EP3298387A1 - Systeme de mesure de la quantite de nano-cristaux semi-conducteurs presents dans un fluide - Google Patents
Systeme de mesure de la quantite de nano-cristaux semi-conducteurs presents dans un fluideInfo
- Publication number
- EP3298387A1 EP3298387A1 EP16722191.0A EP16722191A EP3298387A1 EP 3298387 A1 EP3298387 A1 EP 3298387A1 EP 16722191 A EP16722191 A EP 16722191A EP 3298387 A1 EP3298387 A1 EP 3298387A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- fluid
- light source
- nano
- measuring
- detector
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6489—Photoluminescence of semiconductors
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
- G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/84—Systems specially adapted for particular applications
- G01N21/85—Investigating moving fluids or granular solids
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of systems for detecting and measuring the amount of semiconducting nano-crystals present in a fluid, in particular for the field of water treatment, and for monitoring aquifers located above a reservoir of oil and rock-mother gas.
- markers of the molecules to be identified and assayed these markers being, for example, luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (fluorescent or phosphorescent).
- a nano-crystalline semiconductor luminescent is also called quantum dot or quantum dot, and is also known by its English name of "quantum dot”.
- a nano-semiconductor crystal luminescent is a nanostructure of semiconductors. Because of its size and characteristics, it behaves like a potential well that confines electrons (and holes), in all three dimensions of space, in a region of about wave of electrons (De Broglie wavelength), ie a few tens of nanometers in a semiconductor.
- Semiconductor nano-crystals are objects whose size is typically between 2 and 20 nm; these nanoparticles comprise from about 100 to 10,000 atoms. Due to their small sizes, the semiconductor nano-crystals have very specific optical properties (photoluminescence for example) because of the atypical behavior of the electrons due to their confinement in these nano-semiconductor crystals. Thus, the quantum boxes are known and known to be fluorescent or phosphorescent when excited by electromagnetic radiation. Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals have the particularity of fluorescing with a very narrow wavelength range (the width at half height of the emission peak is typically 30 nm). The quantum boxes can emit in the ultraviolet, the visible, the near infrared and the infrared. In addition, their absorption spectrum is very wide: we can therefore excite them with radiation of different wavelengths.
- additive refers to surfactants, monomers, polymers, copolymers, minerals (clays, barite, etc.), oxide particles (titanium oxides, iron oxides, etc.).
- the existing analysis techniques do not make it possible to distinguish the hydrocarbon molecules present in the production water from the additives (organic molecules, polymers, surfactants) also present in these waters.
- Traditional analytical techniques are based on the measurement of total organic carbon (TOC) or UV spectrometry. The measurement of total organic carbon indicates the content of organic compounds in the analyzed fluid. But the TOC analysis does not make it possible to differentiate the additive molecules from the hydrocarbon molecules because they all include the carbon element.
- UV-Visible absorption spectrophotometry is based on sample absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet or visible range. This technique based on the interactions between matter and radiation involves the electronic transitions in the atoms composing the molecules.
- C 0 the incident intensity
- I the measured intensity of the radiation after passing through the distance / in the sample to be analyzed
- ⁇ ⁇ is the molar absorption coefficient (which depends on each molecule and the wavelength)
- C is the molar concentration of the fluid.
- the present invention thus relates to a system for detecting and / or measuring the amount of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals present in a fluid.
- the system according to the invention comprises a fluid circulation device, a light source, and a fluorescence and / or phosphorescence detector of the luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals.
- the present invention allows a detection and / or continuous and online measurement of the amount of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals present in a fluid.
- the measurement system according to the invention also makes it possible to identify the presence of additives in a fluid and to measure their amounts, when these additives are marked by nano-crystalline semiconductors.
- the measuring system according to the invention allows the monitoring of an aquifer during the exploitation of oils and / or parent rock gas.
- the invention relates to a system for detecting and / or measuring the amount of at least one nano-crystalline semiconductor light emitting present in a fluid.
- Said detection and / or measurement system comprises a device for circulating said fluid, a light source oriented towards said device for circulating said fluid, and a detector able to detect and measure the luminescence of said nanocrystalline semiconductor, said detector being directed towards an area of said fluid circulation device subjected to light radiation from said light source.
- said fluid is a complex solution, or an aqueous liquid.
- said nano-semiconductor crystal marks a molecule potentially present in said fluid.
- said circulation device of said fluid is a deflection channel of a pipe in which said fluid circulates.
- said device for circulating said fluid is a microfluidic chip.
- said measuring system comprises at least one valve on each side of said circulation device.
- said light source emits monochromatic radiation.
- said light source emits polychromatic radiation.
- said light source emits polarized radiation.
- said detector is placed substantially at 90 ° or 180 ° with respect to the incident beam emitted by the light source around said fluid circulation device.
- said detector is placed downstream of the source, with respect to the direction of fluid flow, at a longitudinal distance from the light source.
- said detector comprises a photomultiplier and means for measuring the fluorescence emission spectrum and / or phosphorescence.
- said detector comprises a device for measuring the intensity of the scattered light.
