EP3406016B1 - System for distributing locally generated energy to multiple load units - Google Patents

System for distributing locally generated energy to multiple load units Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3406016B1
EP3406016B1 EP18711302.2A EP18711302A EP3406016B1 EP 3406016 B1 EP3406016 B1 EP 3406016B1 EP 18711302 A EP18711302 A EP 18711302A EP 3406016 B1 EP3406016 B1 EP 3406016B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
inverter
power
input
load unit
connection
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Application number
EP18711302.2A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3406016A1 (en
Inventor
Claus Allert
Volker Wachenfeld
Aleksandra-Sasa BUKVIC-SCHÄFER
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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SMA Solar Technology AG
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Publication of EP3406016A1 publication Critical patent/EP3406016A1/en
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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/381Dispersed generators
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/14Balancing the load in a network
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/04Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for connecting networks of the same frequency but supplied from different sources
    • H02J3/08Synchronising of networks
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/12Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load
    • H02J3/14Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks for adjusting voltage in ac networks by changing a characteristic of the network load by switching loads on to, or off from, network, e.g. progressively balanced loading
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J3/00Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
    • H02J3/38Arrangements for parallely feeding a single network by two or more generators, converters or transformers
    • H02J3/388Islanding, i.e. disconnection of local power supply from the network
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J1/00Circuit arrangements for dc mains or dc distribution networks
    • H02J1/002Intermediate AC, e.g. DC supply with intermediated AC distribution
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2203/00Indexing scheme relating to details of circuit arrangements for AC mains or AC distribution networks
    • H02J2203/20Simulating, e g planning, reliability check, modelling or computer assisted design [CAD]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2300/00Systems for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by decentralized, dispersed, or local generation
    • H02J2300/20The dispersed energy generation being of renewable origin
    • H02J2300/22The renewable source being solar energy
    • H02J2300/24The renewable source being solar energy of photovoltaic origin
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H02GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02JCIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
    • H02J2310/00The network for supplying or distributing electric power characterised by its spatial reach or by the load
    • H02J2310/10The network having a local or delimited stationary reach
    • H02J2310/12The local stationary network supplying a household or a building
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/50Photovoltaic [PV] energy
    • Y02E10/56Power conversion systems, e.g. maximum power point trackers
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y04INFORMATION OR COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES HAVING AN IMPACT ON OTHER TECHNOLOGY AREAS
    • Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS
    • Y04S40/00Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them
    • Y04S40/20Information technology specific aspects, e.g. CAD, simulation, modelling, system security

