EP3319165B1 - Déphaseur de fréquence radio de type à réflexion et procédé de décalage de phase - Google Patents

Déphaseur de fréquence radio de type à réflexion et procédé de décalage de phase Download PDF

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EP3319165B1
EP3319165B1 EP16306453.8A EP16306453A EP3319165B1 EP 3319165 B1 EP3319165 B1 EP 3319165B1 EP 16306453 A EP16306453 A EP 16306453A EP 3319165 B1 EP3319165 B1 EP 3319165B1
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radio frequency
phase shifter
reflection type
variable capacitors
frequency reflection
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EP3319165A1 (fr
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Senad Bulja
Rose Kopf
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Nokia Technologies Oy
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/18—Phase-shifters
    • H01P1/184—Strip line phase-shifters

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a Radio Frequency reflection type phase shifter, and a method of Radio Frequency reflection type phase shifting.
  • An example of the present invention is a Radio Frequency reflection type phase shifter, the phase shifter comprising a coupler for input and output, and N variable capacitors, where N is an integer value of 2 or more, each of the variable capacitors providing radio frequency reflection, each of the variable capacitors being connected to the coupler by at least one of the impedance transformers, the characteristic impedances of the impedance transformers having been selected so that the phase shifter provides a phase shift at least substantially proportional to the value of N, wherein each of the variable capacitors comprises electrochromic material.
  • each of the variable capacitors comprises an electrolyte element and at least one electrochromic element between a first electrode and a second electrode.
  • the first electrode comprises a ground plate on which lies the first electrochromic element, and the electrolyte element lies on the electrochromic element, the electrochromic element comprising an electrochromic layer, and the electrolyte element comprising an electrolyte layer.
  • each of the variable capacitors further comprises a second electrochromic element between the electrolyte element and second electrode, the second electrochromic element comprising a second electrochromic layer.
  • the coupler is a 3dB-coupler having four ports, N'/2 of the variable capacitors being connected to the coupler via one of two of the ports, and N'/2 of the capacitors being connected to the coupler via a second of said two ports, where N' is an even number integer of 4 or more.
  • the coupler is a circulator having three ports, the N variable capacitors being connected to the circulator via one of the ports.
  • the impedance transformers are microstrip lines.
  • the capacitance of each of the variable capacitors is variable by adjusting a d.c. voltage applied across the capacitors.
  • said phase shift is at least substantially proportional to the value of N when a mid-range value of the capacitance of the variable capacitors is selected so the corresponding reactance at an operating radio frequency is the characteristic impedance Z 0 .
  • the capacitors are variable between a higher capacitance 'fully ON' state when the d.c. voltage is at a first level and a lower capacitance 'OFF' state when the d.c. voltage is at a second level.
  • Some preferred embodiments provide, as compared to existing solutions using EC materials, greater amounts of phase shift for lower insertion losses. Some preferred embodiments are suitable for the microwave frequency range.
  • Examples of the present invention also relate to corresponding methods.
