewählt ist.
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US5589555A (en) 1991-10-03 1996-12-31 Novacor Chemicals (International) S.A. Control of a solution process for polymerization of ethylene
ATE148905T1 (de) 1992-09-16 1997-02-15 Exxon Chemical Patents Inc Weiche filme mit verbesserten physikalischen eigenschaften
JP2002505707A (ja) 1997-06-14 2002-02-19 ザ ボード オブ トラスティーズ オブ ザ リーランド スタンフォード ジュニア ユニバーシティ エチレン増強高融点熱可塑性エラストマーα−オレフィン重合体合成法（ＰＲＥ／ＥＰＥ効果）
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