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system for better distribution of locally generated energy.
  • the system has multiple local load units and the locally generated power may be provided by a shared renewable DC power source.
  • the invention also relates to a retrofit kit for an electrical distributor.
  • a central control device such as in the EP 2 993 752 A2 disclosed.
  • an inverter and an electricity meter is provided for each user group and each inverter is controllably connected to a central control device, wherein the central control device makes the allocation of the electrical power to be provided to the user group.
  • the installation, operation and maintenance of such a central control device is associated with effort and costs.
  • An inventive system for distributing locally generated energy from at least one renewable DC power source to multiple local load units of the system comprises, per load unit, an input configured to be connected to a grid and an output configured to be connected to at least one load ,
  • the load units each contain an inverter with an inverter input and an inverter output, wherein the inverter input is connected to the DC power source and the inverter output is connected to the input and the output of the respective load unit.
  • the inverter converts a DC current at the inverter input into an AC current at the inverter output.
  • the load units include a power meter with a power meter input, which is connected to the input of the respective load unit to determine a current power consumption from the interconnected network and with a power meter output connected to the inverter of the respective load unit.
  • the power meter output transmits data about the current power consumption from the grid to the inverter.
  • the inverter of the respective load unit determines a DC input voltage present at its inverter input and determines from the applied DC input voltage and the transmitted power reference data a current power to be converted.
  • the power meter may be an electricity meter, as it is usually present in the associated load unit, for example, an apartment of a multi-family house.
  • the power meter determines the current power consumption from the grid and transmits this value to the associated inverter wired or wireless.
  • Loads can be connected to the output of the load unit. These may be, for example, household loads such as stoves, dishwashers, washing machines, bulbs or the like. If the inverter is active, this converts the existing direct current on the input side into grid-compatible alternating current, so the loads can be supplied with power from the grid and from the local DC power source.
  • single-phase or multi-phase inverters can be used. Since in many countries the electrical loads are connected across several phases of a network, you will choose inverters that are adapted to the respective conditions. From the transmitted power meter data, the associated inverter can determine the power that would additionally have to be converted from the local DC power source in order to supply the loads completely from the local DC power source. At the same time, the associated inverter also determines measured values which characterize the input DC voltage applied to its input, for example the amplitude of the DC input voltage. It may also be a modulated on the input DC voltage signal, which is generated as the input DC voltage itself from the local DC power source.
  • the terminal voltage drops under load; similarly, for example, a local DC power source designed as a photovoltaic generator can behave or this generator behavior can be simulated by a DC voltage converter (DC / DC converter) connected to the photovoltaic generator.
  • DC / DC converter DC voltage converter
  • the terminal voltage can act as a measure of the load on the generator, or be closed from the height of the terminal voltage to power reserves of the generator.
  • a DC-servo stage connected to the photovoltaic generator could also modulate a signal from which the power reserves of the photovoltaic generator can be derived.
  • the inverter can determine, for example by comparison with stored threshold values, characteristic curves or the like, whether the local DC power source still has power reserves. By comparing indicators for power reserves and the current power consumption from the interconnected network, a current performance to be converted can be determined. This may be, for example, the power which would additionally have to be converted from the local DC power source at the present time in order to supply the loads completely from the local DC power source, if sufficient power reserves are available. Or the current power to be converted may correspond to a share of the power that would currently have to be additionally converted from the local DC power source to fully power the loads from the local DC power source.
  • the inverter determines the respective load unit from the input DC voltage applied to its inverter input according to a predetermined first characteristic, a maximum possible current convertible power.
  • a characteristic curve can, for example, establish a linear relationship between the DC input voltage and the maximum possible power that can be converted by the relevant inverter, so that, given an average load of the DC power source, the power converted by the inverter can be adapted to the power required by the connected loads.
  • the inverter could increase its current converted power along the characteristic until all loads are powered up or the maximum Performance of the DC power source, ie the maximum possible currently convertible power is reached.
  • a further advantageous embodiment of the system according to the invention provides that the inverter of the respective load unit, if the maximum possible current convertible power is greater than or equal to the power drawn from the interconnected network, determines the current power to be converted so that the power from the grid goes against a preset limit.
  • the inverter of the respective load unit determines the level of the current power consumption from the interconnected network and, in one embodiment of the present invention, attempts to adapt the power converted by it to meet defaults. For example, an upper limit for the power consumption of the considered load unit could be set from the interconnected network, so that the associated inverter raises or lowers the power converted by it until this upper limit is reached.
  • Another variant could be to deposit a limit value for the supply of power from the local DC power source, so that the inverter only raises its currently converted power until this limit value has been reached and any further consumption of the connected loads takes place from the interconnected network. It is also conceivable that the control target for the inverter of the respective load unit is that always a certain proportion of the energy consumed in the respective load unit is taken from the local DC power source. The prerequisite for this is that the local DC power source has sufficient power reserves and there is a need for the connected loads.
  • the preset limit value is 0 KW, which means that the inverter of the respective load unit, if the maximum possible currently convertible power is at least equal to the power drawn from the interconnected network, the currently in addition to be converted power determined so that it corresponds to the amount of the power consumption from the interconnected grid.
  • the inverter of the respective load unit raises its currently converted power by the amount of the previously determined power consumption from the interconnected network, so that then the loads connected to the respective load unit are completely supplied from the local DC power source.
  • the inverter of the respective load unit determines in another preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention the current power to be converted so that the currently to be converted power corresponds to the maximum possible current convertible power , In this way, the power consumption from the interconnected network is minimized. This means that if the power supply of the local countercurrent source is insufficient to supply, for example, all loads connected to the respective load unit to the desired extent, the inverter of the respective load unit raises the power converted by it by at least the maximum possible amount.
  • the inverters of the respective load units are unidirectional and if necessary. designed as galvanic-separating inverter. Even if an electric memory is provided in a system according to the invention on the DC side, an energy flow from the AC side to the DC side of the inverter of the system according to the invention is not provided. Therefore, inverters whose semiconductor switches are optimized in the power flow direction from DC to AC are sufficient and thus lower the cost of the system according to the invention. In order to ensure an electrical decoupling of the DC side of the AC side, the inverters may be formed as a galvanically-separating inverter.
  • the first characteristics of the respective load units differ from each other.
  • different control specifications for the inverter of the respective load units can be set.
  • the different characteristics can be stored in control modules of the respective inverter.
  • the inverters can determine different maximum possible currently convertible powers for the respective load unit via different characteristics from the DC input voltage. Because of this Feature can be realized without higher-level control unequal distribution of locally generated energy, if desired.
  • the same characteristic be deposited, so that the same current to be converted power is determined by the inverters with the same energy consumption of the connected loads.
  • the power converted by the inverter of the respective load unit is summed up within a time window for at least one load unit. If a threshold value for the summed power -mithin an energy threshold value of the relevant load unit is specified, the inverter of the relevant load unit lowers its currently converted power to zero when the threshold value is reached. If different time windows for different load units are furthermore distributed over the course of the day, it can be achieved in this way that the energy provided by the local DC power source is divided up into portions and distributed over the course of the day by the inverters of the system according to the invention to the different load units can, without the need for a higher-level control.
  • the system according to the invention further includes a storage unit.
  • the memory unit comprises at least one battery and a bidirectional DC chopper, wherein the bidirectional DC chopper is connected to a first terminal to the DC power source and a second terminal to the battery.
  • the bidirectional DC-DC controller determines from a voltage applied to its first terminal DC input voltage according to a predetermined second characteristic curve a maximum possible current storable power. Similar to the inverters in the load units determined in the memory unit of the bidirectional DC-DC converter from the current input voltage level, for example by comparison with stored thresholds, characteristics or the like, if the local DC power source still has power reserves. If locally still unused power is available, it can be stored in the battery.
  • the predetermined second characteristic curve differs from the given first characteristic.
  • the bidirectional DC-DC controller determines a currently required discharge power from a DC input voltage applied to its first terminal according to the predetermined second characteristic. If the local energy consumption is higher than the simultaneously available power from the local DC source and, for example, the applied DC input voltage drops below a predefined threshold, this can be a signal to the bidirectional DC controller to feed energy from the battery into the DC distribution of the system according to the invention. As a result, the self-consumption of the locally generated energy can be further increased.
  • variable loads may be provided, which are switched on in order to consume excess local energy.
  • the switching on of the variable loads could, for example, be triggered by a special signal modulated onto the electrical lines (broadcast signal).
  • the local DC source can be de-regulated, i. Your performance will be reduced to balance out local production and consumption.
  • a feed of energy into the network is not provided in the system according to the invention.
  • An inventive system is characterized by particularly compact and inexpensive components and is ideally suited to, for example, in an apartment building, the energy of a shared photovoltaic system to distribute. This is particularly advantageous when retrofitting a house with a photovoltaic system, since only a few installation steps to perform and components to install.
  • Conventional electrical distributors in particular apartment distributors, have a connection to the AC distribution network and are equipped with an electricity meter that measures the energy consumption of the apartment / subunit or the like. The electrical power is distributed to fuses equipped lines, which are led to the respective consumption points.
  • a particularly preferred embodiment relates to a retrofit kit for an electrical distributor, in particular a housing distributor, for use in a system according to the invention.
  • the retrofit kit comprises an inverter with an inverter output which is set up to be connected to an AC voltage input of the distributor.
  • the inverter has an inverter input configured to be connected to at least one renewable DC power source and a controller that determines a DC input voltage applied to the inverter input.
  • the retrofit kit includes a communication link for communicating power reference data from a meter located in the distributor to the inverter and a DC distribution terminal for connecting the distributor to the renewable DC power source. From the applied DC input voltage and transmitted power reference data, the controller determines a power that is currently to be converted.
  • the inverter can be very compact for a residential unit with a common household energy consumption, the components of the retrofit kit can be accommodated in the existing housing distributor usually.
  • a low-cost and low-cost subsequent installation of a jointly used photovoltaic system can be realized, especially in an apartment building.
  • FIG. 1 3 schematically shows an exemplary embodiment of a system according to the invention 1.
  • Load units 3, 3 ', 3 are connected to a network 10 at a network connection 9.
  • This can be, for example, a low-voltage distribution network of a public alternating voltage network, which is usually provided by a network operator
  • the load units 3, 3 ', 3 may be different dwellings of a multiple dwelling, floors or other sub-units of a building or business.
  • the load units 3, 3 ', 3 are connected to a DC distribution system 12 to which a shared DC power source 2 is connected as well.
  • the DC power source 2 may be, for example, a photovoltaic system on the roof of an apartment building
  • a DC / DC controller (not shown) between PV generator and DC distribution 12 may be arranged, which controls the PV generator in its point of maximum power (MPP).
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a load unit 3 as it may be included in a system 1 according to the invention.
  • the load unit 3 is connected at its input 4 to the interconnected power supply 9 and to a direct current distribution 12, as described above. Furthermore, the load unit 3 also comprises an output 5, to which electrical loads 11, 11 ', 11 ", 11''' are connected via an alternating current distribution 16.
  • the loads 11, 11 ', 11", 11'' it is to household household loads such as lighting fixtures, washing machines, stoves, etc. but also to production machines, for example, in a business act.
  • Load unit 3 is determined by means of a power meter 13, the current power consumption from the interconnected network 10.
  • a power meter input 14 is connected to the input 4.
  • the power meter 13 may be an electricity meter, as it is usually present for example in an apartment of a multi-family house be set up at least for the transmission of the currently measured power reference data.
  • the load unit 3 further comprises an inverter 6, which is connected with its inverter input 7 to the DC distribution 12 and connected with its inverter output 8 to the connection between input 4 and output 5 of the load unit 3.
  • the inverter 6 is set up to convert available DC power into grid-compliant AC power at its input and to feed the latter into the connection between input 4 and output 5 of the load unit 3, or the alternating current distribution 16.
  • the power meter 13 transmits its currently measured power reference data via a power meter output 15 to the inverter 6.
  • This transmission can be wired or wireless.
  • the idea underlying the system 1 according to the invention is to use the power provided by the DC power source 2 as completely as possible within the system 1.
  • the inverter 6 can be set up so that it increases the power supplied by it until the power consumption from the interconnected network has dropped to zero watts. Then either all the loads 11, 11 ', 11 ", 11' '' connected to the load unit 3 are supplied from the local DC power source 2 (or there is no consumption at all).
  • the inverter 6 In order to determine whether the DC power source 2 has power reserves, that is, whether the inverter 6 can further increase the power supplied by it to the connected loads 11, 11 ', 11 ", 11''', ... with more power can provide the inverter 6, for example, measure the voltage applied to its input 7 DC voltage. At high load of the DC power source 2, the DC voltage may decrease. For example, the inverter 6 can conclude from a DC voltage dropped below a predetermined threshold value that it can no longer increase the power it has converted. If the DC voltage continues to drop, it can be stored that the inverter 6 reduces the power it feeds. Conversely, a high DC voltage can indicate that an increase in converted power is possible.
  • the inverter 6 could determine a modulated on the DC input voltage signal as an indicator of the power reserves of the DC power source 2 at its inverter input 7.
  • This signal can be modulated by a DC / DC controller (not shown) arranged between PV generator and DC distribution 12 to the DC input voltage, and threshold values for this signal can then serve, as described above, for determining the power reserves of the DC source 2.
  • the thresholds or characteristics for describing the relationship of signal or DC voltage magnitude and the power reserves of the DC power source 2 may be stored in the controller (not shown) of the inverter 6.
  • the components of a load unit 3 can be easily integrated into a conventional electrical distribution box of a dwelling. Since the electricity meter and the terminals 4 and 5 there are usually already present, the additional installation of an inverter 6, bringing the DC distribution 12 and the establishment of a communication connection between the electricity meter 13 and inverter 6 of the distribution box also easily subsequently to a load unit 3 for Use in the inventive system 1 can be upgraded.
  • FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a memory unit 20 for use in a system according to the invention 1.
  • the memory unit 20 comprises a battery 22 and a bidirectional DC-DC converter (DC / DC converter) 21.
  • the DC / DC converter 21 is connected to a terminal 23 to the DC distribution 12 and connected via this to the DC power source 2. With a connection 24, the DC / DC converter 21 is connected to the battery 22, wherein the battery 22 may consist of a plurality of battery subunits or of a plurality of batteries.
  • the DC / DC converter 21 acts as a charge controller on the one hand, by the On the other hand, the DC / DC converter 21 also controls the extraction and supply of energy from the battery 22 into the DC distribution 12.
  • the DC / DC converter can 21 measure the DC voltage present at its terminal (23) or a signal modulated onto the DC input voltage as an indicator of the power reserves of the DC power source 2.
  • a second characteristic is stored, which establishes a relationship between electrical parameters, for example, between the applied DC voltage level and an available DC power or the maximum possible current storable power.
  • This second characteristic may have a different slope compared to the first characteristic, resulting in a different response of load units and storage units with respect to the same measured DC voltage level. This can cause that initially the loads connected to the load units are supplied with electrical energy and only secondary the battery is charged.
  • the measured DC voltage level drops below a further, lower threshold
  • this may be an indication of a higher local consumption of electrical power compared to local generation.
  • This may be the signal for the memory unit to feed its stored energy back into the DC distribution 12.
  • the previously locally surplus existing energy can be returned to self-consumption.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein System zur besseren Verteilung lokal erzeugter Energie. Das System weist mehrere lokale Lasteinheiten auf und die lokal erzeugte Energie kann mittels einer gemeinsam genutzten erneuerbaren Gleichstromquelle bereitgestellt werden. Des Weiteren betrifft die Erfindung auch einen Nachrüstsatz für einen elektrischen Verteiler.The invention relates to a system for better distribution of locally generated energy. The system has multiple local load units and the locally generated power may be provided by a shared renewable DC power source. Furthermore, the invention also relates to a retrofit kit for an electrical distributor.