- the invention relates to an installation for treating an aqueous liquid comprising means for treating said liquid, means for selectively dispensing said liquid comprising at least two outlets, a transport pipe connecting said processing means and said means for selective distribution, and a detection and / or measurement system according to one of the preceding features.
- Said selective distribution means are controlled to distribute the liquid to one of said outlets as a function of the measurement of said measuring system.
- said detection and / or measurement system is disposed in a deflection channel of said transport pipe.
- said detection and / or measurement system is disposed in said transport pipe.
- the invention relates to a use of a detection and / or measurement system according to one of the preceding characteristics for determining the amount of additive present in the water produced by an exploration or exploitation process. of an underground formation, said additive being marked by said nanocrystalline semiconductor.
- the invention also relates to a use of a detection and / or measurement system according to one of the preceding characteristics for determining the water pollution for a water treatment plant and / or water depollution of a water treatment plant. industrial installation.
- the invention relates to a use of a detection and / or measurement system according to one of the preceding characteristics, for monitoring an aquifer during a process for exploiting oils and / or rock gas. mothers.
- the invention relates to a method for detecting and / or measuring the amount of at least one nanoscale luminescent semiconductor crystal present in a fluid. For this process, the following steps are carried out:
- the luminescence of said nano-crystalline semiconductor is detected and / or measured within an area of said fluid circulation device, said zone being subjected to said light radiation.
- Figure 1 illustrates a measuring system according to the invention.
- FIG. 2 illustrates an installation for treating an aqueous liquid according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 3 represents a measurement system according to one embodiment of the invention, for which the measurement system is a microfluidic chip.
- FIG. 4 is a three-dimensional view of a measurement system according to one embodiment of the invention, for which the measurement system is a microfluidic chip.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a measurement system according to one embodiment, the measurement system being intended to be installed directly in the pipe where the fluid to be analyzed circulates.
- Figure 6 illustrates a measurement system according to the embodiment of Figure 5 installed in a pipe.
- Figure 7 illustrates a measuring system according to the invention used as a sensor for the monitoring and control of aquifer quality.
- the system according to the invention makes it possible to detect the presence of luminescent (fluorescent, phosphorescent) nano-crystal semiconductor present in a fluid and / or to determine the quantity of nanoscale luminescent semiconductor (fluorescent, phosphorescent) present in a fluid.
- the system according to the invention also makes it possible to detect the presence and / or to determine the amount of an additive present in a complex fluid (aqueous solutions of organic solutes, nanoparticle dispersions, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, microemulsions, oils, etc.), this additive having been intentionally labeled with at least one fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystalline crystal.
- a complex fluid aqueous solutions of organic solutes, nanoparticle dispersions, oil-in-water emulsions, water-in-oil emulsions, microemulsions, oils, etc.
- the labeling of the additive with at least one fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystalline is carried out in such a way that the number of fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles per additive entity is known (for example, in the case of polymers, the number of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals per polymer chain) is known.
- the fluid is preferably an aqueous liquid.
- the measuring system is mainly described for use with water (aqueous liquid).
- the measuring system according to the invention is suitable for any type of complex fluid such as crude oils, mineral oils, vegetable oils, water-in-oil emulsions, oil-in-water emulsions, microemulsions, aqueous dispersions of nano-particles (such as suspensions of clays, calcium silicates, etc.), organic dispersions of nanoparticles, industrial effluents, etc.
- the measuring system according to the invention comprises:
- a fluid circulation device that is to say a device in which the fluid flows.
- the fluid circulation device may have substantially the shape of a channel (with a circular section or not), or a microchannel (with a circular section, with a parallelepipedal section, or with a section of specific shape adapted to the intended application) .
- the fluid that circulates in the circulation device (pipe, pipe, channel, micro-channel, ...) can be under high pressure (for example, several hundred bars).
- the fluid can flow into the measuring system under the effect of the flow of the fluid in the main pipes in which flows the fluid to be analyzed, or under the effect of the natural flow rate in aquifers, groundwater.
- an advantage of the measuring system is that it does not require a pump to circulate the fluid in this measurement system, it being understood that it is already in motion.
- the light source is oriented towards the fluid circulation device.
- the light source may be a laser, a photodiode, a lamp ...
- the light source may be a monochromatic or polychromatic source.
- the light source can emit polarized or unpolarized radiation, this polarization can be an additional advantage to detect and identify more easily luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals and ultimately be able to identify different types of additives.
- a detector able to detect the radiation emitted by the fluorescence and / or the phosphorescence of the nanocrystalline semiconductor. The detector is oriented towards an area of the fluid circulation device subjected to light radiation from the light source used.
- the detector can be placed at substantially 90 ° or 180 ° of the light source relative to the fluid flow means.
- the measuring system can make it possible to highlight the presence of phosphorescent nanoparticles in the fluid, or additives marked by phosphorescent nanoparticles.
- the measurement system can be used to determine the amount of nano-crystalline semiconductors fluorescent. In the case where these fluorescent semiconductor nano-crystals are grafted onto additives, the measurement system ultimately makes it possible to determine the concentration of additives to be identified and metered.
