EP3371581A1 - Device for electrochemical detection by amperometry of at least one electroactive species in a liquid medium - Google Patents
Device for electrochemical detection by amperometry of at least one electroactive species in a liquid mediumInfo
- Publication number
- EP3371581A1 EP3371581A1 EP16758181.8A EP16758181A EP3371581A1 EP 3371581 A1 EP3371581 A1 EP 3371581A1 EP 16758181 A EP16758181 A EP 16758181A EP 3371581 A1 EP3371581 A1 EP 3371581A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- electrode
- doped diamond
- working electrode
- electrodes
- working
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/27—Association of two or more measuring systems or cells, each measuring a different parameter, where the measurement results may be either used independently, the systems or cells being physically associated, or combined to produce a value for a further parameter
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/416—Systems
- G01N27/49—Systems involving the determination of the current at a single specific value, or small range of values, of applied voltage for producing selective measurement of one or more particular ionic species
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
- G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
- G01N27/28—Electrolytic cell components
- G01N27/30—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells
- G01N27/308—Electrodes, e.g. test electrodes; Half-cells at least partially made of carbon
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/483—Physical analysis of biological material
- G01N33/487—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material
- G01N33/493—Physical analysis of biological material of liquid biological material urine
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of devices known under the name of "electronic languages", based on electrochemical multi-sensor networks designed to simultaneously detect, in real time, compounds of interest in a liquid medium.
- the invention more particularly relates to an amperometric type electrochemical detection device for detecting the presence of at least one electroactive species in a liquid medium.
- electrochemical type sensors which offer many possibilities of detection of electroactive species present in a liquid medium.
- These sensors typically comprise a measuring electrode (also called “working electrode”) which will interact with the species to be detected in the medium, a reference electrode whose potential is constant and known, and a counter-electrode which makes it possible to measure the current flowing between the electrodes.
- the measurement by an electrochemical sensor can be: potentiometric type: a potential variation of the working electrode is measured in the presence of the target species with respect to the potential of the reference electrode which does not interact with the species in question; or
- a current generated on the surface of the working electrode is measured by a direct oxidation reaction or reduction (or indirect reaction with the aid of an electrochemical mediator) of the target species by the working electrode.
- the working electrode is generally made of carbon (glassy carbon or graphite) or of a noble metal, these materials having a high chemical stability and making it possible to catalyze certain reactions in order to be able to detect different species.
- a first disadvantage of this type of metal or carbon working electrode sensors is their lack of selectivity.
- the selectivity of the sensor is obtained by the choice of the material of the working electrode, as well as by the potential applied between the working electrode and the reference electrode immersed in the same liquid medium. Indeed, different species are oxidized or reduced from a certain applied potential, which depends on the type of material of the working electrode and the chemical species to be detected. However, for a given working electrode, it is not uncommon that at a given applied potential, the working electrode can oxidize or reduce several species at once, hence the lack of selectivity.
- a second disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fouling of the working electrode, which can occur from the first measurement.
- This fouling can come, on the one hand, from prolonged immersion in the liquid analysis medium which will cause the formation of a layer on the surface of the working electrode, such as, for example, the formation of a biofilm , deposition (by adsorption or absorption) of contaminants present in the medium, etc.
- This fouling can, on the other hand, come from the measurement itself.
- the oxidation or reduction of species on the surface of the working electrode can induce a deposit (so-called electro-deposition) on the surface of the working electrode.
- the target species may, under the action of oxidation, polymerize and thus induce a polymer deposit on the surface of the working electrode.
- the fouling of the working electrode can interfere with, or even prevent, the access of the target species to the surface of the electrode and thus lower the reactivity of the electrode.
- the measurement signal will generally decrease with the level of contamination and therefore the error in the measurement will very significantly increase until false measurement values are obtained.
- a first known solution in the prior art consists in covering the surface of the working electrode with a selective membrane.
- the use of selective membranes is particularly interesting in the case of potentiometric sensors for the measurement of certain ions, because a certain number of membranes having a good affinity with these ions (H + , Na + , K + for example) have been developed. and are, for some, commercially available.
- selective membranes that can pass organic species with measurable amperometric redox activity are infrequent and it is very difficult to imagine that for each new target species to be detected, a selective membrane can be developed.
- a second solution envisaged in the prior art for carrying out a selective measurement is to functionalize the noble metal working electrode with chemical or biological receptors (for example enzymes) which will react very specifically with the target compound by involving a redox activity measurable by the working electrode.