Das Problem der Verteilung lokal erzeugter Energie stellt sich beispielsweise bei Mehrfamilienhäusern, wenn mehrere Familien bzw. Nutzergruppen eine gemeinsame lokale Energiequelle nutzen wollen, gleichzeitig aber auch mit einem Verbundnetz, beispielsweise einem öffentlichen Energienetz, verbunden sind. Die Verteilung der Energieflüsse auf die Nutzergruppen, die Erfassung jeweils der verbrauchten Energiemengen, sowie administrative Regelungen der Verbundnetzbetreiber machen die gemeinsame Nutzung von dezentralen, insbesondere erneuerbaren Energiequellen aufwändig und in der Folge kostenintensiv. Bisher werden daher entweder lokale Energieerzeugungsanlagen für nur eine Nutzergruppe betrieben oder große Anlagen speisen in ein größeres Verbundnetz ein, um über die bereits existierenden Verbundnetze und Energiezähler verteilt und erfasst zu werden. Da in vielen Ländern die Einspeisung von regenerativer Energie in die Verbundnetze finanziell immer weniger attraktiv ist, wird der Eigenverbrauch aus lokalen, erneuerbaren Energiequellen interessanter. Gleichzeitig ist dies aber auch sinnvoll, da so die Verbundnetze mit der schwankenden Menge an regenerativer Energie nicht belastet werden, mithin lokale Erzeugung und lokaler Verbrauch zusammenkommen.The problem of the distribution of locally generated energy arises, for example, in multi-family houses, if several families or user groups want to use a common local energy source, but at the same time also connected to a network, such as a public energy network. The distribution of energy flows among the user groups, the recording of each of the consumed amounts of energy, as well as administrative regulations of the network operators make the sharing of decentralized, especially renewable energy sources consuming and consequently expensive. So far, either local power generation plants are operated for only one user group or feed large plants into a larger interconnected grid to be distributed and recorded on the existing interconnected networks and energy meters. As the feed-in of regenerative energy into the interconnected grids is becoming less and less financially attractive in many countries, self-consumption from local, renewable sources of energy becomes more interesting. At the same time, however, this also makes sense, since the interconnected grids are not burdened with the fluctuating amount of regenerative energy, and thus local production and local consumption come together.

Die gemeinsame Nutzung einer lokalen, regenerativen Energiequelle bleibt daher bislang meist aus, obwohl gerade durch die gemeinsame Nutzung beispielsweise einer Photovoltaikanlage auf dem Dach eines Mehrfamilienhauses die Eigenverbrauchsquote deutlich erhöht werden kann. Mit der Anzahl der unterschiedlichen Nutzer steigt die Variation der Energiebezugsgewohnheiten an, wie auch in den Verbundnetzen sich Lastspitzen und -tiefs durch die große Anzahl der Verbraucher statistisch ausgleichen. Analog dazu kann in einem Mehrfamilienhaus lokal erzeugte Energie durch die verteilte Nutzung von tag- oder nachtaktiven Einzelpersonen, Familien mit unterschiedlichen Gewohnheiten zu kochen, waschen oder andere elektrische oder elektronische Geräte zu benutzen, eine Vergleichmäßigung der Verbräuche bewirken und so dazu führen, dass die Energieerzeugungsanlage optimal genutzt werden kann. Bleibt trotzdem noch ein Energieüberschuss, so kann ein Energiespeicher vorgesehen werden. Dieser kann jedoch wesentlich kleiner und damit kostengünstiger ausfallen als dies bei einer einzeln genutzten Anlage oder eben mehreren einzeln genutzten Anlage in Summe der Fall wäre.So far, the common use of a local, regenerative energy source usually remains, although just by sharing a photovoltaic system on the roof of a multi-family house, for example, the self-consumption rate can be significantly increased. With the number of different users, the variation in energy consumption habits increases, just as in the interconnected networks, peak loads and lows are statistically balanced by the large number of consumers. Similarly, in an apartment building locally generated energy through the distributed use of day or day nocturnal individuals, families with different habits of cooking, washing or using other electrical or electronic equipment, making consumption more even and thus making optimal use of the energy production facility. If there still remains an energy surplus, then an energy store can be provided. However, this can be much smaller and therefore less expensive than would be the case for a single-use system or just several individually used system.

Im Stand der Technik bekannt ist es, zur gemeinsamen Nutzung einer lokalen, regenerativen Energiequelle durch mehrere Nutzergruppen eine zentrale Steuereinrichtung vorzusehen, wie beispielsweise in der EP 2 993 752 A2 offenbart. Dabei ist für jede Nutzergruppe ein Wechselrichter und ein Stromzähler vorgesehen und jeder Wechselrichter ist steuerbar mit einer zentralen Steuereinrichtung verbunden, wobei die zentrale Steuereinrichtung die Aufteilung der bereitzustellenden elektrischen Leistung auf die Nutzergruppe vornimmt. Die Installation, Betrieb und Wartung einer solchen zentralen Steuereinrichtung ist mit Aufwand und Kosten verbunden. So wurde im Rahmen der Erfindung überraschenderweise gefunden, dass auch ohne zentrale Steuereinrichtung eine einfache und kostengünstige Aufteilung der bereitzustellenden elektrischen Leistung auf die Nutzergruppe möglich ist.In the prior art, it is known to provide for the common use of a local, renewable energy source by multiple user groups, a central control device, such as in the EP 2 993 752 A2 disclosed. In this case, an inverter and an electricity meter is provided for each user group and each inverter is controllably connected to a central control device, wherein the central control device makes the allocation of the electrical power to be provided to the user group. The installation, operation and maintenance of such a central control device is associated with effort and costs. Thus, it has surprisingly been found in the context of the invention that even without a central control device, a simple and cost-effective division of the electrical power to be provided to the user group is possible.

Ein erfindungsgemäßes System zur Verteilung lokal erzeugter Energie aus mindestens einer erneuerbaren Gleichstromquelle auf mehrere lokale Lasteinheiten des Systems umfasst pro Lasteinheit einen Eingang, der eingerichtet ist, mit einem Verbundnetz verbunden zu werden und einen Ausgang, der eingerichtet ist, mit mindestens einer Last verbunden zu werden. Die Lasteinheiten enthalten je einen Wechselrichter mit einem Wechselrichtereingang und einem Wechselrichterausgang, wobei der Wechselrichtereingang mit der Gleichstromquelle verbunden ist und der Wechselrichterausgang mit dem Eingang und dem Ausgang der jeweiligen Lasteinheit verbunden ist. Der Wechselrichter wandelt einen Gleichstrom an dem Wechselrichtereingang in einen Wechselstrom an dem Wechselrichterausgang. Ferner enthalten die Lasteinheiten einen Leistungsmesser mit einem Leistungsmessereingang, der mit dem Eingang der jeweiligen Lasteinheit verbunden ist, um einen aktuellen Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz zu ermitteln und mit einem Leistungsmesserausgang, der mit dem Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit verbunden ist. Der Leistungsmesserausgang übermittelt Daten über den aktuellen Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz an den Wechselrichter. Gleichzeitig ermittelt der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit eine an seinem Wechselrichtereingang anliegende Eingangsgleichspannung und bestimmt aus der anliegenden Eingangsgleichspannung und den übermittelten Leistungsbezugsdaten eine aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung.An inventive system for distributing locally generated energy from at least one renewable DC power source to multiple local load units of the system comprises, per load unit, an input configured to be connected to a grid and an output configured to be connected to at least one load , The load units each contain an inverter with an inverter input and an inverter output, wherein the inverter input is connected to the DC power source and the inverter output is connected to the input and the output of the respective load unit. The inverter converts a DC current at the inverter input into an AC current at the inverter output. Furthermore, the load units include a power meter with a power meter input, which is connected to the input of the respective load unit to determine a current power consumption from the interconnected network and with a power meter output connected to the inverter of the respective load unit. The power meter output transmits data about the current power consumption from the grid to the inverter. At the same time, the inverter of the respective load unit determines a DC input voltage present at its inverter input and determines from the applied DC input voltage and the transmitted power reference data a current power to be converted.

Auf diese Weise sind die Lasteinheiten parallel zueinander zwischen Verbundnetz und lokaler Gleichstromquelle angeordnet und die zugehörigen Wechselrichter agieren autonom ohne eine übergeordnete Steuerung. Der Leistungsmesser kann ein Stromzähler sein, wie er in der zugehörigen Lasteinheit, beispielsweise einer Wohnung eines Mehrfamilienhauses, üblicherweise vorhanden ist. Der Leistungsmesser ermittelt den aktuellen Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz und übermittelt diesen Wert an den zugehörigen Wechselrichter drahtgebunden oder drahtlos. Am Ausgang der Lasteinheit können Lasten angeschlossen werden. Dabei kann es sich dabei beispielsweise um haushaltsübliche Lasten wie Herde, Spülmaschinen, Waschmaschinen, Leuchtmittel oder ähnliches handeln. Ist der Wechselrichter aktiv, wandelt dieser also eingangsseitig vorhandenen Gleichstrom in netzkonformen Wechselstrom, so können die Lasten mit Leistung aus dem Verbundnetz und aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle versorgt werden. Dabei können einphasige oder mehrphasige Wechselrichter zu Einsatz kommen. Da in vielen Ländern die elektrischen Lasten auf mehrere Phasen eines Netzes aufgeteilt angeschlossen werden, wird man Wechselrichter wählen, die an die jeweiligen Gegebenheiten angepasst sind. Aus den übermittelten Leistungsmesserdaten kann der zugehörige Wechselrichter die Leistung ermitteln, die zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt zusätzlich aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle zu wandeln wäre, um die Lasten vollständig aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle zu versorgen. Gleichzeitig ermittelt der zugehörige Wechselrichter auch Messwerte, die die an seinem Eingang anliegende Eingangsgleichspannung charakterisieren, beispielsweise die Amplitude der Eingangsgleichspannung. Es kann sich dabei auch um ein auf die Eingangsgleichspannung aufmoduliertes Signal handeln, was wie die Eingangsgleichspannung selbst von der lokalen Gleichstromquelle generiert wird.In this way, the load units are arranged parallel to each other between the grid and local DC power source and the associated inverters act autonomously without a higher-level control. The power meter may be an electricity meter, as it is usually present in the associated load unit, for example, an apartment of a multi-family house. The power meter determines the current power consumption from the grid and transmits this value to the associated inverter wired or wireless. Loads can be connected to the output of the load unit. These may be, for example, household loads such as stoves, dishwashers, washing machines, bulbs or the like. If the inverter is active, this converts the existing direct current on the input side into grid-compatible alternating current, so the loads can be supplied with power from the grid and from the local DC power source. In this case, single-phase or multi-phase inverters can be used. Since in many countries the electrical loads are connected across several phases of a network, you will choose inverters that are adapted to the respective conditions. From the transmitted power meter data, the associated inverter can determine the power that would additionally have to be converted from the local DC power source in order to supply the loads completely from the local DC power source. At the same time, the associated inverter also determines measured values which characterize the input DC voltage applied to its input, for example the amplitude of the DC input voltage. It may also be a modulated on the input DC voltage signal, which is generated as the input DC voltage itself from the local DC power source.