- the detector may be an optical apparatus (optical microscope, binocular loupe, camera , fast or ultra-fast camera, miniature camera, CCD camera, camera) for observing the luminous points characteristic of the presence of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals.
- optical apparatus optical microscope, binocular loupe, camera , fast or ultra-fast camera, miniature camera, CCD camera, camera
- the resolution and sensitivity of the optical device are adapted to the application and the measurement system to be able to observe the light spots.
- the radiation emitted by the light source and the detector are adapted to the wavelength of the fluorescent radiation emitted by the luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals to be detected.
- the length (s) of the light source may be arbitrary because the luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals can be excited over a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
- luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals lies in the fact that their emission spectra can not be confused with those emitted by other molecules present in the fluids to be analyzed (hydrocarbon molecules for example). There is therefore no interference possible from other compounds contained in the complex fluid analyzed.
- polarizers may be used; these polarizers can be installed between the light source and the area of the illuminated circulation device, between the illuminated circulation device area (corresponding to the portion of the fluid analyzed) and the detection means. These polarizers make it possible to polarize the light emitted in a wavelength range optimizing the fluorescence of the semiconductor nanocrystals, which facilitates their detection.
- the detector when the analysis is performed when the fluid is flowing, can be installed in such a way that it is not opposite. of the light source, but it can be shifted longitudinally (in the direction of circulation of the fluid), because the semiconductor nano-crystals emit light for several milliseconds or even several seconds after their excitation: in this configuration, the incident radiation does not does not interfere with the measurement of fluorescence or phosphorescence intensity.
- one of the advantages of using luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals lies in the significant separation between the excitation and emission wavelengths, which is very beneficial for the detection because the risk of interference can be avoided by cleverly choosing the excitation wavelength and the emission wavelength by selecting, for the latter, the good properties of the luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals (nature of the atomic elements , size of the nano-crystals, doping impurities of the semiconductor for example).
- the light source and the system for measuring the fluorescence or phosphorescence intensity can be at most separated by a distance d (in the direction of flow of the fluid) such that d is equal to the flow velocity of the fluid, v, multiplied by the maximum fluorescence or phosphorescence time, t, luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals, assuming that luminescent semiconductor nano-crystals and / or additives labeled with luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals move at the same speed as the fluid.
- the aim is to improve the signal-to-noise ratio.
- the noise may be electronic noise (which is independent of light intensity); in this case, this electronic noise can be corrected by electronic signal processing devices known to those skilled in the art.
- the noise may be due to a parasitic optical signal such as the scattering of light; however, this noise is proportional to the intensity light.
- the measurement system may further comprise a device for measuring the intensity of the scattered light: this measure makes it possible to significantly improve the ratio of luminescence signal to noise.
- the device for measuring the scattered intensity may implement laser diodes emitting at different wavelengths (at least one of which is outside the absorption spectrum of the nano-crystalline semiconductors), coupled to optical fibers and a photomultiplier (or any other photon counter device).
- the light beam whose wavelength is outside the absorption spectrum of the luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals serves as a reference for measuring the scattered light intensity.
- the liquid circulation device may have a shape of a channel, which may be substantially tubular.
- the channel may be made of a completely transparent material, so as to allow the passage of light radiation from the light source to the detector.
- the channel may be transparent only at the location of the light source and the detector.
- the detector When the detector is installed in an installation operating under pressure or under conditions of high pressure (for example, an aquifer whose pressure may be several hundred bars), the light source and detector may be installed at a porthole, either by means of a waterproof and pressure-resistant connector, or by means of a tight and pressure-resistant flange, or by any other means or combination of means (ring , ferrule, washer, O-ring,...) of pressure-tight connection known to those skilled in the art.
- the fluid circulation device is in the form of a bypass (for example a "by-pass" channel) of a pipe in which circulates the fluid to be analyzed.
- By-pass is called an avoidance circuit of a portion of the pipe.
- the bypass channel substantially corresponds to a parallel connection of the measuring system with respect to the pipe.
- the fluid circulation device may comprise at least one valve to prevent the fluid flowing in the main pipe from passing through the measuring system.
- the bypass channel may be filled by the fluid to be analyzed so as to perform the analysis without flow.
- another valve is installed at the output of the bypass.
- the valves installed at the inlet and the outlet of the bypass are closed. The presence of these valves makes it possible to isolate the fluid to be analyzed in the measurement system.
- These valves can be operated manually or can operate automatically (such as a solenoid valve).
- the measuring system can be implanted directly inside the main pipe where circulates the fluid to be analyzed (it is not necessary to install the measurement system in a bypass). of the main pipe).
- the measuring system may be in the form of a hollow tube, the tube being held and centered in the main pipe by rods or bars resting on the inner walls of the main pipe.
- shutters may be provided so as to fill the chamber and to measure on a fluid that does not flow.
- the fluid circulation device is a microfluidic chip.
- the microfluidic chip can operate under pressure.
