EP3313371A2 - Bactéries manipulées pour traiter des maladies métaboliques - Google Patents

Bactéries manipulées pour traiter des maladies métaboliques

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Publication number
EP3313371A2
EP3313371A2 EP16738302.5A EP16738302A EP3313371A2 EP 3313371 A2 EP3313371 A2 EP 3313371A2 EP 16738302 A EP16738302 A EP 16738302A EP 3313371 A2 EP3313371 A2 EP 3313371A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gene
bacterium
genetically engineered
engineered bacteria
tryptophan
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP16738302.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Dean Falb
Vincent M. ISABELLA
Jonathan W. KOTULA
Paul F. Miller
Sarah ROWE
Yves Millet
Adam Fisher
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Synlogic Operating Co Inc
Original Assignee
Synlogic Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/US2016/032565 external-priority patent/WO2016183532A1/fr
Application filed by Synlogic Inc filed Critical Synlogic Inc
Priority claimed from PCT/US2016/039444 external-priority patent/WO2016210384A2/fr
Publication of EP3313371A2 publication Critical patent/EP3313371A2/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
    • A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
    • A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
    • A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
    • A23L33/135—Bacteria or derivatives thereof, e.g. probiotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/745—Bifidobacteria
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K35/00—Medicinal preparations containing materials or reaction products thereof with undetermined constitution
    • A61K35/66—Microorganisms or materials therefrom
    • A61K35/74—Bacteria
    • A61K35/741—Probiotics
    • A61K35/744—Lactic acid bacteria, e.g. enterococci, pediococci, lactococci, streptococci or leuconostocs
    • A61K35/747—Lactobacilli, e.g. L. acidophilus or L. brevis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0031—Rectum, anus
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0053—Mouth and digestive tract, i.e. intraoral and peroral administration

Definitions

  • compositions and therapeutic methods for treating metabolic diseases are provided.
  • the compositions of the invention comprise bacteria that are genetically engineered to treat, modulate, and/or ameliorate metabolic diseases, particularly in low-oxygen environments, such as in the mammalian gut.
  • the compositions and methods of the invention as disclosed herein may be used for treating metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  • Obesity is caused by an imbalance between energy intake and expenditure, leading to the accumulation of unused energy in the form of fat.
  • the World Health Organization considers obesity to be a global epidemic, and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that nearly one third of adult Americans are obese. Diet and exercise may help reduce obesity and its associated pathologies, but adherence to a strict diet and exercise regime is challenging.
  • Obesity may also be caused by other factors, e.g., mutations in genes regulating metabolic pathways (e.g., satiety, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial function), which can contribute to energy imbalance.
  • metabolic pathways e.g., satiety, fatty acid oxidation, and mitochondrial function
  • congenital deficits in the signaling pathways for leptin, a satiety hormone are known to cause obesity in humans and animal models.
  • T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus
  • the incidence of T2DM has increased 300% in the last three decades in the United States.
  • T2DM patients are resistant to the effects of insulin, a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels, and frequently experience hyperglycemia, a condition in which blood glucose is above physiologically tolerable levels.
  • hyperglycemia can result in severe complications such as hypertension, cardiovascular disease, inflammatory disease, blood vessel damage, nerve damage, cancer, and diabetes-induced coma.
  • T2DM involves the dysregulation of multiple metabolic organs, such as the pancreas, liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and brain, and it has been
  • Insulin has been the first-line treatment for T2DM for decades. However, patients with severe T2DM may not respond to the insulin as a result of chronic insulin resistance. In addition, insulin must be administered multiple times throughout the day, which can adversely affect quality of life. Multiple therapies have been developed to treat T2DM, but not without limitations and sometimes life-threatening side effects. For example, thiazolidinedione was once widely used in order to increase the glucose metabolism in patients. However, the compound has been pulled from certain markets due to an increased association with heart failure (Nissen et al., 2007). Likewise, inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) have shown therapeutic promise, but may be linked to increased risk of pancreatic diseases (Karagiannis, et al., 2014).
  • DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase-4
  • gut bacteria have demonstrated the close relationship between gut bacteria and metabolic disease (Harley et al., 2012). In obese mice, the ratio of firmicutes to bacteroidetes bacteria is increased (Harley et al., 2012; Mathur et al., 2015). These bacteria extract different amounts of energy from food, which may contribute to changes in energy balance. Similar changes have been also been observed in human studies (Harley et al., 2012; Mathur et al., 2015). Several molecules that are produced by gut bacteria have been shown to be metabolic regulators. For example, gut bacteria digest and break down dietary fiber into molecules such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate.
  • NAPEs N- acylphosphatidylethanolamines
  • the invention provides genetically engineered bacteria that are capable of producing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, and/or a modulator of inflammation, and/or a molecule which reduces excess bile salt levels, particularly in low-oxygen environments, e.g., the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are non-pathogenic and may be introduced into the gut in order to treat metabolic diseases.
  • the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule and/or modulator of inflammation or/and or effector of excess bile salt reduction is stably produced by the genetically engineered bacteria, and/or the genetically engineered bacteria are stably maintained in vivo and/or in vitro.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the genetically engineered bacteria, and methods of modulating and treating metabolic diseases.
  • the disclosure provides genetically engineered bacteria that are capable of treating metabolic diseases, including but not limited to, type 2 diabetes, obesity- related symptoms, Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH), Prader Willi Syndrome, and cardiovascular disorders.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s), for the production of molecules which, inter alia, act as metabolic and/or satiety effectors and/or modulators of the inflammatory status and/or are able convert excess bile salts into non-toxic molecules, as described herein.
  • Another aspect of the invention provides methods for selecting or targeting genetically engineered bacteria based on increased levels of metabolite consumption, or production of certain metabolites.
  • the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the genetically engineered bacteria, and methods of modulating and treating disorders associated with metabolic disorders.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) or circuit(s), containing one or more native or non- native component(s), which mediate one or more mechanisms of action.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria harbor these genes or gene cassettes or circuits on a plasmid or, alternatively, the genes/gene cassettes have been inserted into the chromosome at certain regions, where they do not interfere with essential gene expression. Additionally, one or more endogenous genes or regulatory regions within the bacterial chromosome may be mutated or deleted.
  • genes(s)/gene cassette(s) may be under the control of constitutive or inducible promoters.
  • exemplary inducible promoters described herein include oxygen level-dependent promoters (e.g., F R-inducible promoter), promoters induced by molecules or metabolites indicative of liver damage (e.g., bilirubin) and/or metabolic disease, promoters induced by inflammation or an inflammatory response (RNS, ROS promoters), and promoters induced by a metabolite that may or may not be naturally present (e.g., can be exogenously added) in the gut, e.g., arabinose and tetracycline.
  • oxygen level-dependent promoters e.g., F R-inducible promoter
  • promoters induced by molecules or metabolites indicative of liver damage e.g., bilirubin
  • RNS inflammatory response
  • promoters induced by inflammation or an inflammatory response e.g., ROS promote
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more of (1) one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) for the production of propionate, as described herein (2) one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) for the production of butyrate, as described herein (3) one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) for the production of acetate, as described herein (4) one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) for the production of one or more of GLP-1 and GLP-1 analogs, as described herein (4) one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) for the production of one or more bile salt hydrolases, as described herein (5) one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) for the production of one or more transporters, e.g.
  • bile salts and/or metabolites e.g. tryptophan and/or tryptophan metabolites, as described herein (6) one or more polypetides for secretion, including but not limited to. GLP-1 and its analogs, bile salt hydrolases, and tryptophan synthesis and/or catabolic enzymes of the tryptophan degradation pathways, in wild type or in mutated form (for increased stability or metabolic activity) (3) one or more components of secretion machinery, as described herein (4) one or more auxotrophies, e.g., deltaThyA (5) one more more antibiotic resistances, including but not limited to, kanamycin or chloramphenicol resistance (6) one or more mutations/deletions to increase the flux through a metabolic pathway encoded by one or more genes or gene cassette(s), e.g mutations/deletions in genes in NADH consuming pathways, genes involved in feedback inhibition of a metabolic pathway encoded by the gene(s) or gene cassette(s) genes,
  • Fig. 1 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to express a kynurenine biosynthesis cassette and/or a tryptophan biosynthesis cassette and/or tryptophan catabolic cassette which produces bioactive tryptophan metabolites described herein and/or GLP-1 and/or a propionate gene cassette and/or a butyrate gene cassette under the control of a F R-responsive promoter and further comprising a secretion system and a metabolite transporter system.
  • FIG. 2A depicts a metabolic pathway for butyrate production
  • Figs. 2B and 2C depict two schematics of two different butyrate producing circuits (found in SYN-UCD503 and SYN-UCD504), both under the control of a tetracycline inducible promoter.
  • Fig. 2D depicts a schematic of a third butyrate gene cassette (found in SYN- UCD505) under the control of a tetracycline inducible promoter.
  • SYN-UCD503 comprises a bdc2 butyrate cassette under control of tet promoter on a plasmid.
  • a "bdc2 cassette” or “bdc2 butyrate cassette” refres to a butyrate producing cassette that comprises at least the following genes: bcd2, etfB3, etfA3, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk genes.
  • SYN-UCD504 comprises a ter butyrate cassette (ter gene replaces the bcd2, etfB3, and etfA3 genes) under control of tet promoter on a plasmid.
  • a “ter cassette” or “ter butyrate cassette” refers to a butyrate producing cassete that comprises at least the following genes: ter, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, buk.
  • SYN-UCD505 comprises a tesB butyrate cassette (ter gene is present and tesB gene replaces the pbt gene and the buk gene) under control of tet promoter on a plasmid.
  • a "tes or tesB cassette or "tes or tesB butyrate cassette” refers to a butyrate producing cassette that comprises at least ter, thiAl, hbd, crt2, and tesB genes.
  • An alternative butyrate cassette of the disclosure comprises at least bcd2, etfB3, etfA3, thiAl, hbd, crt2, and tesB genes.
  • the tes or tesB cassette is under control of an inducible promoter other than tetracycline.
  • inducible promoters which may control the expression of the tesB cassette include oxygen level-dependent promoters (e.g., F R-inducible promoter), promoters induced by HE-specific molecules or metabolites indicative of liver damage (e.g., bilirubin), promoters induced by inflammation or an inflammatory response (RNS, ROS promoters), and promoters induced by a metabolite that may or may not be naturally present (e.g., can be exogenously added) in the gut, e.g., arabinose and tetracycline.
  • oxygen level-dependent promoters e.g., F R-inducible promoter
  • promoters induced by HE-specific molecules or metabolites indicative of liver damage e.g., bilirubin
  • RNS, ROS promoters promoters induced by inflammation or an inflammatory response
  • FIG. 3 depicts the gene organization of exemplary engineered bacteria of the disclosure and their induction under anaerobic or inflammatory conditions for the production of butyrate.
  • Figs. 3A and 3B depict the gene organization of an exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its induction under low-oxygen conditions.
  • Fig. 3A depicts relatively low butyrate production under aerobic conditions in which oxygen (02) prevents (indicated by "X") F R (grey boxed “F R”) from dimerizing and activating the FNR-responsive promoter ("FNR promoter").
  • Fig. 3B depicts increased butyrate production under low-oxygen conditions due to FNR dimerizing (two grey boxed "FNR"s), binding to the FNR- responsive promoter, and inducing expression of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes, which leads to the production of butyrate.
  • Figs. 3C and 3D depict the gene organization of an exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its derepression in the presence of nitric oxide (NO).
  • NO nitric oxide
  • FIG. 3E and F depict the gene organization of an exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its induction in the presence of H202.
  • the OxyR transcription factor (gray circle, "OxyR") binds to, but does not induce, the oxyS promoter. Therefore, none of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes (bcd2, etfB3, etfA3, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, buk; black boxes) is expressed.
  • the OxyR transcription factor interacts with H202 and is then capable of inducing the oxyS promoter. This leads to expression of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes (indicated by gray arrows and black squiggles) and ultimately to the production of butyrate.
  • FIG. 4 depicts the gene organization of exemplary recombinant bacteria of the disclosure and their induction under anaerobic or inflammatory conditions for the production of butyrate.
  • Figs. 4A and 4B depict the gene organization of an exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its induction under low-oxygen conditions.
  • Fig. 4A depicts relatively low butyrate production under aerobic conditions in which oxygen (0 2 ) prevents (indicated by "X”) FNR (grey boxed "FNR”) from dimerizing and activating the FNR-responsive promoter ("FNR promoter").
  • Fig. 4B depicts increased butyrate production under low-oxygen conditions due to FNR dimerizing (two grey boxed "FNR"s), binding to the FNR-responsive promoter, and inducing expression of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes, which leads to the production of butyrate.
  • Figs. 4C and 4D depict the gene organization of another exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its derepression in the presence of NO. In Fig.
  • FIGS. 4E and 4F depict the gene organization of another exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its induction in the presence of H 2 0 2 .
  • the OxyR transcription factor (gray circle, "OxyR") binds to, but does not induce, the oxyS promoter. Therefore, none of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes iter, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, buk; black boxes) is expressed.
  • Figs. 4F in the presence of H 2 0 2 , the OxyR transcription factor interacts with H 2 0 2 and is then capable of inducing the oxyS promoter. This leads to expression of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes (indicated by gray arrows and black squiggles) and ultimately to the production of butyrate.
  • FIG. 5 depicts the gene organization of exemplary recombinant bacteria of the disclosure and their induction under anaerobic or inflammatory conditions for the production of butyrate.
  • Figs. 5A and 5B depict the gene organization of an exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its induction under low-oxygen conditions.
  • Fig. 5A depicts relatively low butyrate production under aerobic conditions in which oxygen (0 2 ) prevents (indicated by "X") FNR (grey boxed "FNR”) from dimerizing and activating the FNR-responsive promoter ("FNR promoter"). Therefore, none of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes iter, thiAl, hbd, crt2, and tesB; black boxes) is expressed.
  • Fig. 5B depicts increased butyrate production under low-oxygen conditions due to FNR dimerizing (two grey boxed “FNR”s), binding to the FNR-responsive promoter, and inducing expression of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes, which leads to the production of butyrate.
  • Figs. 5C and 5D depict the gene organization of another exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its derepression in the presence of NO.
  • the NsrR transcription factor (gray circle, "NsrR”) binds to and represses a corresponding regulatory region.
  • Fig. 5D in the presence of NO, the NsrR transcription factor interacts with NO, and no longer binds to or represses the regulatory sequence. This leads to expression of the butyrate biosynthesis enzymes (indicated by gray arrows and black squiggles) and ultimately to the production of butyrate.
  • Figs. 5E and 5F depict the gene organization of another exemplary recombinant bacterium of the invention and its induction in the presence of H 2 O 2 . In Fig.
  • Fig. 6 depicts a graph of butyrate production using the circuits shown in Fig. 48.
  • Cells were grown in M9 minimal media containing 0.2% glucose and induced with ATC at early log phase.
  • Fig. 6A similar amounts of butyrate were produced for each construct under aerobic vs anaerobic conditions.
  • the ter strain produces more butyrate overall.
  • pLogic031 comprises (bdc2 butyrate cassette under control of tet promoter on a plasmid) and pLogic046 comprises (ter butyrate cassette under control of tet promoter on a plasmid).
  • Fig. 1 comprises (bdc2 butyrate cassette under control of tet promoter on a plasmid)
  • pLogic046 comprises (ter butyrate cassette under control of tet promoter on a plasmid).
  • 6B depicts butyrate production of pLogic046 (ter butyrate cassette under control of tet promoter on a plasmid)) and a Nissle strain comprising plasmid pLOGIC046-delta pbt.buk/tesB+, an ATC-inducible ter-comprising butyrate construct with a deletion in the pbt-buk genes and their replacement with the tesB gene.
  • the tesB construct results in greater butyrate production.
  • Fig. 7 depicts a graph of butyrate production using different butyrate- producing circuits comprising a nuoB gene deletion.
  • Strains depicted are SYN- UCD503, SYN-UCD504, SYN-UCD510 (SYN-UCD510 is the same as SYN-UCD503 except that it further comprises a nuoB deletion), and SYN-UCD511 (SYN-UCD511 is the same as SYN-UCD504 except that it further comprises a nuoB deletion).
  • the NuoB gene deletion results in greater levels of butyrate production as compared to a wild-type parent control in butyrate producing strains.
  • NuoB is a main protein complex involved in the oxidation of NADH during respiratory growth. In some embodiments, preventing the coupling of NADH oxidation to electron transport increases the amount of NADH being used to support butyrate production.
  • FIG. 8A depicts a schematic of a butyrate producing circuit under the control of an F R promoter.
  • Fig. 8B depicts a bar graph of anaerobic induction of butyrate production.
  • F R-responsive promoters were fused to butyrate cassettes containing either the bed or ter circuits.
  • Transformed cells were grown in LB to early log and placed in anaerobic chamber for 4 hours to induce expression of butyrate genes. Cells were washed and resuspended in minimal media w/ 0.5% glucose and incubated microaerobically to monitor butyrate production over time. SYN-UCD501 led to significant butyrate production under anaerobic conditions.
  • Fig. 9 depicts butyrate production by genetically engineered Nissle comprising the pLogic031-nsrR-norB-butyrate construct (SYN-507) or the pLogic046- nsrR-norB-butyrate construct (SYN-508), which produce more butyrate as compared to wild-type Nissle.
  • Fig. 10 depicts a scatter graph of butyrate concentrations in the feces of mice gavaged with either H20, 100 mM butyrate in H20, streptomycin resistant Nissle control or SYN501 comprising a PydfZ-ter ->pbt-buk butyrate plasmid.
  • Significantly greater levels of butyrate were detected in the feces of the mice gavaged with SYN501 as compared mice gavaged with the Nissle control or those given water only. Levels are close to 2 mM and higher than the levels seen in the mice fed with H20 (+) 200 mM butyrate.
  • Fig. 11 depicts a bar graph showing butyrate concentrations produced in vitro by strains comprising chromsolmally integrated butyrate copies as compared to plasmid cpopies. Integrated butyrate strains, SYN1001 and SYN1002 gave comparable butyrate production to the plasmid strain SYN501.
  • Fig. 12 depicts a bar graph comparing butyrate concentrations produced in vitro by the butyrate cassette plasmid strain SYN501 as compared to Clostridia butyricum MIYARISAN (a Japanese probiotic strain), Clostridium tyrobutyricum VPI 5392 (Type Strain), and Clostridium butyricum NCTC 7423 (Type Strain) under aerobic and anaerobic conditions at the indicated timepoints.
  • the Nissle strain comprising the butyrate cassette produces butyrate levels comparable to Clostridium spp. in RCM media.
  • Fig. 12 depicts a bar graph comparing butyrate concentrations produced in vitro by the butyrate cassette plasmid strain SYN501 as compared to Clostridia butyricum MIYARISAN (a Japanese probiotic strain), Clostridium tyrobutyricum VPI 5392 (Type Strain), and Clostridium butyricum NCTC 7423 (Type Strain
  • FIG. 13 depicts the gene organization of an exemplary engineered bacterium of the invention and its induction under low-oxygen conditions for the production of propionate.
  • Fig. 13 A depicts relatively low propionate production under aerobic conditions in which oxygen (0 2 ) prevents (indicated by "X") FNR (grey boxed “FNR”) from dimerizing and activating the FNR-responsive promoter ("FNR promoter"). Therefore, none of the propionate biosynthesis enzymes (pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, etfA, acrB, acrC; black boxes) are expressed.
  • Fig. 13 A depicts relatively low propionate production under aerobic conditions in which oxygen (0 2 ) prevents (indicated by "X") FNR (grey boxed "FNR”) from dimerizing and activating the FNR-responsive promoter ("FNR promoter"). Therefore, none of the propionate biosynthesis enzymes (pet, IcdA, IcdB, I
  • FIG. 13B depicts increased propionate production under low-oxygen conditions due to FNR dimerizing (two grey boxed "FNR”s), binding to the FNR-responsive promoter, and inducing expression of the propionate biosynthesis enzymes, which leads to the production of propionate.
  • Fig. 14 depicts an exemplary propionate biosynthesis gene cassette.
  • Figs. 15A, 15B amd 15C depict the gene organization of an exemplary engineered bacterium and its induction under low-oxygen conditions for the production of propionate.
