EP3452856A1

EP3452856A1 - Microscope and method for localizing fluorescent molecules in three spatial dimensions

Info

Publication number: EP3452856A1
Application number: EP17721132.3A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Florian Fahrbach; Frank Sieckmann; Christian Schumann; Oliver SCHLICKER
Original assignee: Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH
Current assignee: Leica Microsystems CMS GmbH
Priority date: 2016-05-03
Filing date: 2017-05-02
Publication date: 2019-03-13
Also published as: WO2017191121A1; US11067781B2; US20190250390A1

Abstract

The invention relates to a microscope which has an optical illuminating system for exciting fluorescence at point light sources of a sample, an optical detection system, and a camera with a sensor. The density of the point light sources is kept low in order to minimize the overlap of point light sources lying one behind the other or in the vicinity of one another in each image captured by the camera, and a means is provided in the beam path of the optical detection system in order to divide the detection aperture into individual sub-apertures such that the images, which have been generated on the camera sensor by the individual sub-apertures, image an object volume from different spatial directions.

Description

Microscope and method for locating fluorescent molecules in three

space dimensions

The present invention relates to a microscope and a method for locating fluorescent molecules in three spatial dimensions.

For localization techniques with far field / EPI fluorescence excitation, a thin sample is required and only the fluorophores can be located in the area of a thin layer around the focal planes of the detection objective. This range is typically very narrow because the depth of field of the lenses used for localization is very small.

To limit the fluorescence excitation to a thin area, TIR illumination (TIR stands for Total Internal Reflection) is also used.

Localization with light sheet illumination improves the signal-to-background ratio and allows localization even in thick samples. Without further aids, however, it is not possible to localize precisely along the detection axis (z-axis) within the illuminated layer.

The use of cylindrical lenses or other optical elements which cause a z-dependence of the shape or orientation of the spot image function (PSF) in the detection beam path, does not allow the z-position to be detected simultaneously with high precision and over a wide range. Further, due to the use of such PSF deforming elements, no aberration-free conventional image can be generated in addition to localization. However, this may be desirable to establish a context for the localization in the form of a picture of the environment.

The light field technology significantly increases the depth of field of the detection lens while maintaining the light efficiency of the optical system (as opposed to reducing the numerical aperture), and therefore using high numerical aperture objectives detects molecules from a larger area along the optical axis and with comparatively higher precision can be located.

The light field technology also allows the localization of along the detection axis (ie the z-axis) directly behind each other molecules. Other technologies, such as those using cylindrical lenses and similar optical elements, do not permit localization of molecules directly one behind the other, and when the images of two molecules are superimposed, they often can not be precisely and robustly located. Therefore, it is indispensable to have the number of simultaneously emitting

To keep fluorescence molecules low. As a result, only a few molecules can be localized in each image. However, for a sufficiently accurate determination of the structure, a sufficiently high number of molecules must be located. Therefore, a correspondingly high number of individual images (several thousand are common) must be recorded and taking the data, which results in a complete picture of the structure takes a long time. This problem is more pronounced for thick, three-dimensional specimens due to the increased number of potentially emitting molecules, while at the same time increasing the likelihood that the images will be superimposed on two molecules, which therefore can not be properly located.

It is known that in localization microscopy it is attempted to locate the fluorophores also along the detection axis by bringing into the detection beam path an optic whose purpose is to change the PSF of the image such that a measurable feature varies along the z-axis , For example, a cylindrical lens can be introduced which leads to an astigmatic PSF, the ratio of the semi-axes of the PSF now providing information about the z-defocus. Alternatively, helical and double helical PSFs have been used to achieve localization along the optical axis.

The light field technology was used in conjunction with PIV (Particle Imaging Velocimetry) to localize particle flows. The outstanding suitability of Light-Field technology for the localization of particles has been demonstrated. In PIV particles are imaged in a few centimeters large sample volumes whose size is well above Ιμιτι or the resolution limit of a microscope. The precision of the localization does not exceed the diffraction limit. The localization is via scattered light and no selection of the particles is made, i. It is detected by all particles in the illuminated volume scattered light. Since no single molecules are located, the use of dark states (eg, triplet states) or similar metastable excited states of fluorescent molecules is out of the question. As already mentioned, PIV does not image individual molecules but microscopic particles.