Bei vielen Generatoren sinkt bei Belastung die Klemmenspannung ab, ähnlich kann sich beispielsweise eine als Photovoltaikgenerator ausgebildete lokale Gleichstromquelle verhalten oder dieses Generatorverhalten kann durch eine an den Photovoltaikgenerator angeschlossene Gleichstromstellerstufe (DC/DC-Wandler) nachgebildet werden. So kann die Klemmenspannung als Maß für die Belastung des Generators fungieren, beziehungsweise aus der Höhe der Klemmenspannung auf Leistungsreserven des Generators geschlossen werden. Eine an den Photovoltaikgenerator angeschlossene Gleichstromstellerstufe könnte auch ein Signal aufmodulieren, aus dem sich die Leistungsreserven des Photovoltaikgenerators ableiten lassen. Ermittelt nun der zur jeweiligen Lasteinheit zugehörige Wechselrichter eine aktuelle Eingangsspannungshöhe oder ein entsprechendes Signal das/die mit zunehmender Belastung variiert, kann der Wechselrichter, beispielsweise durch einen Vergleich mit hinterlegten Schwellwerten, Kennlinien oder Ähnlichem, ermitteln, ob die lokale Gleichstromquelle noch über Leistungsreserven verfügt. Aus dem Vergleich von Indikatoren für Leistungsreserven und dem aktuellen Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz, kann eine aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung bestimmt werden. Dies kann beispielsweise die Leistung sein, die zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt zusätzlich aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle zu wandeln wäre, um die Lasten vollständig aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle zu versorgen, wenn ausreichend Leistungsreserven vorhanden sind. Oder die aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung kann einem Anteil der Leistung entsprechen, die zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt zusätzlich aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle zu wandeln wäre, um die Lasten vollständig aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle zu versorgen.In the case of many generators, the terminal voltage drops under load; similarly, for example, a local DC power source designed as a photovoltaic generator can behave or this generator behavior can be simulated by a DC voltage converter (DC / DC converter) connected to the photovoltaic generator. Thus, the terminal voltage can act as a measure of the load on the generator, or be closed from the height of the terminal voltage to power reserves of the generator. A DC-servo stage connected to the photovoltaic generator could also modulate a signal from which the power reserves of the photovoltaic generator can be derived. If the inverter belonging to the respective load unit now determines a current input voltage level or a corresponding signal which varies with increasing load, the inverter can determine, for example by comparison with stored threshold values, characteristic curves or the like, whether the local DC power source still has power reserves. By comparing indicators for power reserves and the current power consumption from the interconnected network, a current performance to be converted can be determined. This may be, for example, the power which would additionally have to be converted from the local DC power source at the present time in order to supply the loads completely from the local DC power source, if sufficient power reserves are available. Or the current power to be converted may correspond to a share of the power that would currently have to be additionally converted from the local DC power source to fully power the loads from the local DC power source.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems ermittelt der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit aus der an seinem Wechselrichtereingang anliegenden Eingangsgleichspannung gemäß einer vorgegebenen ersten Kennlinie eine maximal mögliche aktuell wandelbare Leistung. Eine solche Kennlinie kann beispielsweise einen linearen Zusammenhang zwischen der Eingangsgleichspannung und der maximal möglichen vom betreffenden Wechselrichter wandelbaren Leistung herstellen, so dass bei einer mittleren Belastung der Gleichstromquelle die vom Wechselrichter gewandelte Leistung an die von den angeschlossenen Lasten benötigte Leistung angepasst werden kann. So könnte der Wechselrichter beispielsweise seine aktuelle gewandelte Leistung entlang der Kennlinie erhöhen, bis alle Lasten versorgt sind oder die maximale Leistungsfähigkeit der Gleichstromquelle, d.h. die maximal mögliche aktuell wandelbare Leistung, erreicht ist.In an advantageous embodiment of the system according to the invention, the inverter determines the respective load unit from the input DC voltage applied to its inverter input according to a predetermined first characteristic, a maximum possible current convertible power. Such a characteristic curve can, for example, establish a linear relationship between the DC input voltage and the maximum possible power that can be converted by the relevant inverter, so that, given an average load of the DC power source, the power converted by the inverter can be adapted to the power required by the connected loads. For example, the inverter could increase its current converted power along the characteristic until all loads are powered up or the maximum Performance of the DC power source, ie the maximum possible currently convertible power is reached.

Eine weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems sieht vor, dass der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit, falls die maximal mögliche aktuell wandelbare Leistung größer oder gleich groß ist wie der Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz, die aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung so bestimmt, dass der Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz gegen einen voreingestellten Grenzwert geht. In einem kontinuierlichen Verfahren ermittelt der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit die Höhe des aktuellen Leistungsbezuges aus dem Verbundnetz und versucht, in einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Erfindung, die von ihm gewandelte Leistung so anzupassen, dass sie hinterlegten Vorgaben entspricht. Beispielsweise könnte eine Obergrenze für den Leistungsbezug der betrachteten Lasteinheit aus dem Verbundnetz eingestellt sein, so dass der zugehörige Wechselrichter die von ihm gewandelte Leistung soweit anhebt oder absenkt, bis diese Obergrenze erreicht ist.A further advantageous embodiment of the system according to the invention provides that the inverter of the respective load unit, if the maximum possible current convertible power is greater than or equal to the power drawn from the interconnected network, determines the current power to be converted so that the power from the grid goes against a preset limit. In a continuous process, the inverter of the respective load unit determines the level of the current power consumption from the interconnected network and, in one embodiment of the present invention, attempts to adapt the power converted by it to meet defaults. For example, an upper limit for the power consumption of the considered load unit could be set from the interconnected network, so that the associated inverter raises or lowers the power converted by it until this upper limit is reached.

Eine weitere Variante könnte darin bestehen, für den Leistungsbezug aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle einen Grenzwert zu hinterlegen, so dass der Wechselrichter seine aktuell gewandelte Leistung nur so weit anhebt, bis dieser Grenzwert erreicht ist und jeder weitere Verbrauch der angeschlossenen Lasten aus dem Verbundnetz erfolgt. Denkbar ist es auch, dass das Regelziel für den Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit darin besteht, dass immer ein bestimmter Anteil der in der jeweiligen Lasteinheit verbrauchten Energie aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle entnommen wird. Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass die lokale Gleichstromquelle über ausreichende Leistungsreserven verfügt und der Bedarf auf Seiten der angeschlossenen Lasten besteht.Another variant could be to deposit a limit value for the supply of power from the local DC power source, so that the inverter only raises its currently converted power until this limit value has been reached and any further consumption of the connected loads takes place from the interconnected network. It is also conceivable that the control target for the inverter of the respective load unit is that always a certain proportion of the energy consumed in the respective load unit is taken from the local DC power source. The prerequisite for this is that the local DC power source has sufficient power reserves and there is a need for the connected loads.

In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems beträgt der voreingestellte Grenzwert 0 KW, was bedeutet, dass der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit, falls die maximal mögliche aktuell wandelbare Leistung mindestens gleich groß ist wie der des Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz, die aktuell zusätzlich zu wandelnde Leistung so bestimmt, dass sie der Höhe des Leistungsbezuges aus dem Verbundnetz entspricht. Der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit hebt in der Folge seine aktuell gewandelte Leistung um die Höhe des vorher ermittelten Leistungsbezuges aus dem Verbundnetz an, so dass dann die an die jeweilige Lasteinheit angeschlossenen Lasten vollständig aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle versorgt werden.In a particularly preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention, the preset limit value is 0 KW, which means that the inverter of the respective load unit, if the maximum possible currently convertible power is at least equal to the power drawn from the interconnected network, the currently in addition to be converted power determined so that it corresponds to the amount of the power consumption from the interconnected grid. As a consequence, the inverter of the respective load unit raises its currently converted power by the amount of the previously determined power consumption from the interconnected network, so that then the loads connected to the respective load unit are completely supplied from the local DC power source.