  • Fig. 15A depicts relatively low propionate production under aerobic conditions in which oxygen (0 2 ) prevents (indicated by "X") FNR (grey boxed “FNR”) from dimerizing and activating the FNR-responsive promoter ("FNR promoter"). Therefore, none of the propionate biosynthesis enzymes (thrA, thrB, thrC, ilvA, aceE, aceF, Ipd; black boxes) are expressed.
  • FIG. 15B depicts increased propionate production under low-oxygen conditions due to FNR dimerizing (two grey boxed "FNR"s), binding to the FNR-responsive promoter, and inducing expression of the propionate biosynthesis enzymes, which leads to the production of propionate.
  • Fig. 15C depicts an exemplary propionate biosynthesis gene cassette.
  • Figs. 16A, 16B amd 16C depict the gene organization of an exemplary engineered bacterium and its induction under low-oxygen conditions for the production of propionate.
  • Fig. 16A depicts relatively low propionate production under aerobic conditions in which oxygen (0 2 ) prevents (indicated by "X") FNR (grey boxed “FNR”) from dimerizing and activating the FNR-responsive promoter ("FNR promoter"). Therefore, none of the propionate biosynthesis enzymes (thrA, thrB, thrC, ilvA, aceE, aceF, Ipd, tesB; black boxes) are expressed.
  • FIG. 16B depicts increased propionate production under low-oxygen conditions due to FNR dimerizing (two grey boxed "FNR"s), binding to the FNR-responsive promoter, and inducing expression of the propionate biosynthesis enzymes, which leads to the production of propionate.
  • Fig. 17 depicts a schematic of an exemplary propionate biosynthesis gene cassette.
  • Fig. 18 depicts a schematic of an exemplary propionate biosynthesis gene cassette.
  • Fig. 19 depicts a schematic of a genetically engineered sleeping beauty metabolic pathway from E. coli for propionate production. Glucose and glycerol dissimilation pathways are shown under microaerobic conditions. In vivo, e.g., in a mammal, glycerol is not a substrate, and therefore only the glucose pathway is utilized.
  • Fig. 20 depicts a propionate production strategy.
  • Fig. 20A a schematic of a construct comprising the sleeping beauty mutase operon from E. coli under the control of a heterologous FnrS promoter.
  • Fig. 20B depicts a bar graph of proprionate concentrations produced in vitro by the wild type E coli BW25113 strain and a
  • BW25113 strain which comprises the endogenous SBM operon under the control of the FnrS promoter, as depicted in the schematic in Fig. 20A.
  • Fig. 21 depicts a schematic of a construct comprising GLP-1 (1-37) under the control of the FliC promoter and 5'UTR containing the N-terminal flagellar secretion signal for secretion.
  • Fig. 22 depicts bile salt metabolism.
  • Bile salts are synthesized from cholesterol in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. After release into the duodenum, microbial bile salt hydrolase activity in the small intestine deconjugates the glycine or taurine molecules to produce primary bile acids (also known as unconjugated bile acids). Most bile acids are reabsorbed into the enterohepatic portal system, but some enter the large intestine where they are further metabolized by microbial 7a- dehydroxylase to produce secondary bile acids. Excess bile acids are also lost in the stool (200 mg - 600 mg per day).
  • Fig. 23 depicts the structure of bile salts and the location at which bile salt hydrolase enzymes deconjugate the bile salts.
  • BSH activity has been detected in Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp, Enterococcus spp, Clostridium spp, and Bacteroides spp.
  • BSH positive bacteria are gram positive with the exception of two Bacteroides strains.
  • BSH in has been detected in pathogenic bacteria, e.g., Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococcus feacalis. E. coli does not demonstrate BSH actvity nor contain bsh homolog in genome [035] Fig.
  • FIG. 24 depicts the state of one non-limiting embodiment of the bile salt hydrolase enzyme construct under inducing conditions.
  • Expression of the bile salt hydrolase enzyme and a bile salt transporter are both induced by the FNR promoter in the absence of oxygen.
  • the thyA gene has been mutated in the E. coli Nissle genome, so thymidine must be supplied in the culture medium to support growth.
  • the recombinant bacterial cell may further comprise an auxotrophic mutation, a type III secretion system, and/or a kill switch, as further described herein.
  • Fig. 25 depicts schematic of the E. coli tryptophan synthesis pathway, including genes, enzymes, and reactions involved. The seven genes, or genetic segments, seven enzymes, or enzyme domains, and seven reactions, involved in tryptophan formation are shown. Only one of the reactions is reversible. The products of four other pathways contribute carbon and/or nitrogen during tryptophan formation. Two of the tryptophan pathway enzymes often function as polypeptide complexes: anthranilate synthase, consisting of the TrpG and TrpE polypeptides, and tryptophan synthase, consisting of the TrpB and TrpA polypeptides.
  • Fig. 26 depicts a schematic of one embodiment of the disclosure.
  • tryptophan is synthesized from kynurenine. Through this conversion, a kynurenine can be removed from the external environment, and tryptophan is generated.
  • Kynureninase from Pseudomonas fluorescens converts KYN to AA (Anthranillic acid), which then can be converted to tryptophan through the enzymes of the E. coli trp operon.
  • the trpE gene may be deleted as it is not needed for the generation of tryptophan from kynurenine.
  • the trpE gene is not deleted, in order to maximize tryptophan production by using both kynurenine and chorismate as a substrate.
  • a new strain is generated through adaptive laboratory evolution. The ability of this strain to metabolize kynurenine is improved (through lowering of kynurenine substrate). Additionally, the ability or preference of the strain take up tryptophan is lowered (due to selection pressure imposed by toxic tryptophan analogs. As a result, this strain has improved therapeutic properties in a number of applications, including but not limited to immunoncology.
  • Fig. 27 shows a schematic depicting an exemplary Tryptophan circuit. Tryptophan is produced from the Chorismate precursor through expression of the trpE, trpG-D, trpC-F, trpB and trpA genes. Optional knockout of the tryptophan Repressor trpR is also depicted. Optional production of the Chorismate precursor through expression of aroG/F/H and aroB, aroD, aroE, aroK and aroC genes is also shown. All of these genes are optionally expressed from an inducible promoter, e.g. , a FNR- inducible promoter. The bacteria may also include an auxotrophy, e.g.
  • the bacteria may also include gene sequence(s) for yddG to express YddG to assist in the exportation of tryptophan.
  • yddG Non limiting example of a bacterial strain is listed.
  • Fig. 28 depicts one embodiment of the disclosure in which the E. coli TRP synthesis enzymes are expressed from a construct under the control of a tetracycline inducible system.
  • Fig. 29 depicts a schematic of tryptophan metabolism in humans.
  • the abbreviations for the enzymes are as follows: 3-HAO: 3-hydroxyl-anthranilate 3,4- di oxidase; AAAD: aromatic -amino acid decarboxylase; ACMSD, alpha-amino-beta- carboxymuconate-epsilon-semialdehyde decarboxylase; HIOMT, hydroxyl-O- methyltransferase; IDO, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; KAT, kynurenine amino transferases I-III; KMO: kynurenine 3-monooxygenase; KYNU, kynureninase; NAT, N-acetyltransf erase; TDO, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase; TPH, tryptophan hydroxylase; QPRT, quinolinic acid phosphoribo
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes comprising one or more of the tryptophan metabolism enzymes depicted in Fig. 26, or bacterial functional homologs thereof. In certain embodiments of the disclosure, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which produce one or more of the tryptophan metabolites depicted in Fig. 29. In certain embodiments, the one or more cassettes are on a plasmid; in other embodiments, the cassettes are integrated into the genome.
  • the one or more cassettes are under the control of inducible promoters which are induced under low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • Fig. 30 depicts a schematic of Bacterial tryptophan catabolism machinery, which is genetically and functionally homologous to IDOl enzymatic activity, as described in Vujkovic-Cvijin et al., Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with HIV disease progression and tryptophan catabolism; Sci Transl Med. 2013 July 10; 5(193): 193ra91, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes comprising one or more of the bacterial tryptophan metabolism enzymes depicted in Fig. 30.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes which produce one or more of the metabolites depicted in Fig. 30, including but not limited to, kynurenine, indole-3 - aldehyde, indole-3 -acetic acid, and/or indole-3 acetaldehyde.
  • the one or more cassettes are on a plasmid; in other embodiments, the cassettes are integrated into the genome.
  • the one or more cassettes are under the control of inducible promoters which are induced under low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • Fig. 31 depicts a schematic of the trypophan metabolic pathway. Host and microbiota metabolites with AhR agonistic activity are in in diamond and circled, respectively (see, e.g., Lamas et al., CARD9 impacts colitis by altering gut microbiota metabolism of tryptophan into aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands; Nature Medicine 22, 598-605 (2016).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes comprising one or more of the bacterial tryptophan metabolism enzymes which catalyze the reactions shown in Fig. 31.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes which produce one or more of the metabolites depicted in Fig.
  • the one or more cassettes are on a plasmid; in other embodiments, the cassettes are integrated into the genome.
  • the one or more cassettes are under the control of inducible promoters which are induced under low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • Fig. 32A depicts a schematic of the bacterial tryptophan metabolism, as described, e.g., in Enzymes are numbered as follows 1) Trp 2,3 dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11); 2) kynurenine formidase (EC 3.5.1.49); 3) kynureninase (EC 3.7.1.3); 4) tryptophanase (EC 4.1.99.1); 5) Tip aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.27); 6) indole lactate dehydrogenase (ECl .1.1.110); 7) Trp decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.28); 8) tryptamine oxidase (EC 1.4.3.4); 9) Trp side chain oxidase (EC 4.1.1.43); 10) indole acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (EC 1.2.1.3); 11) indole acetic acid oxidase; 13) Trp 2-mon
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes comprising one or more of the bacterial tryptophan metabolism enzymes depicted in Fig. 32. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes which produce one or more of the metabolites depicted in Fig. 32. In certain embodiments, the one or more cassettes are on a plasmid; in other embodiments, the cassettes are integrated into the genome.
  • the one or more cassettes are under the control of inducible promoters which are induced under low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • Fig. 32B Depicts a schematic of tryptophan derived pathways. Known AHR agonists are with asterisk. Abbreviations are as follows.
  • Trp Tryptophan
  • TrA Tryptamine
  • IAAld Indole-3 -acetaldehyde
  • IAA Indole-3 -acetic acid
  • FICZ 6-formylindolo(3,2- b)carbazole
  • IPyA Indole-3 -pyruvic acid
  • IAM Indole-3 -acetamine
  • IAOx Indole-3- acetaldoxime
  • IAN Indole-3 -acetonitrile
  • N-formyl Kyn N-formylkynurenine;;
  • Kyn Kynurenine; KynA: Kynurenic acid; I3C: Indole-3 -carbinol; IAld: Indole-3- aldehyde; DIM: 3,3'-Diindolylmethane; ICZ: Indolo(3,2-b)carbazole.
  • Fig. 33 depicts a schematic showing an exemplary Kynurenine
  • Kynurenine is imported into the cell through expression of the aroP, tnaB or mtr transporter. Kynureninase is expressed to metabolize Kynurenine to Anthranilic acid in the cell. Both the transporter and kynureninase genes are optionally expressed from an inducible promoter, e.g., a FNR-inducible promoter.
  • the bacteria may also include an auxotrophy, e.g., deletion of thyA ( ⁇ thy A).
  • Fig. 34 depicts a schematic showing an exemplary Kynurenine Synthesis Circuit.
  • Kynurenine and or Tryptophan is imported into the cell through expression of the aroP, tnaB or mtr transporter.
  • Kynurenine biosynthetic cassette is expressed to produce Kynurenine.
  • Both the transporter and Kynurenine biosynthetic cassette genes are optionally expressed from an inducible promoter, e.g., a F R-inducible promoter.
  • the bacteria may also include an auxotrophy, e.g., deletion of thyA ( ⁇ thy A).
  • Fig. 35 depicts a schematic showing an exemplary Kynurenine Synthesis Circuit.
  • Kynurenine and or Tryptophan is imported into the cell through expression of the aroP, tnaB or mtr transporter. Tryptophan is synthesized and then Kynurenine is synthesized from the synthesized tryptophan or from tryptophan imported into the cell.
  • Both the transporter and kynureninase biosynthetic genes are optionally expressed from an inducible promoter, e.g., a FNR-inducible promoter.
  • the bacteria may also include an auxotrophy, e.g., deletion of thyA ( ⁇ thyA).
  • Fig. 36 depicts a bar graphs showing the results of a checkerboard assay to establish the concentrations of kynurenine and 5-fluoro-L-tryptophan (ToxTrp) capable of sustaining growth of a trpE mutant of E. coli Nissle expressing
  • ToxTrp 5-fluoro-L-tryptophan
  • Fig. 36A Bacteria were grown in the presence of different concentrations of KYNU and ToxTrp, and in the absence of Anhydrous Tetracycline (aTc). Growth was assessed at OD600.
  • Fig. 36B Bacteria were grown in the presence of different concentrations of KYNU and ToxTrp, and in the presence of Anhydrous Tetracycline (aTc). Growth was assessed at OD600.
  • Fig. 36C depicts a bar graph showing the growth of the wild-type E. coli Nissle (SYN094) and trpE control strain in M9+KYNU, without ToxTrp.
  • Fig. 37 depicts schematics of non-limiting examples of embodiments of the disclosure. In all embodiments, optionally gene(s) which encode exporters may also be included.
  • Fig. 37A depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce tryptamine from tryptophan. The circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27. Alternatively, tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit for Tryptophan decarboxylase, e.g., from
  • Fig. 37B depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce indole-3-acetaldehyde and FICZ from tryptophan.
  • the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit for aro9 ( L- tryptophan aminotransferase, e.g., from S.
  • aspC aspartate aminotransferase, e.g., from E. coli, or taal (L-tryptophan-pyruvate aminotransferase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana) or staO (L-tryptophan oxidase, e.g., from streptomyces sp.
  • trpDH Trptophan dehydrogenase, e.g., from Nostoc punctiforme NIES-21048
  • ipdC Indole-3 -pyruvate decarboxylase, e.g., from Enterobacter cloacae
  • an inducible promoter e.g., an F R promoter.
  • Fig. 37C depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce indole-3 -acetaldehyde and FICZ from tryptophan.
  • the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising tdc (Tryptophan decarboxylase, e.g., from Catharanthus roseus), and tynA (Monoamine oxidase, e.g., from E. coli) , which converts tryptophan to indole-3 -acetaldehyde and FICZ, under the control of an inducible promoter e.g., an FNR promoter.
  • Fig. 37D depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce indole-3 -acetonitrile from tryptophan.
  • the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit for cyp79B2 (tryptophan N- monooxygenase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana) or cyp79B3 (tryptophan N- monooxygenase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana), which together convert tryptophan to indole-3 -acetonitrile, under the control of an inducible promoter e.g., an FNR promoter.
  • Fig. 37E depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce kynurenine from tryptophan.
  • the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising ID01(indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, e.g., from homo sapiens or TD02 (tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, e.g., from homo sapiens) or BNA2 (indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase, e.g., from S.
  • Fig. 37F depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce kynureninic acid from tryptophan.
  • the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising ID01(indoleamine 2,3- dioxygenase, e.g., from homo sapiens or TD02 (tryptophan 2,3 -di oxygenase, e.g., from homo sapiens) or BNA2 (indoleamine 2,3 -di oxygenase, e.g., from S. cerevisiae) and Afmid: Kynurenine formamidase, e.g., from mouse) or BNA3 (kynurenine— oxoglutarate transaminase, e.g., from S. cerevisae) and GOT2 (Aspartate
  • mitochondrial e.g., from homo sapiens or AADAT
  • Fig. 37G depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce indole from tryptophan.
  • the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit for tnaA (tryptophanase, e.g., from E. coli) , which converts tryptophan to indole, under the control of an inducible promoter e.g., an FNR promoter.
  • Fig. 37H depicts one embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria produce indole-3 -carbinol, indole-3 -aldehyde, 3,3' diindolylmethane (DIM), indolo(3,2-b) carbazole (ICZ) from indole glucosinolate taken up through the diet.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising pne2 (myrosinase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana) under the control of an inducible promoter, e.g. an FNR promoter.
  • Fig. 38 depicts schematics of exemplary embodiment of the disclosure, in which the genetically engineered bacteria convert tryptophan into indole-3 -acetic acid.
  • the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising aro9 ( L-tryptophan aminotransferase, e.g., from S. cerevisae) or aspC (aspartate aminotransferase, e.g., from E.
  • L-tryptophan-pyruvate aminotransferase e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana
  • staO L-tryptophan oxidase, e.g., from streptomyces sp.
  • trpDH Trptophan dehydrogenase, e.g., from Nostoc punctiforme NIES-21048
  • ipdC Indole-3 -pyruvate decarboxylase, e.g., from Enterobacter cloacae
  • iadl Indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, e.g., from Ustilago maydis
  • AAOl Indole-3- acetaldehyde oxidase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana
  • an inducible promoter e.g., an F R promoter.
  • Fig. 38B the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising tdc (Tryptophan decarboxylase, e.g., from Catharanthus roseus) ot tynA (Monoamine oxidase, e.g., from E.
  • coli and or iadl
  • Indole-3-acetaldehyde dehydrogenase e.g., from Ustilago maydis
  • AAOl Indole-3-acetaldehyde oxidase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana
  • an inducible promoter e.g., an FNR promoter.
  • Fig. 38C the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising aro9 ( L-tryptophan aminotransferase, e.g., from S. cerevisae) or aspC (aspartate aminotransferase, e.g., from E. coli, or taal (L-tryptophan-pyruvate aminotransferase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana) or staO (L-tryptophan oxidase, e.g., from streptomyces sp.
  • trpDH Teryptophan dehydrogenase, e.g., from Nostoc punctiforme NIES-21078
  • yuc2 indole-3 -pyruvate monoxygenase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana
  • an inducible promoter e.g., an FNR promoter.
  • Fig. 38D the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising IaaM (Tryptophan 2-monooxygenase e.g., from Pseudomonas savastanoi) and iaaH (Indoleacetamide hydrolase, e.g., from Pseudomonas savastanoi), under the control of an inducible promoter e.g., an FNR promoter.
  • IaaM Tryptophan 2-monooxygenase e.g., from Pseudomonas savastanoi
  • iaaH Indoleacetamide hydrolase, e.g., from Pseudomonas savastanoi
  • Fig. 38D the circuits for tryptophan production are as depicted and described in Fig. 27.
  • tryptophan can be imported through a transporter.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a circuit comprising cyp79B2 (tryptophan N-monooxygenase, e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana) or cyp79B3
  • indoleacetaldoxime dehydratase e.g., from Arabidopis thaliana
  • nitl e.g., from Arabidopsis thaliana
  • iaaH Indoleacetamide hydrolase, e.g., from Pseudomonas savastanoi
  • Fig. 39 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to express a butyrate cassette.
  • Fig. 40 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to express a a propionate biosynthestic cassette.
  • Fig. 41 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to express a GLP-1 and a secretion system as known in the art or described herein.
  • Fig. 42 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to express a butyrate and a propionate biosynthestic cassette.
  • Fig. 43 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to produce kynurenine, butyrate, and tryptophan (which can be converted to kynurenine or exported), under the control of a FNR-responsive promoter and further comprising a secretion system as known in the art or described herein. Export mechanism for kynurenine and/or tryptophan is also expressed or provided.
  • Fig. 44 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to produce kynurenine, butyrate, and tryptophan (which can be converted to kynurenine or exported), under the control of a FNR-responsive promoter and further comprising a secretion system as known in the art or described herein.
  • a tryptophan transporter for import of tryptophan also expressed.
  • Export mechanism for kynurenine is also expressed or provided.
  • Fig. 45 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to produce butyrate, tryptophan metabolites, and tryptophan (which can be converted to bioactive tryptophan metabolites or exported), under the control of a FNR-responsive promoter and further comprising a secretion system as known in the art or described herein. Export mechanism for tryptophan and/or tryptophan metabolites is also expressed or provided.
  • Fig. 46 depicts a schematic of an E. coli that is genetically engineered to produce butyrate, and propionate, kynurenine and/or other tryptophan metabolites, and GLP-1, under the control of a FNR-responsive promoter and further comprising a secretion system, e.g., for GLP-1 secretion as known in the art or described herein. Export mechanism for kynurenine/or tryptophan metabolites is also expressed or provided.
  • Fig. 47 depicts a map of exemplary integration sites within the E. coli 1917 Nissle chromosome. These sites indicate regions where circuit components may be inserted into the chromosome without interfering with essential gene expression.