- chemical or biological receptors for example enzymes
- This approach is used, for example, for the determination of glucose (document [2]): an enzyme, glucose oxidase, reacts very specifically with glucose to produce hydrogen peroxide, directly measurable by a suitable electrode by amperometry.
- This method requires finding a specific receptor for each species to be detected, which is not always possible. But the The most important problem of this type of electrodes is their stability, these electrodes being subject to fouling. The limited life of the biological receptor must also be taken into account. In reality, this second solution is only really viable for making unique measurements (disposable sensors).
- a last known solution of the prior art is to deploy an array of two working electrodes, each being made of a different electrode material (here, a gold electrode and a glassy carbon electrode) , which are connected in parallel in order to perform a specific measurement of the same product.
- this solution does not solve the problem of fouling of the working electrode.
- the potential window of each working electrode is relatively small and does not allow to work in a range of potential large enough to detect a wide range of chemicals.
- the inventors have set themselves the goal of designing a detection device that does not have the drawbacks of the prior art.
- the objective of the inventors has been both to solve the problems of fouling of the working electrode, as well as the lack of selectivity in order to allow field measurements of species or mixtures of substances. 'target chemical species.
- an amperometric electrochemical detection device of at least one electroactive species in a liquid medium comprising:
- each working electrode comprises a doped diamond electrically conductive support, having a surface portion covered by a different metal catalyst for each working electrode, said metal catalyst being in the form of discrete nano-sized pads and being selected from gold, silver, rhodium, osmium, platinum, iridium, palladium, ruthenium and their alloys.
- Gold, silver, rhodium, osmium, platinum, iridium, palladium and ruthenium are the so-called noble metals, that is, metals inert to the corrosion. These noble metals act as metal catalysts and are chosen so that they are capable of reacting by oxidation-reduction with at least one of the electroactive substances to be detected.
- each working electrode can catalyze certain chemical reactions.
- each working electrode individually retains a limited selectivity, but when all these working electrodes are networked, the multiparametric analysis of all the responses provided by each working electrode of the network provides more accurate information on the capacity chemical of the medium to be analyzed. It is thus possible, by grouping the signals from each of the working electrodes, to obtain a precise imprinted signal. This approach is known to those skilled in the art under the name "electronic language”.
- nanoscale means greater than or equal to 1 nanometer and less than or equal to 100 nanometers.
- nano-sized pads may also be referred to as “nanoplots”.
- the covered surface portion is between 1 and 50% of the total surface of the support. For pads of nanometric sizes, this corresponds therefore, approximately, to a density of pads between 100 pads / ⁇ 2 and 5000 pads / ⁇ 2 .
- the support is made of boron-doped diamond, the boron concentration being between 10 18 and 3 ⁇ 10 21 atoms. cm 3 .
- the metal catalyst pads on each working electrode are obtained by depositing a layer of the metal catalyst on the surface of the doped diamond electrically conductive support and heating said layer until a fragmentation of the layer is obtained.
- the deposition of the metal layer is preferably a physical vapor deposition (PVD), for example a sputtering. This technique for obtaining the studs by PVD deposition makes it possible to obtain good adhesion of the nanopots to the surface of the doped diamond and thus a better stability of the detection device.
- PVD physical vapor deposition
- a first advantage of the device that is the subject of the invention is related to the very electrochemical properties of the doped diamond electrodes.
- the doped diamond has a large electrochemical window (typically> 3 V) in an aqueous medium.
- This potential window corresponds to the range of potentials applied to the working electrode, with respect to a reference electrode, for which the solvent in which the working electrode is dipped is itself not degraded electrochemically by the electrode.
- working electrode electrolysis phenomenon
- the diamond has an intrinsic low double layer capacity and therefore a low background current which makes it possible to obtain better signal / noise ratios than with electrodes made of other materials.
- the potential window of the new electrode can optionally be reduced and the background current increased, but the potential window and background current values remain very low. close to that of a bare doped diamond electrode, and therefore much better in performance than with any other type of electrode.
- a second advantage of the invention is the stability of the electrodes, because they are composed of doped diamond and noble metal metal catalysts, which are very resistant to chemical attack and in particular to corrosion.
- the diamond material (as well as the doped diamond) has a very high atomic density of carbon; the diffusion of chemical species into the material is therefore very difficult and limited to exceptional conditions outside the usual framework of amperometric electrochemistry analytical measurements.
- clogging of the doped diamond electrodes is a surface phenomenon only and is therefore reduced with respect to other electrode materials.
