EP3362210A1 - Iron based powders for powder injection molding - Google Patents

Iron based powders for powder injection molding

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Publication number
EP3362210A1
EP3362210A1 EP16778335.6A EP16778335A EP3362210A1 EP 3362210 A1 EP3362210 A1 EP 3362210A1 EP 16778335 A EP16778335 A EP 16778335A EP 3362210 A1 EP3362210 A1 EP 3362210A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
injection molding
feedstock
powder
iron
density
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP16778335.6A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3362210B1 (en
Inventor
Anna Larsson
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hoganas AB
Original Assignee
Hoganas AB
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Publication of EP3362210A1 publication Critical patent/EP3362210A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3362210B1 publication Critical patent/EP3362210B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
    • B22F3/22—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip
    • B22F3/225—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces for producing castings from a slip by injection molding
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C33/00—Making ferrous alloys
    • C22C33/02—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy
    • C22C33/0257—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements
    • C22C33/0278—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5%
    • C22C33/0285—Making ferrous alloys by powder metallurgy characterised by the range of the alloying elements with at least one alloying element having a minimum content above 5% with Cr, Co, or Ni having a minimum content higher than 5%
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
    • C22C—ALLOYS
    • C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
    • C22C38/18—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium
    • C22C38/40—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel
    • C22C38/42—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing chromium with nickel with copper
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
    • B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
    • B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles

Definitions

  • the present invention concerns an iron-based powder, in particular a stainless steel powder, which is useful for powder injection molding; a composition for powder injection molding; a method of making sintered components from the powder composition; and sintered components made from the powder composition.
  • a powder composition it may be possible to obtain sintered parts with densities above 96% of the theoretical density, thus resulting in excellent mechanical properties.
  • Powder injection molding also called metal injection molding (MIM) is an interesting technique for producing high density sintered components of complex shapes.
  • MIM metal injection molding
  • fine carbonyl iron powders are used in this process.
  • Other types of powders used are gas-atomized or water-atomized of very fine particle size, the cost of which is relatively high.
  • MIM process it is desirable to reduce the cost of the powder used.
  • One way of achieving this is by utilizing coarser powders.
  • the iron- based powder mixed with organic binder ready to be injected is about 50% by volume, which means that, in order to reach high density after sintering (above 93% of theoretical density), the green component must shrink almost by 50% by volume. This is in contrast to PM components produced through uniaxial compaction which already in green state obtain relatively high density. Therefore, fine powders having high sintering activity are normally used in MIM. By elevating the sintering temperature coarser powders may be used. This, however, results in grain coarsening which in turn gives mechanical properties which are not optimal.
  • a coarse metal powder wherein the metal powder has a certain composition, can be used in a feedstock for powder injection molding in order to obtain components with a sintered density of at least 96% of the theoretical density.
  • One object of the invention is to provide a relatively coarse stainless steel powder composition having low amounts of alloying elements which is suitable for metal injection molding.
  • Another object of invention is to provide a metal injection molding feedstock composition comprising said relatively coarse stainless steel powder
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing injection molded sintered components from the feedstock composition, said components having a density of at least 96% of the theoretical density.
  • Still another object of the present invention is to provide a sintered component produced according to the MIM process having a density of 96% and above, of theoretical density and a tensile strength above 800MPa as sintered, without hardening. At least one of these objects is accomplished by:
  • An iron based powder composition for metal injection moulding having an median particle size of 20-60 ⁇ , preferably 20-45 ⁇ , most preferably 25-45 ⁇ , or even more preferred 25-35 ⁇ .
  • the particle size is determined by laser diffraction using a Sympatec Helos instrument.
  • the median particle size as defined above means that 50% of the particles in the powder is larger than this value. This value is normally termed the "X50" value.
  • a metal injection molding feedstock composition comprising atomized iron- based powder composition with an median particle size of 20-60 ⁇ , preferably 20-45 ⁇ , most preferably 25-45 ⁇ , or even more preferred 25-35 ⁇ , and an organic binder.
  • a method for producing a sintered component comprising the steps of:
  • post sintering treatment such as precipitation hardening, case hardening, nitriding, carburizing, nitrocarburizing, carbonitriding, induction hardening, surface rolling and/or shot peening.
  • a sintered component made from the feedstock composition the component having a density of at least 96% of theoretical density, and a tensile strength above 800MPa.
  • the stainless steel powder composition includes at least one iron based powder and/or pure iron powder.
  • the iron based powder and/or pure iron powder can be produced by water or gas atomization of an iron melt and optionally alloying elements.
  • the atomized powder can further be subjected to a reduction annealing process, and optionally be furthered alloyed by using a diffusion alloying process.
  • iron powder may be produced by reduction of iron- oxides.
  • the particle size of the iron- or iron- based powder composition is such that the median particle size is of 20-60 ⁇ , preferably 20-45 ⁇ , most preferably 25-45 ⁇ , or even more preferably 25-35 ⁇ . Further, it is preferred that X99 shall be at most 120 ⁇ , preferably at most 100 ⁇ . (X99 means that 99% of the particles have a particle size less than X99)
  • the powder may optionally be admixed with Cu, preferably in the form of Cu-powder in an amount of 0-5-wt%, or 3-5-wt%.
  • Other substances such as hard phase materials and machinability enhancing agents, such as MnS, M0S2, CaF2, different kinds of minerals etc. may optionally be added to the iron based powder composition.
  • the feedstock composition may be prepared by mixing the iron based powder composition described above and a binder.
  • the binder in the form of at least one organic binder may be present in the feedstock composition in a concentration of 30-65% by volume, preferably 35- 60% by volume, more preferably 40-55% by volume.
  • binder in the present description also other organic substances that are commonly in MIM-feedstocks are included, such as e.g. releasing agents, lubricants, wetting agents, rheology modifiers, dispersant agents.
  • suitable organic binders are waxes, polyolefins, such as polyethylenes and polypropylenes, polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene carbonate, polyethylene glycol, stearic acids and polyoxymethylen.
  • the feedstock composition is molded into a blank.
  • the obtained blank is then heat treated, or treated in a solvent or by other means to remove one part of the binder as is known in the art, and then further subjected to sintering in a reducing atmosphere in vacuum or in reduced pressure, at a temperature of about 1200-1400°C.
  • the sintered component may be subjected to a heat treatment process in order to obtain a desired microstructure, e.g. by heat treatment and by controlled cooling rate.
  • the hardening process may include known processes such as precipitation hardening, quench and temper, case hardening, nitriding, carburizing, nitrocarburizing, carbonitriding, induction hardening and the like.
  • a sinter-hardening process at high cooling rate may be utilized.
  • Other types of post sintering treatments may be utilized, such as surface rolling or shot peening which introduce compressive residual stresses enhancing the fatigue life.
  • Sintered components according to the invention reach a sintered density of at least 96% of the theoretical density, and tensile strength above 800 MPa.
  • compositions were compacted to a density about 4.5g/cm 3 (58% of theoretical density) into cylinders with a diameter 25mm and a height of 8mm and thereafter
  • A, C and E were sintered at 1350°C in an atmosphere of 100%H2 by volume, during 1200 minutes.
  • Sample C was sintered at 1380°C, during 120 minutes, 100% H2. Sintered density was measured using the water
  • a feedstock containing the metal powder composition A, B, and D, respectively, were prepared and compared with a feedstock made from composition C, by mixing the powder compositions with an organic binder.
  • the binder was composed of 47.5 % polyethylene, 47.5% paraffin wax and 5% stearic acid. All percentage in weight percentage.
  • the organic binder and the powder compositions were mixed in a ratio of the metal powder:binder of 53:47 by volume.
  • the feedstock were injection molded into standard MIM tensile bars according to ISO- SS EN ISO 2740
  • the samples were then debound in hexane for 4 hours at 60°C to remove the paraffin wax, followed by sintering at 1350°C in an atmosphere of 100% hydrogen for 120 minutes.
  • the Sintered Density were measured using the water displacement method.
  • Tensile test was tested according to SS EN ISO 2740. Results are shown in table 3. Standard values were taken from ISO22068 and shows values for the standard alloys 17-4PH and 31 6L in the sintered state. The mechanical properties are presented as % of standard value in order to be able to compare two different alloys.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to a feedstock for metal injection molding, comprising a coarse stainless steel powder, having an median particle size of 20-60µm, and 99% of the particles less than 120 µm, wherein the iron-based powder comprises, by weight percent;15-17%Cr; 3-5% Ni; 3-5%,Cu; 0.15-0.45% Nb; <1.0% Mn; <1.0% Si; less than 0.08% C; and a binder.