  • An example of the present invention relates to a method of Radio Frequency reflection type phase shifting, by: applying an input signal to a phase shifter comprising a coupler for input and output, and N variable capacitors, where N is an integer value of 2 or more, each of the variable capacitors providing radio frequency reflection, each of the variable capacitors being connected to the coupler by at least one impedance transformer, the characteristic impedances of the impedance transformers having been selected so that the phase shifter provides a phase shift at least substantially proportional to the value of N, wherein each of the variable capacitors comprises electrochromic material; and receiving an output signal from the coupler.
  • each of the variable capacitors is variable by adjusting a d.c. voltage applied across the capacitors.
  • phase shift is at least substantially proportional to the value of N when a mid-range value of the capacitance of the variable capacitors is selected so the corresponding reactance at an operating radio frequency is the characteristic impedance Z 0 .
  • a high frequency phase shifter based on EC materials is known from US Patent Publication US 2015/0325897A1 .
  • This high frequency phase shifter is based on the use of Electochromic (EC) material as bulk, dc induced tunable media in a circuit.
  • EC Electochromic
  • phase shifter only allowed modest values of phase shifts, typically up to 15 -30 degrees at frequencies around 3 GHz.
  • the exact value of the phase shift obtained is, of course, dependent on the frequency of operation and the type and thickness of the EC material used, however, there is always a limitation as to how much phase shift can be obtained. Accordingly, the inventors saw a need for new architectures for high frequency phase shifters based on EC materials.
  • FIG. 1 This known approach of US 2015/0325897A1 is illustrated in Figure 1 .
  • a ground plate on which an electrochromic layer is provided, and input and outputs connected via a 3dB coupler to microstrip contacts contacting the top of the EC layer.
  • a 3-dB coupler is a radio frequency (RF) device which splits an input RF signal into two signals equal in magnitude, but with a 90° phase shift between them.
  • RF radio frequency
  • Y 2 k 22 2 k 21 2 Y + 1 k 21 2 Y 3
  • Y 3 k 32 2 k 31 2 Y + 1 k 31 2 Y 4
  • b 0 k 12 2 k 11 2 Y
  • n A m ⁇ 1 B m ⁇ 1
  • a m-1 b m-1 A m-2 +a m-1 A m-3
  • B m-1 b m-1 B m-2 +a m-1 B m-3 .
  • P 1 Z 0 6
  • P 2 ⁇ R 2 Z 0 4 ⁇ Z 0 4 X max X min + Z 0 4 X max 2 + Z 0 4 X min 2
  • P 3 ⁇ R 4 Z 0 2 ⁇ 6
  • P 4 R 6 ⁇ R 4 X min X max ⁇ R 2 X min 3 X max + R 2 X max 2 X min 2 ⁇ R 2 X min X max 3 + R 4 X max 2 + R 4 X min 2 ⁇ X max 3 X min 3
  • the first four roots of (13) are always complex conjugate, while the remaining two roots are real with equal magnitude, but opposite signs. As such, there is always one solution to (13) that yields the optimum value of the parameter q .
  • the first term on the right represents the insertion loss of the reflective circuit of the proposed phase shifter.
  • the second term on the right is the insertion loss of a 3-dB coupler.
  • (11) and (16) demonstrate the potential of the proposed circuit - to increase the amount of phase shift of the phase shifter in a linear fashion with respect to the pairs of active elements, without increasing the insertion loss in the same linear fashion.
  • the insertion loss of a 3-dB coupler is 0.3 dB (2 ⁇ 0.3 dB in the phase shifter configuration)
  • q 1
  • the active elements are capacitors formed using EC material as will be described next below.
  • Figure 6 shows a parallel plate capacitor 10 in cross-section.
  • ground plate 12 On which lies a first electrochromic layer 14 and a second electrochromic layer 18 separated by an electrolyte layer (in other words a dielectric layer) 16.
  • an electrolyte layer in other words a dielectric layer
  • top electrode 20 On top of the second electrochromic layer is a top electrode 20. It may be considered that the ground plate (also known as the ground electrode) 12 and the top electrode 20 effectively "sandwich" the intermediate active layers 14, 16,18.
  • An electrochromic material is a material the optical absorption/transmission characteristics of which can be reversibly changed by the application of an external voltage, light source, or electric field.