Falls die maximal mögliche aktuell wandelbare Leistung kleiner ist als der Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz, bestimmt der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit in einer weiteren bevorzugten Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems die aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung so, dass die aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung der maximal möglichen aktuell wandelbaren Leistung entspricht. Auf diese Weise wird der Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz minimiert. Dies bedeutet, wenn das Leistungsangebot der lokalen Geleichstromquelle nicht ausreichend ist, um beispielsweise alle an die jeweilige Lasteinheit angeschlossenen Lasten im gewünschten Maße zu versorgen, dass der Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheit die von ihm gewandelte Leistung wenigstens um den maximal möglichen Betrag anhebt.If the maximum possible currently convertible power is smaller than the power consumption from the interconnected network, the inverter of the respective load unit determines in another preferred embodiment of the system according to the invention the current power to be converted so that the currently to be converted power corresponds to the maximum possible current convertible power , In this way, the power consumption from the interconnected network is minimized. This means that if the power supply of the local countercurrent source is insufficient to supply, for example, all loads connected to the respective load unit to the desired extent, the inverter of the respective load unit raises the power converted by it by at least the maximum possible amount.

In einer vorteilhaften Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems sind die Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheiten als unidirektionale und ggfls. als galvanisch-trennende Wechselrichter ausgebildet. Selbst wenn in einem erfindungsgemäßen System auf der Gleichspannungsseite ein elektrischer Speicher bereitgestellt ist, ist ein Energiefluss von der Wechselspannungsseite zur Gleichspannungsseite der Wechselrichter des erfindungsgemäßen Systems nicht vorgesehen. Daher sind Wechselrichter, deren Halbleiterschalter auf die Energieflussrichtung von DC nach AC optimiert sind, ausreichend und senken damit die Kosten des erfindungsgemäßen Systems. Um eine elektrische Entkopplung der Gleichspannungsseite von der Wechselspannungsseite zu gewährleisten, können die Wechselrichter als galvanisch-trennende Wechselrichter ausgebildet sein.In an advantageous embodiment of the system according to the invention, the inverters of the respective load units are unidirectional and if necessary. designed as galvanic-separating inverter. Even if an electric memory is provided in a system according to the invention on the DC side, an energy flow from the AC side to the DC side of the inverter of the system according to the invention is not provided. Therefore, inverters whose semiconductor switches are optimized in the power flow direction from DC to AC are sufficient and thus lower the cost of the system according to the invention. In order to ensure an electrical decoupling of the DC side of the AC side, the inverters may be formed as a galvanically-separating inverter.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems unterscheiden sich die ersten Kennlinien der jeweiligen Lasteinheiten voneinander. Auf diese Weise können unterschiedliche Regelvorgaben für die Wechselrichter der jeweiligen Lasteinheiten festgelegt werden. Die unterschiedlichen Kennlinien können in Steuerungsbaugruppen der jeweiligen Wechselrichter abgelegt sein. Obwohl an allen Wechselrichtern des erfindungsgemäßen Systems die gleiche Eingangsgleichspannung anliegt, können die Wechselrichter über unterschiedliche Kennlinien aus der Eingangsgleichspannung unterschiedliche maximal mögliche aktuell wandelbare Leistungen für die jeweilige Lasteinheit bestimmen. Durch dieses Merkmal kann auch ohne übergeordnete Steuerung eine ungleiche Verteilung der lokal erzeugten Energie realisiert werden, falls dies gewünscht ist. Selbstverständlich kann aber auch, falls eine Gleichverteilung angestrebt ist, in jedem Wechselrichter des erfindungsgemäßen Systems dieselbe Kennlinie hinterlegt sein, so dass bei gleichem Energieverbrauch der angeschlossenen Lasten dieselbe aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung von den Wechselrichtern ermittelt wird.In a further advantageous embodiment of the system according to the invention, the first characteristics of the respective load units differ from each other. In this way, different control specifications for the inverter of the respective load units can be set. The different characteristics can be stored in control modules of the respective inverter. Although the same DC input voltage is applied to all inverters of the system according to the invention, the inverters can determine different maximum possible currently convertible powers for the respective load unit via different characteristics from the DC input voltage. Because of this Feature can be realized without higher-level control unequal distribution of locally generated energy, if desired. Of course, however, if an equal distribution is desired, in each inverter of the system according to the invention the same characteristic be deposited, so that the same current to be converted power is determined by the inverters with the same energy consumption of the connected loads.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems wird für mindestens eine Lasteinheit die vom Wechselrichter der betreffenden Lasteinheit gewandelte Leistung innerhalb eines Zeitfensters aufsummiert. Ist ein Schwellwert für die aufsummierte Leistung -mithin ein Energie-Schwellwert- der betreffenden Lasteinheit vorgegeben, senkt der Wechselrichter der betreffenden Lasteinheit bei Erreichen des Schwellwertes seine aktuell gewandelte Leistung auf null ab. Werden verschiedene Zeitfenster für unterschiedlich Lasteinheiten des Weiteren über den Tagesverlauf verteilt vorgesehen, kann auf diese Weise erreicht werden, dass die von der lokalen Gleichstromquelle bereitgestellte Energie sozusagen in Portionen aufgeteilt und über den Tagesverlauf verteilt von den Wechselrichtern des erfindungsgemäßen Systems auf die verschiedenen Lasteinheiten aufgeteilt werden kann, ohne dass dazu eine übergeordnete Steuerung benötigt würde.In a further advantageous embodiment of the system according to the invention, the power converted by the inverter of the respective load unit is summed up within a time window for at least one load unit. If a threshold value for the summed power -mithin an energy threshold value of the relevant load unit is specified, the inverter of the relevant load unit lowers its currently converted power to zero when the threshold value is reached. If different time windows for different load units are furthermore distributed over the course of the day, it can be achieved in this way that the energy provided by the local DC power source is divided up into portions and distributed over the course of the day by the inverters of the system according to the invention to the different load units can, without the need for a higher-level control.

In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform enthält das erfindungsgemäße System des Weiteren eine Speichereinheit. Die Speichereinheit umfasst mindestens eine Batterie und einen bidirektionalen Gleichstromsteller, wobei der bidirektionale Gleichstromsteller mit einem ersten Anschluss mit der Gleichstromquelle und mit einem zweiten Anschluss mit der Batterie verbunden ist. Der bidirektionale Gleichstromsteller ermittelt aus einer an seinem ersten Anschluss anliegenden Eingangsgleichspannung gemäß einer vorgegebenen zweiten Kennlinie eine maximal mögliche aktuell speicherbare Leistung. Ähnlich wie die Wechselrichter in den Lasteinheiten ermittelt in der Speichereinheit der bidirektionale Gleichstromsteller aus der aktuellen Eingangsspannungshöhe beispielsweise durch einen Vergleich mit hinterlegten Schwellwerten, Kennlinien oder ähnlichem, ob die lokale Gleichstromquelle noch über Leistungsreserven verfügt. Ist lokal noch bislang ungenutzte Leistung vorhanden, kann diese in der Batterie gespeichert werden. In einer weiteren Ausführungsform unterscheidet sich die vorgegebene zweite Kennlinie von der vorgegebenen ersten Kennlinie. Hierdurch kann beispielsweise erreicht werden, dass zunächst die an die Lasteinheiten angeschlossenen Lasten mit elektrischer Energie versorgt werden und erst nachrangig die Batterie geladen wird. Wird das erfindungsgemäße System zur Eigenverbrauchsoptimierung genutzt, wird man dem direkten, lokalen Verbrauch den Vorzug vor der Speicherung von Energie einräumen. Hierdurch können einerseits Umwandungsverluste beim Speichern und Entladen in/aus der Batterie vermieden werden. Andererseits kann die Batterie wesentlich kleiner dimensioniert werden, was angesichts der Tatsache, dass elektrische Speichertechnik noch immer sehr teuer ist, das erfindungsgemäße System weiterhin kostengünstig gestaltet.In a particularly preferred embodiment, the system according to the invention further includes a storage unit. The memory unit comprises at least one battery and a bidirectional DC chopper, wherein the bidirectional DC chopper is connected to a first terminal to the DC power source and a second terminal to the battery. The bidirectional DC-DC controller determines from a voltage applied to its first terminal DC input voltage according to a predetermined second characteristic curve a maximum possible current storable power. Similar to the inverters in the load units determined in the memory unit of the bidirectional DC-DC converter from the current input voltage level, for example by comparison with stored thresholds, characteristics or the like, if the local DC power source still has power reserves. If locally still unused power is available, it can be stored in the battery. In a further embodiment, the predetermined second characteristic curve differs from the given first characteristic. As a result, it can be achieved, for example, that the loads connected to the load units are first of all supplied with electrical energy, and the battery is charged with priority only afterward. If the system according to the invention is used for self-consumption optimization, preference will be given to direct, local consumption over the storage of energy. As a result, on the one hand conversion losses during storage and unloading in / out of the battery can be avoided. On the other hand, the battery can be dimensioned much smaller, which, given the fact that electrical storage technology is still very expensive, the system of the invention continues to make cost-effective.

In einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Systems ermittelt der bidirektionale Gleichstromsteller aus einer an seinem ersten Anschluss anliegenden Eingangsgleichspannung gemäß der vorgegebenen zweiten Kennlinie eine aktuell benötigte Entladeleistung. Ist der lokale Energieverbrauch höher als die gleichzeitig zur Verfügung stehende Leistung aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle und sinkt beispielsweise die anliegende Eingangsgleichspannung unter eine vordefinierte Schwelle, kann dies ein Signal an den bidirektionale Gleichstromsteller sein, Energie aus der Batterie in die Gleichstromverteilung des erfindungsgemäßen Systems einzuspeisen. Hierdurch kann der Eigenverbrauch der lokal erzeugten Energie weiter gesteigert werden.In a further advantageous embodiment of the system according to the invention, the bidirectional DC-DC controller determines a currently required discharge power from a DC input voltage applied to its first terminal according to the predetermined second characteristic. If the local energy consumption is higher than the simultaneously available power from the local DC source and, for example, the applied DC input voltage drops below a predefined threshold, this can be a signal to the bidirectional DC controller to feed energy from the battery into the DC distribution of the system according to the invention. As a result, the self-consumption of the locally generated energy can be further increased.

Sind alle angeschlossenen Lasten aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle versorgt und auch die Speicherkapazität der Batterie voll genutzt, können beispielsweise weitere variable Lasten vorgesehen sein, die eingeschaltet werden, um überschüssig vorhandene lokale Energie zu verbrauchen. Das Einschalten der variablen Lasten könnte beispielsweise über ein spezielles, auf die elektrischen Leitungen aufmoduliertes Signal (Broadcast-Signal) ausgelöst werden. Ist kein weiterer lokaler Verbrauch mehr möglich, kann die lokale Gleichstromquelle abgeregelt werden, d.h. in Ihrer Leistung so zurückgefahren werden, dass sich lokale Erzeugung und Verbrauch ausgleichen. Eine Einspeisung von Energie ins Verbundnetz ist im erfindungsgemäßen System nicht vorgesehen.If all connected loads are supplied from the local DC power source and the battery's storage capacity is fully utilized, for example, further variable loads may be provided, which are switched on in order to consume excess local energy. The switching on of the variable loads could, for example, be triggered by a special signal modulated onto the electrical lines (broadcast signal). If no further local consumption is possible, the local DC source can be de-regulated, i. Your performance will be reduced to balance out local production and consumption. A feed of energy into the network is not provided in the system according to the invention.

Ein erfindungsgemäßes System zeichnet sich durch besonders kompakte und kostengünstige Komponenten aus und ist ideal geeignet, um beispielsweise in einem Mehrfamilienhaus die Energie einer gemeinsam genutzten Photovoltaikanlage zu verteilen. Dies ist insbesondere auch bei der Nachrüstung eines Hauses mit einer Photovoltaikanlage vorteilhaft, da nur wenige Installationsschritte durchzuführen und Komponenten zu installieren sind. Übliche elektrische Verteiler, insbesondere Wohnungsverteiler, weisen einen Anschluss an das Wechselspannungsverteilnetz auf und sind mit einem Stromzähler ausgerüstet, der den Energieverbrauch der Wohnung/Untereinheit oder ähnlichem misst. Die elektrische Leistung wird auf mit Sicherungen ausgestattete Leitungen verteilt, die an die jeweiligen Verbrauchsstellen herangeführt werden.An inventive system is characterized by particularly compact and inexpensive components and is ideally suited to, for example, in an apartment building, the energy of a shared photovoltaic system to distribute. This is particularly advantageous when retrofitting a house with a photovoltaic system, since only a few installation steps to perform and components to install. Conventional electrical distributors, in particular apartment distributors, have a connection to the AC distribution network and are equipped with an electricity meter that measures the energy consumption of the apartment / subunit or the like. The electrical power is distributed to fuses equipped lines, which are led to the respective consumption points.

Eine besonders bevorzugte Ausführungsform betrifft einen Nachrüstsatz für einen elektrischen Verteiler, insbesondere einen Wohnungsverteiler, zum Einsatz in einem erfindungsgemäßen System. Der Nachrüstsatz umfasst dabei einen Wechselrichter mit einem Wechselrichterausgang, der eingerichtet ist, mit einem Wechselspannungseingang des Verteilers verbunden zu werden. Der Wechselrichter weist einen Wechselrichtereingang auf, der eingerichtet ist, mit mindestens einer erneuerbaren Gleichstromquelle verbunden zu werden, und eine Steuerung, die eine am Wechselrichtereingang anliegende Eingangsgleichspannung ermittelt. Ferner umfasst der Nachrüstsatz eine Kommunikationsverbindung zur Übermittlung von Leistungsbezugsdaten von einem in dem Verteiler angeordneten Zähler an den Wechselrichter und einen Anschluss für eine Gleichstromverteilung zur Verbindung des Verteilers mit der erneuerbaren Gleichstromquelle. Die Steuerung bestimmt aus der anliegenden Eingangsgleichspannung und übermittelten Leistungsbezugsdaten eine aktuell zu wandelnde Leistung.A particularly preferred embodiment relates to a retrofit kit for an electrical distributor, in particular a housing distributor, for use in a system according to the invention. The retrofit kit comprises an inverter with an inverter output which is set up to be connected to an AC voltage input of the distributor. The inverter has an inverter input configured to be connected to at least one renewable DC power source and a controller that determines a DC input voltage applied to the inverter input. Further, the retrofit kit includes a communication link for communicating power reference data from a meter located in the distributor to the inverter and a DC distribution terminal for connecting the distributor to the renewable DC power source. From the applied DC input voltage and transmitted power reference data, the controller determines a power that is currently to be converted.

Auf diese Weise werden über die Installation der erneuerbaren Gleichstromquelle, insbesondere Photovoltaikanlage auf dem Dach des Hauses, und einer Leitung als Gleichstromverteilung durch einen zentralen Installationsschacht des Hauses und deren Heranführen an die Wohnungsverteilerkästen hinaus keine weiteren aufwändigen Installationsarbeiten nötig. Da der Wechselrichter für eine Wohneinheit bei einem haushaltsüblichen Energieverbrauch sehr kompakt ausfallen kann, können die Komponenten des Nachrüstsatzes in der Regel im vorhandenen Wohnungsverteiler untergebracht werden. So lässt sich eine kostengünstige und aufwandsarme nachträgliche Installation einer gemeinsam zu nutzenden Photovoltaikanlage insbesondere in einem Mehrfamilienhaus realisieren.In this way, the installation of the renewable DC power source, in particular photovoltaic system on the roof of the house, and a line as DC distribution through a central installation shaft of the house and their approach to the housing distribution boxes addition, no further complex installation work required. Since the inverter can be very compact for a residential unit with a common household energy consumption, the components of the retrofit kit can be accommodated in the existing housing distributor usually. Thus, a low-cost and low-cost subsequent installation of a jointly used photovoltaic system can be realized, especially in an apartment building.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen unter Heranziehung von Zeichnungen beschrieben, aus denen sich, in Zusammenschau mit den Merkmalen der Ansprüche, weitere Merkmale, Eigenschaften und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben.The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the drawings which, together with the features of the claims, provide further features, characteristics and advantages of the invention.

Es zeigen:

Fig.1
eine schematische Darstellung einer beispielhaften Ausgestaltung eines erfindungsgemäßen Systems
Fig. 2
eine beispielhafte Ausgestaltung einer Lasteinheit eines erfindungsgemäßen Systems
Fig. 3
eine beispielhafte Ausgestaltung einer Speichereinheit eines erfindungsgemäßen Systems
Show it:
Fig.1
a schematic representation of an exemplary embodiment of a system according to the invention
Fig. 2
an exemplary embodiment of a load unit of a system according to the invention
Fig. 3
an exemplary embodiment of a memory unit of a system according to the invention

Figur 1 zeigt schematisch wie eine beispielhafte Ausgestaltung eines erfindungsgemäßen Systems 1. Lasteinheiten 3, 3', 3" sind an einem Verbundnetzanschluss 9 an ein Verbundnetz 10 angeschlossen. Dabei kann es sich beispielsweise um ein Niederspannungsverteilnetz eines öffentlichen Wechselspannungsnetzes handeln, das in der Regel von einem Netzbetreiber bereitgestellt wird und oft mehrphasig ausgeführt ist. Bei den Lasteinheiten 3, 3', 3" kann es sich um verschiedene Wohnungen eines Mehrfamilienhauses, um Etagen oder andere Untereinheiten eines Gebäudes oder Betriebs handeln. Des Weiteren sind die Lasteinheiten 3, 3', 3" an eine Gleichstromverteilung 12 angeschlossen an die auch eine gemeinsam genutzte Gleichstromquelle 2 angeschlossen ist. Bei der Gleichstromquelle 2 kann es sich beispielsweise um eine Photovoltaikanlage auf dem Dach eines Mehrfamilienhauses handeln. In diesem Falle wird in der Regel auch ein DC/DC Steller (nicht gezeigt) zwischen PV-Generator und Gleichstromverteilung 12 angeordnet sein, der den PV-Generator in seinen Punkt maximaler Leistung (MPP) regelt. FIG. 1 3 schematically shows an exemplary embodiment of a system according to the invention 1. Load units 3, 3 ', 3 "are connected to a network 10 at a network connection 9. This can be, for example, a low-voltage distribution network of a public alternating voltage network, which is usually provided by a network operator The load units 3, 3 ', 3 "may be different dwellings of a multiple dwelling, floors or other sub-units of a building or business. Furthermore, the load units 3, 3 ', 3 "are connected to a DC distribution system 12 to which a shared DC power source 2 is connected as well.The DC power source 2 may be, for example, a photovoltaic system on the roof of an apartment building In general, a DC / DC controller (not shown) between PV generator and DC distribution 12 may be arranged, which controls the PV generator in its point of maximum power (MPP).

