EP3447207B1 - Blocks and modular building system - Google Patents

Blocks and modular building system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3447207B1
EP3447207B1 EP17729195.2A EP17729195A EP3447207B1 EP 3447207 B1 EP3447207 B1 EP 3447207B1 EP 17729195 A EP17729195 A EP 17729195A EP 3447207 B1 EP3447207 B1 EP 3447207B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
block
semi
modular construction
faces
blocks
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP17729195.2A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3447207A1 (en
Inventor
Carlos Alberto MOURA RELVAS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Universidade de Aveiro
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Universidade de Aveiro
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Universidade de Aveiro filed Critical Universidade de Aveiro
Publication of EP3447207A1 publication Critical patent/EP3447207A1/en
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Publication of EP3447207B1 publication Critical patent/EP3447207B1/en
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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/14—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element
    • E04B2/16—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
    • E04B2/18—Walls having cavities in, but not between, the elements, i.e. each cavity being enclosed by at least four sides forming part of one single element using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
    • E04B2/58—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of metal
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/42—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities
    • E04B2/44—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position; Spacers for cavity walls
    • E04B2/46—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position; Spacers for cavity walls by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2/42—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities
    • E04B2/44—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position; Spacers for cavity walls
    • E04B2/48—Walls having cavities between, as well as in, the elements; Walls of elements each consisting of two or more parts, kept in distance by means of spacers, at least one of the parts having cavities using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position; Spacers for cavity walls by filling material with or without reinforcements in small channels in, or in grooves between, the elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C1/00—Building elements of block or other shape for the construction of parts of buildings
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
    • E04B2002/0243—Separate connectors or inserts, e.g. pegs, pins or keys
    • E04B2002/0254—Tie rods
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
    • E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
    • E04B2002/0297—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements of which the width is less than the wall thickness

