EP3347580B1 - Procédé de commande de auto-allumage d'un moteur à combustion interne - Google Patents
Procédé de commande de auto-allumage d'un moteur à combustion interne Download PDFInfo
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- EP3347580B1 EP3347580B1 EP15760449.7A EP15760449A EP3347580B1 EP 3347580 B1 EP3347580 B1 EP 3347580B1 EP 15760449 A EP15760449 A EP 15760449A EP 3347580 B1 EP3347580 B1 EP 3347580B1
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- fuel
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- combustion
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
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Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B1/00—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression
- F02B1/12—Engines characterised by fuel-air mixture compression with compression ignition
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
- F02P23/00—Other ignition
- F02P23/04—Other physical ignition means, e.g. using laser rays
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
- F02D41/0025—Controlling engines characterised by use of non-liquid fuels, pluralities of fuels, or non-fuel substances added to the combustible mixtures
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method of enhanced combustion of hydrocarbon fuel by oxygen in an internal combustion engine through targeted ultraviolet irradiation of dissociating species, as well as combustion apparatus for use in such a method.
- the internal combustion engine is broadly used in transportation due to the performance and driving range that can be achieved in combination with the high energy density of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Its efficiency and exhaust emissions have continuously improved over decades through the application of advancements in many fields such as electronics and metallurgy. In order to further improve efficiency by a significant degree, a more accurate control of the chemical processes occurring during the combustion of the fuel can be beneficial. More specifically, by fine control of the chemical processes, the heat release rate can be adjusted so that the maximum amount of chemical energy from the fuel is converted into mechanical energy through the piston motion.
- ignition delay time In the natural process of auto-ignition for a fuel/oxidiser mixture, a time length is necessary from the beginning of the reaction until the combustion. This time length is defined as ignition delay time (IDT).
- IDDT ignition delay time
- the beginning of the reaction can be roughly defined as the point where the liquid fuel is evaporated and locally mixed with the oxidiser. Consequently, during the auto-ignition process of fuel/oxidiser mixtures inside the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, the start points vary considerably. Further, the IDT depends on the local temperature, turbulence and stoichiometry. An example of ignition delay times for two different fuels is shown in Figure 1 .
- the Top Dead Centre (TDC) point is conventionally defined as the position of a piston in which it is farthest from the crankshaft.
- Patent publications JPH-10-196471 and JPH-10-196508 teach the use of laser light for starting combustion by production of OH or CH radicals.
- the method of producing of OH and CH groups only achieves ignition under some specific conditions.
- To accurately control the combustion process inside the engine cylinder it is necessary to affect any potential step of combustion chemistry and adjust it to the inhomogeneity of the real application.
- a coherent light source laser with a single wavelength
- the target is only a specific radical and only a very limited effect can be achieved.
- the respective radicals cannot be generated.
- the present invention relates to a method of enhanced combustion of hydrocarbon fuel by oxygen in an internal combustion engine according to claim 1.
- Both fuel and oxidizer are introduced into the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine; the "oxidizer” refers in particular to a gas mixture containing oxygen. This is typically atmospheric air, or atmospheric air mixed with recirculated exhaust gas (EGR).
- EGR recirculated exhaust gas
- the optical energy is provided in the combustion chamber to the oxidiser-fuel mixture and/or reaction products of oxidiser/fuel mixing, using irradiation at one or more wavelengths greater than 200 nm and less than 310 nm and/or at wavelengths of at least 345 nm and at most 365 nm.
- irradiation is carried out at one or more wavelengths of at least 240 nm and at most 295 nm, more preferably of at least 260 nm and at most 290 nm, and still more preferably of at least 270 nm and at most 280 nm.
- the present invention relates to a combustion apparatus comprising a combustion chamber, a device for compressing a fuel/oxidiser mixture in said combustion chamber, and one or more light sources operatively linked to the combustion chamber so as to be able to impart to the compressed fuel/oxidiser mixture ultraviolet light irradiation at one or more wavelengths greater than 200 nm and less than 310 nm and/or at wavelengths of at least 345 nm and at most 365 nm.