  • Backslashes are used to show that the insertion will occur between divergently or convergently expressed genes. Insertions within biosynthetic genes, such as thyA, can be useful for creating nutrient auxotrophies.
  • an individual circuit component is inserted into more than one of the indicated sites. The malE/K site is circled.
  • FNR-ArgAfbr is inserted at the malEK locus.
  • Fig. 48 depicts three bacterial strains which constitutively express red fluorescent protein (RFP).
  • RFP red fluorescent protein
  • strains 1-3 the rfp gene has been inserted into different sites within the bacterial chromosome, and results in varying degrees of brightness under fluorescent light.
  • Unmodified E. coli Nissle strain 4 is non-fluorescent.
  • Fig. 49 depicts an exemplary schematic of the E. coli 1917 Nissle chromosome comprising multiple mechanisms of action (MoAs).
  • Fig. 50 depicts an exemplary schematic of the E. coli 1917 Nissle chromosome comprising multiple MoAs.
  • an Glp-1 expression circuit, a butyrate production circuit, a propionate production circuit, and a kynurenine biosynthetic cassette are inserted at four or more different chromosomal insertion sites
  • Fig. 51 depicts a schematic of a secretion system based on the flagellar type III secretion in which an incomplete flagellum is used to secrete a therapeutic peptide of interest (star) by recombinantly fusing the peptide to an N-terminal flagellar secretion signal of a native flagellar component so that the intracellularly expressed chimeric peptide can be mobilized across the inner and outer membranes into the surrounding host environment.
  • Fig. 52 depicts a schematic of a type V secretion system for the extracellular production of recombinant proteins in which a therapeutic peptide (star) can be fused to an N-terminal secretion signal, a linker and the beta-domain of an autotransporter.
  • the N-terminal signal sequence directs the protein to the SecA-YEG machinery which moves the protein across the inner membrane into the periplasm, followed by subsequent cleavage of the signal sequence.
  • the beta-domain is recruited to the Bam complex where the beta-domain is folded and inserted into the outer membrane as a beta-barrel structure.
  • the therapeutic peptide is then thread through the hollow pore of the beta-barrel structure ahead of the linker sequence.
  • the therapeutic peptide is freed from the linker system by an autocatalytic cleavage or by targeting of a membrane-associated peptidase (scissors) to a complementary protease cut site in the linker.
  • Fig. 53 depicts a schematic of a type I secretion system, which translocates a passenger peptide directly from the cytoplasm to the extracellular space using HlyB (an ATP-binding cassette transporter); HlyD (a membrane fusion protein); and TolC (an outer membrane protein) which form a channel through both the inner and outer membranes.
  • HlyB an ATP-binding cassette transporter
  • HlyD a membrane fusion protein
  • TolC an outer membrane protein
  • Fig. 54 depicts a schematic of the outer and inner membranes of a gram- negative bacterium, and several deletion targets for generating a leaky or destabilized outer membrane, thereby facilitating the translocation of a therapeutic polypeptides to the extracellular space, e.g., therapeutic polypeptides of eukaryotic origin containing disulphide bonds.
  • Fig. 55 depicts a modified type 3 secretion system (T3SS) to allow the bacteria to inject secreted therapeutic proteins into the gut lumen.
  • An inducible promoter (small arrow, top), e.g. a F R-inducible promoter, drives expression of the T3 secretion system gene cassette (3 large arrows, top) that produces the apparatus that secretes tagged peptides out of the cell.
  • An inducible promoter small arrow, bottom
  • a FNR-inducible promoter drives expression of a regulatory factor, e.g. T7 polymerase, that then activates the expression of the tagged therapeutic peptide (hexagons).
  • Fig. 56A depicts another non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure, wherein the expression of a heterologous gene is activated by an exogenous
  • the AraC transcription factor adopts a conformation that represses transcription.
  • the AraC transcription factor undergoes a conformational change that allows it to bind to and activate the ParaBAD promoter (ParaBAo), which induces expression of the Tet repressor (TetR) and an anti-toxin.
  • the anti-toxin builds up in the recombinant bacterial cell, while TetR prevents expression of a toxin (which is under the control of a promoter having a TetR binding site).
  • both the antitoxin and TetR are not expressed.
  • Fig. 56A also depicts another non- limiting embodiment of the disclosure, wherein the expression of an essential gene not found in the recombinant bacteria is activated by an exogenous environmental signal.
  • the AraC transcription factor adopts a conformation that represses transcription of the essential gene under the control of the araBAD promoter and the bacterial cell cannot survive.
  • the AraC In the presence of arabinose, the AraC
  • Fig. 56B depicts a non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure, where an anti-toxin is expressed from a constitutive promoter, and expression of a heterologous gene is activated by an exogenous environmental signal.
  • the AraC transcription factor adopts a conformation that represses transcription.
  • the AraC transcription factor undergoes a conformational change that allows it to bind to and activate the araBAD promoter, which induces expression of TetR, thus preventing expression of a toxin.
  • Fig. 56C depicts another non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure, wherein the expression of a heterologous gene is activated by an exogenous environmental signal. In the absence of arabinose, the AraC transcription factor adopts a conformation that represses transcription.
  • the AraC transcription factor undergoes a conformational change that allows it to bind to and activate the araBAD promoter, which induces expression of the Tet repressor (TetR) and an anti-toxin.
  • TetR Tet repressor
  • the anti-toxin builds up in the recombinant bacterial cell, while TetR prevents expression of a toxin (which is under the control of a promoter having a TetR binding site).
  • TetR Tet repressor
  • TetR Tet repressor
  • the araC gene is either under the control of a constitutive promoter or an inducible promoter (e.g., AraC promoter) in this circuit.
  • Fig. 57 depicts one non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure, where an exogenous environmental condition or one or more environmental signals activates expression of a heterologous gene and at least one recombinase from an inducible promoter or inducible promoters.
  • the recombinase then flips a toxin gene into an activated conformation, and the natural kinetics of the recombinase create a time delay in expression of the toxin, allowing the heterologous gene to be fully expressed. Once the toxin is expressed, it kills the cell.
  • Fig. 58 depicts another non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure, where an exogenous environmental condition or one or more environmental signals activates expression of a heterologous gene, an anti-toxin, and at least one recombinase from an inducible promoter or inducible promoters.
  • the recombinase then flips a toxin gene into an activated conformation, but the presence of the accumulated anti-toxin suppresses the activity of the toxin.
  • expression of the anti-toxin is turned off.
  • the toxin is constitutively expressed, continues to accumulate, and kills the bacterial cell.
  • Fig. 59 depicts another non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure, where an exogenous environmental condition or one or more environmental signals activates expression of a heterologous gene and at least one recombinase from an inducible promoter or inducible promoters.
  • the recombinase then flips at least one excision enzyme into an activated conformation.
  • the at least one excision enzyme then excises one or more essential genes, leading to senescence, and eventual cell death.
  • the natural kinetics of the recombinase and excision genes cause a time delay, the kinetics of which can be altered and optimized depending on the number and choice of essential genes to be excised, allowing cell death to occur within a matter of hours or days.
  • the presence of multiple nested recombinases can be used to further control the timing of cell death.
  • Fig. 60 depicts one non-limiting embodiment of the disclosure, where an exogenous environmental condition or one or more environmental signals activates expression of a heterologous gene and a first recombinase from an inducible promoter or inducible promoters.
  • the recombinase then flips a second recombinase from an inverted orientation to an active conformation.
  • the activated second recombinase flips the toxin gene into an activated conformation, and the natural kinetics of the recombinase create a time delay in expression of the toxin, allowing the heterologous gene to be fully expressed. Once the toxin is expressed, it kills the cell.
  • Fig. 61 depicts the use of GeneGuards as an engineered safety component. All engineered DNA is present on a plasmid which can be conditionally destroyed. See, e.g., Wright et al., "GeneGuard: A Modular Plasmid System Designed for Biosafety,” ACS Synthetic Biology (2015) 4: 307-316.
  • Fig. 62 depicts ⁇ -galactosidase levels in samples comprising bacteria harboring a low-copy plasmid expressing lacZ from an F R-responsive promoter selected from the exemplary F R promoters shown in Table 2 (Pfnrl-5).
  • F R-responsive promoters selected from the exemplary F R promoters shown in Table 2 (Pfnrl-5).
  • Different FNR-responsive promoters were used to create a library of anaerobic-inducible reporters with a variety of expression levels and dynamic ranges. These promoters included strong ribosome binding sites.
  • Bacterial cultures were grown in either aerobic (+0 2 ) or anaerobic conditions (-0 2 ). Samples were removed at 4 hrs and the promoter activity based on ⁇ -galactosidase levels was analyzed by performing standard ⁇ - galactosidase colorimetric assays.
  • Fig. 63A depicts a schematic representation of the lacZ gene under the control of an exemplary FNR promoter (Pf m s)- LacZ encodes the ⁇ -galactosidase enzyme and is a common reporter gene in bacteria.
  • Fig. 63B depicts FNR promoter activity as a function of ⁇ -galactosidase activity in SYN340.
  • SYN340 an engineered bacterial strain harboring a low-copy fiirS-lacZ fusion gene, was grown in the presence or absence of oxygen. Values for standard ⁇ -galactosidase colorimetric assays are expressed in Miller units (Miller, 1972). These data suggest that the fiirS promoter begins to drive high-level gene expression within 1 hr under anaerobic conditions.
  • Fig. 63C depicts the growth of bacterial cell cultures expressing lacZ over time, both in the presence and absence of oxygen.
  • Fig. 64 depicts ATC (Fig. 64A) or nitric oxide-inducible (Fig. 64B) reporter constructs. These constructs, when induced by their cognate inducer, lead to expression of GFP. Nissle cells harboring plasmids with either the control, ATC- inducible P te t-GFP reporter construct or the nitric oxide inducible PnsrR-GFP reporter construct induced across a range of concentrations. Promoter activity is expressed as relative florescence units.
  • Fig. 64C depicts a schematic of the constructs. Fig.
  • 64D depicts a dot blot of bacteria harboring a plasmid expressing NsrR under control of a constitutive promoter and the reporter gene gfp (green fluorescent protein) under control of an NsrR-inducible promoter.
  • DSS-treated mice serve as exemplary models for HE. As in HE subjects, the guts of mice are damaged by supplementing drinking water with 2-3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS). Chemiluminescent is shown for NsrR-regulated promoters induced in DSS-treated mice.
  • Fig. 65 depicts a graph of Nissle residence in vivo. Streptomycin- resistant Nissle was administered to mice via oral gavage without antibiotic pre- treatment. Fecal pellets from 6 total mice were monitored post-administration to determine the amount of administered Nissle still residing within the mouse
  • the bars represent the number of bacteria administered to the mice.
  • the line represents the number of Nissle recovered from the fecal samples each day for 10 consecutive days.
  • Fig. 66 depicts a bar graph of residence over time for streptomycin resistant Nissle.
  • Fig. 67 depicts a schematic diagram of a wild-type clbA construct (upper panel) and a schematic diagram of a clbA knockout construct (lower panel).
  • Fig. 68 depicts a schematic of a design-build-test cycle. Steps are as follows: 1 : Define the disease pathway; 2. Identify target metabolites; 3. Design genetic circuits; 4. Build synthetic biotic; 5. Activate circuit in vivo; 6. Characterize circuit activation kinetics; 7. Optimize in vitro productivity to disease threshold; 8. Test optimize circuit in animla disease model; 9. Assimilate into the microbiome; 10.
  • Figs. 69A, B, C, D, and E depict a schematic of non-limiting
  • Fig. 69A depicts the parameters for starter culture 1 (SCI): loop full - glycerol stock, duration overnight, temperature 37° C, shaking at 250 rpm.
  • Fig. 69B depicts the parameters for starter culture 2 (SC2): 1/100 dilution from SCI, duration 1.5 hours, temperature 37° C, shaking at 250 rpm.
  • SCI starter culture 1
  • SC2 starter culture 2
  • 69C depicts the parameters for the production bioreactor: inoculum - SC2, temperature 37° C, pH set point 7.00, pH dead band 0.05, dissolved oxygen set point 50%, dissolved oxygen cascade agitation/gas FLO, agitation limits 300-1200 rpm, gas FLO limits 0.5-20 standard liters per minute, duration 24 hours.
  • Fig. 69D depicts the parameters for harvest: centrifugation at speed 4000 rpm and duration 30 minutes, wash IX 10% glycerol/PBS, centrifugation, re-suspension 10% glycerol/PBS.
  • Fig. 69E depicts the parameters for vial fill/storage: 1-2 mL aliquots, -80° C.
  • the invention includes genetically engineered bacteria, pharmaceutical compositions thereof, and methods of modulating and treating metabolic diseases.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise a gene encoding a non-native metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, or a gene cassette encoding a non-native biosynthetic pathway for producing a non-native metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule.
  • the gene or gene cassette is further operably linked to a regulatory region that is controlled by a transcription factor that is capable of sensing low-oxygen conditions.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of producing metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule in low-oxygen environments, e.g., the gut.
  • compositions comprising those bacteria may be used in order to treat and/or prevent conditions associated with metabolic diseases, including obesity and type 2 diabetes.
  • metabolic diseases include, but are not limited to, type 1 diabetes; type 2 diabetes; metabolic syndrome; Bardet-Biedel syndrome; Prader-Willi syndrome; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; tuberous sclerosis; Albright hereditary osteodystrophy; brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) deficiency; Single-minded 1 (SEVIl) deficiency; leptin deficiency; leptin receptor deficiency; pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) defects; proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 1 (PCSKl) deficiency; Src homology 2B1 (SH2B 1) deficiency; pro-hormone convertase 1/3 deficiency;
  • BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
  • SEVIl Single-minded 1
  • POMC pro-opiomelanocortin
  • M4R melanocortin-4-receptor
  • WAGR mental retardation
  • pseudohypoparathyroidism type 1A Fragile X syndrome
  • Borjeson-Forsmann-Lehmann syndrome Alstrom syndrome
  • Cohen syndrome and ulnar-mammary syndrome.
  • Symptoms associated with the aforementioned diseases and conditions include, but are not limited to, one or more of weight gain, obesity, fatigue,
  • hyperlipidemia hyperphagia, hyperdipsia, polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria, pain of the extremities, numbness of the extremities, blurry vision, nystagmus, hearing loss, cardiomyopathy, insulin resistance, light sensitivity, pulmonary disease, liver disease, liver cirrhosis, liver failure, kidney disease, kidney failure, seizures, hypogonadism, and infertility.
  • Metabolic diseases are associated with a variety of physiological changes, including but not limited to elevated glucose levels, elevated triglyceride levels, elevated cholesterol levels, insulin resistance, high blood pressure,
  • a metabolic effector is a molecule that is capable of minimizing any one or more of said physiological changes.
  • a metabolic effector molecule may enhance the body's sensitivity to insulin, thereby ameliorating insulin resistance.
  • Insulin resistance is a physiological condition in which the body's insulin becomes less effective at lowering blood sugar. Excess blood sugar can cause adverse health effects such as type 2 diabetes.
  • "Satiety" is used to refer to a homeostatic state in which a subject feels that hunger or food craving is minimized or satisfied.
  • a satiety effector is a molecule that contributes to the minimization or satisfaction of said hunger or food craving.
  • a molecule may be primarily a metabolic effector or primarily a satiety effector.
  • a molecule may be both a metabolic and satiety effector, e.g., GLP-1.
  • Metal effector molecules and/or “satiety effector molecules” include, but are not limited to, n-acyl-phophatidylethanolamines (NAPEs), n-acyl- ethanolamines (NAEs), ghrelin receptor antagonists, peptide YY3-36, cholecystokinin (CCK) family molecules, CCK58, CCK33, CCK22, CCK8, bombesin family molecules, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B (P), glucagon, GLP-1, GLP- 2, apolipoprotein A-IV, amylin, somatostatin, enterostatin, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic peptide, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, propionate, acetate, serotonin receptor agonists, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide
  • Such molecules may also include compounds that inhibit a molecule that promotes metabolic disease, e.g., a single-chain variable fragment (scFv), antisense RNA, siRNA, or shRNA that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) or ghrelin receptor.
  • a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule may be encoded by a single gene, e.g., glucogon-like peptide 1 is encoded by the GLP-1 gene.
  • a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule may be synthesized by a biosynthetic pathway requiring multiple genes, e.g., propionate. These molecules may also be referred to as therapeutic molecules.
  • engineered bacterial cell refers to a bacterial cell or bacteria that have been genetically modified from their native state.
  • an engineered bacterial cell may have nucleotide insertions, nucleotide deletions, nucleotide rearrangements, and nucleotide
  • Engineered bacterial cells disclosed herein may comprise exogenous nucleotide sequences on plasmids.
  • engineered bacterial cells may comprise exogenous nucleotide sequences stably incorporated into their chromosome.
  • a "programmed bacterial cell” or “programmed engineered bacterial cell” is an engineered bacterial cell that has been genetically modified from its native state to perform a specific function.
  • the programmed or engineered bacterial cell has been modified to express one or more proteins, for example, one or more proteins that have a therapeutic activity or serve a therapeutic purpose.
  • the programmed or engineered bacterial cell may additionally have the ability to stop growing or to destroy itself once the protein(s) of interest have been expressed.
  • heterologous gene refers to a nucleotide sequence that is not normally found in a given cell in nature.
  • a heterologous sequence encompasses a nucleic acid sequence that is exogenously introduced into a given cell.
  • Heterologous gene includes a native gene, or fragment thereof, that has been introduced into the host cell in a form that is different from the corresponding native gene.
  • a heterologous gene may include a native coding sequence that is a portion of a chimeric gene to include a native coding sequence that is a portion of a chimeric gene to include non-native regulatory regions that is reintroduced into the host cell.
  • a heterologous gene may also include a native gene, or fragment thereof, introduced into a non-native host cell.
  • a heterologous gene may be foreign or native to the recipient cell; a nucleic acid sequence that is naturally found in a given cell but expresses an unnatural amount of the nucleic acid and/or the polypeptide which it encodes; and/or two or more nucleic acid sequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature.
  • the term “endogenous gene” refers to a native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism.
  • the term “transgene” refers to a gene that has been introduced into the host organism, e.g., host bacterial cell, genome.
  • coding region refers to a nucleotide sequence that codes for a specific amino acid sequence.
  • regulatory sequence refers to a nucleotide sequence located upstream (5' non-coding sequences), within, or downstream (3' non-coding sequences) of a coding sequence, and which influences the transcription, RNA processing, RNA stability, or translation of the associated coding sequence. Examples of regulatory sequences include, but are not limited to, promoters, translation leader sequences, effector binding sites, and stem-loop structures. In one embodiment, the regulatory sequence comprises a promoter, e.g., an F R responsive promoter.
  • a "gene cassette” or “operon” encoding a biosynthetic pathway refers to the two or more genes that are required to produce a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, e.g., propionate.
  • the gene cassette or operon may also comprise additional transcription and translation elements, e.g., a ribosome binding site.
  • butyrogenic gene cassette “butyrate biosynthesis gene cassette,” and “butyrate operon” are used interchangeably to refer to a set of genes capable of producing butyrate in a biosynthetic pathway.
  • Unmodified bacteria that are capable of producing butyrate via an endogenous butyrate biosynthesis pathway include, but are not limited to, Clostridium, Peptoclostridium, Fusobacterium, Butyrivibrio,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise butyrate biosynthesis genes from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria, or a combination of butyrate biosynthesis genes from different species, strains, and/or substrains of bacteria.
  • a butyrogenic gene cassette may comprise, for example, the eight genes of the butyrate production pathway from Peptoclostridium difficile (also called Clostridium difficile): bcd2, etfB3, etfA3, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk, which encode butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase subunit, electron transfer flavoprotein subunit beta, electron transfer flavoprotein subunit alpha, acetyl-CoA C-acetyltransf erase, 3- hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, crotonase, phosphate butyryltransferase, and butyrate kinase, respectively (Aboulnaga et al., 2013).
  • One or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes may be functionally replaced or modified, e.g., codon optimized.
  • Peptoclostridium difficile strain 630 and strain 1296 are both capable of producing butyrate, but comprise different nucleic acid sequences for etfA3, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk.
  • a butyrogenic gene cassette may comprise bcd2, etfB3, etfA3, and thiAl from Peptoclostridium difficile strain 630, and hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk from Peptoclostridium difficile strain 1296.