- the manufacture of microfluidic chips operating with pressurized fluids is described in the scientific literature (Lorber et al., Some recent advances in the design and use of miniaturized droplets-based continuous process: Applications in chemistry and high-pressure microflows, Lab Chip et al., 201 1, 1, 779, Pinho et al., A microfluidic approach for multicomponent investigation System thermodynamics at high pressures and temperatures, Lab on Chip, 2014, 14, 3843).
- a microfluidic chip is a set of micro-channels etched or molded in a material (glass, silicon or polymer such as PDMS, for PolyDiMethylSiloxane).
- the micro-channels constituting the microfluidic chip are connected to each other so as to achieve a desired function (mixtures, pumping, sorting, control of the bio-chemical environment, measurements, chemical analyzes).
- This network of micro-channels enclosed in the microfluidic chip is connected to the outside by at least one input and at least one output pierced through the chip, as interfaces between the macroscopic and microscopic world.
- the light source and the detector are adapted to the microchannels, and are also of reduced size, which reduces the size of the measurement system.
- the light source may be a laser diode or any other device that illuminates the micro-channels over their entire width. The light source is directly attached to the microfluidic chip.
- the optical system necessary to widen the incident beam is integrated into the measuring system so as to illuminate the entire microphone. -channel.
- the fluorescence and / or phosphorescence signal can be detected by means of a photodetector (such as, for example, a photodiode) which is directly attached to the microfluidic chip downstream of the light source with respect to the direction of flow of the fluid in the canals.
- Suitable electronic amplification means may be used to analyze the luminescence signal.
- the emitted luminescence signal can be focused on an area where there is a reduced spectrophotometer, or in another option, the transmitted signal can be focused on an area where there is an optical fiber which is connected to a spectrophotometer or any another device for measuring a photon flux.
- the detector may be an optical apparatus (optical microscope , binocular loupe, camera, fast or ultra-fast camera, miniature camera, CCD camera, camera) for observing the luminous points characteristic of the presence of luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals.
- the resolution and sensitivity of the optical apparatus are adapted to the application and dimensions of the microfluidic chip in order to be able to observe the light spots.
- the detector comprises at least one photomultiplier and means for measuring the fluorescence emission spectrum and / or phosphorescence.
- the photomultiplier allows the collection and, optionally, the amplification of the emission signal of the fluorescent and / or phosphorescent radiation.
- the means for measuring the fluorescence emission spectrum are precise and discriminating, given the very specific optical properties of the fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals. With this detector, the concentration of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals is directly proportional to the measured fluorescence intensity. Thus, it is possible to directly and rapidly determine the amount of semiconductor nanocrystals present in the fluid, or the concentration of additives in the fluid.
- the measurement system when the light source is a polychromatic source, the detector is placed at substantially 90 ° with respect to the incident rays of the light source. Thus, the detection is more precise. However, since the excitation wavelengths and the luminescence emission wavelengths can be very different depending on the properties of the nano-particles of semiconductors, the measurement system can operate whatever the angle between the incident rays and the detector, especially when trying to measure a phosphorescence signal.
- the measuring system according to the invention can be implanted on surface installations (in particular to control the production water treatment operations of the petroleum industry, and thus monitor the quality of the treated water) or be installed in underground formations (eg in aquifers, aquitards, or groundwater) for detecting pollution induced by additives used in geoengineering operations such as drilling, hydraulic fracturing, for which at least one of the fluid additives used has been labeled with at least one nano-crystal semiconductor.
- a plurality of measurement systems can be installed. These measurement systems can be permanently or semi-permanently installed in specially drilled wells to bury these pollution detectors in the underground formations to be monitored.
- These measurement systems can either detect the presence of luminescent nanoparticles in a geological layer where they are not supposed to be located (in order to show a leak), or allow to measure the concentration of fluorescent nano-particles. in a formation water or measure the concentration of labeled additives with at least one nano-crystalline semiconductor fluorescent.
- a system for measuring the concentration of fluorescent nano-particles or additives marked by fluorescent nano-particles makes it possible to monitor the evolution of leakage time (increase, decrease), and thus evaluate the relevance of remediation solutions. implemented to stop the leak.
- a nano-crystal semiconductor is also called quantum dot or quantum dot, and is also known by its English name of "quantum dot”.
- a nano-crystal semiconductor is a nanostructure of semiconductors. Because of its size and characteristics, it behaves like a potential well that confines electrons (and holes), in all three dimensions of space, in a region of about wave of electrons (De Broglie wavelength), ie a few tens of nanometers in a semiconductor.
- Semiconductor nano-crystals or nano-particles are objects whose size is typically between 2 and 20 nm; these nanoparticles comprise from about 100 to 10,000 atoms.
- the semiconductor nanocrystals Because of their small sizes, the semiconductor nanocrystals have very specific optical properties because of the atypical behavior of the electrons due to their confinement in these semiconductor nanocrystals. Thus, the quantum boxes are known and known to be luminescent. Some semiconductor nano-crystals can fluoresce with a very narrow wavelength range (the half-height width of the emission peak is typically 30 nm) and other semiconductor nano-crystals are phosphorescent. Quantum boxes can emit in the ultraviolet, the visible, the near infrared, and the infrared. In addition, their absorption spectrum is very wide: we can therefore excite them with radiation of different wavelengths. Quantum nano-crystals have the advantage of being very bright when they fluoresce: they can therefore be used in small quantities, unlike organic fluorophores, which have a lower fluorescence intensity.