Definitions

  • the present description relates to a modular construction system based on multifunctional blocks, as well as to the fitting and attachment of said blocks.
  • FR 2 322 988 A1 discloses a permanent shuttering system for use in the casting of walls of concrete or like cementitious material.
  • the system comprises a series of rectangular panels which are moulded out of thermoplastic synthetic resin material.
  • the thermoplastic panels are fitted together and thereafter concrete or other cementitious material is cast between two sets of panels.
  • the panels remain in place to form a permanent surface covering for the faces of the wall.
  • the system provides a set of panels for use in wall casting, said panels thereafter remain as a wall cladding.
  • GB 2 458 317 A discloses a wall-tie comprising a pair of spaced block-engaging bodies linked by an elongate web, wherein the block-engaging bodies include at least one bore for engaging with a securing means. Also included is a prefabricated foamed plastics block comprising said wall tie; a wall building system comprising the prefabricated foamed plastics block comprising said wall tie; a fixing for use with said wall tie.
  • GB 1381791 A discloses a lost shuttering system having shuttering plates adapted to be held together by cramps.
  • WO 2004/063482 A1 discloses a building system comprising a wall, said wall including an assembly of blocks and a framework, consisting of horizontal elements and vertical elements, to guide and secure the assembly of blocks in a vertical plane and in a horizontal plane.
  • the disclosure includes that at least one block comprises at least one housing extending from one first lateral surface of the parallel block to a first surface of the wall and in a plane perpendicular to said lateral surface, said housing being designed for the passage or the installation of means for fixing a secondary work on the wall.
  • the disclosure also concerns a block suitable for using such a system.
  • a semi-block for modular construction according to the present invention is characterised by the features recited in the characterising portion of claim 1.
  • This document presents a modular construction system which uses blocks having a specific geometry so as to allow an easy connection and assembly of the elements forming a larger panel.
  • This modular construction system can be used in several fields from civil construction to furniture or other engineering fields.
  • the system can be assembled in panels and requires neither foundations for installation, nor additional work, in the case of its application in civil construction, for example. Inside dwellings its installation is easy and clean, it does not produce residues and can be installed by the own buyer of the system, wherein no specific construction knowhow is required, and it also allows the change and reorganization of the modules whenever so desired, as well as an extension provided that more parts of the system are purchased, these being perfectly compatible with the previous parts, given their specific geometry.
  • Blocks can be obtained through conventional industrial processes or by using additive technologies for more specific cases.
  • the remaining components of the system are standard parts and are usually available on the market or easily obtained upon order.
  • the constructive system is distributed by a set of individually produced prefabricated components, where each element is independent and thereafter joined to the final structure onsite.
  • the separation into individual components allows the existence of parallel production systems, as well as the storage thereof.
  • Each element is produced independently of the others, being only restricted to the need thereof, which allows them to be produced regardless of the final set.
  • wall panels are produced independently of the pillars or beams.
  • the elements are selected for the work. There may be customized elements, which shall be produced for this purpose without however affecting the normal manufacturing chains.
  • the system includes in a proposal for connection and assembly of basic elements, designated as blocks, which, since having a specific geometry, allow the construction of panels or walls that can be used either in the construction of furniture, in the assembly of partitions or in the construction of dwellings.
  • Blocks can be obtained from materials of diverse nature, in particular from natural recyclable materials and can be customized according to aesthetic or functional aspects. They have a specific geometry that facilitates their production and assembly.
  • the assembly of several aligned blocks allows the construction of a panel or wall of higher dimensions. This assembly can be improved by the use of internal metal elements, locked at the ends by a metal sheet. This system locks the set of blocks making them behave as a single larger and rigid element, as a result of the assembly and coupling system between blocks that is reinforced by the internal metal structure.
  • the panel assembly system can be used in the furniture industry for obtaining table tops and tables, or in civil construction industry, for the manufacture of modular houses, where the assembly system can be used to obtain internal or external walls or even the roof.
  • a prefabricated modular system for construction is described, characterized by using multifunctional blocks with specific geometry, which are joined in a continuous manner and in two directions.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the multifunctional blocks are self-adjustable.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the multifunctional blocks are constructed with a plurality of single or multi-material materials, namely natural or recyclable materials, by the creation and filling of a core in the manufacturing phase.