Description

IRON BASED POWDERS FOR POWDER INJECTION MOLDING
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention concerns an iron-based powder, in particular a stainless steel powder, which is useful for powder injection molding; a composition for powder injection molding; a method of making sintered components from the powder composition; and sintered components made from the powder composition. Using the powder composition it may be possible to obtain sintered parts with densities above 96% of the theoretical density, thus resulting in excellent mechanical properties.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Powder injection molding, also called metal injection molding (MIM) is an interesting technique for producing high density sintered components of complex shapes. In general, fine carbonyl iron powders are used in this process. Other types of powders used are gas-atomized or water-atomized of very fine particle size, the cost of which is relatively high. In order to improve the competitiveness of the MIM process it is desirable to reduce the cost of the powder used. One way of achieving this is by utilizing coarser powders.
However, coarse powders have a lower surface energy than fine powders and are thus much less active during sintering. Another issue is that the use of coarse and irregular powders leads a lower packing density and thus the maximal powder content of the feedstock is limited. Lower powder content results in a higher shrinkage during sintering and may lead to, inter alia, high dimensional scatter between components produced in a production run. WO2012089807 discloses the use of a coarse powder which achieves a theoretical density of more than 95%. There is still a need for technology which can achieve even higher density. Normally, the solid loading (i.e. the portion of iron- based powder) of an iron- based MIM feedstock (i.e. the iron- based powder mixed with organic binder ready to be injected) is about 50% by volume, which means that, in order to reach high density after sintering (above 93% of theoretical density), the green component must shrink almost by 50% by volume. This is in contrast to PM components produced through uniaxial compaction which already in green state obtain relatively high density. Therefore, fine powders having high sintering activity are normally used in MIM. By elevating the sintering temperature coarser powders may be used. This, however, results in grain coarsening which in turn gives mechanical properties which are not optimal.
It has unexpectedly been found that a coarse metal powder, wherein the metal powder has a certain composition, can be used in a feedstock for powder injection molding in order to obtain components with a sintered density of at least 96% of the theoretical density.
SUMMARY
One object of the invention is to provide a relatively coarse stainless steel powder composition having low amounts of alloying elements which is suitable for metal injection molding.
Another object of invention is to provide a metal injection molding feedstock composition comprising said relatively coarse stainless steel powder
composition. Another object of the invention is to provide a method for producing injection molded sintered components from the feedstock composition, said components having a density of at least 96% of the theoretical density. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a sintered component produced according to the MIM process having a density of 96% and above, of theoretical density and a tensile strength above 800MPa as sintered, without hardening. At least one of these objects is accomplished by:
An iron based powder composition for metal injection moulding having an median particle size of 20-60μηπ, preferably 20-45μηπ, most preferably 25-45μηπ, or even more preferred 25-35μηι. The particle size is determined by laser diffraction using a Sympatec Helos instrument. The median particle size as defined above means that 50% of the particles in the powder is larger than this value. This value is normally termed the "X50" value.
A metal injection molding feedstock composition comprising atomized iron- based powder composition with an median particle size of 20-60μηπ, preferably 20-45μηπ, most preferably 25-45μηπ, or even more preferred 25-35μηπ, and an organic binder.
A method for producing a sintered component comprising the steps of:
a) preparing a metal injection molding feedstock as suggested above;
b) molding the feedstock into an unsintered blank;
c) removing the organic binder;
d) sintering the obtained blank in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature between 1 200-1 400° C.
e) cooling the sintered component, and;
f) optionally subjecting the component to post sintering treatment such as precipitation hardening, case hardening, nitriding, carburizing, nitrocarburizing, carbonitriding, induction hardening, surface rolling and/or shot peening.