The following documents are to be mentioned for the above-mentioned prior art:

• EP 2 244 484 AI

• US 725,567 A

• DE 10 2008 009 216 AI

Cella Zanacchi, F. et al. Live-cell 3D super-resolution imaging in thick biological

samples. Nat. Methods 8, 1047-1049 (2011).

3D-3C velocity fields and 3d surface profiles, Symposium "Laser Methods in Flow Measurement", 9th - 11th September 2014 • Menzel et al 2014, Using a novel light field measurement system

The object of the present invention is therefore to provide a microscope and a method which ensures the localization of individual molecules or generally point light sources in three spatial dimensions.

This object is achieved with regard to the microscope by the features of claim 1 and with respect to the method by the features of claim 15. Advantageous Further developments of the microscope and the method are in the respective

Subclaims specified.

Accordingly, the invention provides a microscope, comprising an illumination optics for fluorescence excitation of point light sources of a sample, a detection optics and a camera with a spatially resolving sensor, wherein the density of the emitting

Point light sources to minimize overlap one behind the other or near

adjacent to each other point light sources are kept small in each captured by the camera image, and wherein in the beam path of the detection optics means for dividing the detection aperture is provided in individual sub-apertures, so that the images that are generated by the individual sub-apertures on the camera sensor, an object volume Map different spatial directions.

In other words, the invention provides a microscope for the ideally over-resolved localization of single molecules or generally point light sources in three

Spatial dimensions.

According to a particularly advantageous embodiment of the invention, the

Illumination optics at least one light sheet, with which the sample is illuminated from at least one direction and the means for subdividing the detection aperture comprises a microlens array. The combination of light field camera and light sheet illumination provided thereby for the microscope according to the invention results in a light field localization technique, which is explained in more detail below.

To locate a point light source in 3D, there are at least two images of the

Point light source necessary, which are mapped by different microlenses on the sensor. Typically, however, each point light source is imaged by multiple microlenses, resulting in an overlap of image areas of different point light sources. On the sensor, each point light source occupies an area corresponding to the area

Multiples the area of a resolution-limited image of the point light source on a sensor. In addition, even point light sources from other planes are projected onto a 2D surface perpendicular to the optical axis. The pictures individual

Point light sources, so can cover. An essential aspect of the invention is thus to limit the density of the point light sources in each individual recorded image. The localization of point light sources in a three-dimensional volume is thus ensured by the fact that their number is kept low to the

Overlapping image riches of different point sources to minimize.

The least possible overlap of image areas of different point light sources can be achieved by the following measures:

- by occasional marking, so-called "sparse labeling", therefore the "density" of

Fluorophores in the sample are kept sufficiently low, such as in Ca ²⁺ imaging individual gCamP-labeled neurons with genetically encoded Ca ²⁺ probes or in the imaging of the blood flow of the staining of a subset of blood cells.

by switchable fluorophores in the case of a relatively high density of fluorophores in the sample, with a sufficiently small subgroup in each for each image

Fluorescence emission excitable molecular state is brought ("turned on"), for example, by photoactivation, transient binding o. Ä., Or a sufficiently large subgroup is brought into a state not fluorescent excitable state ("off");

- by selective illumination: the density of the fluorophores themselves in the sample is too high, but for each image a sufficiently small subset of point light sources is excited to emit fluorescent light, such as by structured illumination.

The requirement established in the context of the invention for a low density of point light sources can be met in different ways. For this purpose, it may, for example, be provided that the point light sources can be switchable fluorophores, such as dye molecules or fluorescent proteins, or quantum dots. The activation of the fluorophores may e.g. about the weak and / or short-term

Radiation of light by achieving a conformity difference are caused (PALM, STORM). The activation may e.g. also by a chemical

Conformation change can be effected, which causes the point light source is set in a stimulated at the intended excitation wavelength for fluorescence emission state. The wavelength used for the circuit is usually different from the wavelength that can be used to excite the fluorescence emission. Alternatively, molecules to be imaged can also be converted into the on state by a chemical bond (PAINT). In GSD microscopy, the ground state of the fluorescence excitation is depopulated by the molecules are converted into a metastable dark state from which they are no longer excitable. In general, a method of RESOLFT microscopy can be used in which a light-induced circuit of the

Point light sources is used to ensure that only a subset of the

Detection volume or present in the sample point light sources simultaneously

Emit fluorescence. In principle, it is also possible to use a non-optical measure, namely to chemically pay attention to a low density when coloring the sample. An alternative is to use so-called "brainbow" organisms stained with a particular fluorescent protein, with each molecule emitting in each of several spectral bands, so that one set of appropriate spectral filters can hide each of the molecules ,

It should be noted at this point that the goal of 3D localization of point light sources does not necessarily have to be achieved with optical over-resolution, ie not below about 0.6λ / ΝΑ.