  • the invention is characterized in that the multifunctional construction blocks have two main faces, an inner and an outer, and an upper face, a lower face, and two side faces, for the construction by connection of a panel, a wall or a partition by incorporating blocks, one after the other and one on top of the other so that their upper and lower faces are in mutual contact, as well as their side faces, these faces designated as "contact” faces, and so that both main faces of each block can form a continuous surface constituted by the inner and outer wall faces.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the multifunctional construction blocks are obtained by connection and closing of two equal semi-blocks.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the multifunctional construction blocks have a symmetrical geometry longitudinally on each of the four fitting and uniaxial extraction faces.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the multifunctional construction blocks have symmetrical geometry of the fittings, according to two planes orthogonal between them and which intersect on a central axis perpendicular to the main face.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the side fittings of the multifunctional blocks are bi-angular, symmetrical, inverted and self-locking.
  • each multifunctional construction block has at least one vertical hole that crosses the entire block, for passage of a structure reinforcing element or block attachment, the axis of which is coplanar with the outer face of the block and perpendicular to the closing faces, the holes being equidistant between them, forming with the blocks arranged, at least, one aligned rail of constant section.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the semi-blocks have semi-cylindrical channels, preferably three or four, arranged perpendicular among them two by two or 2 by 1 and which, after being closed and the block being obtained, the semi-cylinders form through-holes through a tunnel-like space, for passage of other elements.
  • connection system of the parts can be reinforced with a tubular structure assembled in the longitudinal direction thereof, taking advantage of the existing internal holes and which form a tunnel.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that in the tubular structure the positioning and attachment are ensured by a profiled sheet.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the tubular support structure works as a cage and the coating thereof through blocks creates a separation and insulation surface.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the joining between the parts whose use of a more rigid internal structure, e.g. said tubular support structure, allows improving the behaviour of the set.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that it is customizable by the application of face coating foils which may be developed, namely for solar energy retention, incorporation of light sensors, structural analysis of the system, or the like.
  • a semi-block for modular construction comprising:
  • the fittings of the contact faces have 90° rotational symmetry on a central axis perpendicular to the main face.
  • the fitting with a protrusion comprises an end surface perpendicular to the outer main surface of the block and the fitting with a recess comprises an end surface perpendicular to the outer main surface of the block, so that the end surface of the protrusion stays in contact with the end surface of the recess of another semi-block, when the semi-block is fitted in with another semi-block.
  • the fittings of the contact faces have symmetry according to two planes orthogonal among them and which intersect on a central axis perpendicular to the main face.
  • the semi-block has a symmetrical geometry longitudinally on each of four fitting and uniaxial extraction faces.
  • the inner main face comprises one or more channels opened for receiving a longitudinal support element.
  • the channels are semi-cylindrical.
  • An embodiment comprises two horizontal channels and two vertical channels, or comprises two vertical channels and one horizontal channel.
  • the inner main face comprises one or more coupling elements for joining the semi-block to another semi-block, in particular the other semi-block being equal (or identical) when the semi-block is fitted in with another semi-block, in particular the other semi-block being equal (or identical).
  • the inner main face comprises two complementary coupling elements, symmetrically placed with respect to the geometric centre of the semi-block.
  • An embodiment of the semi-block has a substantially quadrangular shape.
  • the inner main face comprises two complementary coupling elements, symmetrically placed with respect to the geometric centre of the semi-block.
  • An embodiment comprises a hollow, recess or alveolus on its inner face.
  • An embodiment comprises a coating on its outer main face.
  • the semi-block is a semi-block obtained by pressure-forming, in particular by pressure-forming of aggregate or laminate composite materials.
  • the semi-block is a semi-block obtained by injection moulding, in particular by injection moulding of ceramic, composite or polymeric materials.
  • a block for modular construction is further described comprising two semi-blocks for modular construction of any of the described embodiments, fitted in to each other by their inner main faces.
  • a modular construction wall is further described comprising a plurality of semi-blocks according to any of the described embodiments, fitted into each other by their side and/or end faces.
  • a modular construction wall is further described comprising a plurality of described blocks, fitted into each other by their side and/or end faces.