- the luminescence characteristics of the semiconductor nano-crystals allow their use as a tracer in a fluid because they can be easily detectable.
- quantum dots also lies in the fact that it is possible to control their optical properties by modifying their sizes, their shapes, their chemical compositions (in particular by incorporating them specific atomic elements which one generally names dopants), their surface properties.
- non-spherical quantum boxes ie which are for example in cylindrical or platelet form, have the advantage, compared to spherical quantum boxes, of emitting polarized light: this property can be an additional advantage for detection and identification by means of the measuring system according to the invention (when it incorporates polarizers for example).
- the detector of the measuring system it is possible to measure the wavelength emitted by the fluorescent radiation of the semiconductor nanocrystals.
- it is possible to differentiate the nano-crystals semiconductors present in the fluid which makes it possible to simultaneously measure the amount of different types of semiconductor nano-crystals present in the fluid.
- it is possible to measure the amount of different additives present in the fluid to be analyzed knowing in addition the nano-crystalline semiconductors that have been used to specifically mark the additives to be analyzed and metered.
- Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals which emit a light signal when illuminated by electromagnetic radiation
- Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals which emit a light signal when illuminated by electromagnetic radiation
- the semiconductor nano-crystals may exist in the form of pure fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals and consist of a single atomic element belonging to column IV of the periodic table (such as silicon or germanium).
- the type 11-VI semiconductor nano-crystals are interesting from the point of view of their optical properties and in particular of fluorescence.
- these semiconductors which associate one or more anions with one or more cations), there are:
- Zinc sulphide ZnS
- zinc oxide ZnO
- CdS cadmium sulphide
- Zinc selenide ZnSe
- CdS cadmium sulphide
- CdSe cadmium selenide
- CdTe cadmium telluride
- PbS lead sulphide
- PbTe o lead telluride
- PbSe lead selenide
- Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals may also be in the form of a semiconductor core embedded in a shell itself semiconductor. This shell makes it possible to protect the core (for example from the oxidation, and / or the leaching generated by the fluids in which the fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals are caused to circulate or to reside) and to improve the quantum efficiencies. (ie the quality of the fluorescence).
- monohull semiconductor nanocrystals we find mainly:
- CdSe cadmium selenide core
- Zn zinc
- S sulfur
- Fluorescent semiconducting nano-crystals also exist in the form of a core coated with several shells: we speak of multihull quantum dots. These quantum dots have the advantages of having a lower fragility of the shell (and thus a better protection of the heart) and to have the highest quantum yields (of the order of 80 to 90%). Examples of such quantum boxes are for example:
- Fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals may also be composed of three atomic elements belonging to columns I, III and VI of the periodic table. Examples of such nano-crystalline semiconductors can be:
- Particles of phosphorescent semiconductor materials which emit a light signal after having been illuminated by electromagnetic radiation are distinguished. These compounds can be divided into two categories:
- Phosphorescent semiconductor nanocrystals among which:
- Zinc sulphide doped with manganese ZnS: Mn
- Zinc sulphide doped with europium ZnS: Eu
- Micrometric and sub-micrometric particles of phosphorescent semiconductors (these particles being obtainable, for example, by grinding phosphorescent materials), among which:
- the phosphorescent semiconductor nanocrystals can be used for their detection.
- luminescent nano-crystals can be used for their detection and quantitative measurement.
- It may be for example a luminescent semiconductor nanocrystal marking a polymer, a copolymer, a surfactant, or molecules of various chemical natures.
- This labeling may be carried out either by (chemical) grafting on the molecules (for example in the case of polymers, copolymers, monocyte-surfactants, double-chain surfactants, polymers or surfactants or any organic molecule which is itself grafted).
- FIG. 1 illustrates a measurement system according to one embodiment of the invention.
- a fluid F flows in a circulation device 1.
- the circulation device 1 shown is a tubular channel.
- the fluid comprises molecules M onto which are grafted luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals 4.
- the dimensions of the molecules M and semiconductor nano-crystals 4 have been increased for the understanding of FIG. In addition, their shapes are not representative.
- the molecules M may be in particular polymers of different types and of different natures, hence their different forms.
- luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals 4 can be of different types, hence their distinct representations.
- the measurement system illustrated comprises a light source 2, which emits light radiation in the direction of the fluid F. At the same height as the light source 2, the measuring system comprises a detector 3, placed at about 90 ° to the incident radiation emitted by the light source, and which receives light radiation from the luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals 4 present in the fluid F.
- the detector can be placed at 180 ° with respect to the incidence of the incident ray.
- Figures 3 and 4 show two embodiments of the measuring system according to the invention when the measuring system is a microfluidic chip. These two variants can be combined.