- the light sources allow for irradiation to be carried out at one or more wavelengths of at least 240 nm and at most 295 nm, more preferably of at least 260 nm and at most 290 nm, and still more preferably of at least 270 nm and at most 280 nm.
- the light sources are light emitting diodes (LEDs).
- At least one light source is mounted in a wall of the combustion chamber. Also, at least one light source may be external to the combustion chamber but coupled thereto using optics such as optical fibres.
- the present invention provides internal combustion engines in which the timing and location of the combustion process is controlled, allowing high efficiency, low pollutant emissions and improved control.
- the enforced dissociation process of the present invention aims to control the length of the pre-ignition phase and shorten it or lengthen it as needed in order to always achieve the optimal point of heat release, in terms of timing and localisation, everywhere in the combustion chamber.
- optical energy is introduced at the top dead centre and there is instantaneous ignition.
- optical energy is not necessarily introduced at TDC.
- the light energy is introduced in the pre-ignition phase, before TDC. This light energy is designed to force specific chemical reactions and therefore change the chemical path towards ignition and complete combustion. As a result, the combustion process can be accelerated or decelerated.
- a "mapping" of light introduction can be defined for different engine speed and load, in a similar fashion to the current spark plug ignition mapping and fuel injection mapping. It may be noted that current engine technology using computer control allows piston movement to be tracked on a millisecond timescale, so that precise coordination of light introduction with the engine cycle can be achieved.
- one more UV light source(s) is (are) used to dissociate intermediate combustion species. These species are created naturally during the pre-ignition phase or can be provided externally as an additive. The dissociation of these species controls the balance between the different chemical reaction paths (e.g. endothermic cracking, exothermic pathways) and can accelerate or decelerate the ignition/combustion process. By this means, high efficiency and low emission operation is possible by achieving controlled auto-ignition of very lean and/or very stratified oxidiser/fuel mixtures in the cylinder.
- optical energy is provided in the combustion chamber to the oxidiser-fuel mixture using irradiation at wavelengths greater than 200 nm and less than 310 nm and/or at wavelengths of at least 345 nm and at most 365 nm.
- photo-dissociation is triggered in the near UV region, with wavelengths between 200 nm and 400 nm. Above 400 nm the photons do not carry enough energy to cleave chemical bonds and below 200 nm, air becomes absorbing (but will not dissociate). In the latter case the light energy would be transferred into heat. This might lead to accelerated ignition as well but the mechanism would be quite different to that at the heart of the present invention.
- the ignition process of the fuel-oxidiser mixture in the cylinder of an internal combustion engine may be initiated and controlled through the process of photo-dissociation by dissociating species that have previously been generated by low to medium temperature chemical reactions during the compression of the mixture or via the dissociation of suitable fuel additives.
- This dissociation generates highly reactive radical species through the breakage of targeted molecular bonds, for example the oxygen bond in structures such as -R-O-O-R', where R and R' can be a H atom or a hydrocarbon group.
- R and R' can be a H atom or a hydrocarbon group.
- Such a dissociation for example the case where R and R' are hydrogen atoms, will strongly promote the second stage combustion process involving the majority of the heat release.
- suitable wavelengths to target carbon-carbon bonds in structures such as R-C-C-R', where R and R' are typically hydrocarbon groups can further be used to promote thermal decomposition reactions that can inhibit ignition in the negative temperature coefficient region of combustion.
- the origin of the photons for the photo-dissociation to be carried out in the invention is not restricted to a particular type of light source.
- the photons can be generated by a laser source or an incoherent source, such as an LED.
- an LED source may be used, in particular deep-UV LEDs. LEDs with emission spectra between 250 and 310 nm are commercially available. Deep-UV LEDs of this type are available which can deliver one millisecond pulses with a repetition rate of up to 1 kHz.
