EP3385656B1 - Utilisation d'un couche sur une surface d'échangeur thermique - Google Patents
Utilisation d'un couche sur une surface d'échangeur thermique Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3385656B1 EP3385656B1 EP17401041.3A EP17401041A EP3385656B1 EP 3385656 B1 EP3385656 B1 EP 3385656B1 EP 17401041 A EP17401041 A EP 17401041A EP 3385656 B1 EP3385656 B1 EP 3385656B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- heat exchanger
- thermo
- coating
- solid surface
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 4
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Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F13/00—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing
- F28F13/18—Arrangements for modifying heat-transfer, e.g. increasing, decreasing by applying coatings, e.g. radiation-absorbing, radiation-reflecting; by surface treatment, e.g. polishing
- F28F13/185—Heat-exchange surfaces provided with microstructures or with porous coatings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2245/00—Coatings; Surface treatments
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F2245/00—Coatings; Surface treatments
- F28F2245/06—Coatings; Surface treatments having particular radiating, reflecting or absorbing features, e.g. for improving heat transfer by radiation
Definitions
- the invention refers to a heat exchanger element and a method for manufacturing said heat exchanger element and is based on the use of a coating on a heat exchanger surface for enhancing heat transfer by thermo-coustic impedance matching.
- a use according to the preamble of claim1 is known from GB 12 18 63 A .
- Heat transfer enhancement between solid surfaces and fluids is relevant for heat exchangers, which are applied in all kind of technical applications and their performance has a large impact on the overall efficiency.
- Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy (heat) from a solid heat source to a cooling fluid, from a warm fluid to a solid heat sink, or between several fluids that are separated by a solid heat exchanger wall.
- Classical heat transfer enhancement techniques incorporate one or a combination of either increase of heat exchanger surface, increase of fluid velocities and promotion of turbulence in the fluid-side thermal boundary layer or influencing surface wettability and nucleation site activity in case of boiling and condensation ( R. L. Webb, "Principals of enhanced heat transfer", Wiley, 1994 ).
- Insert devices provide a periodic acceleration/deceleration of the fluid as well as turbulence in the fluid-side thermal boundary layer by periodically changing the flow cross-section.
- Swirl flow devices for example, increase the fluid velocity by forcing the fluid on a swirling or helical streamline.
- active techniques such as acoustic or electric fields and surface vibration are used to promote turbulence in the fluid.
- the artificial increase of the surface roughness mainly effects the formation of a thermal boundary layer, but has negligible influence on the surface area.
- the increase of roughness may be achieved by surface coatings incorporating relatively large particles.
- Influencing surface wettability and nucleation site activity in case of boiling and condensation is yet another enhancement possibility. This can be achieved by surface coatings that change the surface energy of the heat exchanger wall. The surface energy influences the wetting angle, which has a significant influence on two-phase heat transfer in both boiling and condensation. Porous surfaces are also used to enhance nucleate boiling by providing artificial nucleation sites.
- the porous surface increases the density of boiling nucleation sites.
- Coatings with solid particles are also proposed in DE10 2012 108 602 A1 , wherein coatings with a 10-500 ⁇ m thickness are shown, wherein the coating is made out of sand fixed to the surface with a polymer binder.
- the sand is an aggregate of solid particles of mineral origin as given in EN 12620 and EN 13139 with D50 ⁇ 300 ⁇ m particle size.
- a heat exchanger element for being in contact with a gas comprises one or more solid surface(s). Meaning as such, that a heat exchanger element can have areas, which are coated and areas without any coating. At least one of these areas, one which is in contact with the heat exchanger fluid, here a gas, can be coated.
- said solid surface is coated with one or more layer(s) of predetermined material, the layer being suitable to enhance the heat transfer between the solid surface and said fluid by thermo-acoustic impedance matching.
- This layer is a homogeneous material layer, whereas such a consistent material layer works for a single-phase fluid, such as any gas, effectively.
- the gas as the heat exchanging fluid can be a pure gas, a mixture of gases or an aerosol, i.e. a suspension of particles and/or droplets in a gaseous phase.