The illumination, switching in the on, off or a dark state, fluorescence excitation of the point light sources can be done via the detection objective (epifluorescence), via a condenser placed opposite the detection objective or, in a particularly advantageous manner, from the side with the light sheet (SPIM). The thickness of the light sheet is ideally adjusted so that the entire area is to be located out of the, is illuminated for each shot of a camera image. The area to be localized is typically the area within the depth of field of the

Detection optics with depth of field in the context of this figure, e.g. the area along the optical axis within which the diameter of the image of a point light source is not more than a multiple, e.g. of the double, the diameter is in focus. At the same time, the lighting along the optical axis of the

Detection optics as far as possible be restricted to this area. For the purpose of this limitation, in particular along the detection axis, the illumination of a layer in the sample from the side (SPIM) is particularly advantageous.

According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention is provided, the

Illumination optics for activating the point light sources provides a coherent or incoherent structured illumination.

If the point light sources are not switchable, then with the help of the structured

Lighting a subset to be made to emit light from the

Camera sensor is detected. By structuring the lighting should a

Subset / subset of located in the depth of field of the detection optics point light sources illuminated and possibly excited. This patterning can be achieved by interference of several of e.g. two or three beams are propagated, which propagate at an angle to each other through the sample volume. Alternatively, the sample can also be scanned with a focused beam. The propagation direction of the rays may advantageously lie in the plane of the light sheet, which in turn coincides with the

Focus plane of the detection optics coincides, or within the depth of field of the detection optics or within the range along the optical axis in which a localization is possible, is located. If the propagation directions of the rays lie in one plane, these include e.g. 180 ° for two beams and 120 ° for three beams. Preferably, the phase of at least one sub-beam can be varied so that the illumination pattern shifts by a fraction of the period. However, through the (mutual)

Tilting individual rays against the Lichtblattebene along the detection axis structuring of the illumination can be achieved. Overall, the goal is the

the simplification of the localization due to the fact that there is less overlapping and overlapping of the images from different point sources on the sensor. At the same time, the number of raw images needed for a complete image of a plane should be minimized, e.g. on 9.

If the point light sources are switchable fluorescent dyes / molecules, the excitation and on / off switching of these point light sources can be done by PALM, STORM, PAINT, GSD or similar methods and these methods can be used with the structured illumination discussed above be combined. Advantageously, the microlenses of the microlens array are larger than the spacing of the pixels on the camera sensor. The size of the microlenses of the microlens array is advantageously matched to the image-side aperture of the detection optics such that the images of the microlenses illuminate the camera sensor substantially completely. The images of the microlenses on the camera sensor cover a maximum of an area that corresponds to the size of the microlens and it ideally comes to any

Overlaps of the individual images of the microlenses with each other.

Advantageously, the microlens array comprises groups of microlenses of the same or different focal lengths, and the centers of the microlenses of the microlens array are preferably arranged on a two-dimensional Bravais lattice. The reconstruction of images takes place via an iterative algorithm as described, for example, in EP 2 244 484 A1, which allows about 200 levels to be resolved within the depth of field, wherein each of the images has a number of pixels which is approximately one quarter of the number of pixels of the camera sensor. The special feature of the microscopy according to the invention is the reconstruction, which provides to search for matches between the images of the individual microlenses, which is particularly well represented for isolated particles.

The microlens array may be located in or near a sample conjugate plane or in or near a plane conjugate to the pupil. It can be designed together with the camera sensor as a light field camera and then in a common

Housing be housed. In an advantageous arrangement of the microlens array this forms together with an upstream lens, which is preferably a

Tubus lens acts, and the aperture for the microlens array is sufficient to form a telescope to Galilei or Kepler.