- FIG. 3 is a view from above of a measurement system SM in the form of a microfluidic chip comprising a microchannel 1 for the circulation of the liquid, a light source 2 placed near the input 8 of the microchannel, and a detection system 3 placed near the output 10 or 1 1 of the micro-channel.
- the shape of the micro-channel 1 is illustrative, other forms are possible, in particular to limit the pressure losses.
- the microfuidic chip may further comprise a switching system 9 and at least two outputs 10 and 1 1.
- the switching system allows the sorting of the fluid flow as a function of the measurement by the detector 3.
- the output 10 may relate to the fluid without nano-semiconductor crystals (or without additives), and the output 1 1 may concern the fluid containing semiconductor nanocrystals (or with additives).
- the referral system 9 can thus make it possible to carry out complementary analyzes of the fluid.
- Figure 4 is a three-dimensional view of such a measurement system.
- the light source 2 may be a laser diode, or may be formed by an optical fiber 12 connected to a laser diode 2.
- the light source may comprise an illumination device 13 of the micro-channel 1, which allows expand the light beam from the optical fiber.
- the detector 3 may be a photodetector, or a photodiode associated with a current amplifier.
- the detector 3 can be connected to a signal processing and analysis system 15 by means of a signal transfer system 14, which can in particular be formed by electric wires.
- the measurement system can be implanted directly in the main pipe where the fluid to be analyzed flows.
- the measuring system may be in the form of a hollow tube, the tube being held and centered in the main pipe by rods or bars resting on the inner walls of the main pipe.
- FIG. 5 is a view of the measuring system SM alone, and FIG. 6 shows the measuring system SM placed in a pipe 18.
- the measuring system SM has a substantially tubular shape 1.
- the measuring system SM comprises, near one of its ends (upstream in the direction of circulation of the fluid), a light source. Near the other end (downstream in the direction of circulation of the fluid), at least one detector 3.
- At least one lashing rod 16 located upstream of the measuring system passes through the wall of the tube to hold in place the light source 2.
- This lashing rod can be hollowed so as to operate the light source 2.
- the light source is an electrically operated lamp
- the wires pass inside the hollow tie rod 16.
- the light source 2 is a laser diode or a laser diode assembly for illuminating the entire interior of the main pipe 18, the hollow docking rod 16 allows the passage of electrical wires or optical fiber.
- At least one lashing rod 16 located downstream of the measuring system is hollow so as to install the means for transporting the signals from the fluorescence and / or phosphorescence detectors 3.
- a single fluorescence and / or phosphorescence detector 3 is sufficient to detect the signals emitted by the semiconductor nanocrystals.
- the securing system of the measuring system 1 in the main pipe 18 is made by means of rods 16, 17 (the rods 16 serve both as stowage rods and rods for carrying signals), which allows easily remove the measuring system 1.
- the minimum number of tie rods 16, 17 is two. In a preferred version of the invention, the number of securing rods 16, 17 is between six and eight. In the case, where the number of securing rods 16, 17 is equal to six, three rods 16, 17 can be positioned on the side of the fluid inlet (upstream side of the measuring system with respect to the direction of flow of the fluid), and three other lashing rods can be positioned on the downstream side of the measuring system.
- the angle between the three rods 16, 17 located on the same side of the measuring system can be set at 120 °; this arrangement ensures good stability of the measurement system in the pipeline.
- the number of securing rods 16, 17 is equal to eight, four rods are positioned on the side of the fluid inlet (upstream side of the measuring system with respect to the fluid flow direction), and four additional lashing rods are positioned on the downstream side of the measuring system.
- the angle between the four rods 16, 17 located on the same side of the measuring system is set at 90 °; this arrangement ensures good stability of the measurement system in the pipeline.
- the fluorescence source and detector may be positioned at the same level (for example at the tube outlet); the fluorescence detector can be placed at 90 ° compared to the source.
- the tube may comprise two shutters (one at the inlet, the other at the outlet) so as to isolate the fluid in the tube and be able to measure on a fluid at rest.
- the present invention further relates to an installation for treating an aqueous liquid.
- the treatment plant according to the invention comprises:
- means for treating the liquid for example means for partially purifying the water of impurities and / or pollutants
- Selective liquid distribution means comprising a plurality of outlets to several circuits, these means can direct, in a controlled manner, the flow of water in one of the circuits.
- the selective distribution means may be formed by a set of controlled valves,
- the measuring system can be arranged in by-pass of the pipe, that is to say that the measuring system is in parallel with at least a portion of the pipe. Part of the water circulates in the measuring system.
- the measurement system is directly installed in the pipe (in accordance with the embodiment of FIGS. 5 and 6); this type of implantation makes it possible to analyze the fluid flowing in the pipe and not just a sample of it.
- the selective distribution means are controlled to distribute the water to one of the circuits according to the measurement made by the measurement system.
- the measuring system detects a certain amount of semiconducting nano-crystals in the water (corresponding to a certain amount of additive marked by these nano-semiconductor crystals)
- the water is oriented in a first circuit
- the measuring system detects little or no semiconductor nanocrystals in the water, the water is oriented in a second or n-th circuit.