- the physical basis for the layer can be explained as follows: Classical heat transfer theory is based on the concept of a thermal (as well as hydrodynamic) boundary layer, whereby the temperature of the fluid in contact with the wall is equal to the wall temperature and a decline in temperature occurs as Fig. 1a shows.
- the layers of predetermined materials and the layer thicknesses are chosen such that the heat transfer between the solid surface and the gas is enhanced by thermo-acoustic impedance matching between all the layers in contact with each other. With this implementation, the sum of thermal resistances and thus the overall temperature difference between the solid surface and the gas is smaller than in case of the uncoated solid surface.
- Candidates for the coating and therefore examples for the predetermined materials are materials with intermediate values of thermo-acoustic impedance. This promotes in particular non-metallic amorphous materials rather than crystalline materials, as the latter have impedances in the range of metals or beyond.
- another embodiment of the invention can implement, that said solid surface has at least one flat section or at least one section with a predetermined structuring or topology or a combination of both.
- the heat transfer enhancement according to the invention can be applied on either side of said solid surface. Further, it can be combined with the other enhancement methods, in particular with surface enhancement methods.
- the heat exchanger element and or its surface can be made out of any suitable solid, such as copper, aluminum, steel, silicon, graphene or diamond, for example.
- said solid surface has either at least one section which has a tubular shape with an outer surface and/or an inner surface both with a curvature, either concave or convex, as for example a tube segment, or which has at least one section which has a cylindrical shape with an outer surface and/or an inner surface, as for example a cylindrical body with a bore.
- the heat transfer enhancement according to the invention can be applied on either side of said solid surface. Further, it can be combined with the other enhancement methods, in particular with surface enhancement methods.
- the heat exchanger element and or its surface can be made out of any suitable solid, such as copper, aluminum, steel, silicon, graphene or diamond, for example.
- Heat transfer enhancement between solid surfaces and gases can be applied by means of thermo-acoustic impedance matching.
- Thermo-acoustic impedances depend on the speed of sound and the mass density.
- the values for solids and gases can differ by several orders of magnitude.
- the layer materials and the layer thicknesses might be chosen such that the heat transfer between the solid surface and the gas is enhanced by thermo-acoustic impedance matching between all the layers in contact with each other. If the layer is too thin for the phonon excitation, there will be no effect of the layer, if it is too thick, said layer will function as a thermal insulator.
- Tab. 1 Thermo-acoustic properties of selected materials. Material Density / kg/m 3 Longitudinal wave velocity / m/s Impedance / Pa s/m Helium @ 293K 0,166 1010 1,7E+02 Nitrogen @ 293K 1,17 349 4,0E+02 LNG @ 77K 808 855 6,9E+05 Water @ 293K 998 1480 1,5E+06 LD-PE 920 1950 1,8E+06 Polyurethane 1110 1760 2,0E+06 Glas: pyrex 2240 5640 1,3E+07 Aluminum 2700 6420 1,7E+07 Steel 7800 5850 4,6E+07 Copper 8930 5010 4,5E+07
- the implementation of a LD-PE coating on a steel surface would enhance the heat transfer to gaseous nitrogen (or air) at 293 K, because the impedance (1.8E+06) is in-between that of steel (4.6E+07) and that of nitrogen gas (4.0E+02).
- the same LD-PE coating would have a negligible or even negative effect in case of heat transfer to water at 293 K, because the impedances of water (1.5E+06) and LD-PE are nearly the same and the LD-PE layer would thus not improve the thermo-acoustic impedance matching and only act as an additional thermal insulator.
- the best layer-coating can be chosen and used. The effect is very effective for the heat transfer enhancement between solids and gases, which show the largest mismatch in thermo-acoustic impedance.
- the thickness(es) of the coating layer(s) is one design parameter for thermo-acoustic impedance matching, beside the choice of the layer material.
- said layer has a thickness in a range between 1 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m.
- Thinner layers of non-matching material might therefore be applied on the surface next to the gas, without disturbing the thermo-acoustic impedance matching.
- An example are sub-micron metallic layers for UV or corrosion protection, for the prevention of fouling or for optical reasons.