- an LED semiconductor material that may appropriately be used in the context of the present invention, one may cite materials based on AIGaN.
- Such materials are, for example, available from manufacturers such as Sensor Electronic Technology, Inc. (USA). Other materials may be contemplated as possible UV emitters as well and generally speaking LED research is a field in development, new materials becoming available with emission characteristics that would render them suitable for use in the invention.
- the inventors sought to identify candidate molecular species that efficiently absorb light at a suitable wavelength, dissociate efficiently and yield reactive radicals.
- the molecular species may appropriately also be chemically stable enough so that they can be used as fuel additives. If not, the species should appropriately be ones which occur naturally from the chemistry taking place during the fuel-oxidiser mixture compression.
- H 2 O 2 and other species below are also generated in situ from the chemistry during the compression phase:
- Figure 2 shows adsorption coefficients in the wavelength range 200 to 350 nm for the above-mentioned species. It may be noted here that, apart from formaldehyde, most species can be excited between 200 nm and 260 nm. Additionally, formaldehyde can be dissociated, with the use of wavelengths below 310 nm yielding reactive radicals. For the particular case of formaldehyde, a wavelength of irradiation around 355 nm, for example, between 345 and 365 nm (355 nm ⁇ 10 nm) is also a suitable dissociation wavelength.
- this may be chosen among gasoline, diesel and bio-fuel (oxygenated fuel).
- an appropriate compression ratio is greater than 10.
- a preferable range is from at least 13 to most 20.
- the UV-enhanced process of the present invention is appropriately used in a compression ignition engine type.
- Appropriate fuel-oxidiser ratios are from stoichiometric to very lean, with a preferable global lambda of at least 1 and at most 10.
- a generally appropriate engine speed ratio is from at least 600 to at most 8000 rpm.
- the light sources it is advantageous for the light sources to be small enough to fit into the cylinder walls of an engine in an automobile, such as a passenger car.
- Deep-UV LEDs are available which do satisfy the size characteristics. For example, systems with cross-sectional widths / diameters of 1 cm or less are available.
- Multi-emitter packaged deep UV LEDs are commercially available which are still small enough to be mounted in the cylinder walls of a passenger car, for example in a cylindrical format where the diameter of the package is 8.5 mm. With such sizes, several of the devices may be mounted around the cylinder. As an example, the use of six such multi-emitter LEDs may result in more than 10 14 photons per 1 ms pulse.
- one light source can be used for imparting optical energy to the fuel-oxidiser mixture and/or reaction products therefrom, or two or more light sources can be used. It is of importance in the present invention to be able to introduce light with potentially different properties (power/mean wavelength/wavelength distribution), at different locations in the combustion chamber. In order to achieve this, multiple light sources may be used, or alternatively a single one with corresponding optics in order to achieve the desired light distribution. In one preferred embodiment of the present invention, multiple light sources are used. Light with different properties, as regards power, mean wavelength and/or wavelength distribution may be provided at different locations in the combustion chamber.
- UV light emitted by the light sources may be guided to each cylinder by optics such as optical fibres. In all configurations, a single wavelength or more than one wavelength of the radiation may be used.
- a preferred maximum value would be 1000 mJ per combustion event, more preferably 100 mJ.
- thermodynamic cycle e.g. Otto or Diesel
- the "combustion event” is essentially occurring during the “compression” and “expansion” stages.
- Figures 4 to 10 show schematic illustrative and non-limiting embodiments of combustion apparatus according to the present invention.
- Figure 4 only the top of the piston is shown.
- the injection method is direct injection, there is one light source per cylinder and one light point per cylinder. No optical fibres are present.
- the reference numerals correspond to the following parts of the apparatus (and are conserved for Figures 5 to 10 ):
- Figure 5 shows a different embodiment in which the injection is port injection, although here again there is one light source per cylinder and one light point per cylinder, and no optical fibres are present.
- Figure 6 shows a direct injection embodiment, with more than one light point per cylinder.