  • a single gene from Treponema denticola (ter, encoding trans-2-enoynl-CoA reductase) is capable of functionally replacing all three of the bcd2, etfB3, and etfA3 genes from Peptoclostridium difficile.
  • a butyrogenic gene cassette may comprise thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk from Peptoclostridium difficile and ter from Treponema denticola.
  • the butyrogenic gene cassette may comprise genes for the aerobic biosynthesis of butyrate and/or genes for the anaerobic or microaerobic biosynthesis of butyrate.
  • a butyrogenic gene cassette may comprise ter, thiAl, hbd, crt2, and tesB.
  • a "propionate gene cassette” or “propionate operon” refers to a set of genes capable of producing propionate in a biosynthetic pathway.
  • Unmodified bacteria that are capable of producing propionate via an endogenous propionate biosynthesis pathway include, but are not limited to, Clostridium propionicum,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise propionate biosynthesis genes from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria, or a combination of propionate biosynthesis genes from different species, strains, and/or substrains of bacteria.
  • the propionate gene cassette comprises acrylate pathway propionate biosynthesis genes, e.g., pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, etfA, acrB, and acrC, which encode propionate CoA- transferase, lactoyl-CoA dehydratase A, lactoyl-CoA dehydratase B, lactoyl-CoA dehydratase C, electron transfer flavoprotein subunit A, acryloyl-CoA reductase B, and acryloyl-CoA reductase C, respectively (Hetzel et al., 2003, Selmer et al., 2002, and Kandasamy 2012 Engineering Escherichia coli with acrylate pathway genes for propionic acid synthesis and its impact on mixed-acid fermentation). This operon catalyses the reduction of lactate to propionate. Dehydration of (R)-lactoyl-CoA leads to the
  • Acrolyl-CoA is converted to propionyl-CoA by acrolyl-CoA reductase (EtfA, AcrBC).
  • EtfA acrolyl-CoA reductase
  • the rate limiting step catalyzed by the enzymes encoded by etfA, acrB and acrC are replaced by the acul gene from R. sphaeroides. This gene product catalyzes the NADPH-dependent acrylyl-CoA reduction to produce propionyl-CoA ( Aery lyl -Coenzyme A Reductase, an Enzyme Involved in the
  • the propionate cassette comprises pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, and acul.
  • the homolog of Acul in E coli, YhdH is used (see. e.g., Structure of Escherichia coli YhdH, a putative quinone oxidoreductase. Sulzenbacher 2004).
  • This the propionate cassette comprises pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, and yhdH.
  • the propionate gene cassette comprises pyruvate pathway propionate biosynthesis genes (see, e.g., Tseng et al., 2012), e.g., thrAfbr, thrB, thrC, ilvAfbr, aceE, aceF, and lpd, which encode homoserine dehydrogenase 1, homoserine kinase, L- threonine synthase, L-threonine dehydratase, pyruvate dehydrogenase,
  • the propionate gene cassette further comprises tesB, which encodes acyl-CoA thioesterase.
  • a propionate gene cassette comprises the genes of the Sleeping Beauty Mutase operon, e.g., from E. coli (sbm, ygfD, ygfG, ygfH).
  • this pathway has been considered and utilized for the high yield industrial production of propionate from glycerol (Akawi et al., Engineering Escherichia coli for high-level production of propionate; J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol (2015) 42: 1057-1072, the contents of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • this pathway is also suitable for production of proprionate from glucose, e.g. by the genetically engineered bacteria of the disclosure.
  • the SBM pathway is cyclical and composed of a series of biochemical conversions forming propionate as a fermentative product while regenerating the starting molecule of succinyl-CoA.
  • Sbm methylmalonyl-CoA mutase converts succinyl CoA to L- methylmalonylCoA
  • YgfD is a Sbm-interacting protein kinase with GTPase activity
  • ygfG methylmalonylCoA decarboxylase
  • PropionylCoA, and ygfH converts propionylCoA into propionate and succinate into succinylCoA (Sleeping beauty mutase (sbm) is expressed and interacts with ygfd in Escherichia coli; Froese 2009).
  • This pathway is very similar to the oxidative propionate pathway of Propionibacteria, which also converts succinate to propionate.
  • Succinyl-CoA is converted to R-methylmalonyl- CoA by methymalonyl-CoA mutase (mutAB).
  • the propionate gene cassette may comprise genes for the aerobic biosynthesis of propionate and/or genes for the anaerobic or microaerobic biosynthesis of propionate.
  • One or more of the propionate biosynthesis genes may be functionally replaced or modified, e.g., codon optimized.
  • An "acetate gene cassette” or “acetate operon” refers to a set of genes capable of producing acetate in a biosynthetic pathway.
  • Bacteria “synthesize acetate from a number of carbon and energy sources,” including a variety of substrates such as cellulose, lignin, and inorganic gases, and utilize different biosynthetic mechanisms and genes, which are known in the art (Ragsdale et al., 2008).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention may comprise acetate biosynthesis genes from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria, or a combination of acetate biosynthesis genes from different species, strains, and/or substrains of bacteria.
  • Escherichia coli are capable of consuming glucose and oxygen to produce acetate and carbon dioxide during aerobic growth (Kleman et al., 1994).
  • Several bacteria such as Acetitomaculum, Acetoanaerobium, Acetohalobium, Acetonema, Balutia, Butyribacterium, Clostridium, Moorella, Oxobacter, Sporomusa, and Thermoacetogenium, are acetogenic anaerobes that are capable of converting CO or C0 2 + H 2 into acetate, e.g., using the Wood- Ljungdahl pathway (Schiel-Bengelsdorf et al, 2012).
  • the acetate gene cassette may comprise genes for the aerobic biosynthesis of acetate and/or genes for the anaerobic or microaerobic biosynthesis of acetate.
  • One or more of the acetate biosynthesis genes may be functionally replaced or modified, e.g., codon optimized.
  • Each gene or gene cassette may be present on a plasmid or bacterial chromosome.
  • multiple copies of any gene, gene cassette, or regulatory region may be present in the bacterium, wherein one or more copies of the gene, gene cassette, or regulatory region may be mutated or otherwise altered as described herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are engineered to comprise multiple copies of the same gene, gene cassette, or regulatory region in order to enhance copy number or to comprise multiple different components of a gene cassette performing multiple different functions.
  • Each gene or gene cassette may be operably linked to a promoter that is induced under low-oxygen conditions.
  • "Operably linked” refers a nucleic acid sequence, e.g., a gene or gene cassette for producing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, that is joined to a regulatory region sequence in a manner which allows expression of the nucleic acid sequence, e.g., acts in cis.
  • a regulatory region is a nucleic acid that can direct transcription of a gene of interest and may comprise promoter sequences, enhancer sequences, response elements, protein recognition sites, inducible elements, promoter control elements, protein binding sequences, 5' and 3' untranslated regions, transcriptional start sites, termination sequences, polyadenylation sequences, and introns.
  • a "directly inducible promoter” refers to a regulatory region, wherein the regulatory region is operably linked to a gene or a gene cassette encoding a biosynthetic pathway for producing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, e.g. propionate. In the presence of an inducer of said regulatory region, a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule is expressed.
  • an “indirectly inducible promoter” refers to a regulatory system comprising two or more regulatory regions, for example, a first regulatory region that is operably linked to a gene encoding a first molecule, e.g., a transcription factor, which is capable of regulating a second regulatory region that is operably linked to a gene or a gene cassette encoding a biosynthetic pathway for producing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, e.g. propionate.
  • the second regulatory region may be activated or repressed, thereby activating or repressing production of propionate.
  • exogenous environmental condition(s) refers to setting(s) or circumstance(s) under which the promoter described above is directly or indirectly induced.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the gut of a mammal.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the upper gastrointestinal tract of a mammal.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the lower gastrointestinal tract of a mammal.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the small intestine of a mammal.
  • the exogenous exogenous environmental conditions are specific to setting(s) or circumstance(s) under which the promoter described above is directly or indirectly induced.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the gut of a mammal.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the upper gastrointestinal tract of a mammal.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the lower gastrointestinal tract of a mammal.
  • the exogenous environmental conditions are specific to the small intestine of a mammal.
  • environmental conditions are low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions such as the environment of the mammalian gut.
  • exogenous environmental conditions are molecules or metabolites that are specific to the mammalian gut, e.g., propionate.
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing a therapeutic molecule is operably linked to an oxygen level-dependent promoter. Bacteria have evolved transcription factors that are capable of sensing oxygen levels. Different signaling pathways may be triggered by different oxygen levels and occur with different kinetics.
  • oxygen level-dependent promoter or “oxygen level-dependent regulatory region” refers to a nucleic acid sequence to which one or more oxygen level-sensing transcription factors is capable of binding, wherein the binding and/or activation of the corresponding transcription factor activates downstream gene expression.
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule is operably linked to an oxygen level- dependent regulatory region such that the effector molecule is expressed in low-oxygen, microaerobic, or anaerobic conditions.
  • the oxygen level-dependent regulatory region is operably linked to a propionate gene cassette; in low oxygen conditions, the oxygen level-dependent regulatory region is activated by a
  • oxygen level-dependent transcription factors and corresponding promoters and/or regulatory regions include, but are not limited to, F R, ANR, and D R.
  • F R-responsive promoters, A R-responsive promoters, and D R-responsive promoters are known in the art (see, e.g., Castiglione et al., 2009; Eiglmeier et al., 1989; Galimand et al., 1991; Hasegawa et al., 1998; Hoeren et al., 1993; Salmon et al., 2003), and non-limiting examples are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Examples of transcription factors and responsive genes and regulatory regions
  • a "non-native" nucleic acid sequence refers to a nucleic acid sequence not normally present in a bacterium, e.g., an extra copy of an endogenous sequence, or a heterologous sequence such as a sequence from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria, or a sequence that is modified and/or mutated as compared to the unmodified sequence from bacteria of the same subtype.
  • the non-native nucleic acid sequence is a synthetic, non-naturally occurring sequence ⁇ see, e.g., Purcell et al, 2013).
  • the non-native nucleic acid sequence may be a regulatory region, a promoter, a gene, and/or one or more genes in gene cassette.
  • “non-native” refers to two or more nucleic acid sequences that are not found in the same relationship to each other in nature.
  • the non- native nucleic acid sequence may be present on a plasmid or chromosome.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise a gene cassette that is operably linked to a directly or indirectly inducible promoter that is not associated with said gene cassette in nature, e.g., a FNR-responsive promoter operably linked to a propionate gene cassette.
  • Constant promoter refers to a promoter that is capable of facilitating continuous transcription of a coding sequence or gene under its control and/or to which it is operably linked.
  • Constitutive promoters and variants are well known in the art and include, but are not limited to, BBa_J23100, a constitutive
  • Escherichia coli ⁇ promoter ⁇ e.g., an osmY promoter (International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) Registry of Standard Biological Parts Name BBa_J45992; BBa_J45993)), a constitutive Escherichia coli ⁇ 32 promoter ⁇ e.g., htpG heat shock promoter (BBa_J45504)), a constitutive Escherichia coli ⁇ promoter (e.g., lacq promoter (BBa_J54200; BBa_J56015), E. coli CreABCD phosphate sensing operon promoter (BBa_J64951), GlnRS promoter (BBa_K088007), lacZ promoter
  • iGEM International Genetically Engineered Machine
  • BBa Kl 19000; BBa Kl 19001 M13K07 gene I promoter
  • BBa_M13101 M13K07 gene II promoter
  • BBa_M13102 M13K07 gene III promoter
  • BBa_M13103 M13K07 gene IV promoter
  • BBa_M13105 M13K07 gene V promoter
  • M13K07 gene VI promoter (BBa_M13106), M13K07 gene VIII promoter
  • BBa_M13108 M13110 (BBa_M13110)
  • BBa_M13110 M13110
  • a constitutive Bacillus subtilis ⁇ ⁇ promoter e.g., promoter veg (BBa_K143013), promoter 43 (BBa_K143013), Pi iaG
  • BBa_K823000 Pi epA (BBa_K823002), P veg (BBa_K823003)), a constitutive Bacillus subtilis ⁇ ⁇ promoter (e.g., promoter etc (BBa_K143010), promoter gsiB
  • BBa_K143011 a Salmonella promoter (e.g., Pspv2 from Salmonella
  • T7 promoter e.g., T7 promoter (BBa_I712074; BBa_I719005; BBa_J34814; BBa_J64997;
  • BBa Kl 13010 BBa Kl 13011; BBa Kl 13012; BBa_R0085; BBa_R0180;
  • SP6 promoter BBa_J64998
  • the gut comprises the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which starts at the mouth and ends at the anus, and additionally comprises the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
  • the gut also comprises accessory organs and glands, such as the spleen, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
  • the upper gastrointestinal tract comprises the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum of the small intestine.
  • the lower gastrointestinal tract comprises the remainder of the small intestine, i.e., the jejunum and ileum, and all of the large intestine, i.e., the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal.
  • Bacteria can be found throughout the gut, e.g., in the gastrointestinal tract, and particularly in the intestines.
  • Microorganism refers to an organism or microbe of microscopic, submicroscopic, or ultramicroscopic size that typically consists of a single cell.
  • microrganisms include bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi, certain algae, and protozoa.
  • the microorganism is engineered ("engineered
  • the microorganism is engineered to import and/or catabolize certain toxic metabolites, substrates, or other compounds from its environment, e.g., the gut.
  • the microorganism is engineered to synthesize certain beneficial metabolites, molecules, or other compounds (synthetic or naturally occurring) and release them into its environment.
  • the engineered microorganism is an engineered bacterium.
  • the engineered microorganism is an engineered virus.
  • Non-pathogenic bacteria refer to bacteria that are not capable of causing disease or harmful responses in a host.
  • non-pathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria.
  • non-pathogenic bacteria are Gram-positive bacteria.
  • non-pathogenic bacteria are commensal bacteria, which are present in the indigenous microbiota of the gut.
  • non-pathogenic bacteria examples include, but are not limited to Bacillus,
  • Bacteroides Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacteria, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Saccharomyces, and Staphylococcus, e.g., Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides subtilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium lactis, Bifidobacterium longum, Clostridium butyricum, Enterococcus faecium,
  • Naturally pathogenic bacteria may be genetically engineered to provide reduce or eliminate pathogenicity.
  • Probiotic is used to refer to live, non-pathogenic microorganisms, e.g., bacteria, which can confer health benefits to a host organism that contains an
  • the host organism is a mammal. In some embodiments, the host organism is a human. Some species, strains, and/or subtypes of non-pathogenic bacteria are currently recognized as probiotic. Examples of probiotic bacteria include, but are not limited to, Bifidobacteria, Escherichia, Lactobacillus, and Saccharomyces, e.g. , Bifidobacterium bifidum,
  • Non-pathogenic bacteria may be genetically engineered to enhance or improve desired biological properties, e.g., survivability.
  • Non-pathogenic bacteria may be genetically engineered to provide probiotic properties.
  • Probiotic bacteria may be genetically engineered to enhance or improve probiotic properties.
  • modulate and its cognates means to alter, regulate, or adjust positively or negatively a molecular or physiological readout, outcome, or process, to effect a change in said readout, outcome, or process as compared to a normal, average, wild-type, or baseline measurement.
  • modulate or “modulation” includes up-regulation and down-regulation.
  • a non- limiting example of modulating a readout, outcome, or process is effecting a change or alteration in the normal or baseline functioning, activity, expression, or secretion of a biomolecule (e.g. a protein, enzyme, cytokine, growth factor, hormone, metabolite, short chain fatty acid, or other compound).
  • modulating a readout, outcome, or process is effecting a change in the amount or level of a biomolecule of interest, e.g. in the serum and/or the gut lumen.
  • modulating a readout, outcome, or process relates to a phenotypic change or alteration in one or more disease symptoms.
  • modulate is used to refer to an increase, decrease, masking, altering, overriding or restoring the normal functioning, activity, or levels of a readout, outcome or process (e.g, biomolecule of interest, and/or molecular or physiological process, and/or a phenotypic change in one or more disease symptoms).
  • stable bacterium is used to refer to a bacterial host cell carrying non-native genetic material, e.g., a propionate gene cassette, which is incorporated into the host genome or propagated on a self-replicating extra-chromosomal plasmid, such that the non-native genetic material is retained, expressed, and/or propagated.
  • non-native genetic material e.g., a propionate gene cassette
  • the stable bacterium is capable of survival and/or growth in vitro, e.g., in medium, and/or in vivo, e.g., in the gut.
  • the stable bacterium may be a genetically modified bacterium comprising a propionate gene cassette, in which the plasmid or chromosome carrying the propionate gene cassette is stably maintained in the host cell, such that the gene cassette can be expressed in the host cell, and the host cell is capable of survival and/or growth in vitro and/or in vivo.
  • the term “treat” and its cognates refer to an amelioration of a disease or disorder, or at least one discernible symptom thereof. In another embodiment, “treat” refers to an amelioration of at least one measurable physical parameter, not necessarily discernible by the patient. In another embodiment, “treat” refers to inhibiting the progression of a disease or disorder, either physically ⁇ e.g., stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically ⁇ e.g., stabilization of a physical parameter), or both. In another embodiment, “treat” refers to slowing the progression or reversing the progression of a disease or disorder. As used herein, “prevent” and its cognates refer to delaying the onset or reducing the risk of acquiring a given disease or disorder.
  • Those in need of treatment may include individuals already having a particular medical disorder, as well as those at risk of having, or who may ultimately acquire the disorder.
  • the need for treatment is assessed, for example, by the presence of one or more risk factors associated with the development of a disorder, the presence or progression of a disorder, or likely receptiveness to treatment of a subject having the disorder.
  • Treating metabolic diseases may encompass reducing or eliminating associated symptoms, e.g., weight gain, and does not necessarily encompass the elimination of the underlying disease or disorder, e.g., congenital leptin deficiency.
  • Treating the diseases described herein may encompass increasing levels of propionate, increasing levels of butyrate, and increasing GLP-1, and/or modulating levels of tryptophan and/or its metabolites (e.g., kynurenine), and does not necessarily encompass the elimination of the underlying disease.
  • tryptophan and/or its metabolites e.g., kynurenine
  • a "pharmaceutical composition” refers to a preparation of genetically engineered bacteria of the invention with other components such as a physiologically suitable carrier and/or excipient.
  • physiologically acceptable carrier and “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” which may be used interchangeably refer to a carrier or a diluent that does not cause significant irritation to an organism and does not abrogate the biological activity and properties of the administered bacterial compound. An adjuvant is included under these phrases.
  • excipient refers to an inert substance added to a
  • compositions to further facilitate administration of an active ingredient.
  • examples include, but are not limited to, calcium bicarbonate, calcium phosphate, various sugars and types of starch, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols, and surfactants, including, for example, polysorbate 20.
  • therapeutically effective dose and “therapeutically effective amount” are used to refer to an amount of a compound that results in prevention, delay of onset of symptoms, or amelioration of symptoms of a condition, e.g., obesity.
  • a therapeutically effective amount may, for example, be sufficient to treat, prevent, reduce the severity, delay the onset, and/or reduce the risk of occurrence of one or more symptoms of a metabolic disease.
  • a therapeutically effective amount, as well as a therapeutically effective frequency of administration, can be determined by methods known in the art and discussed below.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise a gene or gene cassette for producing a non-native metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, wherein the gene or gene cassette is operably linked to a directly or indirectly inducible promoter that is controlled by exogenous environmental condition(s).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are non-pathogenic bacteria.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are commensal bacteria.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are probiotic bacteria.
  • non-pathogenic bacteria are Gram-negative bacteria.
  • non-pathogenic bacteria are Gram-positive bacteria.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are naturally pathogenic bacteria that are modified or mutated to reduce or eliminate pathogenicity.
  • Exemplary bacteria include, but are not limited to Bacillus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium, Brevibacteria, Clostridium, Enter ococcus, Escherichia coli, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus,
  • Saccharomyces, and Staphylococcus e.g. , Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides subtilis, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are selected from the group consisting of
  • Bacteroides fragilis Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, Bacteroides subtilis,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are any suitable bacteria.
  • Escherichia coli strain Nissle 1917 E. coli Nissle
  • the strain is characterized by its complete
  • E. coli Nissle lacks prominent virulence factors (e.g., E. coli a-hemolysin, P-fimbrial adhesins) (Schultz, 2008).