  • Examples include (i) transition-metal and inorganic oxides such as tungsten oxide, (ii) small organic molecules such as viologens, and (iii) polymers such a poly-viologens and derivatives of polythiophence, polypyrrole and polyaniline.
  • the first EC layer 14 comprises a suitable EC material, such as WO 3 in this example.
  • the EC material is TiO 2 , MoO 3 , Ta 2 O 5 , Nb 2 O 5 , or another of the above -mentioned electrochromic materials.
  • the second EC layer 18 comprises NiO in this example.
  • this layer is Cr 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , FeO 2 , CoO 2 , RhO 2 , IrO 2 , or another suitable material.
  • the second EC layer 18 acts as an ion-storage layer.
  • ground plate 12 is a cathode and the top electrode is an anode.
  • the electrolyte layer 16 acts as an ion-conductor layer.
  • the electrolyte layer 16 serves as a reservoir of ions for injection into the first EC layer 14.
  • the electrolyte layer 16 also receives ions from the second EC layer 18.
  • the phase shift provided by the phase shifter is at least substantially proportional to N where N is the number of reflective loads, in other words the number of capacitors .
  • FIG. 7 A notional phase shifter 30 of nth order is shown in Figure 7 which is in accordance with the circuit shown in Figure 4 .
  • the capacitors 10 are embedded in the substrate such that, each capacitor 10 has its respective top electrode 20 flush with (in other words in the same plane as) the top surface of the supporting substrate 28 so that the microstrip lines 26 can run flat.
  • the microstrip line 26 has portions of different selected widths, hence different cross-sectional areas, to provide the respective impedance transformers.
  • a 3-dB coupler 32 is a radio frequency (RF) device which splits an input RF signal into two signals equal in magnitude, but with a 90° phase shift between them for transmission to the capacitors 10.
  • the 3dB-coupler has two input/output ports 34 and two other ports 36 for connection to the capacitors 10.
  • the 3-dB coupler is replaced by a circulator (not shown).
  • a circulator has three ports (one port less than the 3-dB coupler). Two ports of the circulator are input/output ports, whereas the last, third port is the port to which two or more reflective loads are connected.
  • Each reflective load comprises a variable capacitor comprising EC materials as described with respect to Figure 6 , connected by at least two impedance transformers as described above made up of portions of microstrip line of different widths.
  • Figure 8 shows a phase shifter where its circuit is as shown in Figures 4 and 7 with n selected as three. In other words, Figure 8 shows the 3 rd order reflective type phase shifter.
  • Figure 9 shows a phase shifter where its circuit is as shown in Figures 4 and 7 with n selected as two. In other words, Figure 9 shows the 2nd order reflective type phase shifter.
  • the proposed reflective type EC material based phase shifters of order two or more offer the benefits of lower loss and increased phase shift compared to an earlier approach. This can be seen, for example, in comparing the "second order" data, namely second and fourth rows of data in Table 1. This can also be seen, for example by comparing the "third order” data, namely the third and fifth row of data in Table 1.
  • the capacitance ratio between the "ON” and “OFF” state can be tailored by the appropriate choice of the electrolyte, for which we have in-house experience.
  • varactor diodes exhibit significant non-linear behaviour, whereas EC based materials are highly linear.
  • program storage devices e.g., digital data storage media, which are machine or computer readable and encode machine-executable or computer-executable programs of instructions, wherein said instructions perform some or all of the steps of said above-described methods.
  • the program storage devices may be, e.g., digital memories, magnetic storage media such as a magnetic disks and magnetic tapes, hard drives, or optically readable digital data storage media.
  • Some embodiments involve computers programmed to perform said steps of the above-described methods.