  • a piece of furniture comprising a modular construction wall according to any of the described embodiments.
  • a support structure is described for a modular construction of semi-blocks according to any of the described embodiments or of blocks according to any of the described embodiments, comprising a lower beam, an upper beam and a plurality of bars joining the lower beam to the upper beam, in particular wherein the bars are parallel to one another.
  • the bars are tubes, in particular cylindrical tubes.
  • the lower and upper beams have a sheet profile.
  • the proposed system is based on an assembly of self-adjustable blocks, which can be obtained from materials of different nature, and are also compatible with the use of natural and recyclable materials.
  • the developed system uses blocks that can be locked through two metal tubes that pass longitudinally and are fixed at the extremities through two profiled sheets.
  • the assembly of the tubes and the locking sheets form a cage-like structure and the blocks work as a coating of the metal structure, forming a larger panel that can be used as a partition or wall.
  • the metal structure is rigid and self-supporting and the blocks undertake the insulation and surface finishing.
  • Figure 1 shows an embodiment of the proposed modular system with the construction of a building, wherein the block with a specific geometry, allowing its inter-relational assembly forming a larger surface or wall 1 , a foundation base of the building 2 , locking tubes of the assembly 3 , lower sheet profile 4 , upper sheet profile 5 , and column 6 are shown.
  • a block 1 with a specific geometry that allows its inter-relational assembly forming a larger surface or wall.
  • a foundation base 2 where the set will be assembled.
  • a sheet profile 4 is applied where the locking tubes 3 of the assembly are attached.
  • the blocks are placed into the tubes through through-holes therein.
  • the end geometry of the blocks will allow their alignment and assembly, increasing the size of the wall in both height and length.
  • elements 3, 4, 5, 6 form a rigid wall support cage-like structure, where the blocks 1 enclose the structure thus promoting its insulation and creating a single separation surface.
  • Figure 2 shows an embodiment of a module, of substantially quadrangular shape, of the proposed modular system.
  • the multifunctional construction semi-block 10 has two main faces, an inner and an outer face, and an upper face, a lower face, and two side faces.
  • the upper and bottom faces of blocks contiguously placed are in mutual contact, as well as their side faces, these faces being designated as "contact" faces 11 , and so that at least one of the main faces of each block can form at least a continuous surface constituted by the main faces, either the inner, outer, or inner and outer faces of a set of blocks.
  • the multifunction construction blocks 10 preferably have symmetrical and biaxial geometry in the fittings.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the side fittings of the multifunctional blocks are bi-angular, symmetrical, inverted and self-locking.
  • the fittings comprise for each contact face 11 , preferably adjacent to contact face 11 , two fitting parts.
  • One part has a protrusion which includes a ramp surface 13 , preferably with an end surface 18 perpendicular to the outer main face of the block 10.
  • the other part has a recess including a ramp surface 12 , preferably with an end surface 15 perpendicular to the outer main face of the block 10.
  • the protrusion ramp 13 stays in contact with the recess ramp 12 of the subsequent block, when the blocks are placed contiguously.
  • the end surface of the protrusion 18 stays in contact with the end surface of the recess 15 of the subsequent block, when the blocks are placed contiguously.
  • Each block may have at least one vertical hole that passes through the entire block, for passage of a structure reinforcing element or block attachment, the axis of which is coplanar with the outer face of the block and perpendicular to the closing faces.
  • the holes are equidistant from each other, forming at least one aligned rail of constant section along vertically aligned blocks.
  • a possible embodiment for this hole includes the semi-blocks having semi-cylindrical channels 14 , preferably three or four, arranged perpendicular between them two by two or 2 by 1 and which, after being closed and the block being obtained, the semi-cylinders form through-holes through a tunnel-like space, for passage of a structure reinforcing element or block attachment, or of other elements.
  • Figure 3 shows an embodiment of a module of the proposed modular system obtained by joining and closing two equal semi-blocks.
  • the inner closure faces of the block may contain hollows or alveoli, in particular a hollow in the form of a quadrangular recess 17 , preferably placed centrally on the inner face of the semi-block, and which, among other advantages, lighten the structure and create a insulating airgap from heat and/or noise.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the multifunctional construction blocks are obtained by connection and closing of two equal semi-blocks through coupling elements 16a/16b.
  • Figure 4 shows a module 20 , of substantially rectangular shape, of a modular system, that falls outside the scope of claim 1.
  • This module 20 may be seen to be half of the substantially quadrangular block 10.
  • the multifunctional construction blocks 20 preferably have biaxial symmetrical geometry in the fittings on the vertical ends, as was the case in the substantially quadrangular module 10.