  • E. coli Nissle does not carry pathogenic adhesion factors, does not produce any enterotoxins or cytotoxins, is not invasive, and is not uropathogenic (Sonnenborn et al., 2009).
  • E. coli Nissle was packaged into medicinal capsules, called Mutaflor, for therapeutic use.
  • E. coli Nissle has since been used to treat ulcerative colitis in humans in vivo
  • genes are widespread in the genome-sequenced Clostridia and related species" (Aboulnaga et al, 2013). Furthermore, genes from one or more different species of bacteria can be introduced into one another, e.g., the butyrogenic genes from
  • Peptoclostridium difficile have been expressed in Escherichia coli (Aboulnaga et al, 2013).
  • Unmodified E. coli Nissle and the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention may be destroyed, e.g., by defense factors in the gut or blood serum
  • the payload(s) described below are expressed in one species, strain, or subtype of genetically engineered bacteria. In alternate embodiments, the payload is expressed in two or more species, strains, and/or subtypes of genetically engineered bacteria.
  • Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is a severe form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), where excess fat accumulation in the liver results in chronic inflammation and damage.
  • Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a component of metabolic syndrome and a spectrum of liver disorders ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • Simple liver steatosis is defined as a benign form of NAFLD with minimal risk of progression, in contrast to NASH, which tends to progress to cirrhosis in up to 20% of patients and can subsequently lead to liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • NASH affects approximately 3-5% of the population in America, especially in those identified as obese.
  • NASH is characterized by such abnormalities as advanced lipotoxic metabolites, pro-inflammatory substrate, fibrosis, and increased hepatic lipid deposition. If left untreated, NASH can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma.
  • Colonic propionate delivery has also been shown to reduce intrahepatocellular lipid content in NASH patients, including improvements in weight gain and intra-abdominal fat deposition (see, for example, Chambers et al, Gut, gutjnl-2014), and GLP-1 administration has been shown to reduce the degree of lipotoxic metabolites and pro-inflammatory substrates, both of which have been shown to speed NASH development, as well as reduce hepatic lipid deposition (see, for example, Bernsmeier et al, PLoS One, 9(l):e87488, 2014 and Armstrong et al, J. Hepatol., 2015).
  • the liver has both an arterial and venous blood supply, with the majority of hepatic blood flow coming from the gut via the portal vein.
  • the liver is exposed to potentially harmful substances derived from the gut (increased perability and reduced intestinal integrity), including translocated bacteria, LPS and endotoxins as well as secreted cytokines.
  • Translocated microbial products might contribute to the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease by several mechanisms, including stimulating proinflammatory and profibrotic pathways via a range of cytokines.
  • SCFA e.g., derived from the microbiota
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are useful for the prevention, treatment, and/or management of NAFLD and/or NASH.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise circuits which reduce inflammation.
  • the circuits stimulate insulin secretion and/or promote satiety.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate, and/or acetate. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of GLP-1. In some embodiments,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate for the treatment of NAFLD and/or NASH.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the increase of bile salt catabolism, including but not limited to bile salt hydrolase or bile salt transporter producing cassettes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream indole tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more indole tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13, and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios.
  • one or more of these circuits may be combined for the treatment of NASH and/or NAFLD.
  • butyrate producing, GLP-1 secreting, and ryptophan pathway modulating cassettes may be expressed in combination by the genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of NASH and/or NAFLD.
  • Diabetes mellitus type 1 (also known as type 1 diabetes) is a form of diabetes mellitus that results from the autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. The subsequent lack of insulin leads to increased glucose in blood and urine. The classical symptoms are frequent urination, increased thirst, increased hunger, and weight loss.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria described herein are useful in the treatment, prevention and/or management of diabetes mellitus.
  • Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a long term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
  • Symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss. Symptoms may also include increased hunger, feeling tired, and sores that do not heal. Often symptoms come on slowly. Long-term complications from high blood sugar include heart disease, strokes, diabetic retinopathy which can result in blindness, kidney failure, and poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations.
  • Insulin resistance is generally regarded as a pathological condition in which cells fail to respond to the normal actions of the hormone insulin. Normally insulin produced when glucose enters the circulation after a meal triggers glucose uptake into cells. Under conditions of insulin resistance, the cells in the body are resistant to the insulin produced after a meal, preventing glucose uptake and leading to high blood sugar.
  • the kynurenine hypothesis of diabetes is based on evidence of diabetogenic effects of the kynurenine metabolite Xanthurenic Acid (XA) and the realization that the KP is upregulated by low-grade inflammation and stress, two conditions involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, and of diabetes type I and diabetes type II.
  • Increased concentrations of KYNA and xanthurenic acid (3 -Hydroxy KYNA, XA) were detected in the plasma of patients with type 2 diabetes, presumably due to chronic stress or the low-grade inflammation that are prominent risk factors for diabetes.
  • the production of these kynurenine metabolites is a regulatory mechanism to attenuate damage by the inflammation-induced production of reactive oxygen species.
  • pancreatic islet tissue itself is a site of inflammation during obesity and type 2 diabetes. It is therefore conceivable that in parallel to the high free fatty acids and glucose levels, pancreatic islet exposure to increased levels of cytokines may induce dysregutation of islet KP in a way resembling that seen in the brain in many
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are useful for the prevention, treatment, and/or management of type 2 diabetes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise circuits which reduce inflammation.
  • the circuits stimulate insulin secretion and/or promote satiety.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate and/or acetate. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of GLP-1. In some embodiments,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the increase of bile salt catabolism, including but not limited to bile salt hydrolase or bile salt transporter producing cassettes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein., in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios.
  • one or more of these circuits may be combined for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
  • butyrate producing, GLP-1 secreting , and ryptophan pathway modulating cassettes may be expressed in combination by the genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
  • Metabolic Syndrome affects approximately 20-30% of the middle-aged population, and represents an increased risk to cardiovascular disorders, the leading cause of death in the United States. Obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes are described as metabolic syndrome.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria described herein are useful in the treatment, prevention and/or management of metabolic syndrome and /or obesity. Several of the metabolites and polypeptides produced by the genetically engineered bacteria are useful for increasing insulin secretion and promoting satiety, e.g. GLP-1.
  • Obesity is a common, deadly, and costly disease in developed countries which impacts all age groups, race, and gender. Obesity can be classified as an inflammatory disease because it is associated with immune activation and a chronic, low-grade systemic inflammation. Endotoxemia, a process resulting from translocation of endotoxic compounds (lipopolysaccharides [LPS]), of gram-negative intestinal bacteria. In the last decade, it has become evident that insulin resistance and T2DM are characterized by low-grade inflammation. In this respect, LPS trigger a low-grade inflammatory response, and the process of endotoxemia can therefore result in the development of insulin resistance and other metabolic disorders.
  • LPS lipopolysaccharides
  • metabolites produced by the genetically engineered bacteria described herein are useful in the reduction of inflammation.
  • butyrate contributes to maintaining intestinal integrity.
  • Other anti-inflammatory metabolites as described herein may also be useful in the treatment of type 2 diaberes.
  • TRP tryptophan
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are useful for the prevention, treatment, and/or management of obesity.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise circuits which reduce inflammation.
  • the circuits stimulate insulin secretion and/or promote satiety.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate and/or acetate. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of GLP-1 and/or GLP-1 analog(s). In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate for the treatment of obesity.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the increase of bile salt catabolism, including, but not limited, to bile salt hydrolase or bile salt transporter producing cassettes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13, and elsewhere herein, including but not limited to, Tryptamine, Indole-3- acetaldehyde, Indole-3 -acetic acid, Indole, 6-formylindolo(3,2-b)carbazole, Kynurenic acid, Indole-3 -aldehyde; 3,3'-Diindolylmethane.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios.
  • one or more of these circuits may be combined for the treatment of obesity.
  • butyrate producing, GLP-1 secreting, and ryptophan pathway modulating cassettes may be expressed in
  • Prader-Willi syndrome (OMIM 176270) is a complex genetic neurodevelopmental disorder with manifested early in failure to thrive, feeding difficulties during infancy, hypogonadism/hypogenitalism, growth hormone deficiency, and typically a paternal 15ql l-ql3 chromosome deletion.
  • food seeking behaviors and hyperphagia are noted along with a low metabolic rate and decreased physical activity leading to obesity which can be life- threatening, if not controlled.
  • PWS is considered the most common syndromic cause of life threatening obesity in childhood (Buttler et al., Am J Med Genet A. 2015
  • PWS Prader-Willi syndrome
  • PWS syndrome individuals present with obesity with hyperphagia and deficit of satiety, and in some cases insulin resistance, that persists thoughout youth and adulthood and remains a critical problem in PWS teenagers and adults because it leads to severe complications, such as limb edema, cardiac or respiratory failure, and physical disabilities. Severe obesity, and food seeking therfroe remains the larges problem with PWS. Access to food must be strictly supervised and limited. Therefore, agents which modulate satiety and orh insulin levels may be useful in the treatment of PWS.
  • anti-inflammatory agents may be useful in the treatment of certain aspects of PWS.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise circuits which reduce inflammation.
  • the circuits stimulate insulin secretion and/or promote satiety.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are useful for the prevention, treatment, and/or management of PWS.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate and/or acetate.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of GLP-1.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate for the treatment of PWS.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the increase of bile salt catabolism, including but not limited to bile salt hydrolase or bile salt transporter producing cassettes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios.
  • one or more of these circuits may be combined for the treatment of PWS.
  • butyrate producing, GLP-1 secreting, and ryptophan pathway modulating cassettes may be expressed in
  • Metabolic syndrome is a clustering of at least three of five of the following medical conditions: abdominal (central) obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting plasma glucose, high serum triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are useful for the prevention, treatment, and/or management of metabolic syndrome.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise circuits which reduce inflammation.
  • the circuits stimulate insulin secretion and/or promote satiety.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate, and/or acetate. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of GLP-1. In some embodiments,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the increase of bile salt catabolism, including but not limited to bile salt hydrolase or bile salt transporter producing cassettes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios.
  • one or more of these circuits may be combined for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
  • butyrate producing, GLP-1 secreting, and ryptophan pathway modulating cassettes may be expressed in combination by the genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
  • Metabolic syndrome is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality, as well as all-cause mortality.
  • Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction, stroke, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, and venous thrombosis.
  • CAD coronary artery diseases
  • Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis, caused inter alia by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol consumption, and the like.
  • CKD chronic kidney disease
  • uremia is condition that occurs when the kidneys no longer filter properly, and is likely to occur s in the final stage of chronic kidney disease.
  • tryptophan metabolites along the kynurenine pathway are increased, possibly as consequence of inflammation. Therefore, anti-inflammatory agents may be useful in the treatment of cardiovascular disease, including CKD and artherosclerosis.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria modulate the levels of one or more of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenine downstream metabolites, and other tryptophan metabolites and /or modulate one or more metabolite ratios.
  • Ischemic stroke which results from cerebral arterial occlusion, is becoming a major cause of morbidity and mortality in today's society and affects millions of people every year.
  • the only approved treatment for the acute phase of stroke is the recombinant thrombolytic tissue-type plasminogen activator. Identifying molecules that contribute to the ischemic damage may help to elucidate potential therapeutic targets.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria described herein are useful in the treatment, prevention and/or management of ischemia and stroke. Inflammation and oxidative stress are also involved in brain damage following stroke, and tryptophan oxidation along the kynurenine pathway contributes to the modulation of oxidative stress.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are useful for the prevention, treatment, and/or management of cardiovascular disease, including but not limited to, one or more of coronary artery diseases, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, venous thrombosis,ischemic stroke, and/or chronic kidney disease.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise circuits which reduce inflammation. In some embodiments the circuits stimulate insulin secretion and/or promote satiety.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate and/or acetate. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of GLP-1. In some embodiments,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the production of short-chain fatty acids, e.g., butyrate and/or propionate for the treatment of cardiovascular disease, including but not limited to, one or more of coronary artery diseases, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, venous thrombosis,. ischemic stroke, and/or chronic kidney disease.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes for the increase of bile salt catabolism, including but not limited to bile salt hydrolase or bile salt transporter producing cassettes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which modulate the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which modulate the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which increase the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which increase the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease typtophan levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease kynurenine levels in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut. In certain embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream kynurenine metabolites described herein in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease levels of downstream tryptophan metabolites described herein, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein, in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more gene cassettes as described herein, which decrease the TRP/KYN ratio in the patient, e.g., in the serum and/or in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of tryptophan to one or more kynurenine downstream metabolites described herein, e.g., in Fig. 29.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios of kynurenine to one or more downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between two downstream kynurenine metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise gene cassettes which decrease the ratios between one or more tryptophan metabolites, including, but not limited to those listed in Table 13 and Figure 32 and elsewhere herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates serotonin and or melatonin levels.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases serotonin and or melatonin levels. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which modulates the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which increases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette which decreases the tryptophan to serotonin and or melatonin ratios.
  • one or more of these circuits may be combined for the treatment of cardionvascular disorders.
  • butyrate producing, GLP-1 secreting, and ryptophan pathway modulating cassettes may be expressed in combination by the genetically engineered bacteria for the treatment of cardionvascular disorders.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise a gene encoding a non-native metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, or a gene cassette encoding a biosynthetic pathway capable of producing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule.
  • the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule is selected from the group consisting of n-acyl-phophatidylethanolamines (NAPEs), n-acyl-ethanolamines (NAEs), ghrelin receptor antagonists, peptide YY3-36, cholecystokinin (CCK) family molecules, CCK58, CCK33, CCK22, CCK8, bombesin family molecules, bombesin, gastrin releasing peptide (GRP), neuromedin B (P), glucagon, GLP-1, GLP-2, apolipoprotein A-IV, amylin, somatostatin, enterostatin, oxyntomodulin, pancreatic peptide, short-chain fatty acids, butyrate, propionate, acetate, serotonin receptor agonists, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), nicotinamide mononucleot
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise one or more gene(s) or gene cassette(s) which are capable of producing an effector, which can modulate the inflammatory status.
  • Non-limiting examples include short shain fatty acides, and tryptophan and its metabolites, as described herein.
  • the effect of the genetically engineered bacteria on the inflammatory status can be measured by methods known in the art, e.g., plasma can be drawn before and after administraton of the genetically engineered bacteria.
  • the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP) and plasma viscosity (PV) blood tests are commonly used to detect this increase n inflammation.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria modulate, e.g. decrease or increase, levels of inflammatory markers, eg.. C-reactive protein (CRP).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria modulate, e.g. decrease, levels of inflammatory growth factors and cytokines, e.g., IL- ⁇ , IL-6, and/or TNF-a and proinflammatory signaling, e.g. NF-kappaB signaling.
  • cytokines e.g., IL- ⁇ , IL-6, and/or TNF-a
  • proinflammatory signaling e.g. NF-kappaB signaling.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria modulate, e.g. increase, levels of antiinflammatory growth factors and cytokines, e.g., IL4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-alpha and/or transforming growth factor-beta.
  • cytokines e.g., IL4, IL-10, IL-13, IFN-alpha and/or transforming growth factor-beta.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria produce effectors, which bind to and stimulate the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria stimulate AHR signaling in immune cell types, including T cells, B cells, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs), and/or in epithelial cells.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria modulate, e.g., increase the levels of IL-22, e.g., through stimulation of AHR.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria may reduce gut permeability. In some embodiments, the the genetically engineered bacteria may reduce the amounts of LPS and in the circulation, which are increase in metabolic disease, e.g., in NASH..
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule and/or modulator of inflammation may be expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter, a promoter that is induced by exogenous environmental conditions, a promoter that is induced by exogenous environmental conditions, molecules, or metabolites specific to the gut of a mammal, and/or a promoter that is induced by low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions, such as the environment of the mammalian gut.
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing the metabolic and/or satiety effector and/or modulator of inflammation may be expressed on a high-copy plasmid, a low-copy plasmid, or a chromosome.
  • expression from the plasmid may be useful for increasing expression of the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule.
  • expression from the chromosome may be useful for increasing stability of expression of the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule.
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule is integrated into the bacterial chromosome at one or more integration sites in the genetically engineered bacteria.
  • one or more copies of the propionate biosynthesis gene cassette may be integrated into the bacterial chromosome.
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule is expressed from a plasmid in the genetically engineered bacteria.
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing the metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule is inserted into the bacterial genome at one or more of the following insertion sites in E. coli Nissle: malE/K, araC/BAD, lacZ, thyA, malP/T. Any suitable insertion site may be used (see, e.g. Fig. 47).
  • the insertion site may be anywhere in the genome, e.g., in a gene required for survival and/or growth, such as thyA (to create an auxotroph); in an active area of the genome, such as near the site of genome replication; and/or in between divergent promoters in order to reduce the risk of unintended transcription, such as between AraB and AraC of the arabinose operon.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention are capable of expressing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule that is encoded by a single gene, e.g., the molecule is GLP-1 and encoded by the GLP-1 gene.
  • the gene or gene cassette for producing a therapeutic molecule also comprises additional transcription and translation elements, e.g., a ribosome binding site, to enhance expression of the therapeutic molecule.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria produce two or more metabolic and/or satiety effector molecules and/or modulator of inflammation. In certain embodiments, the two or more molecules behave synergistically to ameliorate metabolic disease. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria express at least one metabolic effector molecule and at least one satiety effector molecule and at least one modulator of inflammation.
  • Short-chain fatty acids primarily acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are metabolites formed by gut microbiota from complex dietary carbohydrates. Butyrate and acetate were reported to protect against diet-induced obesity without causing hypophagia, while propionate was shown to reduce food intake.
  • SCFAs represent a major constituent of the luminal contents of the colon.
  • butyrate is believed to play an important role for epithelial homeostasis.
  • Acetate and propionate have anti-inflammatory properties, which are comparable to those of butyrate (Tedelind et al., World J Gastroenterol. 2007 May 28; 13(20): 2826- 2832.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention are capable of producing a metabolic and/or satiety effector molecule, e.g., propionate, that is synthesized by a biosynthetic pathway requiring multiple genes and/or enzymes.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise a propionate gene cassette and are capable of producing propionate under particular exogenous environmental conditions.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria may express any suitable set of propionate biosynthesis genes (see, e.g., Table 2).
  • Unmodified bacteria that are capable of producing propionate via an endogenous propionate biosynthesis pathway include, but are not limited to, Clostridium
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise propionate biosynthesis genes from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise the genes pet, led, and acr from
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise acrylate pathway genes for propionate biosynthesis, e.g., pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, etfA, acrB, and acrC.
  • the rate limiting step catalyzed by the Acr enzyme is replaced by the Acul from R. sphaeroides, which catalyzes the NADPH- dependent acrylyl-CoA reduction to produce propionyl-CoA.
  • the propionate cassette comprises pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, and acul.
  • the homolog of Acul in E coli, yhdH is used.
  • This propionate cassette comprises pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, and yhdH.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise pyruvate pathway genes for propionate biosynthesis, e.g., thrA fbr , thrB, thrC, ilvA ⁇ " " , aceE, aceF, and Ipd, and optionally further comprise tesB.
  • the propionate gene cassette comprises the genes of the Sleepting Beauty Mutase operon, e.g., from E.
  • the SBM pathway is cyclical and composed of a series of biochemical conversions forming propionate as a fermentative product while regenerating the starting molecule of succinyl-CoA.
  • Sbm converts succinyl CoA to L-methylmalonylCoA
  • ygfG converts L-methylmalonylCoA into PropionylCoA
  • ygfH converts propionylCoA into propionate and succinate into succinylCoA.
  • GI 18042134
  • genes which encode methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase (mmdA, PFREUD 18870, beep) which converts methylmalonyl- CoA to propionyl-CoA.
  • the genes may be codon-optimized, and translational and transcriptional elements may be added.
  • Table 2-4 lists the nucleic acid sequences of exemplary genes in the propionate biosynthesis gene cassette.
  • Table 5 lists the polypeptide sequences expressed by exemplary propionate biosynthesis genes.
  • IcdC AATTCTTCATGAATGATAAATGCGCGCGGGGCACGGGGCGTTTC SEQ ID NO: 4 CTGGAAGTCATGGCTCGCGTACTTGAAACCACCCTGGATGAAAT
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more nucleic acid sequence(s) of Table 4 (SEQ ID NO: 21- SEQ ID NO: 26) or a functional fragment thereof. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a nucleic acid sequence that, but for the redundancy of the genetic code, encodes the same polypeptide as one or more nucleic acid s sequence(s) of Table 4 (SEQ ID NO: 21- SEQ ID NO: 26) or a functional fragment thereof.