- the surface of doped diamond electrodes can be cleaned in situ in the liquid medium to be analyzed by an electrochemical method as described in document [4]; it is therefore possible to reactivate the electrochemical properties of the working electrodes in case of fouling.
- Another advantage is related to the networking of the working electrodes having the above characteristics, which makes it possible to obtain a better electrochemical selectivity of the measuring system, while maintaining high stability and the possibility of making measurements in continued.
- the device which is the subject of the invention makes it possible both to meet, on the one hand, the needs of a qualitative and / or quantitative analysis in a complex liquid medium and, on the other hand, to the need for have a stable and reusable sensor.
- the fields of application of the invention are numerous.
- the invention applies to any field requiring detection of chemical compounds in a liquid medium.
- the invention can be applied to the field of medical analysis and diagnosis (it is possible, for example, to measure vital parameters in the urine of a patient) or to the field of control. quality, food industry, environmental control, etc.
- the invention can particularly be applied to the control of the safety of drinking water networks, in order to detect the presence of one or more contaminants.
- Figures la and lb represent two possible measurement configurations for the device according to the invention.
- Figure 2 is a schematic representation in a sectional view of a working electrode of the detection device according to the invention.
- FIGS. 3a and 3b are respectively an image obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the surface of a working electrode of the detection device according to the invention, the boron-doped diamond electrode having iridium nanoparticles for one ( Figure 3a) and platinum nanoparticles, for the other ( Figure 3b).
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- the detection device is a multi-electrode system, the working electrodes of which are doped diamond electrodes functionalized by metal noble metal nanoparticles.
- the device allows measurement and amperometric dosing of chemical elements in a liquid medium.
- the device comprises a plurality of doped diamond working electrodes having, on the surface, nanopots in a different metal catalyst (noble metal) for each electrode, at least one reference electrode and at least one counter electrode, and electrochemical measuring system by amperometry.
- This measuring system comprises one or more potentiostatic circuits for reading the raw electrode signals, as well as a control and processing electronics for driving the measuring equipment and for processing the raw signals (it is represented by the reference 12 in Figs. 1a and 1b below).
- the device according to the invention allows the specific detection of a chemical compound or a mixture of compounds by a multiparametric analysis method. Indeed the combined response of all working electrodes gives rise to a footprint signal that can be learned and then recognized again with the aid of appropriate algorithms.
- the measurement of a "chemical imprint” is made possible by the fact that a deposit of a catalyst metal (noble metal) on the surface of the electrode will eventually modify its response to a given compound. Thus each electrode having a different metal surface will have a different reactivity of its neighbors to one or more target compounds. The difference of the measurement signals between the different working electrodes will constitute the imprint, or in other words the signature, of the compound to be measured.
- the conventional amperometric measurement configuration known to those skilled in the art is the "electrochemical assembly with three electrodes". It consists in connecting to the same potentiostat a working electrode, a reference electrode and a counter electrode.
- the potentiostat makes it possible to regulate the voltage between the working electrode and the counter electrode, so as to keep the potential difference between the working electrode and the reference electrode constant.
- a usable potentiostat may be a multichannel potentiostat with the reference VMP3 Multi potentiostat and marketed by the company Biology.
- this conventional configuration is adapted and the working electrode is replaced by our network 2 of n working electrodes 3 based on doped diamond and nanoplots metal catalyst, n being a higher whole number or equal to 2.
- Each working electrode 3 is connected to the potentiostat 6 via a multiplexer 8 (FIG. 1a) which makes it possible to switch from one working electrode to the other in a very short time (typically less than 1 second), in order to perform a sequential measurement on each working electrode.
- a multiplexer 8 FIG. 1a
- the electrodes are immersed in the liquid medium to be analyzed 10, which is contained in a container 9.
- each working electrode 3 is interrogated by a different potentiostatic circuit.
- n potentiators 6 and n sets of electrodes 11 each having a doped diamond working electrode 3 provided with nanopots in a catalyst metal, a counter electrode 5 and a reference electrode 4 (FIG. 1b), each set of electrodes 11 being connected to a potentiostat 6 and the n potentiostats 6 being connected to a processing electronics 7.
- the working electrodes are doped diamond, the diamond being doped so as to render it electrically conductive.
- the growth of the doped diamond is generally carried out in a CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) reactor with plasma-assisted diamond growth, the plasma used during the CVD growth can be created by using a source of energy such as micro (MPCVD), Radio Frequency (RFCVD) or hot filament (HFCVD).
- a source of energy such as micro (MPCVD), Radio Frequency (RFCVD) or hot filament (HFCVD).