The microscope according to the invention comprises a post-processing device for

Reconstruction of the localization of individual point light sources or molecules of a sample in three spatial dimensions by a triangulation-based iterative algorithm for generating a 3D image is provided, the triangulation preferably comprises an iterative maximum likelihood method, the diffractive optical properties of

Detection optics considered. In the inventive use of a

Microlens arrays as means for subdividing the detection aperture into individual ones

Sub-apertures, the iterative algorithm is preferably designed to determine matches between the images of the individual microlenses and to deduce the position of the point light source associated with the images.

The algorithm is designed in such a way that it works analogously to the triangulation with the parallax, which results from the fact that different microlenses the individual

Consider point light sources from slightly different directions. The position of the image of a point light source behind a microlens and the distance of the microlens to the optical axis provide information about the degree of tilt of the associated PSF in the Object. Each microlens forms point light sources that are within one to the other

Microlens associated Subaperturkonus or its diffraction-related

Detection volume, ie, a region about an axis, on the microlens associated region of the sensor behind the microlens. The position of a

Point light source can thus be determined as the intersection of the at least two axes.

Typically, matching structures in the images are determined via different microlenses. In point light sources, a distinction is hardly possible and it must be used either on the arrangement of multiple Punklichtquellen or on a priori information.

Alternatively, the following approach is possible: A database contains the sensor raw images of one point light source per image. The raw images cover point light sources at positions that are distributed over the entire object volume. The reconstruction of the position of a point light source then takes place via a comparison of that of the object

recorded raw image with a superimposition of the images from the raw image database (with variable "brightness") instead of and it is the superimposition of the raw images sought, which corresponds to the recorded image best.

The method according to the invention for localizing point light sources of a sample in three spatial dimensions is based on the microscope according to the invention.

Advantageously, in the method according to the invention, a rapid recording of a time series and a temporal and / or spatial correlation of the time-dependent signal belonging to individual subvolumes are carried out.

Furthermore, a detectable 3D localization volume can be increased by displacing the sample along the optical axis of the detection optics. Alternatively or additionally, a detectable 3D localization volume can be expanded by displacing the sample along the optical axis of the detection optics.

According to an advantageous development of the method according to the invention, the correlation algorithm is used to calculate calculated 3D localization points in which the correlation algorithm is used to superimpose calculated 3D localization points of different planes along the optical axis of the detection optics such that a cleanly defined and / or in the z direction enlarged 3D

Localization volume is created. Alternatively, the correlation algorithm

advantageously used to superimpose calculated 3D localization points of different planes perpendicular to the optical axis in such a way that a 3D localization volume which is enlarged perpendicular to the optical axis is produced. In addition, advantageously, a detectable 3D localization volume can be increased by displacement of the sample perpendicular to the optical axis of the detection optics.

Advantageously, a particularly rapid recording of a time series and temporal and / or spatial correlation of the individual subvolumes belonging time-dependent Signals provided, such as fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), Image

Correlation Spectroscopy (ICS), or Spatiotemporal Image Correlation Spectroscopy (STICS). For FCS or ICS or STICS, for one or more points in the object, the

Fluorescence signal measured with high temporal dynamics. This signal is then time correlated with itself (autocorrelated) or time correlated in time with the signals from other object points (ICS, STICS) or fluorophores (FCCS).

According to a further advantageous embodiment of the invention, it is provided, the images of the individual Teilaperturen by a suitable method for inversion of

Mapping properties (so-called multiview deconvolution) to each other.

In addition to the possibility of "over-resolution" localization microscopy according to the invention, the use of the localization method according to the invention for 3D fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and for single-molecule tracking is particularly suitable.

There are now various ways of teaching the present invention

advantageous to design and develop. For this purpose, on the one hand to the claims subordinate to claim 1 and on the other hand to refer to the following explanation of the preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings. In conjunction with the explanation of the preferred embodiments of the invention with reference to the drawings, also generally preferred embodiments and developments of the teaching are explained. In the drawing show

1 shows a first embodiment of the microscope according to the invention for 3D localization by means of EPI fluorescence excitation,

2 shows a second embodiment of the light field microscope according to the invention for SD localization by means of light sheet illumination, and

FIG. 3 is an illustration of point light sources through a plurality of microlenses of the

Microlens arrays of the microscope of FIGS. 1 and 2.