  • genetically engineered bacteria comprise a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 80%, at least about 85%>, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99%) homologous to the DNA sequence of one or more nucleic acid sequence(s) of Table 4 (SEQ ID NO: 21- SEQ ID NO: 26) or a functional fragment thereof, or a nucleic acid sequence that, but for the redundancy of the genetic code, encodes the same polypeptide as one or more nucleic acid sequence(s) of Table 4 (SEQ ID NO: 21- SEQ ID NO: 26) or a functional fragment thereof.
  • Table 5 lists exemplary polypeptide sequences, which may be encoded by the propionate production gene(s) or cattette(s) of the genetically engineered bacteria.
  • AHA.FYGLPNVKV ILYPRGKISPLQEKLFCTLGGNIETVAIDGDFDA.
  • DVSQPNNWPRYEELFRRKIWQLKELGYA AYDDETTQQT RELKELGYTSEPHAAYAYRALRDQLNPGEYGLFLGT
  • GHISPGVYARAFLEGRLTQEQLDNFRQEVHGNGLSSYPHPKLMPEF QFPTVSMGLGPIGAIYQAKFLKYLEHRGLKDTSKQTVYAFLGDGEMD
  • the genetically engineered bacteria encode one or more polypeptide sequences of Table 5 (SEQ ID NO: 27-SEQ ID NO: 52) or a functional fragment or variant thereof.
  • genetically engineered bacteria comprise a polypeptide sequence that is at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or at least about 99% homologous to the polypeptide sequence of one or more polypeptide sequence of Table 5 (SEQ ID NO: 27-SEQ ID NO: 52) or a functional fragment thereof.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous propionate gene cassette.
  • the disclosure provides a bacterial cell that comprises a heterologous propionate gene cassette operably linked to a first promoter.
  • the first promoter is an inducible promoter.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a propionate gene cassette from a different organism, e.g., a different species of bacteria.
  • the bacterial cell comprises more than one copy of a native gene encoding a propionate gene cassette.
  • the bacterial cell comprises at least one native gene encoding a propionate gene cassette, as well as at least one copy of a propionate gene cassette from a different organism, e.g., a different species of bacteria.
  • the bacterial cell comprises at least one, two, three, four, five, or six copies of a gene encoding a propionate gene cassette.
  • the bacterial cell comprises multiple copies of a gene or genes encoding a propionate gene cassette.
  • a propionate gene cassette is encoded by a gene cassette derived from a bacterial species.
  • a propionate gene cassette is encoded by a gene cassette derived from a non-bacterial species.
  • a propionate gene cassette is encoded by a gene derived from a eukaryotic species, e.g., a fungi.
  • the gene encoding the propionate gene cassette is derived from an organism of the genus or species that includes, but is not limited to, Clostridium propionicum, Megasphaera elsdenii, or Prevotella ruminicola.
  • the propionate gene cassette has been codon- optimized for use in the engineered bacterial cell. In one embodiment, the propionate gene cassette has been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli. In another embodiment, the propionate gene cassette has been codon-optimized for use in
  • Lactococcus When the propionate gene cassette is expressed in the engineered bacterial cells, the bacterial cells produce more propionate than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions ⁇ e.g., culture or environmental conditions).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprising a heterologous propionate gene cassette may be used to generate propionate to treat liver disease, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • liver disease such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • the present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functional fragments of propionate biosynthesis enzymes or functional variants of a propionate biosynthesis enzyme.
  • the term "functional fragment thereof or "functional variant thereof relates to an element having qualitative biological activity in common with the wild-type enzyme from which the fragment or variant was derived.
  • a functional fragment or a functional variant of a mutated propionate biosynthesis enzyme is one which retains essentially the same ability to synthesize propionate as the propionate biosynthesis enzyme from which the functional fragment or functional variant was derived.
  • a polypeptide having propionate biosynthesis enzyme activity may be truncated at the N-terminus or C-terminus, and the retention of propionate biosynthesis enzyme activity assessed using assays known to those of skill in the art, including the exemplary assays provided herein.
  • the engineered bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a propionate biosynthesis enzyme functional variant. In another embodiment, the engineered bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a propionate biosynthesis enzyme functional fragment.
  • percent (%) sequence identity or “percent (%) identity,” also including “homology,” is defined as the percentage of amino acid residues or nucleotides in a candidate sequence that are identical with the amino acid residues or nucleotides in the reference sequences after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent sequence identity, and not considering any conservative substitutions as part of the sequence identity.
  • Optimal alignment of the sequences for comparison may be produced, besides manually, by means of the local homology algorithm of Smith and Waterman, 1981, Ads App. Math. 2, 482, by means of the local homology algorithm of Neddleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol.
  • the present disclosure encompasses propionate biosynthesis enzymes comprising amino acids in its sequence that are substantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein.
  • Amino acid sequences that are substantially the same as the sequences described herein include sequences comprising conservative amino acid substitutions, as well as amino acid deletions and/or insertions.
  • a conservative amino acid substitution refers to the replacement of a first amino acid by a second amino acid that has chemical and/or physical properties (e.g., charge, structure, polarity, hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity) that are similar to those of the first amino acid.
  • Conservative substitutions include replacement of one amino acid by another within the following groups: lysine (K), arginine (R) and histidine (H); aspartate (D) and glutamate (E); asparagine (N), glutamine (Q), serine (S), threonine (T), tyrosine (Y), K, R, H, D and E; alanine (A), valine (V), leucine (L), isoleucine (I), proline (P), phenylalanine (F), tryptophan (W), methionine (M), cysteine (C) and glycine (G); F, W and Y; C, S and T.
  • replacing a basic amino acid with another basic amino acid e.g., replacement among Lys, Arg, His
  • an acidic amino acid with another acidic amino acid e.g., replacement among Asp and Glu
  • replacing a neutral amino acid with another neutral amino acid e.g., replacement among Ala, Gly, Ser, Met, Thr, Leu, He, Asn, Gin, Phe, Cys, Pro, Tip, Tyr, Val.
  • a propionate biosynthesis enzyme is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased activity are selected; and the mutagenized gene encoding the propionate biosynthesis enzyme is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell of the disclosure.
  • the gene comprising the modifications described herein may be present on a plasmid or chromosome.
  • the propionate biosynthesis gene cassette is from Clostridium spp. In one embodiment, the Clostridium spp. is Clostridium propionicum. In another embodiment, the propionate biosynthesis gene cassette is from a
  • the Me gasphaer a spp. is Me gasphaera elsdenii.
  • the propionate biosynthesis gene cassette is from Prevotella spp.
  • the Prevotella spp. is Prevotella ruminicola.
  • Other propionate biosynthesis gene cassettes are well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise the genes pet, led, and acr from Clostridium propionicum. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise acrylate pathway genes for propionate biosynthesis, e.g., pet, IcdA, IcdB, IcdC, et/A, acrB, and acrC. In alternate
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise pyruvate pathway genes for propionate biosynthesis, e.g., thrA ⁇ br , thrB, thrC, ilvA ⁇ aceE, aceF, and Ipd, and optionally further comprise tesB.
  • the genes may be codon-optimized, and translational and transcriptional elements may be added.
  • the pet gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the pet gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the pet gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In one embodiment, the pet gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1. In another embodiment, the pet gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%), or 99%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the pet gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the pet gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the pet gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
  • the IcdA gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In another embodiment, the IcdA gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In one embodiment, the IcdA gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In one embodiment, the IcdA gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2. In another embodiment, the IcdA gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the IcdA gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the IcdA gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In yet another embodiment the IcdA gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
  • the IcdB gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3. In another embodiment, the IcdB gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3. In one embodiment, the IcdB gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3. In one embodiment, the IcdB gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3. In another embodiment, the IcdB gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the IcdB gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the IcdB gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In yet another embodiment the IcdB gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3.
  • the IcdC gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4. In another embodiment, the IcdC gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4. In one embodiment, the IcdC gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4. In one embodiment, the IcdC gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4. In another embodiment, the IcdC gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 4.
  • the IcdA gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the IcdC gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In yet another embodiment the IcdC gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. [0241] In one embodiment, the etfA gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, the etfA gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 5. In one embodiment, the etfA gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 5. In one embodiment, the etfA gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 5. In another embodiment, the etfA gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the etfA gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the etfA gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In yet another embodiment the etfA gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.
  • the acrB gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 6. In another embodiment, the acrB gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 6. In one embodiment, the acrB gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 6. In one embodiment, the acrB gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 6. In another embodiment, the acrB gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the acrB gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the acrB gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In yet another embodiment the acrB gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6.
  • the acrC gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, the acrC gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 7. In one embodiment, the acrC gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 7. In one embodiment, the acrC gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 7. In another embodiment, the acrC gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the acrC gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the acrC gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In yet another embodiment the acrC gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
  • the thrA ⁇ r gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 8. In another embodiment, the thrA ⁇ r gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 8. In one embodiment, the thrA fbr gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 8. In one embodiment, the thrA ⁇ gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 8. In another embodiment, the thrA fbr gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the thrA pr gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the thrA ⁇ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
  • the thrA ⁇ gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8
  • the thrB gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 9. In another embodiment, the thrB gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 9. In one embodiment, the thrB gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 9. In one embodiment, the thrB gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 9. In another embodiment, the thrB gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the thrB gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the thrB gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the thrB gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
  • the thrC gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 10. In another embodiment, the thrC gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 10. In one embodiment, the thrC gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 10. In one embodiment, the thrC gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 10. In another embodiment, the thrC gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the thrC gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the thrC gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10.
  • the thrC gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10
  • the ilvA ⁇ r gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 11. In another embodiment, the ⁇ gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 11. In one embodiment, the ilvA ⁇ r gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 11. In one embodiment, the ilvA fir gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 11. In another embodiment, the ilvA ⁇ ' ' gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the ilvA fir gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the ilvA ⁇ gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the ilvA ⁇ ' ' gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
  • the aceE gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 12. In another embodiment, the aceE gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 12. In one embodiment, the aceE gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 12. In one embodiment, the aceE gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 12. In another embodiment, the aceE gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the aceE gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the aceE gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
  • the aceE gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12
  • the aceF gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 13. In another embodiment, the aceF gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 13. In one embodiment, the aceF gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 13. In one embodiment, the aceF gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 13. In another embodiment, the aceF gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the aceF gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the aceF gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13.
  • the aceF gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13
  • the Ipd gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14. In another embodiment, the Ipd gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14. In one embodiment, the Ipd gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14. In one embodiment, the Ipd gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14. In another embodiment, the Ipd gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the Ipdgene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the Ipd gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the Ipd gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 14.
  • the tesB gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In another embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In one embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In one embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In another embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the tesB gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the tesB gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the tesB gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15
  • the acul gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 16. In another embodiment, the acul gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 16. In one embodiment, the acul gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 16. In one embodiment, the aculgene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 16. In another embodiment, the aculgene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the aculgene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the acul gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
  • the aculgene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16
  • the sbm gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17. In another embodiment, the sbm gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17. In one embodiment, the sbm gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17. In one embodiment, the sbm gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 17. In another embodiment, the sbm gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17.0.
  • the sbm gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 17.
  • the sbm gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17.
  • the sbm gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17
  • the ygfD gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18. In another embodiment, the ygfD gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18. In one embodiment, the ygfD gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18. In one embodiment, the ygfD gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18. In another embodiment, the ygfD gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18..
  • Has ygfD gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • theygfl) gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18.
  • theygfl) gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 18
  • the ygfG gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 19. In another embodiment, the ygfG gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 19. In one embodiment, the ygfG gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 19. In one embodiment, the ygfG gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 19. In another embodiment, the ygfG gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 19..
  • theyg/G gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the ygfG gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19.
  • the ygfG gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 19
  • the ygfH gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 20. In another embodiment, the ygfH gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 20. In one embodiment, the ygfH gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 20. In one embodiment, the ygfH gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 20. In another embodiment, the ygfH gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 20..
  • the ygfH gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 20.
  • the ygfH gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20.
  • the ygfH gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 20
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52. In another embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 85% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52. In one embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 90% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 95% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52. In another embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria comprise the sequence of one or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria consist of or or more of SEQ ID NO: 27 through SEQ ID NO: 52
  • one or more of the propionate biosynthesis genes is a synthetic propionate biosynthesis gene. In some embodiments, one or more of the propionate biosynthesis genes is an E. coli propionate biosynthesis gene. In some embodiments, one or more of the propionate biosynthesis genes is a C. glutamicum propionate biosynthesis gene. In some embodiments, one or more of the propionate biosynthesis genes is a C. propionicum propionate biosynthesis gene. In some embodiments, one or more of the propionate biosynthesis genes is a R sphaeroides propionate biosynthesis gene.
  • the propionate gene cassette may comprise genes for the aerobic biosynthesis of propionate and/or genes for the anaerobic or microaerobic biosynthesis of propionate.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a combination of propionate biosynthesis genes from different species, strains, and/or substrains of bacteria, and are capable of producing propionate.
  • one or more of the propionate biosynthesis genes is functionally replaced, modified, and/or mutated in order to enhance stability and/or increase propionate production.
  • the local production of propionate reduces food intake and ameliorates metabolic disease (Lin et al, 2012).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of expressing the propionate biosynthesis cassette and producing propionate in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • the propionate gene cassette is directly operably linked to a first promoter. In another embodiment, the propionate gene cassette is indirectly operably linked to a first promoter. In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the propionate gene cassette in nature.
  • the propionate gene cassette is expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter. In another embodiment, the propionate gene cassette is expressed under the control of an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the propionate gene cassette is expressed under the control of a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced by exogenous environmental conditions. In one embodiment, the propionate gene cassette is expressed under the control of a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced by low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions, wherein expression of the propionate gene cassette is activated under low-oxygen or anaerobic environments, such as the environment of the mammalian gut. Inducible promoters are described in more detail infra.
  • the propionate gene cassette may be present on a plasmid or
  • the propionate gene cassette is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In another embodiment, the propionate gene cassette is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the propionate gene cassette is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a propionate gene cassette from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the propionate gene cassette is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell, and a propionate gene cassette from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In yet another embodiment, a native copy of the propionate gene cassette is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a propionate gene cassette from a different species of bacteria is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.
  • the propionate gene cassette is expressed on a low-copy plasmid. In some embodiments, the propionate gene cassette is expressed on a high-copy plasmid. In some embodiments, the high-copy plasmid may be useful for increasing expression of propionate.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise a butyrogenic gene cassette and are capable of producing butyrate under particular exogenous environmental conditions.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria may include any suitable set of butyrogenic genes ⁇ see, e.g., Table 3).
  • Unmodified bacteria comprising butyrate biosynthesis genes are known and include, but are not limited to, Peptoclostridium, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Butyrivibrio,
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise butyrate biosynthesis genes from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise the eight genes of the butyrate biosynthesis pathway from
  • Peptoclostridium difficile e.g., Peptoclostridium difficile strain 630: bcd2, etfB3, etfA3, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk (Aboulnaga et al, 2013) and are capable of producing butyrate.
  • Peptoclostridium difficile strain 630 and strain 1296 are both capable of producing butyrate, but comprise different nucleic acid sequences for etfA3, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a combination of butyrogenic genes from different species, strains, and/or substrains of bacteria and are capable of producing butyrate.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise bcd2, etfB3, etfA3, and thiAl from
  • Peptoclostridium difficile strain 630 and hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk from Peptoclostridium difficile strain 1296.
  • a single gene from Treponema denticola (ter, encoding trans-2-enoynl-CoA reductase) is capable of functionally replacing all three of the bcd2, etfB3, and etfA3 genes from Peptoclostridium difficile.
  • a butyrogenic gene cassette may comprise thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk from Peptoclostridium difficile and ter from Treponema denticola.
  • a butyrate gene cassette In another example of a butyrate gene cassette, the pbt and buk genes are replaced with tesB (e.g., from E coli).
  • a butyrogenic gene cassette may comprise ter, thiAl, hbd, crt2, and tesB.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of expressing the butyrate biosynthesis cassette and producing butyrate in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • One or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes may be functionally replaced or modified, e.g., codon optimized.
  • additional genes may be mutated or knocked out, to further increase the levels of butyrate production.
  • Production under anaerobic conditions depends on endogenous NADH pools. Therefore, the flux through the butyrate pathway may be enhanced by eliminating competing routes for NADH utilization.
  • Non-limiting examples of such competing routes are frdA (converts phosphoenolpyruvate to succinate), ldhA (converts pyruvate to lactate) and adhE (converts Acetyl-CoA to Ethanol).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria further comprise mutations and/or deletions in one or more of firdA, ldhA, and adhE.
  • Table 6 depicts the nucleic acid sequences of exemplary genes in exemplary butyrate biosynthesis gene cassettes.
  • SEQ ID NO: 65 AEVKAGAKAPKNVLVLGCSNGYGLASRITAAFGYGA
  • SEQ ID NO: 70 SEEIGKYEKVSDQFEFRKQVIEEALKEGGVKTSELD
  • the gene products of the bcd2, etfAS, and etfB3 genes in Clostridium difficile form a complex that converts crotonyl-CoA to butyryl-CoA, which may function as an oxygen-dependent co-oxidant.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention are designed to produce butyrate in a microaerobic or oxygen-limited environment, e.g., the mammalian gut, oxygen dependence could have a negative effect on butyrate production in the gut.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a ter gene, e.g., from Treponema denticola, which can functionally replace all three of the bcd2, etfB3, and et/A3 genes, e.g., from Peptoclostridium difficile.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk, e.g., from Peptoclostridium difficile, and ter, e.g., from Treponema denticola, and produce butyrate in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites , in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk, e.g., from Peptoclostridium difficile; ter, e.g., from Treponema denticola; one or more of bcdl, etfB3, and etfA3, e.g., from Peptoclostridium difficile; and produce butyrate in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites , in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • one or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes is functionally replaced, modified, and/or mutated in order to enhance stability and/or increase butyrate production in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • the gene products of pbt and buk convert butyrylCoA to Butyrate.
  • the pbt and buk genes can be replaced by a tesB gene. tesB can be used to cleave off the CoA from butyryl-coA.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise bcdl, etfB3, etfA3, thiAl, hbd, andcrtl, e.g., from
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise ter gene (encoding Zram , -2-enoynl-CoA reductase) e.g., from Treponema denticola, thiAl, hbd, crt2, pbt, and buk, e.g., from Peptoclostridium difficile, and tesB from E.
  • Coli and produce butyrate in low-oxygen conditions,in the presence of specific molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • one or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes is functionally replaced, modified, and/or mutated in order to enhance stability and/or increase butyrate production in low-oxygen conditions or in the presence of specific molecules or metabolites, or molecules or metabolites associated with hunger, appetite, craving, obesity, metablic syndrome, insulin resistance, liver damage, or other condition(s) such as inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • the local production of butyrate induces the differentiation of regulatory T cells in the gut and/or promotes the barrier function of colonic epithelial cells.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise genes for aerobic butyrate biosynthesis and/or genes for anaerobic or microaerobic butyrate biosynthesis.
  • the local production of butyrate protects against diet-induced obesity (Lin et al, 2012). In some embodiments, the local production of butyrate protects against diet-induced obesity without causing decreased food intake (Lin et al., 2012). In some embodiments, local butyrate production reduces gut inflammation, a symptom of metabolic disease.
  • the bcd2 gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 53. In another embodiment, the bcd2 gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 53. In one embodiment, the bcd2 gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 53. In one embodiment, the bcd2 gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 53. In another embodiment, the bcd2 gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 53.
  • the bcd2 gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 53.
  • the bcd2 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53.
  • the bcd2 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 53
  • the etfB3 gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 54. In another embodiment, the etfB3 gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 54. In one embodiment, the etfB3 gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 54. In one embodiment, the ⁇ 3 gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 54. In another embodiment, the etj 3 gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the etjB3 gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the etfB3 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the etfB3 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54.
  • the et/A3 gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 55. In another embodiment, the et/A3 gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 55. In one embodiment, the et/A3 gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 55. In one embodiment, the et/A3 gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 55. In another embodiment, the et/A3 gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 55.
  • the et/A3 gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 55.
  • the et/A3 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55.
  • the et/A3 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55.