Figur 2 zeigt eine beispielhafte Ausgestaltung einer Lasteinheit 3 wie sie in einem erfindungsgemäßen System 1 enthalten sein kann. Die Lasteinheit 3 ist an ihrem Eingang 4 den Verbundnetzanschluss 9 und an eine Gleichstromverteilung 12, wie oben beschrieben, angeschlossen. Des Weiteren umfasst die Lasteinheit 3 auch einen Ausgang 5, an den über eine Wechselstromverteilung 16 elektrische Lasten 11, 11', 11", 11''' angeschlossen sind. Bei den Lasten 11, 11', 11", 11''' kann es sich um haushaltsübliche Lasten wie Beleuchtungskörper, Waschmaschinen, Herde etc. aber auch um Produktionsmaschinen, beispielsweise in einem Betrieb, handeln. Die Lasten 11, 11', 11", 11''', ... können zur Aufnahme von ein- oder mehrphasiger Wechselstromleistung eingerichtet sein, die Wechselstromverteilung 16 kann, wie beispielsweise im Haushalt üblich, einphasige Lasten auf mehrere Phasen verteilen. In der Lasteinheit 3 wird mittels eines Leistungsmessers 13 der aktuelle Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz 10 ermittelt. Dazu ist ein Leistungsmessereingang 14 mit dem Eingang 4 verbunden. Der Leistungsmesser 13 kann ein Stromzähler sein, wie er beispielsweise in einer Wohnung eines Mehrfamilienhauses üblicherweise vorhanden ist. Dieser muss allerdings mindestens zur Übermittlung der von ihm aktuell gemessenen Leistungsbezugsdaten eingerichtet sein. FIG. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment of a load unit 3 as it may be included in a system 1 according to the invention. The load unit 3 is connected at its input 4 to the interconnected power supply 9 and to a direct current distribution 12, as described above. Furthermore, the load unit 3 also comprises an output 5, to which electrical loads 11, 11 ', 11 ", 11''' are connected via an alternating current distribution 16. In the case of the loads 11, 11 ', 11", 11''' it is to household household loads such as lighting fixtures, washing machines, stoves, etc. but also to production machines, for example, in a business act. The loads 11, 11 ', 11 ", 11'",... Can be set up to accommodate single- or multi-phase alternating current power, and the alternating current distribution 16 can distribute single-phase loads over several phases, as is customary in the household, for example Load unit 3 is determined by means of a power meter 13, the current power consumption from the interconnected network 10. For this purpose, a power meter input 14 is connected to the input 4. The power meter 13 may be an electricity meter, as it is usually present for example in an apartment of a multi-family house be set up at least for the transmission of the currently measured power reference data.

Die Lasteinheit 3 umfasst ferner einen Wechselrichter 6, der mit seinem Wechselrichtereingang 7 an die Gleichstromverteilung 12 angeschlossen und mit seinem Wechselrichterausgang 8 an die Verbindung zwischen Eingang 4 und Ausgang 5 der Lasteinheit 3 angeschlossen ist. Der Wechselrichter 6 ist eingerichtet, an seinem Eingang zur Verfügung stehende DC-Leistung in netzkonforme AC-Leistung zu wandeln und letztere in die Verbindung zwischen Eingang 4 und Ausgang 5 der Lasteinheit 3, respektive die Wechselstromverteilung 16 einzuspeisen.The load unit 3 further comprises an inverter 6, which is connected with its inverter input 7 to the DC distribution 12 and connected with its inverter output 8 to the connection between input 4 and output 5 of the load unit 3. The inverter 6 is set up to convert available DC power into grid-compliant AC power at its input and to feed the latter into the connection between input 4 and output 5 of the load unit 3, or the alternating current distribution 16.

Der Leistungsmesser 13 übermittelt seine aktuell gemessenen Leistungsbezugsdaten über einen Leistungsmesserausgang 15 an den Wechselrichter 6. Diese Übermittlung kann drahtgebunden oder drahtlos geschehen. Die dem erfindungsgemäßen System 1 zugrunde liegende Idee ist es, die von der Gleichstromquelle 2 bereitgestellte Leistung möglichst vollständig innerhalb des Systems 1 zu verbrauchen. Dazu kann der Wechselrichter 6 so eingerichtet sein, dass er die von ihm eingespeiste Leistung so weit erhöht, bis der Leistungsbezug aus dem Verbundnetz auf null Watt abgesunken ist. Dann werden entweder alle an die Lasteinheit 3 angeschlossenen Lasten 11, 11', 11", 11''' aus der lokalen Gleichstromquelle 2 versorgt (oder es findet gar kein Verbrauch statt).The power meter 13 transmits its currently measured power reference data via a power meter output 15 to the inverter 6. This transmission can be wired or wireless. The idea underlying the system 1 according to the invention is to use the power provided by the DC power source 2 as completely as possible within the system 1. For this purpose, the inverter 6 can be set up so that it increases the power supplied by it until the power consumption from the interconnected network has dropped to zero watts. Then either all the loads 11, 11 ', 11 ", 11' '' connected to the load unit 3 are supplied from the local DC power source 2 (or there is no consumption at all).

Um zu ermitteln, ob die Gleichstromquelle 2 über Leistungsreserven verfügt, d.h. ob der Wechselrichter 6 die von ihm eingespeiste Leistung weiter erhöhen kann, um die angeschlossenen Lasten 11, 11', 11", 11''', ... mit mehr Leistung zu versorgen, kann der Wechselrichter 6 beispielsweise die an seinem Eingang 7 anliegende DC-Spannung messen. Bei hoher Belastung der Gleichstromquelle 2 kann die DC-Spannung sinken. So kann der Wechselrichter 6 beispielsweise aus einer unter einen vorgegebenen Schwellwert abgesunkenen DC-Spannung schließen, dass er die von ihm gewandelte Leistung nicht weiter erhöhen kann. Sinkt die DC-Spannung weiter ab, kann hinterlegt sein, dass der Wechselrichter 6 die von ihm eingespeiste Leistung reduziert. Umgekehrt kann eine hohe DC-Spannung anzeigen, dass eine Steigerung der gewandelten Leistung möglich ist.In order to determine whether the DC power source 2 has power reserves, that is, whether the inverter 6 can further increase the power supplied by it to the connected loads 11, 11 ', 11 ", 11''', ... with more power can provide the inverter 6, for example, measure the voltage applied to its input 7 DC voltage. At high load of the DC power source 2, the DC voltage may decrease. For example, the inverter 6 can conclude from a DC voltage dropped below a predetermined threshold value that it can no longer increase the power it has converted. If the DC voltage continues to drop, it can be stored that the inverter 6 reduces the power it feeds. Conversely, a high DC voltage can indicate that an increase in converted power is possible.

Alternativ könnte der Wechselrichter 6 ein auf die Eingangsgleichspannung aufmoduliertes Signal als Indikator der Leistungsreserven der Gleichstromquelle 2 an seinem Wechselrichtereingang 7 ermitteln. Dieses Signal kann von einem zwischen PV-Generator und Gleichstromverteilung 12 angeordneten DC/DC Steller (nicht gezeigt) auf die Eingangsgleichspannung moduliert werden und Schwellwerte für dieses Signal können dann, wie oben beschrieben, zur Ermittlung der Leistungsreserven der Gleichstromquelle 2 dienen. Die Schwellwerte oder Kennlinien zur Beschreibung des Zusammenhanges von Signal- oder DC-Spannungsgröße und den Leistungsreserven der Gleichstromquelle 2 können in der Steuerung (nicht gezeigt) des Wechselrichters 6 abgelegt sein.Alternatively, the inverter 6 could determine a modulated on the DC input voltage signal as an indicator of the power reserves of the DC power source 2 at its inverter input 7. This signal can be modulated by a DC / DC controller (not shown) arranged between PV generator and DC distribution 12 to the DC input voltage, and threshold values for this signal can then serve, as described above, for determining the power reserves of the DC source 2. The thresholds or characteristics for describing the relationship of signal or DC voltage magnitude and the power reserves of the DC power source 2 may be stored in the controller (not shown) of the inverter 6.

Die Komponenten einer Lasteinheit 3 lassen sich gut in einen üblichen elektrischen Verteilerkasten einer Wohnung integrieren. Da der Stromzähler und die Anschlüsse 4 und 5 dort meist schon vorhanden sind, kann durch den zusätzlichen Einbau eines Wechselrichters 6, das Heranführen der Gleichstromverteilung 12 und die Einrichtung einer Kommunikationsverbindung zwischen Stromzähler 13 und Wechselrichter 6 der Verteilerkasten auch nachträglich leicht zu einer Lasteinheit 3 zum Einsatz im erfindungsgemäßen Systems 1 ertüchtigt werden.The components of a load unit 3 can be easily integrated into a conventional electrical distribution box of a dwelling. Since the electricity meter and the terminals 4 and 5 there are usually already present, the additional installation of an inverter 6, bringing the DC distribution 12 and the establishment of a communication connection between the electricity meter 13 and inverter 6 of the distribution box also easily subsequently to a load unit 3 for Use in the inventive system 1 can be upgraded.