- the thickness can be adapted according to phonon propagation properties of specific materials.
- said solid surface can be coated with several layers out of different predetermined materials and having different thicknesses.
- said heat exchanger element can be manufactured according to the method described according to the invention. This enables a simple and cost-efficient manufacturing of an enhanced heat exchanger element.
- said heat exchanger element comprises one or more solid surface(s).
- the manufacturing comprises the step of coating said solid surface with one or more layer(s) of predetermined material, wherein said layer is suitable to enhance the heat transfer between the solid surface and said gas by thermo-acoustic impedance matching.
- coating of said layer is performed onto the solid surface by slot-die coating, doctor blading, dip coating, spray painting or alternatively by the lamination of films. These methods can be used continuously (roll-to-roll).
- a heat exchanger element 1 (shown as a part) has a solid surface 2. Said heat exchanger element 1 is in contact with a gas 3 serving as a heat exchanger medium, which might be any form of gas.
- the heat transfer direction is represented by arrow 5 and the generated temperature profile is depicted by curve 6.
- the temperature profile results from the consideration of both Kapitza conductance and thermal boundary theory in case of a gas 3 flowing along a heat exchanger element 1.
- the total temperature difference results from the first and second temperature steps 6a, 6b, a temperature gradient 6c and a thermal boundary layer 6d (shown by curve 6). Due to thermo-acoustic impedance matching, the total temperature difference 7b between the surface 2 and the gas 3 is smaller than the temperature difference of the uncoated wall, which would result in a larger temperature difference 7a (indicated by the dashed lines).
- the layer 4 does not influence the thermal boundary layer by the promotion of turbulence, the heat transfer enhancement is due to thermo-acoustic impedance matching.
- Fig. 3 three layers 4, 4', 4" of predetermined material are coated onto the surface 2 in order to gain a step-wise thermo-acoustic impedance matching.
- the thicknesses and materials of the layers 4, 4', 4" might be chosen such that the transition of the thermo-acoustic properties from the surface 2 to the gas 3 is smoother than for a single coating layer 4 ( Fig. 2 ). This leads to further reduction in the total temperature difference 7c compared to the temperature difference 7b of a single layer, as curve 6 depicts.
- the heat exchanger element 1 has two metallic surfaces 2, 2' which both have a layer 4, 4' as a coating. Such a heat exchanger element 1 can be used in order to specially adapt each surface 2, 2' with customized thermo-acoustic properties.
- Arrow 5 in Fig. 4 illustrates the transfer of a heat flux from a gas 3 to a gas 3', both being separated by a solid heat exchanger element 1.
- the properties of the layers 4, 4' on either side of the surfaces 2, 2' of the heat exchanger element 1 are designed to match the respective gas 3, 3'. This leads to reduced temperature steps on either side, resulting in a lower total temperature difference (see temperature profile 6).
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
Claims (7)
- Utilisation d'au moins une couche (4) d'une matière prédéterminée comme revêtement d'au moins une surface solide (2) d'un élément échangeur de chaleur (1) pour améliorer le transfert thermique entre la surface solide (2) et un gaz (3) par accord de l'impédance thermoacoustique,
caractérisée en ce que
cette couche (4) a une épaisseur comprise dans une plage entre 1 µm et 100 µm. - Utilisation d'au moins une couche (4) selon la revendication 1,
dans laquelle
la matière prédéterminée de la couche (4) est une matière ayant des valeurs d'impédance thermoacoustiques comprises entre la valeur de l'élément échangeur de chaleur (1) et celle du gaz (3). - Utilisation d'au moins une couche (4) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 2,
dans laquelle
la surface solide (2) a au moins une section plate ou au moins une section avec une structure prédéterminée et/ou une topologie ou une combinaison des deux. - Utilisation d'au moins une couche (4) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3,
dans laquelle la surface solide (2) a au moins une section de forme tubulaire avec une surface extérieure et/ou une surface intérieure et/ou une forme cylindrique avec une surface extérieure et/ou une surface intérieure. - Utilisation d'au moins une couche (4) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4,
dans laquelle la matière prédéterminée est une matière non cristalline ayant des valeurs intermédiaires d'impédance thermoacoustique telles que des matières amorphes non métalliques. - Utilisation d'au moins une couche (4) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5,
dans laquelle
le revêtement de la couche (4) est appliqué sur la surface solide (2) par revêtement avec une buse à fente, revêtement à la râcle, revêtement par immersion, peinture par projection ou le laminage de films minces. - Utilisation d'au moins une couche (4) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6,
dans laquelle
la surface solide (2) est revêtue de plusieurs couches (4) de différentes matières prédéfinies et/ou ayant différentes épaisseurs.