- the selective distribution means comprise more than two outputs
- the measuring system is capable of detecting several types of semiconductor nanocrystals (and thus, possibly, several additives)
- the water is oriented in one of the circuits according to the type of additives detected thanks to the nano-crystals semiconductors present.
- the different circuits selected may include at least: a water storage circuit, designed to store the water, for example when the measurement indicates that the water contains semiconducting nano-crystals and therefore that the quality of the water is not correct, the water is stored for later processing
- FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a water treatment installation according to the invention.
- the installation comprises water treatment means 5, a pipe 6, and selective distribution means 7 for the water.
- the pipe 6 connects the treatment means 5 to the collective distribution means 6, the water flowing from the treatment means 5 to the selective distribution means 7.
- the selective distribution means 7 shown have two outputs, to guide the water in two separate circuits, depending on its order.
- the installation further comprises a measuring system SM as described above (with circulation devices, light source and detector).
- the measurement system SM is placed in bypass (in parallel) of the pipe 6.
- the measurement system SM detects the quantity of additives sought thanks to the fluorescence emitted by the semiconductor nanocrystals in the fluid, and, depending on this measurement, the selective distribution means are controlled to direct the water to one of the outlets, to allow its appropriate use.
- the measuring system according to the invention can be used in all the fields in which the quantity of pollutant additives present in a fluid, in particular water, must be measured, these additives being identifiable thanks to the semi-crystalline crystals.
- grafted conductors on it It is not necessary to mark all the additives with semiconductor nanocrystals: it suffices to use a certain amount of grafted additives, these additives being used as markers of the quality of the treatment of the water. In the case of a treatment of a water involving polymers, it is thus possible to use an amount of 10% (more generally P%) of grafted polymers of fluorescent semiconductor nanocrystals.
- the measuring system can be used to measure the additive content in the water produced by a method of operating or exploring an underground formation.
- an injection fluid comprising an additive is injected into an underground formation (for example for an enhanced hydrocarbon recovery process, a method for exploiting oil and / or rock-rock gas, etc. ).
- This additive may take the form of organic molecules, such as polymers, copolymers and / or surfactants ...
- the additive may also take the form of inorganic molecules such as clay minerals, or oxides (such as barite, silica, ).
- the additive is labeled with at least one nano-crystalline semiconductor fluorescent.
- the water produced by the exploitation or exploration process circulates in the measuring system according to the invention.
- the determination of the quantity of semiconducting nano-crystals present in the water makes it possible to determine continuously and continuously the amount of additives present in the water, which makes it possible to select the treatment or treatments of the water. adapted water.
- By using several nano-crystalline semiconductors to mark the additives it is possible to detect the presence of several additives in the water.
- a measurement system can be advantageously placed at the end of each purification step so as to control the quality of the water throughout the overall process of the purification. treatment.
- the water treatment can then be stopped, which makes the process less expensive.
- the measuring system can be used to detect the presence and / or measure the amount of pollutants in the water, for a water treatment plant and / or depollution of water.
- the determination of the quantity of luminescent semiconducting nano-crystals present in the water makes it possible to determine, online and continuously, the amount of pollutants in the water, so as to adapt the treatment of the water.
- By using several luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals to mark pollutants it is possible to detect the presence of several pollutants.
- the measuring system according to the invention can be buried in an underground formation (such as, for example, an aquifer, a water table, etc.) so as to be able to monitor the quality of the particularly in the case of the exploitation of the oils and parent-rock gases (see Figure 7). Indeed, for the exploitation of these unconventional hydrocarbons, it is necessary to resort to hydraulic fracturing using fracturing fluids F which contain potentially toxic products and harmful to the biosphere.
- an underground formation such as, for example, an aquifer, a water table, etc.
- the operators it is sufficient for the operators to incorporate a few ppm (parts per million) of 4 'luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals in their fluids (fracturing fluids for example) or to incorporate marked additives 4 with at least one semi-crystalline semi-crystal. -driver.
- the advantage of using different luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals 4, 4 ' is that it can, for example, identify which well is responsible for the leak, or, for example, identify the operating company responsible for the leak. leak.
- the principle of the measuring system SM remains the same as that described previously: the fluid circulates inside a channel or a chamber thanks to the natural flow of the aquifer 21. During its passage through the chamber, the fluid is illuminated by a light source.
- a detection system (preferably at 90 ° with respect to the incident beam) and measurement of the fluorescence and / or phosphorescence signal are placed.
- the semiconductor nano-crystals are excited by means of an optical fiber connected to a laser diode which is located on the surface.
- the interrogation of the measurement system may be one-off or continuous (for example during the entire duration of the fracturing operations which are critical steps).
- the interrogation of the measuring system can be controlled by computer using a system for acquiring and interpreting the measurements.
- the acquisition and interpretation system can be installed on the surface. .
- a shutter block 22 may be placed above the measuring systems SM, so as to close the well through which they were installed.