  • the thiAl gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 56. In another embodiment, the thiAl gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 56. In one embodiment, the thiAl gene has at least about 90%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 56. In one embodiment, the thiAl gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 56. In another embodiment, the thiAl gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 56.
  • the thiAl gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 56.
  • the thiAl gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56.
  • the thiAl gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 56.
  • the hbd gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 57. In another embodiment, the hbd gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 57. In one embodiment, the hbd gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 57. In one embodiment, the hbd gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 57. In another embodiment, the hbd gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 57.
  • the hbd gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 57.
  • the hbd gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57.
  • the hbd gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 57.
  • the crt2 gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 58. In another embodiment, the crt2 gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 58. In one embodiment, the crt2 gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 58. In one embodiment, the crt2 gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 58. In another embodiment, the crt2 gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 58.
  • the crt2 gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 58.
  • the crt2 gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.
  • the crt2 gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58
  • the pbt gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 59. In another embodiment, the pbt gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 59. In one embodiment, the pbt gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 59. In one embodiment, the pbt gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 59. In another embodiment, the pbt gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 59.
  • the pbt gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the pbt gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59. In yet another embodiment the pbt gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59.
  • the buk gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 60. In another embodiment, the buk gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 60. In one embodiment, the buk gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 60. In one embodiment, the buk gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 60. In another embodiment, the buk gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 60.
  • the buk gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 60.
  • the buk gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO:
  • the buk gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60
  • the ter gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 61. In another embodiment, the ter gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 61. In one embodiment, the ter gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 61. In one embodiment, the ter gene has at least about 95% identity with SEQ ID NO: 61. In another embodiment, the ter gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 61.
  • the ter gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO:
  • the ter gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. In yet another embodiment the ter gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61.
  • the tesB gene has at least about 80% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In another embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 85% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In one embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 90% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In one embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 95%) identity with SEQ ID NO: 15. In another embodiment, the tesB gene has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the tesB gene has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the tesB gene comprises the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15.
  • the tesB gene consists of the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41. In another embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 85% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 90% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41. In one embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 95% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria comprise the sequence of with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria consist of the sequence of with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41
  • one or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes is a synthetic butyrate biosynthesis gene. In some embodiments, one or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes is a Treponema denticola butyrate biosynthesis gene. In some embodiments, one or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes is a C. glutamicum butyrate biosynthesis gene. In some embodiments, one or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes is a Peptoclostridicum difficile butyrate biosynthesis gene.
  • the butyrate gene cassette may comprise genes for the aerobic biosynthesis of butyrate and/or genes for the anaerobic or microaerobic biosynthesis of butyrate.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a combination of butyrate biosynthesis genes from different species, strains, and/or substrains of bacteria, and are capable of producing butyrate.
  • one or more of the butyrate biosynthesis genes is functionally replaced, modified, and/or mutated in order to enhance stability and/or increase butyrate production.
  • the local production of butyrate reduces food intake and ameliorates metabolic disease (Lin et al, 2012).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of expressing the butyrate biosynthesis cassette and producing butyrate in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • the butyrate gene cassette is directly operably linked to a first promoter. In another embodiment, the butyrate gene cassette is indirectly operably linked to a first promoter. In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the butyrate gene cassette in nature.
  • the butyrate gene cassette is expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter. In another embodiment, the butyrate gene cassette is expressed under the control of an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the butyrate gene cassette is expressed under the control of a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced by exogenous environmental conditions. In one embodiment, the butyrate gene cassette is expressed under the control of a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced by low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions, wherein expression of the butyrate gene cassette is activated under low-oxygen or anaerobic environments, such as the environment of the mammalian gut. Inducible promoters are described in more detail infra.
  • the butyrate gene cassette may be present on a plasmid or chromosome in the bacterial cell.
  • the butyrate gene cassette is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell.
  • the butyrate gene cassette is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.
  • a native copy of the butyrate gene cassette is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a butyrate gene cassette from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell.
  • a native copy of the butyrate gene cassette is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell, and a butyrate gene cassette from a different species of bacteria is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell.
  • a native copy of the butyrate gene cassette is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a butyrate gene cassette from a different species of bacteria is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.
  • the butyrate gene cassette is expressed on a low- copy plasmid. In some embodiments, the butyrate gene cassette is expressed on a high- copy plasmid. In some embodiments, the high-copy plasmid may be useful for increasing expression of butyrate.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise an acetate gene cassette and produce acetate under particular exogenous environmental conditions.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria may include any suitable set of acetate biosynthesis genes. Unmodified bacteria comprising acetate biosynthesis genes are known in the art and are capable of consuming various substrates to produce acetate under aerobic and/or anaerobic conditions (see, e.g., Ragsdale et al, 2008).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention comprise acetate biosynthesis genes from a different species, strain, or substrain of bacteria.
  • the native acetate biosynthesis genes in the genetically engineered bacteria are enhanced.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise aerobic acetate biosynthesis genes, e.g., from Escherichia coli. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise anaerobic acetate biosynthesis genes, e.g., from Acetitomaculum, Acetoanaerobium, Acetohalobium, Acetonema, Balutia, Butyribacterium, Clostridium, Moorella, Oxobacter, Sporomusa, and/or Thermoacetogenium. The genetically engineered bacteria may comprise genes for aerobic acetate biosynthesis or genes for anaerobic or microaerobic acetate biosynthesis.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise both aerobic and anaerobic or microaerobic acetate biosynthesis genes. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a combination of acetate biosynthesis genes from different species, strains, and/or substrains of bacteria, and are capable of producing acetate. In some embodiments, one or more of the acetate biosynthesis genes is functionally replaced, modified, and/or mutated in order to enhance stability and/or acetate production.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of expressing the acetate biosynthesis cassette and producing acetate in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of producing an alternate short-chain fatty acid.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention are capable of producing GLP-1 or proglucagon.
  • GLP-1 and several other insulin and satiety regulating peptides result from cleaved of preproglucagon.
  • Preproglucagon is proteolytically cleaved in a tissue-specific manner. Post-translational processing in the gut and brain by prohormone convertases results in the secretion of GLP-1 and GLP-2, while the glucagon sequence remains in a larger peptide, glicentin or glicentin-related pancreatic peptide (GRPP) and oxyntomodulin.
  • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is produced by intestinal cells, e.g., ileal L cells, and is capable of stimulating insulin secretion and the differentiation of insulin-secreting cells and inhibiting glucagon secretion. GLP-1 is capable of restoring glucose sensitivity and increasing satiety.
  • Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) is also used to treat those suffering from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by reducing the degree of lipotoxic metabolites, proinflammatory substrate, and hepatic lipid deposition.
  • Glucagon-like peptide 1 is well known to those of skill in the art.
  • glucagon-like peptide 1 has been used to stimulate insulin secretion in the treatment of type-two diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). See, for example, Armstrong, et al., J.
  • Proteolytic cleavage of proglucagon produces GLP-1 and GLP-2.
  • GLP-1 adminstration has therapeutic potential in treating type 2 diabetes (Gallwitz et al, 2000).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria may comprise any suitable gene encoding GLP-1 or proglucagon, e.g., human GLP-1 or proglucagon.
  • a protease inhibitor e.g. , an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase
  • the genetically engineered bacteria express a degradation resistant GLP-1 analog (see, e.g., Gallwitz et al , 2000).
  • the gene encoding GLP-1 or proglucagon is modified and/or mutated, e.g., to enhance stability, increase GLP-1 production, and/or increase metabolic disease attenuation potency.
  • the local production of GLP-1 induces insulin secretion and/or differentiation of insulin-secreting cells.
  • the local production of GLP-1 produces satiety in a subject and ameliorates obesity.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of expressing GLP- 1 or proglucagon in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • GLP1 (1-37) codon optimized for expression GACGAGTTCGAACGCCACGCGG in E. coli.
  • AGGGAACTTTCACTTCTGATGT (1-37) codon optimized for expression GACGAGTTCGAACGCCACGCGG in E. coli.
  • the circulating active form of GLP-1 is GLP-l(7-37), which has a very short biological half-life of the order of just a few minutes in blood.
  • the relatively low stability of GLP-1 (3-5 min) has significantly limited its clinical utility because of the rapid degradation catalyzed by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), but also other enzymes such as neutral endopeptidase (NEP), plasma kallikrein or plasmin.
  • DPP-IV dipeptidyl peptidase IV
  • NEP neutral endopeptidase
  • One strategy to prolong in vivo half-life is stabilization towards degradation by DPPIV, which preferably cleaves N-terminal Xaa-Pro or Xaa-Ala dipeptide sequences.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a cassette encoding GLP-1 fragment or variant, in which the DPP-IV is mutated, such that it can no longer be cleaved by the enzyme.
  • GLP-1 is released in a tissue specific manner, though post-translational processing of pre-pro-glucagon, from the neuroendocrine L-cells predominantly in two forms, GLP-1 (7-36) amide, which constitutes approximately 80% of circulating GLP- 1, and GLP-1 (7-37) amide.
  • GLP-1 (1-36 amide) is predominantly secreted in the pancreas, whereas GLP-1 (1-37) is secreted in the ileum and hypothalamus.
  • full length GLP-1 -(1-37) is produced in much smaller amounts.
  • This full-length form of GLP-l(l-37) was previously thought to be inactive, but was found to stimulate rat intestinal epithelial cells to become glucose-responsive insulin-secreting cells, i.e., full length GLP-1 could convert intestinal epithelial progenitors in the small intestine into insulin-producing cells (Suzuki et al., Glucagon- like peptide 1 (1-37) converts intestinal epithelial cells into insulin-producing cells; Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003 Apr 29; 100(9): 5034-5039).
  • GLP-1 (1-37) produced endogenously likely are not sufficient for these effects
  • secretion of large amounts of GLP-1, e.g., by the genetically engineered bacteria are likely sufficient to alter a balance in the developmental environment of the intestinal epithelia, leading to the induction of insulin-producing cells from intestinal epithelial progenitors.
  • secretion of full-length GLP-1 by the genetically engineered bacteria of the disclosure is a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a number of diseases related to dysregulation of insulin production and/or secretion, including diabetes.
  • GLP-1 analogs which exhibit extended stability in serum, have become important in the clinic.
  • Exendin-4 a peptide produced in the salivary glands of the Gila monster (Heloderma suspectum), possesses similar glucose regulatory function to the human GLP-1 peptide.
  • the second amino acid is a Gly rendering it resistant to DPPIV mediated degradation.
  • the Leu21-Ser39 span of exendin-4 forms a compact tertiary fold (the Trp-cage) which shields the side chain of Trp25 from solvent exposure, leading to enhanced helicity and stability of the peptide (see Lorenz et al. for review).
  • Exenatide BID is a synthetic version of exendin-4, represents the first GLP-1 RA approved in 2005 as antidiabetic therapy for the treatment of T2DM. Following the FDA approval of exendin-4, liraglutide and albiglutide, which are long-acting GLP-1 analogs using palmitic acid conjugation and albumin fusion, respectively, were approved. Many other strategies have also been employed to achieve long-acting activity of GLP-1, including dimerization, intra-molecular conjugation, and additional variant positive charged amino acids on the N terminus. Table 10 lists non- limiting examples of GLP-1R agonists.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene encoding Exenatide. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene encoding Liraglutide. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene encoding
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene encoding Albiglutide. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene encoding Dulaglutide. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene encoding Taspoglutide. In some embodiments, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene encoding Semaglutide.
  • Liraglutide HAEGTFTSDVSSYLEG a close structural homolog to SEQ ID NO: 84 QAAKEEFIIAWLVKGR GLP-l(7-37) with 97%
  • Lys in position 34 is substituted by Arg and a palmitic acid is conjugated to Lys in position 26 via a glutamate spacer
  • HGEGTFTSDVSSYLEG two copies of GLP-1 are SEQ ID NO: 86 QAAKEFIAWLVKGRH fused as tandem repeat to the
  • GEGTFTSDVSSYLEGQ N-terminus of albumin N-terminus of albumin.
  • SEQ ID NO: 87 QAAKEFIAWLVKGGG protein which consists of
  • NQVSLTCLVKGFYPSD (Ala8 ⁇ Gly, Gly26 ⁇ Glu,
  • Lys ⁇ Aib-Arg ⁇ NH 2 position 8 and 35 in order to avoid degradation by DPPIV, but also by other serine proteases such as plasma kallikrein and plasmin.
  • GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 stimulates the rate of insulin secretion in the body. In one embodiment, GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 inhibits and lowers plasma glucose produced in the body. In one embodiment, GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 decreases the level of lipotoxic metabolites in the body. In one embodiment, GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 decreases the degree of pro-inflammatory substrate in the body. In one embodiment, GLP-1 decreases the level of insulin resistance (IR) in the body.
  • IR insulin resistance
  • GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 decreases the level of hepatic lipid deposition in the body.
  • Methods for measuring the insulin secretion rates and glucose levels are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, blood samples taken periodically, and standard statistical analysis methods may be used to determine the insulin secretion rates and plasma glucose levels in a subject.
  • GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 may be expressed or modified in bacteria of this disclosure in order to enhance insulin stimulation and reduce plasma glucose levels in subjects having liver disease, such as NASH. Specifically, when GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 is expressed in the engineered bacterial cells of the disclosure, the expressed GLP-1 and/or a GLP-IR agonist of Table 10 will reduce the degree of lipotoxic metabolites, pro-inflammatory substrate, and hepatic lipid deposition in the subject.
  • GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 may be expressed or modified in bacteria of this disclosure in order to enhance insulin stimulation and reduce plasma glucose levels in subjects having type two diabetes, obesity, and/or metabolic syndrome, or metabolic syndrome related disorders, including cardiovascular disorders, and obesity in a subject.
  • the bacterial cell comprises one or more genes encoding a GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10.
  • the disclosure provides a bacterial cell that comprises a heterologous gene encoding a glucagon-like peptide 1 operably linked to a first promoter.
  • the first promoter is an inducible promoter.
  • the bacterial cell comprises at least one, two, three, four, five, or six copies of a gene encoding a glucagon-like peptide 1.
  • the bacterial cell comprises multiple copies of a gene or genes encoding a glucagon-like peptide 1.
  • the glucagon-like peptide 1 is encoded by a gene derived from a bacterial species. In some embodiments, a glucagon- like peptide 1 is encoded by a gene derived from a non-bacterial species. In some embodiments, a glucagon-like peptide 1 is encoded by a gene derived from a eukaryotic species, e.g. homo sapiens.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed in an organism of the genus or species that includes, but is not limited to, Lactobacillus spp., such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus brevis, or Lactobacillus gasseri; Bifidobacterium spp., such as Bifidobacterium longum; Bacillus spp., such as Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus lentus, Bacillus brevis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus alkalophilus, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus lautus; and Streptomyces spp., such as
  • the gene encoding the GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 has been codon-optimized for use in the engineered bacterial cell.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 has been codon- optimized for use in Escherichia coli.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 has been codon-optimized for use in Lactococcus.
  • the bacterial cells express more GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions (e.g., culture or environmental conditions).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding a GLP-1 and/or a GLP- 1R agonist of Table 10 may be used to express more GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 to treat liver disease, such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, type two diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and metabolic syndrome related disorders, including cardiovascular disorders and obesity in a subject.
  • Assays for testing the activity of a GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 or a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • glucose and insulin levels can be assessed by drawing plasma samples from subjects previously administered intravenous infusions of the glucagon- like peptide 1 as described in Kjems, et al., Diabetes, 52:380-386 (2003), the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Briefly, plasma samples from a subject are treated with heparin and sodium fluoride, centrifuged, and plasma glucose levels measured by a glucose oxidase technique.
  • the plasma insulin concentrations are measured by a two-site insulin enzyme linked immunosorbent method.
  • baby hamster kidney cells can be used to assay structure-activity relationships of glucagon-like peptide 1 derivatives (see, for example, Knudsen et al., J. Med. Chem., 43 : 1664-1669 (2000), the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference).
  • the present disclosure encompasses genes encoding a GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 comprising amino acids in its sequence that are substantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein.
  • the gene encoding a GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased activity are selected; and the mutagenized gene encoding the GLP-1 and/or a GLP-1R agonist of Table 10 is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell of the disclosure.
  • the gene comprising the modifications described herein may be present on a plasmid or chromosome.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is from Homo sapiens. In one embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is from Lactobacillus spp. In one embodiment, the Lacotbacillus spp. is Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, Lactobacillus plantarum 80, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533, Lactobacillus johnsonii 100-100, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM ATCC700396, Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367, Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323, or Lactobacillus acidophilus. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is from a Bifidobacterium spp. In one embodiment, the Bifidobacterium spp. is
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is from Bacillus spp.
  • Bacillus spp is Bacillus subtilis, or Bacillus licheniformis, or Bacillus lentus, or Bacillus brevis, or Bacillus stearothermophilus, or Bacillus alkalophilus, or Bacillus
  • amyloliquefaciens or Bacillus coagulans, or Bacillus circulans, or Bacillus lautus.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is from
  • Streptomyces spp. In one embodiment, the Streptomyces spp. is Streptomyces lividans.
  • Other genes encoding glucagon-like peptide 1 are well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art and described in, for example, MacDonald, et al, Diabetes, 51(supp. 3):S434-S442 (2002) and WO 1995/017510.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 has at least about 80% identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 or SEQ ID NO: 72. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 has at least about 85% identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 or SEQ ID NO: 72. In one embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 has at least about 90% identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 or SEQ ID NO: 72.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 has at least about 95% identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 or SEQ ID NO: 72. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon- like peptide 1 has at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 or SEQ ID NO: 72.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 has at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%), 97%), 98%), or 99% identity with a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO:40.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 or SEQ ID NO: 72.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 consists of a nucleic acid sequence encoding SEQ ID NO: 71 or SEQ ID NO: 72.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is directly operably linked to a first promoter. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is indirectly operably linked to a first promoter. In one embodiment, the promoter is not operably linked with the gene encoding the glucagon- like peptide 1 in nature.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed under the control of a constitutive promoter. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed under the control of an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed under the control of a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced by exogenous environmental conditions.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed under the control of a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced by low-oxygen or anaerobic conditions, wherein expression of the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is activated under low-oxygen or anaerobic environments, such as the environment of the mammalian gut.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed under the control of a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • a promoter that is directly or indirectly induced in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • Inducible promoters are described in more detail infra.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 may be present on a plasmid or chromosome in the bacterial cell. In one embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is located in the
  • a native copy of the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a second gene encoding a second glucagon-like peptide 1 is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell.
  • a native copy of the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell, and a second gene encoding a second glucagon-like peptide 1 is located on a plasmid in the bacterial cell.
  • a native copy of the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell, and a second gene encoding a second glucagon-like peptide 1 is located in the chromosome of the bacterial cell.
  • the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed on a low-copy plasmid. In some embodiments, the gene encoding the glucagon-like peptide 1 is expressed on a high-copy plasmid. In some embodiments, the high-copy plasmid may be useful for increasing expression of the glucagon-like peptide 1, thereby reducing the degree of lipotoxic metabolites, pro-inflammatory substrate, and hepatic lipid deposition prevalent to those suffering from non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding GLP-1 (1-37), or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 73. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding GLP-1 (1-37) H->M substitution), or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 74. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding GLP-1 -(7-37), or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 75. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding GLP-1 -(7-36), or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 76.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding glucagon preproprotein ( P 002045.1), or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Proglucagon, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 78. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Glucagon, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 79.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Glicentin), or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 80 In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Glicentin related peptide), or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 81. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Oxyntomodulin. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 82.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 73 through SEQ ID NO: 82. In another embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 85% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 73 through SEQ ID NO: 82. In one embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 90% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 73 through SEQ ID NO: 82.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 95% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 73 through SEQ ID NO: 82. In another embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 73 through SEQ ID NO: 82.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 62 through SEQ ID NO: 70, and SEQ ID NO: 41
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria comprise the sequence of with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 73 through SEQ ID NO: 82.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the butyrate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria consist of the sequence of with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 73 through SEQ ID NO: 82.
  • the pro-glucagon derived polypeptides, GLP-1 polypeptides, GLP-1 analogs described herein, and functional variants or fragments thereof are secreted.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise one or more cassettes encoding pro-glucagon derived polypeptides, GLP-1 polypeptides, GLP-1 analogs, and/or functional variants or fragments and a secretion gene cassette and/or mutations generating a leaky phenotype.