A sintered component made from the feedstock composition, the component having a density of at least 96% of theoretical density, and a tensile strength above 800MPa.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The stainless steel powder composition includes at least one iron based powder and/or pure iron powder. The iron based powder and/or pure iron powder can be produced by water or gas atomization of an iron melt and optionally alloying elements. The atomized powder can further be subjected to a reduction annealing process, and optionally be furthered alloyed by using a diffusion alloying process. Alternatively, iron powder may be produced by reduction of iron- oxides.
The particle size of the iron- or iron- based powder composition is such that the median particle size is of 20-60μηπ, preferably 20-45μηπ, most preferably 25-45 μηι, or even more preferably 25-35μηι. Further, it is preferred that X99 shall be at most 120μηπ, preferably at most 100 μηι. (X99 means that 99% of the particles have a particle size less than X99)
Copper, Cu will enhance the strength and hardness through solid solution hardening. Cu, will also facilitate the formation of sintering necks during sintering as copper melts before the sintering temperature is reached providing so called liquid phase sintering. The powder may optionally be admixed with Cu, preferably in the form of Cu-powder in an amount of 0-5-wt%, or 3-5-wt%. Other substances such as hard phase materials and machinability enhancing agents, such as MnS, M0S2, CaF2, different kinds of minerals etc. may optionally be added to the iron based powder composition. The feedstock composition may be prepared by mixing the iron based powder composition described above and a binder.
The binder in the form of at least one organic binder may be present in the feedstock composition in a concentration of 30-65% by volume, preferably 35- 60% by volume, more preferably 40-55% by volume. When using the term binder in the present description also other organic substances that are commonly in MIM-feedstocks are included, such as e.g. releasing agents, lubricants, wetting agents, rheology modifiers, dispersant agents. Examples of suitable organic binders are waxes, polyolefins, such as polyethylenes and polypropylenes, polystyrenes, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene carbonate, polyethylene glycol, stearic acids and polyoxymethylen.
The feedstock composition is molded into a blank. The obtained blank is then heat treated, or treated in a solvent or by other means to remove one part of the binder as is known in the art, and then further subjected to sintering in a reducing atmosphere in vacuum or in reduced pressure, at a temperature of about 1200-1400°C.
The sintered component may be subjected to a heat treatment process in order to obtain a desired microstructure, e.g. by heat treatment and by controlled cooling rate. The hardening process may include known processes such as precipitation hardening, quench and temper, case hardening, nitriding, carburizing, nitrocarburizing, carbonitriding, induction hardening and the like. Alternatively, a sinter-hardening process at high cooling rate may be utilized. Other types of post sintering treatments may be utilized, such as surface rolling or shot peening which introduce compressive residual stresses enhancing the fatigue life. Sintered components according to the invention reach a sintered density of at least 96% of the theoretical density, and tensile strength above 800 MPa.
EXAMPLE 1 Iron based powder compositions according to Table 1 were prepared.
Table 1 Example 2
The compositions were compacted to a density about 4.5g/cm3 (58% of theoretical density) into cylinders with a diameter 25mm and a height of 8mm and thereafter A, C and E were sintered at 1350°C in an atmosphere of 100%H2 by volume, during 1200 minutes. Sample C was sintered at 1380°C, during 120 minutes, 100% H2. Sintered density was measured using the water
displacement method as described in standard SS-EN ISO 3369:2010.
Table 2 shows the test results.
Example 3
A feedstock containing the metal powder composition A, B, and D, respectively, were prepared and compared with a feedstock made from composition C, by mixing the powder compositions with an organic binder. The binder was composed of 47.5 % polyethylene, 47.5% paraffin wax and 5% stearic acid. All percentage in weight percentage. The organic binder and the powder compositions were mixed in a ratio of the metal powder:binder of 53:47 by volume.
The feedstock were injection molded into standard MIM tensile bars according to ISO- SS EN ISO 2740 The samples were then debound in hexane for 4 hours at 60°C to remove the paraffin wax, followed by sintering at 1350°C in an atmosphere of 100% hydrogen for 120 minutes. The Sintered Density were measured using the water displacement method. Tensile test was tested according to SS EN ISO 2740. Results are shown in table 3. Standard values were taken from ISO22068 and shows values for the standard alloys 17-4PH and 31 6L in the sintered state. The mechanical properties are presented as % of standard value in order to be able to compare two different alloys.
Table 3