- Figure 7 shows a port injection embodiment with more than one light point per cylinder.
- Figure 8 shows a close-up top view of an embodiment with a single light source in a cylinder.
- Figure 9 shows a close-up top view of an embodiment with multiple light sources in a cylinder in order to cover different locations and, optionally, different frequencies.
- Figure 10 shows an example of a single light source with an optical fibre for guiding the UV light to cylinders.
- Figure 11 is a schematic diagram showing the functioning at each stage in the cycle i.e. for each stroke in a four-stroke engine
- Figure 12 shows an engine assembly with full pistons and crankshaft, as an illustration of a possible context in which the present invention may be used ( Figures 4 to 10 only show part of the pistons of an overall engine assembly).
- the applied chemistry is based on a dimensionally reduced form that accounts for the small hydrocarbon chemistry [ Lindstedt and Meyer, Proc. Combust. Inst. 29:1395-1402, 2002 ] with the higher hydrocarbon chemistry based on a characteristic site argument following the work of Curran et al. [Combust. Flame 114:149-177, 1998 ] for n-heptane and Curran et al. [Combust. Flame 129:253-280, 2002 ] for iso-octane. The resulting mechanism reproduces ignition delay times with good accuracy as exemplified in Figure 1 .
- the calculation procedure used features several adaptations in order to represent the "compression” and "ignition/expansion” phases of an internal combustion engine operation with reasonable accuracy. Specifically, it calculates the combustion chamber conditions from the moment the inlet valves close (IVC) and compression starts, to the point that the exhaust valves open (EVO) after the expansion of the combusted fuel-oxidiser mixture. Thus the fuel/oxidiser mixture is compressed according to the piston motion, heats up due to compression and auto-ignites. Heat losses to cylinder walls are also taken into account.
- FIG. 13 An example of the calculated pressure traces is shown in Figure 13 , which shows pressure traces for (curve 1) an experimental engine, with no combustion occurring; (curve 2) the same experimental engine, with combustion; (curve 3) example simulation results for one specific lambda value (3.7) with photo-dissociation of H 2 O 2 ; (curve 4) example simulation results for one specific lambda value (3.7) without photo-dissociation of H 2 O 2 .
- the comparison of curves 3 and 4 shows that induced photo-dissociation of H 2 O 2 had a significant impact on the heat release process.
- the air-fuel equivalence ratio, ⁇ (lambda), is the ratio of actual Air-Fuel-Ratio (AFR) to the stoichiometric AFR needed to convert the entire hydrocarbon quantity into CO 2 and H 2 O for a given mixture.
- AFR Air-Fuel-Ratio
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)
Claims (16)
- Procédé de combustion promue de carburant hydrocarboné par de l'oxygène dans un moteur à combustion interne dans lequel :- à la fois de l'oxygène et le carburant hydrocarboné sont introduits dans la chambre de combustion du moteur à combustion interne ;- de l'énergie optique est fournie dans la chambre de combustion au mélange oxygène-carburant et/ou produits de réaction de mélange oxygène-carburant, en utilisant une irradiation à une ou plusieurs longueurs d'onde supérieures à 200 nm et inférieures à 310 nm ;dans lequel un ou plusieurs d'acide benzoïque C6H5COOH, acide formique HCOOH, acide acétique CH3COOH, acide propionique C2H5COOH, et peroxyde d'hydrogène H2O2 sont incorporés comme additifs de carburants.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'irradiation est réalisée à une ou plusieurs longueurs d'onde d'au moins 240 nm et d'au plus 295 nm.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'irradiation est réalisée à une ou plusieurs longueurs d'onde d'au moins 260 nm et d'au plus 290 nm.
- Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel l'irradiation est réalisée à une ou plusieurs longueurs d'onde d'au moins 270 nm et d'au plus 280 nm.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel du peroxyde d'hydrogène H2O2 est incorporé comme additif de carburant.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 5, dans lequel l'irradiation cible une ou plusieurs des espèces moléculaires suivantes : acide benzoïque C6H5COOH, acide formique HCOOH, acide acétique CH3COOH, acide propionique C2H5COOH, peroxyde d'hydrogène H2O2, formaldéhyde H2CO, et radicaux hydroperoxyle HO2.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6, dans lequel l'oxygène est fourni dans de l'air atmosphérique, ou dans un air atmosphérique mélangé avec des gaz d'échappement en recyclage (EGR).
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 7, dans lequel la chambre de combustion est dans la forme d'un cylindre dont les côtés supérieurs et inférieurs sont fermés à une tête de cylindre et un piston, dans lequel le piston peut être déplacé vers le haut et le bas dans le cylindre, dans lequel le mélange oxygène-carburant est comprimé par le piston.
- Procédé selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le piston est un piston en va-et-vient.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 9, dans lequel l'énergie optique est introduite dans la phase de pré-allumage, avant PMH (point mort supérieur).
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10, dans lequel de multiples sources de lumière sont fournies à différents endroits dans la chambre de combustion.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 11, le procédé étant réalisé dans un appareil de combustion comprenant une chambre de combustion, un dispositif pour comprimer un mélange carburant/oxygène dans ladite chambre de combustion, et une ou plusieurs sources de lumière liées de manière opérative à la chambre de combustion afin de pouvoir communiquer au mélange carburant/oxygène comprimé une irradiation de lumière ultraviolette à une ou plusieurs longueurs d'onde supérieures à 200 nm et inférieures à 310 nm.
- Procédé selon la revendication 12, dans lequel les sources de lumière sont des diodes électroluminescentes (LED).
- Procédé selon la revendication 13, dans lequel les diodes électroluminescentes (LED) comprennent un semi-conducteur d'AlGaN.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 14, dans lequel au moins une source de lumière est montée dans une paroi de la chambre de combustion.
- Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 12 à 15, dans lequel au moins une source de lumière est externe à la chambre de combustion mais est couplée à celle-ci en utilisant des matières optiques telles que des fibres optiques.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/EP2015/070514 WO2017041833A1 (fr) | 2015-09-08 | 2015-09-08 | Moteur à combustion interne et procédé d'auto-allumage |
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EP3347580A1 EP3347580A1 (fr) | 2018-07-18 |
EP3347580B1 true EP3347580B1 (fr) | 2019-09-04 |
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Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US20080017136A1 (en) * | 2006-01-10 | 2008-01-24 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Method of controlling combustion in an hcci engine |
Family Cites Families (7)
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US4947640A (en) * | 1989-02-28 | 1990-08-14 | University Of Tennessee Research Corporation | Gas turbine engine photon ignition system |
JPH10196471A (ja) | 1997-01-14 | 1998-07-28 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関 |
JPH10196508A (ja) | 1997-01-16 | 1998-07-31 | Daihatsu Motor Co Ltd | 内燃機関及び燃焼開始制御方法 |
JP2006307839A (ja) * | 2005-03-30 | 2006-11-09 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 光伝導体発火システム |
JP2009197667A (ja) * | 2008-02-21 | 2009-09-03 | Toyota Motor Corp | 内燃機関の燃焼制御装置 |
EP2603938A2 (fr) * | 2010-08-12 | 2013-06-19 | Jonathan Kiva Flaster | Source de lumière pour visée, acquisition de cible, communication et poursuite |
US9200561B2 (en) * | 2012-11-12 | 2015-12-01 | Mcalister Technologies, Llc | Chemical fuel conditioning and activation |
-
2015
- 2015-09-08 WO PCT/EP2015/070514 patent/WO2017041833A1/fr unknown
- 2015-09-08 EP EP15760449.7A patent/EP3347580B1/fr active Active
Patent Citations (1)
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US20080017136A1 (en) * | 2006-01-10 | 2008-01-24 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Method of controlling combustion in an hcci engine |
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EP3347580A1 (fr) | 2018-07-18 |
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