The first embodiment of a microscope, shown in FIG. 1, has illumination optics, not shown, for fluorescence excitation of point light sources of a sample. The

Illumination optics are designed for EPI fluorescence excitation.

Furthermore, the microscope of FIG. 1 comprises a detection optics with a detection objective 10. In the beam path, a dichroic mirror 11, a tube lens 12 and a camera comprising a sensor 13 follow the detection objective. Between the tube lens 12 and the camera sensor 13, a means for subdividing the detection aperture in the form of a microlens array 14 is provided.

The microlenses of the microlens array 14 are larger than the pitch of the pixels on the camera sensor 13 and the size of the microlenses of the microlens array 14 is on the image-side aperture of the detection optics matched such that the images of the lens pupil imaged by the microlenses substantially fully illuminate the camera sensor 13.

The microlens array 14 comprises microlenses of the same focal length. Alternatively, a microlens array 14a may be used which comprises groups of different focal lengths. Further, the centers of the microlenses of the microlens array 14, 14a

preferably arranged on a two-dimensional Bravais grid. In addition, it may be preferable to arrange the microlens array 14, 14a in or near a sample conjugate plane or in or near a plane conjugate to the pupil.

In the microscope shown in Figure 1, the illumination source and / or a fluorophore in the sample are designed to activate only a subset of the point light sources. With the arranged in the beam path of the detection optics means for subdividing the detection aperture into individual subapertures in the form of microlens array 14, 14a ensures that the images that are spatially separated from the individual subapertures on the camera sensor 13, an object volume of different

Map spatial directions.

The lighting is based on the principle of epifluorescence excitation. The excitation, switching and other rays for exciting and influencing the fluorescence emission of the point light sources (20) is coupled via a dichroic mirror, which is mounted between the lens 10 and the tube lens 12. It is also possible a transmitted light illumination by a condenser 10 opposed to the object.

The second embodiment of the light field microscope shown in Fig. 2 differs from the first embodiment of the light field microscope shown in that the 3D localization based on a light sheet illumination (30) for fluorescence excitation of point light sources of a sample, and that the microscope of Fig. 2 does not require the dichroic mirror 13 of the microscope of Fig. 1. Both in the microscope according to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2, however, band-pass filters (not shown) are typically used so that only the fluorescent light of the molecules to be localized penetrates as far as the sensor. Components of the microscope of FIG. 2, those of the microscope of FIG. 1

correspond are denoted by the same reference numerals.

Also in the microscope of FIG. 2, the illumination source and / or a fluorophore in the sample is designed to activate only a subset of the point light sources. With the arranged in the beam path of the detection optics means for subdividing the detection aperture into individual subapertures in the form of microlens array 14, 14a is achieved that the images that are spatially separated from the individual subapertures on the camera sensor 13, a (common) object volume

Map different spatial directions. FIG. 3 shows by way of example how each point light source is imaged by a plurality of microlenses of the microlens array 14, 14a, which results in an overlap of image areas of different point light sources 42, 44. Thus, each point light source occupies an area on the sensor which corresponds to the multiple of the resolution-limited imaging of the point light source. In addition, point light sources from other planes are also projected onto a 2D surface perpendicular to the optical axis of the detection optics. The images 46, 48 - preferably individual - different point light sources, so can partially cover. An essential aspect of the invention is now the density of the point light sources in each individual captured image

limit. The localization of point light sources in a three-dimensional volume is thus ensured by the fact that their number is kept low to the

Overlap of image areas of different point sources to minimize.

From Fig. 3 it is apparent that in order to minimize the at least one point light source two clearly assignable images are required, which were recorded by different microlenses. The optimal density can be further limited. If the density of the point light sources is too high, an unambiguous assignment is not possible. If it is too small, information may be given away or more individual images may have to be taken for the final image. For every position in the sample, there is therefore a clear distribution of images of this sample behind the microlenses. Higher numbers than two images help to examine the measured patterns for plausibility. For example, a ring of lenses will produce images of a sample. In individual images, overlaying images of other point light sources may occur. If overlaps never occur, or only in a few images, then the number of point light sources can be increased, if desired. Reference numeral 50 identifies the image fields of the microlenses on the sensor.