Claims

1 . Feedstock for metal injection molding, comprising;
a) an iron based powder, having an median particle size of 20-60μηπ, and 99% of the particles less than 120 μηπ, wherein the iron-based powder comprises, by weight percent;
15-17%Cr; 3-5% Ni; 3-5%,Cu; 0.15-0.45% Nb; <1 .0% Mn; <1 .0% Si; less than 0.08% C; and
b) a binder.
2. Use of a feedstock according to claim 1 for metal injection molding.
3. Use according to claim 2, comprising the steps of:
a) preparing a metal injection molding feedstock according to claim 1 ,
b) molding the feedstock into an unsintered blank,
c) removing the organic binder
d) sintering the obtained blank in a reducing atmosphere at a temperature between 1 200-1 400°C
e) cooling the sintered component, and
f) optionally subjecting the component to post sintering treatment such as precipitation hardening, case hardening, nitriding, carburizing, nitrocarburizing, carbonitriding, induction hardening, surface rolling and/or shot peening.
4. A sintered component produced according to claim 3 having a density of at least 96% of the theoretical density.
5. A sintered component according to claim 4 having a tensile strength above 800MPa.
EP16778335.6A 2015-10-15 2016-10-05 Iron based powders for powder injection molding Active EP3362210B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP15189896.2A EP3156155A1 (en) 2015-10-15 2015-10-15 Iron based powders for powder injection molding
PCT/EP2016/073721 WO2017063923A1 (en) 2015-10-15 2016-10-05 Iron based powders for powder injection molding

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3362210A1 true EP3362210A1 (en) 2018-08-22
EP3362210B1 EP3362210B1 (en) 2020-05-06

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EP15189896.2A Withdrawn EP3156155A1 (en) 2015-10-15 2015-10-15 Iron based powders for powder injection molding
EP16778335.6A Active EP3362210B1 (en) 2015-10-15 2016-10-05 Iron based powders for powder injection molding

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EP (2) EP3156155A1 (en)
CN (1) CN108367356B (en)
DK (1) DK3362210T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2808207T3 (en)
TW (1) TWI714649B (en)
WO (1) WO2017063923A1 (en)

Cited By (2)

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US11939646B2 (en) 2018-10-26 2024-03-26 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Corrosion and wear resistant nickel based alloys
US12076788B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2024-09-03 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability

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AU2016317860B2 (en) 2015-09-04 2021-09-30 Scoperta, Inc. Chromium free and low-chromium wear resistant alloys
CN109454238A (en) * 2018-11-08 2019-03-12 江苏精研科技股份有限公司 A method of engine oil pressure control valve valve pocket is prepared by injection moulding
WO2020172744A1 (en) * 2019-02-25 2020-09-03 Rio Tinto Iron And Titanium Canada Inc. Metallic iron powder
JP7263840B2 (en) * 2019-02-28 2023-04-25 セイコーエプソン株式会社 Precipitation hardening stainless steel powders, compounds, granulated powders and precipitation hardening stainless steel sintered bodies for powder metallurgy
JP7552080B2 (en) 2019-09-11 2024-09-18 セイコーエプソン株式会社 Precipitation hardening stainless steel powder, compound, granulated powder, precipitation hardening stainless steel sintered body, and method for manufacturing the precipitation hardening stainless steel sintered body
TWI726451B (en) * 2019-10-21 2021-05-01 晟銘電子科技股份有限公司 Preparing method of molded article having nitrided layer and molded article thereof
CN114540710B (en) * 2020-08-04 2023-01-20 湖州慧金材料科技有限公司 Non-magnetic injection molding material G19, preparation method and application thereof in manufacturing of wearable equipment
CN114378293B (en) * 2021-09-15 2024-05-24 东莞市环力智能科技有限公司 Sintering process of austenitic stainless steel stirring head and stainless steel stirring head

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JP4582587B2 (en) * 2005-10-12 2010-11-17 日立粉末冶金株式会社 Method for producing wear-resistant sintered member
EP2659014B1 (en) * 2010-12-30 2017-04-05 Höganäs AB (publ) Iron based powders for powder injection molding
KR101350944B1 (en) * 2011-10-21 2014-01-16 포항공과대학교 산학협력단 Ferrous-alloys for powder injection molding
CN103240418B (en) * 2013-05-23 2014-12-24 北京科技大学 Near-net shaping method for charging turbine with hollow internal structure

Cited By (2)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11939646B2 (en) 2018-10-26 2024-03-26 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Corrosion and wear resistant nickel based alloys
US12076788B2 (en) 2019-05-03 2024-09-03 Oerlikon Metco (Us) Inc. Powder feedstock for wear resistant bulk welding configured to optimize manufacturability

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Publication number Publication date
ES2808207T3 (en) 2021-02-25
WO2017063923A1 (en) 2017-04-20
TWI714649B (en) 2021-01-01
TW201728769A (en) 2017-08-16
EP3362210B1 (en) 2020-05-06
DK3362210T3 (en) 2020-08-03
CN108367356A (en) 2018-08-03
EP3156155A1 (en) 2017-04-19
CN108367356B (en) 2020-10-27

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