Priority Applications (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP17401041.3A EP3385656B1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2017-04-07 | Utilisation d'un couche sur une surface d'échangeur thermique |
US16/500,819 US20210018281A1 (en) | 2017-04-07 | 2018-02-13 | Heat exchanger element and method for manufacturing same |
PCT/EP2018/000057 WO2018184712A1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2018-02-13 | Élément d'échangeur de chaleur et procédé de fabrication de celui-ci |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP17401041.3A EP3385656B1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2017-04-07 | Utilisation d'un couche sur une surface d'échangeur thermique |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3385656A1 EP3385656A1 (fr) | 2018-10-10 |
EP3385656B1 true EP3385656B1 (fr) | 2020-09-16 |
Family
ID=58606247
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP17401041.3A Active EP3385656B1 (fr) | 2017-04-07 | 2017-04-07 | Utilisation d'un couche sur une surface d'échangeur thermique |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20210018281A1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP3385656B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2018184712A1 (fr) |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4775588A (en) * | 1983-11-11 | 1988-10-04 | Nippon Light Metal Company Limited | Metal substrates having hydrophilic resin paints containing finely divided ion exchange resins on its surface |
DE102008004186A1 (de) * | 2007-01-17 | 2008-07-24 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Behandeln eines Bauteils mit einem Biozid |
EP2413085A1 (fr) * | 2009-03-24 | 2012-02-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Matériau d'ailette en aluminium pour échangeur de chaleur |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB1218634A (en) * | 1968-04-16 | 1971-01-06 | Nat Res Dev | Method of very low-temperature heat exchange |
FR2769167B1 (fr) * | 1997-09-29 | 1999-12-17 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Materiau supraconducteur renforce, cavite supraconductrice, et procedes de realisation |
JP2006207968A (ja) * | 2005-01-31 | 2006-08-10 | Denso Corp | 伝熱装置 |
US20070230128A1 (en) | 2006-04-04 | 2007-10-04 | Vapro Inc. | Cooling apparatus with surface enhancement boiling heat transfer |
US20110297358A1 (en) * | 2010-06-07 | 2011-12-08 | The Boeing Company | Nano-coating thermal barrier and method for making the same |
DE102012108602A1 (de) | 2012-09-14 | 2014-03-20 | Uwe Lungmuß | Wärmetauscher mit wärmeabführender Beschichtung |
-
2017
- 2017-04-07 EP EP17401041.3A patent/EP3385656B1/fr active Active
-
2018
- 2018-02-13 WO PCT/EP2018/000057 patent/WO2018184712A1/fr active Application Filing
- 2018-02-13 US US16/500,819 patent/US20210018281A1/en not_active Abandoned
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4775588A (en) * | 1983-11-11 | 1988-10-04 | Nippon Light Metal Company Limited | Metal substrates having hydrophilic resin paints containing finely divided ion exchange resins on its surface |
DE102008004186A1 (de) * | 2007-01-17 | 2008-07-24 | Behr Gmbh & Co. Kg | Verfahren zum Behandeln eines Bauteils mit einem Biozid |
EP2413085A1 (fr) * | 2009-03-24 | 2012-02-01 | Kabushiki Kaisha Kobe Seiko Sho | Matériau d'ailette en aluminium pour échangeur de chaleur |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP3385656A1 (fr) | 2018-10-10 |
US20210018281A1 (en) | 2021-01-21 |
WO2018184712A1 (fr) | 2018-10-11 |
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