Finally, it should be particularly noted that the embodiments discussed above are merely for the purpose of describing the claimed teaching, but do not limit it to the exemplary embodiments. In particular, all features contained in this description and / or their functions, effects and properties are to be considered in isolation and / or in combination with each other as disclosed herein, which one skilled in the art may, individually or in combination thereof, possibly taking into account his or her expertise to solve the objective task or related problems.

Claims

1. Microscope, comprising an illumination optics for fluorescence excitation of

Point light sources of a sample, a detection optics and a camera with a sensor,

- Keeping the density of the point light sources to minimize the coverage of successive or near-adjacent point light sources in each recorded by the camera image low, and

wherein a means for subdividing the detection aperture into individual subapertures is provided in the beam path of the detection optics, so that the images which are generated by the individual subapertures on the camera sensor image an object volume from different spatial directions.

2. A microscope according to claim 1, wherein the illumination optics comprises at least one light sheet, with which the sample is illuminated from at least one direction.

3. A microscope according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the means for dividing the

Detection aperture has a microlens array.

4. A microscope according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, when point light sources are switchable, fluorophores, such as dye molecules or fluorescent proteins whose switching is done optically.

5. A microscope according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the illumination optics for activating the point light sources provides a coherent or incoherent structured illumination.

6. A microscope according to claim 5, wherein for structuring the lighting a

Interference of several, preferably of two or three beams takes place, which propagate at an angle to each other through the sample volume.

7. A microscope according to claim 3, wherein the microlenses of the microlens array are larger than the distance of the pixels on the camera sensor.

8. A microscope according to claim 3 or 7, wherein the size of the microlenses of

Microlens arrays is matched to the image-side aperture of the detection optics such that the images of the microlenses substantially completely illuminate the camera sensor.

9. A microscope according to claim 3, 7 or 8, wherein the microlens array comprises groups of microlenses of the same or different focal lengths, and wherein the Centers of the microlenses of the microlens array preferably on a

two-dimensional Bravais grid are arranged.

10. A microscope according to any one of claims 3 or 7 to 9, wherein the IVlikrolinsenarray is arranged in or near a conjugate to the sample plane or in or near a conjugate to the pupil plane.

11. A microscope according to any one of claims 3 or 7 to 9, wherein the microlens array together with an upstream lens, which is preferably a tube lens, and whose aperture is sufficient for the microlens array forms a telescope Galilei or Kepler.

12. A microscope according to any one of claims 3 or 7 to 11, wherein the microlens array and the camera sensor designed as a light field camera and are preferably housed in a separate housing.

13. A microscope according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein a post-processing device for the reconstruction of the localization of individual point light sources or molecules of a sample in three spatial dimensions provided by a triangulation-based iterative algorithm for generating a 3D image, wherein the Triangulation preferably comprises an iterative maximum likelihood method that takes into account diffractive optical properties of the detection optics.

14. A microscope according to claim 13, wherein the iterative algorithm is adapted to determine matches between the images of the individual microlenses and to deduce therefrom the position of the point light source associated with the images.

15. Method for locating point light sources in a sample in three

Room dimensions by means of the microscope according to one of claims 1 to 14.

16. The method according to claim 15, wherein a particularly rapid recording of a

Time series and a temporal and / or spatial correlation to the individual

Subvolumes are associated with time-dependent signals.

17. The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein a detectable 3D localization volume is extended by displacement of the sample along the optical axis of the detection optics.

18. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 17, wherein the correlation algorithm is used to calculated 3D localization points

different levels along the optical axis of the detection optics so overlay that creates a cleanly defined and / or enlarged in the z direction 3D localization volume.

19. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 18, wherein the correlation algorithm is used to calculated 3D localization points

Different levels perpendicular to the optical axis to superimpose such that a perpendicular to the optical axis enlarged 3D localization volume arises.

20. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 19, wherein a detectable 3D localization volume is increased by displacement of the sample perpendicular to the optical axis of the detection optics.

21. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 20, in which a particularly rapid recording of a time series and temporal and / or spatial correlation of the individual subvolumes associated time-dependent signal (eg as in FCS, ICS, STICS, ...) is provided ,

22. The method according to any one of claims 15 to 21, in which the images of the individual subapertures for inversion of the imaging properties are offset against each other.