Figur 3 zeigt eine beispielhafte Ausgestaltung einer Speichereinheit 20 zum Einsatz in einem erfindungsgemäßen System 1. Die Speichereinheit 20 umfasst eine Batterie 22 und einen bidirektionalen Gleichstromsteller (DC/DC-Wandler) 21. Der DC/DC-Wandler 21 ist mit einem Anschluss 23 an die Gleichstromverteilung 12 und über diese an die Gleichstromquelle 2 angeschlossen. Mit einem Anschluss 24 ist der DC/DC-Wandler 21 an die Batterie 22 angeschlossen, wobei die Batterie 22 aus mehreren Batterie-Untereinheiten bzw. aus mehreren Batterien bestehen kann. Der DC/DC-Wandler 21 fungiert einerseits als Laderegler, indem er aus der Gleichstromverteilung 12 Energie entnimmt und in die Batterie 22 einspeichert, andererseits steuert der DC/DC-Wandler 21 auch die Entnahme und Einspeisung von Energie aus der Batterie 22 in die Gleichstromverteilung 12. Ähnlich wie die oben beschriebene Lasteinheit 3 kann der DC/DC-Wandler 21 die an seinem Anschluss (23) anliegende DC-Spannung oder ein auf die Eingangsgleichspannung aufmoduliertes Signal als Indikator der Leistungsreserven der Gleichstromquelle 2 messen. In der Steuerung des DC/DC-Wandler 21 ist eine zweite Kennlinie abgelegt, die eine Beziehung zwischen elektrischen Kenngrößen herstellt beispielsweise zwischen der anliegenden DC-Spannungshöhe und einer verfügbaren DC-Leistung bzw. der maximal möglichen aktuell speicherbaren Leistung. Diese zweite Kennlinie kann eine im Vergleich zur ersten Kennlinie unterschiedliche Steigung haben, woraus ein unterschiedliches Ansprechverhalten von Lasteinheiten und Speichereinheiten in Bezug auf die gleiche gemessene DC-Spannungshöhe resultiert. Dies kann bewirken, dass zunächst die an die Lasteinheiten angeschlossenen Lasten mit elektrischer Energie versorgt werden und erst nachrangig die Batterie geladen wird. FIG. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment of a memory unit 20 for use in a system according to the invention 1. The memory unit 20 comprises a battery 22 and a bidirectional DC-DC converter (DC / DC converter) 21. The DC / DC converter 21 is connected to a terminal 23 to the DC distribution 12 and connected via this to the DC power source 2. With a connection 24, the DC / DC converter 21 is connected to the battery 22, wherein the battery 22 may consist of a plurality of battery subunits or of a plurality of batteries. The DC / DC converter 21 acts as a charge controller on the one hand, by the On the other hand, the DC / DC converter 21 also controls the extraction and supply of energy from the battery 22 into the DC distribution 12. Like the load unit 3 described above, the DC / DC converter can 21 measure the DC voltage present at its terminal (23) or a signal modulated onto the DC input voltage as an indicator of the power reserves of the DC power source 2. In the control of the DC / DC converter 21, a second characteristic is stored, which establishes a relationship between electrical parameters, for example, between the applied DC voltage level and an available DC power or the maximum possible current storable power. This second characteristic may have a different slope compared to the first characteristic, resulting in a different response of load units and storage units with respect to the same measured DC voltage level. This can cause that initially the loads connected to the load units are supplied with electrical energy and only secondary the battery is charged.

Sinkt beispielsweise die gemessene DC-Spannungshöhe unter eine weitere, tiefer liegende Schwelle, kann dies der Hinweis auf einen im Vergleich zur lokalen Erzeugung höheren lokalen Verbrauch an elektrischer Leistung sein. Dies kann das Signal für die Speichereinheit sein, ihre gespeicherte Energie wieder in die Gleichstromverteilung 12 einzuspeisen. So kann die zuvor lokal überschüssig vorhandene Energie wieder dem Eigenverbrauch zugeführt werden.If, for example, the measured DC voltage level drops below a further, lower threshold, this may be an indication of a higher local consumption of electrical power compared to local generation. This may be the signal for the memory unit to feed its stored energy back into the DC distribution 12. Thus, the previously locally surplus existing energy can be returned to self-consumption.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

11
Systemsystem
22
GleichstromquelleDC power source
3, 3', 3", ...3, 3 ', 3 ", ...
Lasteinheitload unit
44
Eingangentrance
55
Ausgangexit
66
Wechselrichterinverter
77
WechselrichtereingangInverter input
88th
WechselrichterausgangInverter output
99
VerbundnetzanschlussGrid connection
1010
Verbundnetzgrid system
11, 11', 11", 11''', ...11, 11 ', 11 ", 11' '', ...
Lastload
1212
GleichstromverteilungDC distribution
1313
Leistungsmesserpower meter
1414
LeistungsmessereingangPerformance Fair input
1515
LeistungsmesserausgangPower meter output
1616
WechselstromverteilungAC power distribution
2020
Speichereinheitstorage unit
2121
GleichstromstellerDC chopper
2222
Batteriebattery
2323
Anschlussconnection
2424
Anschlussconnection

Claims (12)

  1. A system (1) for distributing locally generated energy from at least one renewable DC source (2) to a plurality of local load units (3, 3', 3") of the system (1), comprising, for each load unit (3, 3', 3"),
    • an input (4) for connection to an integrated grid (10),
    • an output (5) for connection to at least one load (11, 11', 11"),
    • an inverter (6) having an inverter input (7) and an inverter output (8), wherein the inverter input (7) is connected to the DC source (2) and the inverter output (8) is connected to the input (4) and to the output (5) of the respective load unit (3, 3', 3"), and wherein the inverter (6) converts a direct current at the inverter input (7) into an alternating current at the inverter output (8),
    • a power meter (13) having a power meter input (14), which is connected to the input (4) of the respective load unit (3, 3', 3") in order to determine a current power consumption from the integrated grid (10), and having a power meter output (15), which is connected to the inverter (6) of the respective load unit (3, 3', 3") in order to transmit data relating to the current power consumption from the integrated grid (10) to the inverter (6),
    characterized in that
    the inverter (6) of the respective load unit (3, 3', 3") is configured to determine an input DC voltage applied to its inverter input (7) and to determine a power to be currently converted from the applied input DC voltage and the transmitted power consumption data.
  2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inverter (6) of the respective load unit (3, 3', 3") determines a maximum possible power which can be currently converted from the input DC voltage applied to its inverter input (7) according to a predefined first characteristic curve.
  3. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein, if the maximum possible power which can be currently converted is greater than or equal to the power consumption from the integrated grid (10), the inverter (6) of the respective load unit (3, 3', 3") determines the power to be currently converted in such a manner that the power consumption from the integrated grid (10) assumes a preset limit value.
  4. The system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the preset limit value is 0 kW.
  5. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein, if the maximum possible power which can be currently converted is less than the power consumption from the integrated grid (10), the inverter (6) of the respective load unit (3, 3', 3") determines the power to be currently converted in such a manner that it corresponds to the level of the maximum possible power which can be currently converted, with the result that the power consumption from the integrated grid (10) is minimized.
  6. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the inverters (6) are unidirectional and galvanically isolating inverters.
  7. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein the first characteristic curves of the respective load units (3, 3', 3") differ from one another.
  8. The system as claimed in claim 2, wherein, for at least one load unit (3, 3', 3"), the power converted by the inverter (6) of the concerned load unit is summed within a time window and a threshold value is predefined for the summed power of the relevant load unit, wherein the inverter (6) of the concerned load unit (3, 3', 3") reduces its currently converted power to zero upon reaching the threshold value.
  9. The system as claimed in claim 1, further comprising a storage unit (20) comprising at least one battery (22) and a bidirectional DC converter (21), wherein a first connection (23) of the bidirectional DC converter (21) is connected to the DC source (2) and a second connection (24) of the bidirectional DC converter (21) is connected to the battery (22), and wherein the bidirectional DC converter (21) determines a maximum possible power which can be currently stored from an input DC voltage applied to its first connection (23) according to a predefined second characteristic curve.
  10. The system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the predefined second characteristic curve differs from the predefined first characteristic curve.
  11. The system as claimed in claim 9, wherein the bidirectional DC converter (21) determines a currently required discharge power from an input DC voltage applied to its first connection (23) according to the predefined second characteristic curve.
  12. A retrofit kit for an electrical distributor, in particular an apartment distributor, for use in a system (1) according to the invention as claimed in one of the preceding claims, comprising
    - an inverter (6) comprising
    - an inverter output (8) for connection to an alternating voltage input of the distributor,
    - an inverter input (7) for connection to at least one renewable DC source (2), and
    - a controller for determining an input DC voltage applied to the inverter input (7) and for determining a power to be currently converted from the applied input DC voltage and the transmitted power consumption data,
    - a communication connection (15) for transmitting the power consumption data from a meter (13) arranged in the distributor to the inverter (6), and
    - a connection for a DC distribution (12) for connecting the distributor to the renewable DC source (2).
EP18711302.2A 2017-04-13 2018-03-13 System for distributing locally generated energy to multiple load units Active EP3406016B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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DE102017108121 2017-04-13
PCT/EP2018/056218 WO2018188872A1 (en) 2017-04-13 2018-03-13 System for distributing locally generated energy to multiple load units

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CN109478785A (en) 2019-03-15
US20200044444A1 (en) 2020-02-06
US11043807B2 (en) 2021-06-22
WO2018188872A1 (en) 2018-10-18
US11527887B2 (en) 2022-12-13
US20210296891A1 (en) 2021-09-23
EP3406016A1 (en) 2018-11-28
JP7000448B2 (en) 2022-01-19
JP2020517211A (en) 2020-06-11
CN109478785B (en) 2020-06-09

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