- the growth is by chemical vapor deposition in a plasma, in the presence of hydrogen, a carbon source, for example methane, as well as a source of the dopant.
- Diamond growth is performed on any type of substrate that can withstand the growth conditions of synthetic diamond (silicon, silicon carbide, refractory metals, glass, quartz, etc.).
- the substrate on which the growth of the diamond is carried out is previously treated so as to initiate the growth of the diamond on its surface.
- several methods exist such as that of depositing a carpet of diamond nano-grains on the surface, which will grow during the growth step to obtain a continuous diamond film.
- Another method is to scratch the surface of the substrate so that the defects thus generated are nucleation sources for the formation of nanoscale diamond in the plasma in the presence of carbon.
- these nano-grains will continue to grow on the substrate in CVD plasma until a continuous diamond film is obtained.
- the doped diamond constituting the electrodes is preferably boron doped synthetic diamond.
- Boron doped diamond is understood to mean a diamond material containing a boron concentration of between 10 18 and 3x10 21 atoms. cm 3 .
- a source of boron is introduced into the reactor, for example trimethylboron (Bid-Ub) or diborane (B2H6).
- the CVD deposit of the boron doped diamond is carried out at a temperature typically between 500 and 1000 ° C.
- the boron-doped diamond is grown in the reactor of the company SEKI Technotron bearing the reference AX6500X.
- the substrate used is a p-type (100) 4 inch diameter (10.16 cm), polished single-sided silicon wafer having a resistivity of 0.05 ⁇ .cm.
- spin coating Before the growth of boron-doped diamond, diamond nanoparticles are deposited on the surface of the wafer by spin coating ("spin coating" method). For example, the surface of the substrate is wetted with a suspension formed by dispersing 0.1% by weight of diamond particles of 20 nm in diameter (reference SYNDIA20, Van Moppes, Switzerland) in an aqueous solution of 1% polyvinyl alcohol and is dried using a spin.
- the growth of a boron doped diamond film on the substrate is obtained by placing the substrate thus prepared in the reactor and applying the following growth parameters:
- the diamond film thus obtained can be analyzed by secondary ionization mass spectrometry (SIMS), in order to measure the doping rate of boron diamond, then optical interferometer, to know the thickness of the film.
- SIMS secondary ionization mass spectrometry
- nanometric sized pads of catalyst metals are deposited on the surface of the boron doped diamond film.
- These catalyst metals are noble metals chosen from the following list: gold, silver, rhodium, osmium, platinum, iridium, palladium, ruthenium and their alloys.
- metal studs 13 of approximately semi-spherical shape are obtained on a doped diamond film which serves as a support 14 (FIG. 2).
- the dimension of the metal pads is typically between 2 and 3
- the density of pads on the surface is for its part between 100 pads / ⁇ 2 and 5000 pads / ⁇ 2 , which corresponds to a coverage rate typically between 1% and 50%.
- the first step of manufacturing the metal studs is the deposition of a thin layer (typically between 1 and 20 nm depending on the metals) on the boron-doped synthetic diamond. This deposit may for example be carried out by sputtering.
- a catalyst metal film by placing the substrate in an RF magnetron cathode sputter, the film being, in one case, a film of 3 nm in iridium and, in a second case, a film. 5 nm platinum.
- the second step of manufacturing the metal pads is the "dewetting" of the metal film deposited on the surface of the boron-doped diamond.
- dewetting is meant the transformation or fragmentation of the metal film into nano-sized pads on the surface of the doped diamond.
- the size and shape of the metal pads vary according to the nature of the deposited catalyst, the thickness of the deposited film, and the temperature and pressure at which the dewetting is performed. In general, the metal studs thus obtained will have a semi-spherical shape.
- the dewetting is obtained by annealing the metal film, this annealing can be performed in a vacuum oven or in the presence of a neutral gas, such as nitrogen or argon.
- a neutral gas such as nitrogen or argon.
- the oven temperature (between 400 and 1200 ° C) and the annealing time (typically between 1 minute and 3 hours) vary depending on the type of metal forming the metal film.
- the dewetting can be obtained by placing the substrate in a CVD diamond growth reactor by applying a hydrogen plasma at a pressure of between 10 mbar and 200 mbar, with a substrate temperature of between 400 ° C. and 1200 ° C. vs.
- the metal melts which has the effect of generating the formation of metal droplets of nanometric dimensions (typically 2 to 100 nm in diameter) on the surface of the doped diamond from the starting thin layer. By cooling, these droplets turn into solid metal pads with a diameter similar to that of the drops.