  • a flagellar type III secretion pathway is used to secrete pro-glucagon derived
  • GLP-1 polypeptides polypeptides, GLP-1 polypeptides, and/or GLP-1 analogs described herein.
  • a Type V Autotransporter Secretion System is used to secrete pro-glucagon derived polypeptides, GLP-1 polypeptides, and/or GLP-1 analogs described herein.
  • a Hemolysin-based Secretion System is used to secrete the pro-glucagon derived polypeptides, GLP-1 polypeptides, and/or GLP-1 analogs described herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria expressing the pro-glucagon derived polypeptides, GLP-1 polypeptides, and/or GLP-1 analogs described herein further comprise a non-native single membrane-spanning secretion system. As described herein.
  • the engineered bacteria expressing the pro-glucagon derived polypeptides, GLP-1 polypeptides, and/or GLP-1 analogs described herein have one or more deleted or mutated membrane genes to generate a leaky phenotype as described herein.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Exenatide, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 83
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Liraglutide, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 84. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Lixisenatide, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 85. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Albiglutide, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 86.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Dulaglutide, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 87. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Taspoglutide, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 88. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding Semaglutide, or a functional fragment or variant thereof. In one embodiment, the genetically engineered bacteria comprise a gene cassette encoding SEQ ID NO: 89
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89. In another embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 85% identity with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89. In one embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 90% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 95% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89. In another embodiment, one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria have at least about 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, or 99% identity with with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria comprise the sequence of with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • one or more polypeptides encoded by the propionate circuits and expressed by the genetically engineered bacteria consist of the sequence of with one or more of SEQ ID NO: 83 through SEQ ID NO: 89.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria of the invention are capable of producing GLP-2 or proglucagon.
  • Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is produced by intestinal endocrine cells and stimulates intestinal growth and enhances gut barrier function (Yazbeck et al, 2009). Obesity is associated with systemic inflammation and intestinal permeability, and commensal bacteria that produce GLP-2 may ameliorate those symptoms of the metabolic disease (Musso et al, 2010).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria may comprise any suitable gene encoding GLP-2 or proglucagon, e.g., human GLP-2 or proglucagon.
  • a protease inhibitor e.g., an inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase
  • the genetically engineered bacteria express a degradation resistant GLP-2 analog, e.g., Teduglutide (Yazbeck et al, 2009).
  • the gene encoding GLP-2 or proglucagon is modified and/or mutated, e.g., to enhance stability, increase GLP-2 production, and/or increase gut barrier enhancing potency.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria are capable of expressing GLP-2 or proglucagon in low-oxygen conditions, in the presence of certain molecules or metabolites, in the presence of molecules or metabolites associated with liver damage, inflammation or an inflammatory response, or in the presence of some other metabolite that may or may not be present in the gut, such as arabinose.
  • Bile salts are cholesterol derivatives synthesized in the liver which comprise a steroid ring component conjugated with either taurine (taurocholic acid; TCA) or glycine (glycochenodeoxycholic acid; GCDCA). Bile salts act as signaling molecules to regulate systemic endocrine functions, including triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose homeostasis (Houten et al, EMBO J, 25: 1419- 1425 (2006) and Watanabe et al, Nature, 439:484-489 (2006)).
  • bile acids trigger cellular farnesoid X receptor (FXR)- and G-protein coupled receptor (TGR4)- mediated host responses.
  • FXR farnesoid X receptor
  • TGR4 G-protein coupled receptor
  • bile salts have been shown to facilitate lipid absorption and repress bacterial cell growth in the small intestine, thereby influencing both host metabolic pathways and the microflora present in the gut (Jones et al, PNAS, 105(36): 13580-13585 (2008) and Ridlon et al., J. Lipid Research, 47(2):241-259 (2006)).
  • Bile salts are stored in the gallbladder and then subsequently released into the duodenum via the common bile duct.
  • BSH microbial bile salt hydrolase
  • chenodeoxycholic acid In the gut, bile acids are reabsorbed within the terminal ileum, while non-reabsorbed bile acids enter the large intestine. Once in the large intestine, bile acids are amenable to further modification by microbial 7a- dehydroxylase enzymes to yield secondary bile acids, such as deoxycholic acid (DCA) and Hthocholic acid (LCA) (Joyce et al, Gut Microbes, 5(5):669-674 (2014); Bhowmik et al, Accepted Article, doi: 10.1002/prot.24971 (2015); see also Figure 1).
  • DCA deoxycholic acid
  • LCDA Hthocholic acid
  • bile salt metabolism is involved in host physiology (Ridlon et al, Current Opinion Gastroenterol, 30(3):332 (2014) and Jones et al, 2008).
  • bile salt hydrolase enzymes functionally regulate host lipid metabolism and play a role in cholesterol metabolism and transport, circadian rhythm, gut homeostasis/barrier function, weight gain, adiposity, and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in the host (Joyce et al, PNAS, l l l(20):7421-7426 (2014); Zhou and Hylemon, Steroids, 86:62-68, (2014); Mitchell et al, Expert Opinion Biolog. Therapy, 13(5):631-642 (2013); and W014/198857, the entire contents of each of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference).
  • bile salt hydrolase-expressing bacteria have been shown to upregulate the ATP binding cassette Al (ABCAl), the ATP binding cassette Gl (ABCGl), the ATP binding cassette G5/G8 (ABCG5/G8), cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1), and liver X receptor (LXR), and to downregulate farnesoid X receptor (FXR), Niemann-Pick Cl-like 1 ( PC1L1), and small heterodimer partner (SUP), which impacts cholesterol efflux, plasma HDL-C levels, biliary excretion, cholesterol catabolism, bile acid synthesis, cholesterol levels, and decreased intestinal cholesterol absorption, among other effects (Mitchel et al (2014) and Zhou and Hylemon (2014)).
  • bile salt hydrolase activity has been shown to impact bile detoxification, gastrointestinal persistence, nutrition, membrane alterations, altered digestive functions (lipid malabsorption, weight loss), cholesterol lowering, cancer, and formation of gallstones (see Begley et al, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72(3): 1729-1738 (2006)).
  • a Clostridium scindens bacterium expressing a 7a-dehydroxylase enzyme has been shown to produce resistance to C.
  • bile salt or “conjugated bile acid” refers to a cholesterol derivative that is synthesized in the liver and consists of a steroid ring component that is conjugated with either glycine (glycochenodeoxycholic acid;
  • Bile salts are stored in the gallbladder and then subsequently released into the duodenum. Bile salts act as signaling molecules to regulate systemic endocrine functions including triglyceride, cholesterol, and glucose homeostasis, and also facilitate lipid absorption. In the small intestine, microbial bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes remove the glycine or taurine molecules to produce bile acids.
  • BSH microbial bile salt hydrolase
  • bile acid or “unconjugated bile acid” refers to cholic acid (CA) or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA).
  • CA cholic acid
  • DAA deoxycholic acid
  • LCA lithocholic acid
  • the term "catabolism” refers to the processing, breakdown and/or degradation of a metabolite or a complex molecule, such as tryptophan or a bile salt, into compounds that are non-toxic or which can be utilized by the bacterial cell or can be exported inot the extracellular environment, where these compounds may function as effectors.
  • the term “bile salt catabolism” refers to the processing, breakdown, and/or degradation of bile salts into unconjugated bile acid(s).
  • “abnormal catabolism” refers to any condition(s), disorder(s), disease(s), predisposition(s), and/or genetic mutations(s) that result in increased levels of bile salts.
  • "abnormal catabolism” refers to an inability and/or decreased capacity of a cell, organ, and/or system to process, degrade, and/or secrete bile salts. In healthy adult humans, 600 mg of bile salts are secreted daily.
  • said inability or decreased capacity of a cell, organ, and/or system to process and/or degrade bile salts is caused by the decreased endogenous deconjugation of bile salts, e.g., decreased endogenous deconjugation of bile salts into bile acids by the intestinal microbiota in the gut.
  • the inability or decreased capacity of a cell, organ, and/or system to process and/or degrade bile salts results from a decrease in the number of or activity of intestinal bile salt hydrolase (BSH)-producing microorganisms.
  • BSH intestinal bile salt hydrolase
  • a "disease associated with bile salts" or a “disorder associated with bile salts” is a disease or disorder involving the abnormal, e.g., increased, levels of bile salts in a subject.
  • a disease or disorder associated with bile salts is a disease or disorder wherein a subject exhibits normal levels of bile salts, but wherein the subject would benefit from decreased levels of bile salts.
  • Bile salts function to solubilize dietary fat and enable its absorption into host circulation, and healthy adult humans secrete about 600 mg of bile salts daily through the stool.
  • a subject having a disease or disorder associated with bile salts secretes about 600 mg of bile salts in their stool daily.
  • a subject having a disease or disorder associated with bile salts secretes more than 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg, 900 mg, or 1 g of bile salts in their stool daily.
  • a disease or disorder associated with bile salts is a cardiovascular disease.
  • a disease or disorder associated with bile salts is a metabolic disease.
  • a disease or disorder associated with bile salts is a liver disease, such as cirrhosis, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), or progressive familialintrahepatic cholestasis type 2 (PFIC2).
  • NASH nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
  • PFIC2 progressive familialintrahepatic cholestasis type 2
  • cardiovascular disease or “cardiovascular disorder” are terms used to classify numerous conditions affecting the heart, heart valves, and vasculature (e.g., veins and arteries) of the body, and encompasses diseases and conditions including, but not limited to hypercholesterolemia, diabetic dyslipidemia, hypertension, arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, angina, congestive heart failure, aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, iliac or femoral aneurysm, pulmonary embolism, primary hypertension, atrial fibrillation, stroke, transient ischemic attack, systolic dysfunction, diastolic dysfunction, myocarditis, atrial tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, endocarditis, arteriopathy, vasculitis, atherosclerotic plaque, vulnerable plaque, acute coronary syndrome, acute ischemic attack, sudden cardiac
  • metabolic disease or “metabolic disorder” refer to diseases caused by lipid and cholesterol metabolic pathways that are regulated by or affected by bile salts and bile acids.
  • cholesterol metabolic diseases and disorders include diabetes (including Type 1 diabetes, Type 2 diabetes, and maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY)), obesity, weight gain, gallstones,
  • hypertriglyceridemia hyperfattyacidemia, and hyperinsulinemia.
  • Bile salt hydrolase enzyme refers to an enzyme involved in the cleavage of the amino acid sidechain of glycol- or tauro- conjugated bile acids to generate unconjugated bile acids ( Figure 2).
  • Bile salt hydrolase (BSH) enzymes are well known to those of skill in the art. For example, bile salt hydrolase activity has been detected in Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus spp., Clostridum spp., Bacteroides spp., Methanobrevibacter spp., and Listeria spp.
  • the bacterial cells described herein comprise a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme and are capable of deconjugating bile salts into unconjugated bile acids (see Figures 1 and 2).
  • the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the rate of bile salt catabolism in the cell. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme decreases the level of bile salts in the cell or in the subject. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme decreases the level of taurocholic acid (TCA) in the cell or in the subject. In one embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme decreases the level of glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) in the cell or in the subject.
  • TCA taurocholic acid
  • GCDCA glycochenodeoxycholic acid
  • the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the level of bile acids in the cell or in the subject as compared to the level of bile salts in the cell or in the subject. In another embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the level of cholic acid (CA) in the cell. In another embodiment, the bile salt hydrolase enzyme increases the level of chenodeoxy cholic acid (CDC A) in the cell.
  • CA cholic acid
  • CDC A chenodeoxy cholic acid
  • Enzymes involved in the catabolism of bile salts may be expressed or modified in the bacteria of the disclosure in order to enhance catabolism of bile salts. Specifically, when a bile salt hydrolase enzyme is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells of the disclosure, the bacterial cells convert more bile salts into unconjugated bile acids when the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions.
  • a bile salt hydrolase enzyme when expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells of the disclosure, the bacterial cells convert more bile salts, such as TCA or GCDCA, into CA and CDCA when the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is expressed than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions.
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme can catabolize bile salts to treat disorders associated with bile salts, including cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, liver disease, such as cirrhosis or NASH, gastrointestinal cancers, and C. difficile infection.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme.
  • the disclosure provides a bacterial cell that comprises a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme operably linked to a first promoter.
  • the first promoter is an inducible promoter.
  • the bacterial cell comprises a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme from a different organism, e.g., a different species of bacteria.
  • the bacterial cell comprises more than one copy of a native gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme.
  • the bacterial cell comprises at least one native gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme, as well as at least one copy of a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme from a different organism, e.g., a different species of bacteria.
  • the bacterial cell comprises at least one, two, three, four, five, or six copies of a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme.
  • the bacterial cell comprises multiple copies of a gene or genes encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme.
  • bile salt hydrolase enzyme is encoded by a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme derived from a bacterial species.
  • a bile salt hydrolase enzyme is encoded by a gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme derived from a non-bacterial species.
  • a bile salt hydrolase enzyme is encoded by a gene derived from a eukaryotic species, e.g., a fungi.
  • the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is derived from an organism of the genus or species that includes, but is not limited to, Lactobacillus spp., such as Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus brevis, or Lactobacillus gasseri; Bifidobacterium spp., such as
  • Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium bifidum, or Bifidobacterium adolescentis Bacteroides spp., such as Bacteroides fragilis or Bacteroides vlugatus; Clostridium spp., such as Clostridium perfringens; Listeria spp., such as Listeria monocytogenes, Enterococcus spp., such as Enter ococcus faecium or Enter ococcus faecalis; Brucella spp., such as Brucella abortus; Methanobrevibacter spp., such as Methanobrevibacter smithii, Staphylococcus spp., such as Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium spp., such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis; Salmonella spp., such as Salmonella enterica; Listeria spp., such as List
  • the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme has been codon-optimized for use in the recombinant bacterial cell. In one embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme has been codon-optimized for use in Escherichia coli. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme has been codon-optimized for use in Lactococcus. When the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is expressed in the recombinant bacterial cells, the bacterial cells catabolize more bile salt than unmodified bacteria of the same bacterial subtype under the same conditions (e.g., culture or environmental conditions).
  • the genetically engineered bacteria comprising a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme may be used to catabolize excess bile salts to treat a disorder associated with bile salts, such as cardiovascular disease, metabolic disease, liver disease, such as cirrhosis or NASH.
  • the present disclosure further comprises genes encoding functional fragments of a bile salt hydrolase enzyme or functional variants of a bile salt hydrolase enzyme.
  • the term "functional fragment thereof or "functional variant thereof of a bile salt hydrolase enzyme relates to an element having qualitative biological activity in common with the wild-type bile salt hydrolase enzyme from which the fragment or variant was derived.
  • a functional fragment or a functional variant of a mutated bile salt hydrolase enzyme is one which retains essentially the same ability to catabolize bile salts as the bile salt hydrolase enzyme from which the functional fragment or functional variant was derived.
  • a polypeptide having bile salt hydrolase enzyme activity may be truncated at the N-terminus or C- terminus and the retention of bile salt hydrolase enzyme activity assessed using assays known to those of skill in the art, including the exemplary assays provided herein.
  • the recombinant bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme functional variant.
  • the recombinant bacterial cell comprises a heterologous gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme functional fragment.
  • bile salt hydrolase enzyme for testing the activity of a bile salt hydrolase enzyme, a bile salt hydrolase enzyme functional variant, or a bile salt hydrolase enzyme functional fragment are well known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
  • bile salt catabolism can be assessed by expressing the protein, functional variant, or fragment thereof, in a recombinant bacterial cell that lacks endogenous bile salt hydrolase enzyme activity.
  • Bile salt hydrolase activity can be assessed using a plate assay as described in Dashkevicz and Feighner, Applied Environ. Microbiol., 55: 11-16 (1989) and
  • a mouse model can be used to assay bile salt and bile acid signatures in vivo (see, for example, Joyce et al, PNAS, 111(20):7421-7426 (2014), the entire contents of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference).
  • the present disclosure encompasses genes encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme comprising amino acids in its sequence that are substantially the same as an amino acid sequence described herein.
  • the gene encoding a bile salt hydrolase enzyme is mutagenized; mutants exhibiting increased activity are selected; and the mutagenized gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is isolated and inserted into the bacterial cell of the disclosure.
  • the gene comprising the modifications described herein may be present on a plasmid or chromosome.
  • the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from Lactobacillus spp.
  • the Lacotbacillus spp. is Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1, Lactobacillus plantarum 80, Lactobacillus johnsonii NCC533, Lactobacillus johnsonii 100-100, Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM ATCC700396, Lactobacillus brevis ATCC 367, Lactobacillus gasseri ATCC 33323, or Lactobacillus acidophilus.
  • the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from a Bifidobacterium spp. In one embodiment, the Bifidobacterium spp. is
  • the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from Bacteroides spp. In one embodiment, the
  • Bacteroides spp. is Bacteroides fragilis or Bacteroides vlugatus. In another
  • the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from Clostridium spp. In one embodiment, the Clostridum spp. is Clostridum perjringens MCV 185 or Clostridum perjringens 13. In another embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from Listeria spp. In one embodiment, the Listeria spp. is Listeria monocytogenes. In one embodiment, the gene encoding the bile salt hydrolase enzyme is from Methanobrevibacter spp. In one embodiment, the Methanobrevibacter spp. is Methanobrevibacter smithii.
  • bile salt hydrolase enzymes are well-known to one of ordinary skill in the art and described in, for example, Jones et al, PNAS, 105(36): 13580-13585 (2008) and WO2014/198857. Table 11 lists non-limiting examples of bile salt hydrolases.
  • Bile salt hydrolase ATGGTTATGAAAAAGATTTTGATAGCTTTGGCCTTATTGCTG from Bacteroides ACAGGCATTGCAAGCGGATCGGCATGTACCGGTATTTCATTC vulgatus CTCGCTGAAGATGGCGGATATGTGCAGGCACGTACTATAGAG
  • Bile salt hydrolase ATGTGTACGT C AAT AAC T TAT AC AAC GAAG GAT C AC T AT T T from Listeria T GGAAGGAAT T T C GAT TAT GAAC T T T C T T ACAAAGAAG T T G monocytogenes TGGTTGTTACGCCGAAAAATTACCCGTTCCATTTTCGCAAG SEQ ID NO: 98 G T AGAG GAT AT AGAGAAG CAT TAT GCAC T TAT TGGTAT T GC
  • Bile salt hydrolase MCTSITYTTKDHYFGRNFDYELSYKEWWTPKNYPFHFRKV protein from EDIEKHYALIGIAAVMENYPLYYDATNEKGLSMAGLNFSGNA Listeria DYKD FAE GKDNVT P FE F I P W I L GQCAT VKE ARRL L QR I NLVN monocytogenes ISFSENLPLSPLHWLMADQTESIWECVKDGLHIYDNPVGVL SEQ ID NO: 99 TNNPTFDYQLFNLNNYRVLSSETPENNFSKEIDLDAYSRGMG
  • Bile salt hydrolase AT G T G T ACAGGAT TAGCC T T AGAAACAAAAGAT GGAT TACAT from Clostridium T T GT T T G GAAGAAAT AT G GAT AT T GAAT AT T CAT T TAAT CAA perfringens TCTATTATATTTATTCC TAG GAAT T T T AAAT G T G T AAAC AAA SEQ ID NO: 100 T CAAACAAAAAAGAAT TAACAACAAAATAT GC T GT T C T T GGA

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Abstract

Des bactéries manipulées génétiquement, des compositions pharmaceutiques de celles-ci, et des méthodes d'atténuation de maladies métaboliques sont divulguées.
EP16738302.5A 2015-06-25 2016-06-24 Bactéries manipulées pour traiter des maladies métaboliques Withdrawn EP3313371A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (11)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201562184777P 2015-06-25 2015-06-25
US201662277346P 2016-01-11 2016-01-11
US201662293695P 2016-02-10 2016-02-10
US201662336012P 2016-05-13 2016-05-13
PCT/US2016/032565 WO2016183532A1 (fr) 2015-05-13 2016-05-13 Bactéries modifiées pour traiter une maladie ou un trouble
US201662347508P 2016-06-08 2016-06-08
US201662347554P 2016-06-08 2016-06-08
US201662347576P 2016-06-08 2016-06-08
US201662348620P 2016-06-10 2016-06-10
US201662348416P 2016-06-10 2016-06-10
PCT/US2016/039444 WO2016210384A2 (fr) 2015-06-25 2016-06-24 Bactéries manipulées pour traiter des maladies métaboliques

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