Landscapes

  • Waveguide Switches, Polarizers, And Phase Shifters (AREA)

Claims (14)

  1. Déphaseur de Fréquence Radio du type à réflexion (30),
    le déphaseur comprenant un coupleur (32) d'entrée et de sortie (34), et N condensateurs variables (10), où N est un nombre entier égal à 2 ou plus, chacun des condensateurs variables assurant, lors de l'utilisation, une réflexion de fréquence radio,
    chacun des condensateurs variables étant connecté au coupleur par au moins un transformateur d'impédance (K, 26), les impédances caractéristiques des transformateurs d'impédance ayant été sélectionnées de manière à ce que le déphaseur assure un déphasage au moins sensiblement proportionnel à la valeur de N, caractérisé en ce que chacun des condensateurs variables comprend un matériau électrochrome.
  2. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon la revendication 1, dans lequel chacun des condensateurs variables (10) comprend un élément d'électrolyte (16) et au moins un élément électrochrome (14, 18) entre une première électrode (12) et une seconde électrode (20).
  3. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon la revendication 2, dans lequel la première électrode (12) comprend une plaque de masse sur laquelle repose le premier élément électrochrome (14), et l'élément d'électrolyte (16) repose sur l'élément électrochrome (14), l'élément électrochrome comprenant une couche électrochrome, et l'élément d'électrolyte comprenant une couche d'électrolyte.
  4. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon la revendication 2 ou la revendication 3, dans lequel chacun des condensateurs variables comprend en outre un second élément électrochrome (18) entre l'élément d'électrolyte et la seconde électrode, le second élément électrochrome comprenant une seconde couche électrochrome.
  5. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le coupleur (32) est un coupleur à 3 dB comportant quatre ports, N'/2 des condensateurs variables étant connectés au coupleur par l'intermédiaire de l'un de deux des ports, et N'/2 des condensateurs étant connectés au coupleur par l'intermédiaire d'un second desdits deux ports, où N' est un nombre entier pair égal à 4 ou plus.
  6. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, dans lequel le coupleur est un circulateur à trois ports, les N condensateurs variables étant connectés au circulateur par l'intermédiaire de l'un des ports.
  7. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les transformateurs d'impédance (K, 26) sont des lignes à microrubans.
  8. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel les impédances caractéristiques des transformateurs d'impédance sont sélectionnées en fonction d'une valeur sélectionnée d'une valeur de paramètre q déterminée pour un condensateur donné sous la forme q = A X max X min Z 0
    Figure imgb0062
     où Z0 est l'impédance caractéristique des transformateurs d'impédance, Xmin est la réactance minimale du condensateur et Xmax est la réactance maximale du condensateur.
  9. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel la capacité de chacun des condensateurs variables (10) peut être amenée à varier par ajustement d'une tension continue appliquée aux bornes des condensateurs.
  10. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon la revendication 9, dans lequel ledit déphasage est au moins sensiblement proportionnel à la valeur de N lorsqu'une valeur moyenne de la capacité des condensateurs variables (10) est sélectionnée de manière à ce que la réactance correspondante, à une fréquence radio de fonctionnement, soit l'impédance caractéristique Z0.
  11. Déphaseur de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon la revendication 10, dans lequel les condensateurs peuvent être amenés à varier entre un état "entièrement activé" de capacité supérieure lorsque la tension continue est à un premier niveau et un état "désactivé" de capacité inférieure lorsque la tension continue est à un second niveau.
  12. Procédé de déphasage de Fréquence Radio du type à réflexion, comprenant :
    l'application d'un signal d'entrée à un déphaseur (30) comprenant un coupleur (32) d'entrée et de sortie, et N condensateurs variables (10), où N est une valeur entière égale à 2 ou plus, chacun des condensateurs variables assurant une réflexion de fréquence radio, chacun des condensateurs variables étant connecté au coupleur par au moins un transformateur d'impédance, les impédances caractéristiques des transformateurs d'impédance (K, 26) ayant été sélectionnées de manière à ce que le déphaseur assure un déphasage au moins sensiblement proportionnel à la valeur de N, dans lequel chacun des condensateurs variables comprend un matériau électrochrome ; et
    la réception d'un signal de sortie du coupleur.
  13. Procédé de déphasage de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon la revendication 12, dans lequel la capacité de chacun des condensateurs variables (10) peut être amenée à varier par ajustement d'une tension continue appliquée aux bornes des condensateurs.
  14. Procédé de déphasage de fréquence radio du type à réflexion selon la revendication 13, dans lequel ledit déphasage est au moins sensiblement proportionnel à la valeur de N lorsqu'une valeur moyenne de la capacité des condensateurs variables (10) est sélectionnée de manière à ce que la réactance correspondante, à une fréquence radio de fonctionnement, soit l'impédance caractéristique Z0.
EP16306453.8A 2016-11-07 2016-11-07 Déphaseur de fréquence radio de type à réflexion et procédé de décalage de phase Active EP3319165B1 (fr)

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CN110545085B (zh) * 2019-09-10 2023-02-10 大连海事大学 一种频率和负载阻抗可调谐的复阻抗变换器
EP3886243A1 (fr) 2020-03-27 2021-09-29 Nokia Technologies Oy Appareil de commutation de radiofréquences
EP3975330A1 (fr) * 2020-09-28 2022-03-30 Nokia Technologies Oy Communications radio
FI20206043A1 (en) * 2020-10-22 2022-04-23 Nokia Technologies Oy Controllable radio frequency switching and allocation device
CN113937440B (zh) * 2021-09-09 2022-05-27 电子科技大学长三角研究院(湖州) 一种基于变容二极管的微带反射式动态太赫兹移相器

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US6172385B1 (en) * 1998-10-30 2001-01-09 International Business Machines Corporation Multilayer ferroelectric capacitor structure
KR20010086007A (ko) * 1998-11-09 2001-09-07 추후기재 전압 동조 유전성 버랙터 어셈블리
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US20150325897A1 (en) 2014-05-07 2015-11-12 Alcatel-Lucent Electrically controllable radio-frequency circuit element having an electrochromic material
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