- the deposition and annealing conditions will depend on the type of metal deposited.
- the dewetting was obtained by placing the substrate in the AX6500X reactor and applying the following parameters:
- the characteristics of the working electrodes thus obtained were measured and compared to those of control electrodes.
- a boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrode having iridium (or platinum) nanopots obtained according to the above embodiment with the characteristics of an electrode boron-doped diamond and those of an iridium electrode (or platinum).
- BDD electrode with iridium nanopots retains the characteristics of the BDD electrode, in particular its large potential window (around 3 V), its low signal / noise ratio that is characteristic of BDD electrodes, as well as its excellent electrochemical stability. , to which are added the catalytic properties of the deposited metal (iridium).
- nanoscale BDD electrodes made of catalyst metal or metal alloy catalysts become clogged on the surface over the course of use, they could be cleaned electrochemically between two measurements, using the cleaning method described in document [4], that is to say by applying to the fouled electrode short-lived anodic and cathodic current pulses.
- the detection device according to the invention can be used in many fields of application. In particular, it can be used to detect the presence, in drinking water, of toxic products that are dangerous for human health.
- paroxone IUPAC name: diethyl 4-nitrophenyl phosphate
- aqueous, and imidacloprid C9H10CIN5O2
- these aqueous solutions were obtained by dissolving respectively an amount of each chemical in a volume of water, so as to obtain a concentration of 500 ⁇ / ⁇ of each compound.
- a conductive salt nonecessary for electrochemical detection
- lithium perchlorate at a concentration of 0.5 mol / l.
- VMP3 Multi potentiostat an Ag / AgCl electrode as reference electrode, a platinum electrode as counter-electrode, and two working electrodes, namely an electrode boron doped diamond film functionalized with iridium nanoparticles (BDD / lr) and a boron-doped diamond electrode functionalized with platinum nanoparticles (BDD / Pt) (these two working electrodes being prepared according to the procedures described herein). -above).
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- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
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- Biochemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1558093A FR3040490B1 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2015-09-01 | DEVICE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION BY AMPEROMETRY OF AT LEAST ONE ELECTROACTIVE SPECIES IN A LIQUID MEDIUM |
PCT/EP2016/070474 WO2017037094A1 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2016-08-31 | Device for electrochemical detection by amperometry of at least one electroactive species in a liquid medium |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3371581A1 true EP3371581A1 (en) | 2018-09-12 |
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ID=54366382
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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EP16758181.8A Withdrawn EP3371581A1 (en) | 2015-09-01 | 2016-08-31 | Device for electrochemical detection by amperometry of at least one electroactive species in a liquid medium |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
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EP (1) | EP3371581A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR3040490B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2017037094A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN110596212B (en) * | 2019-10-23 | 2022-08-02 | 吉林大学 | Preparation method of composite structure sensor for detecting clenbuterol hydrochloride |
US20220252538A1 (en) * | 2021-02-11 | 2022-08-11 | Pelican Diagnostics Inc. | Portable devices and methods for detecting and identifying compounds in a fluid sample |
FR3131011A1 (en) * | 2021-12-21 | 2023-06-23 | Thales | OPTICAL WINDOW COVERED WITH A DOPED DIAMOND ELECTRODE WITH ACTIVE DIRT ELIMINATION FUNCTIONALITY. |
Family Cites Families (3)
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DE102009026453A1 (en) * | 2009-05-25 | 2010-12-09 | Endress + Hauser Conducta Gesellschaft für Mess- und Regeltechnik mbH + Co. KG | Method and device for determining a statement about the occurrence of ingredients of a liquid sample with oxygen requirement |
FR2971795B1 (en) | 2011-02-18 | 2015-07-17 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | PROCESS FOR ACTIVATION OF A DOPE DIAMOND ELECTRODE |
WO2015036982A1 (en) * | 2013-09-13 | 2015-03-19 | Ecole Polytechnique Federale De Lausanne (Epfl) | Close and selective integration of carbon nanomaterials by cvd onto working microelectrodes of multi sensing electrochemical biosensors |
-
2015
- 2015-09-01 FR FR1558093A patent/FR3040490B1/en active Active
-
2016
- 2016-08-31 WO PCT/EP2016/070474 patent/WO2017037094A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-08-31 EP EP16758181.8A patent/EP3371581A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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Publication number | Publication date |
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WO2017037094A1 (en) | 2017-03-09 |
FR3040490A1 (en) | 2017-03-03 |
FR3040490B1 (en) | 2017-09-29 |
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