  • An embodiment is characterized in that the fittings on the side faces of the multifunctional blocks comprise for each contact face 21 , preferably adjacent to the contact face 21 , a fitting part. On one of the side faces, the fitting part has a protrusion including a ramp surface 23, preferably with an end surface 28 perpendicular to the outer main face of the block 20.
  • the fitting part On the other side face, the fitting part has a recess including a ramp surface 22 , preferably with an end surface 25 perpendicular to the outer main face of the block 20.
  • the protrusion ramp 23 stays in contact with the recess ramp 22 of the subsequent block, when the blocks are placed contiguously.
  • the end surface of the protrusion 28 stays in contact with the end surface of the recess 25 of the subsequent block, when the blocks are placed contiguously.
  • Figure 5 shows an embodiment of the proposed modular system, with the construction of a wall with a plurality of blocks 10 fitted in as described above.
  • Figure 6 shows an embodiment with a set comprising a support structure for a modular construction and comprising a plurality of semi-blocks or a plurality of blocks, with the inclusion of the structure with support tubes, the positioning and attachment of which is ensured by two profiled sheets, an upper and a lower sheet.
  • Figure 6a shows a plurality of blocks 10 fitted in as described above and joined through the tubular structure 30 which passes through the blocks through the aforementioned semi-cylindrical channels, contributing to an even more solid and robust structure.
  • Figure 6b shows the construction of the tubular support structure 30 comprising a plurality of bars 32 , e.g. cylindrical elements or tubes, which are sustained on a lower beam 33 and an upper beam 31.
  • the beams are designed in sheet profiles.
  • This concept can be used to create exterior walls or interior partitions, and even be used for floors or roofing instead of tile.
  • the system proposed in this innovation is perfectly compatible with the conventional methods in specialised civil construction, namely in water and energy arrangements. It also allows to combine constructive solutions adopted in this system with other more conventional ones, for example the use of a conventional tile roof on walls built in this system.
  • the proposed solution allows adopting more conventional work planning and logistic methods such as on-site wall surveys, since the blocks can be used as substitutes for blocks in cement or clay, or assembling the panels in factory and then transporting them to the site, thus lowering costs and construction time.
  • the modular construction system based on this multifunctional block concept also has the following advantages: When applied in civil construction, it can be used for the construction of exterior or interior walls. It is very easy to produce, transport and assemble which makes its application in prefabricated or modular construction excellent. The walls built using this concept do not crack, do not need maintenance and the interior and exterior finish thereof can be completely customized.
  • the use of these modular elements in civil construction is perfectly compatible with the conventional methods used in civil construction.
  • the assembly, disassembly or alteration of interior walls is absolutely clean and free of dust. It allows easy and error-free assembly. It allows perfect alignment between the various elements creating a larger flat surface. It allows assembly in different orientations, taking the symmetry of the connection fittings into account.
  • the connection between the elements is guided, self-adjustable, stable and disassemblable. It allows different types of finishing on external surfaces and customization by the customer.
  • the system can also be used in the manufacture of furniture, tables, desks, shelves, among others.
  • Blocks may be manufactured by pressure-forming processes using aggregate or laminate composite materials.
  • Blocks can be manufactured by injection moulding processes when ceramic, composite or polymer materials are used.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
EP17729195.2A 2016-04-22 2017-04-24 Blocks and modular building system Active EP3447207B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PT109348A PT109348B (pt) 2016-04-22 2016-04-22 Blocos e sistema de construção modular
PCT/IB2017/052338 WO2017183008A1 (pt) 2016-04-22 2017-04-24 Blocos e sistema de construção modular

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3447207A1 EP3447207A1 (en) 2019-02-27
EP3447207B1 true EP3447207B1 (en) 2021-07-21

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ID=59034814

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17729195.2A Active EP3447207B1 (en) 2016-04-22 2017-04-24 Blocks and modular building system

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3447207B1 (pt)
PT (1) PT109348B (pt)
WO (1) WO2017183008A1 (pt)

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2100074C3 (de) * 1971-01-02 1973-09-27 Werner 7000 Stuttgartkaltental Rathke Mantelfullstoffwand od dgl
GB1508207A (en) * 1975-09-02 1978-04-19 Initial Plastics Ltd Permanent shuttering for concrete or like cementitious material
AU2003300581A1 (en) * 2002-12-16 2004-08-10 Alain Heyer Wall building system
GB2458317B (en) * 2008-03-14 2011-01-12 Herman Funke Improvements in or relating to ties
PT105014A (pt) * 2010-03-16 2011-09-16 Univ Do Minho Bloco para construção de paredes divisórias e respectivo processo de aplicação

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *

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Publication number Publication date
EP3447207A1 (en) 2019-02-27
WO2017183008A1 (pt) 2017-10-26
PT109348B (pt) 2020-09-25
PT109348A (pt) 2017-10-23

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