- the invention relates to a method for detecting and / or measuring the amount of at least one nanoscale luminescent semiconductor crystal (fluorescent or phosphorescent) present in a fluid. For this process, the following steps are carried out:
- the luminescence of said nano-crystalline semiconductor is detected and / or measured within an area of said fluid circulation device, said zone being subjected to said light radiation.
- the luminescent nanoconductor crystal may be any of the luminescent semiconductor nanocrystals previously described.
- the detection and / or measurement method may be compatible with all the embodiments of the detection and measurement system described above and may in particular comprise the following steps alone or in combination:
- the fluid is circulated in the circulation device as a deflection of a pipe
- the fluid is shifted to a plurality of circuits depending on the detection and / or the measurement.
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- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
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- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1554562A FR3036492B1 (fr) | 2015-05-21 | 2015-05-21 | Systeme de mesure de la quantite de nano-cristaux semi-conducteurs presents dans un fluide |
| PCT/EP2016/060536 WO2016184744A1 (fr) | 2015-05-21 | 2016-05-11 | Systeme de mesure de la quantite de nano-cristaux semi-conducteurs presents dans un fluide |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3298387A1 true EP3298387A1 (fr) | 2018-03-28 |
Family
ID=53541812
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP16722191.0A Withdrawn EP3298387A1 (fr) | 2015-05-21 | 2016-05-11 | Systeme de mesure de la quantite de nano-cristaux semi-conducteurs presents dans un fluide |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10495577B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3298387A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3036492B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2016184744A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US10260985B2 (en) * | 2017-05-16 | 2019-04-16 | Linde Aktiengesellschaft | Methods for detecting leaks in liquid pipelines |
Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130037728A1 (en) * | 2011-08-09 | 2013-02-14 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Particle analyzer with spatial modulation and long lifetime bioprobes |
| US20130109597A1 (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-02 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Nanoparticle Smart Tags in Subterranean Applications |
| EP2871464A1 (fr) * | 2012-07-06 | 2015-05-13 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation | Dispositif et procédé d'analyse |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20010049101A1 (en) * | 2000-02-23 | 2001-12-06 | Brian Brogger | Micro-label biological assay system |
| MXPA05002565A (es) * | 2002-09-06 | 2005-05-05 | Chiron Corp | Metodo de verificacion de movimiento de fluido. |
| US7767435B2 (en) * | 2003-08-25 | 2010-08-03 | University Of Washington | Method and device for biochemical detection and analysis of subcellular compartments from a single cell |
| US20070185679A1 (en) * | 2004-04-01 | 2007-08-09 | Petruno Patrick T | Indicating status of a diagnostic test system |
| US20060014175A1 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2006-01-19 | Imad Naasani | Functionalized fluorescent nanocrystal detection system |
| NL1034253C2 (nl) * | 2007-03-16 | 2008-09-17 | Stichting Wetsus Ct Of Excelle | Werkwijze, inrichting en systeem voor het meten en/of behandelen van in een vloeistof opgeloste verontreinigende componenten. |
| US8454895B2 (en) * | 2007-05-03 | 2013-06-04 | Nanyang Technological University | Online contaminant detection and removal system |
| US8455845B2 (en) * | 2010-08-23 | 2013-06-04 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Method for detecting drag reducer additives in gasoline |
| WO2012094007A2 (fr) * | 2011-01-06 | 2012-07-12 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Évaluation de contamination de fluide de formation de fond |
| ES2569719T3 (es) * | 2011-08-17 | 2016-05-12 | Buckman Laboratories International, Inc | Métodos para controlar el crecimiento de costra o incrustación en sistemas acuosos |
| CA2850731A1 (fr) | 2011-10-20 | 2013-05-02 | Exxonmobil Upstream Research Company | Sondes de nanoparticule, procedes et systemes pour utilisation de celles-ci |
| US20140260694A1 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-18 | Chevron U.S.A. Inc. | Automated Tracer Sampling and Measurement System |
| EP2853884A1 (fr) * | 2013-09-25 | 2015-04-01 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Technique de détermination de métaux dans des échantillons de pétrole obtenus à partir d'huile de lubrification de machines |
| WO2016007758A1 (fr) * | 2014-07-11 | 2016-01-14 | Alcoa Inc. | Système et procédés de traitement des eaux usées |
| US9715036B2 (en) * | 2015-06-15 | 2017-07-25 | Baker Hughes Incorporated | Wellbores including carbon quantum dots, and methods of forming carbon quantum dots |
-
2015
- 2015-05-21 FR FR1554562A patent/FR3036492B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2016
- 2016-05-11 WO PCT/EP2016/060536 patent/WO2016184744A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2016-05-11 EP EP16722191.0A patent/EP3298387A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2016-05-11 US US15/575,739 patent/US10495577B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US20130037728A1 (en) * | 2011-08-09 | 2013-02-14 | Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated | Particle analyzer with spatial modulation and long lifetime bioprobes |
| US20130109597A1 (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2013-05-02 | Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. | Nanoparticle Smart Tags in Subterranean Applications |
| EP2871464A1 (fr) * | 2012-07-06 | 2015-05-13 | Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation | Dispositif et procédé d'analyse |
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
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| See also references of WO2016184744A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3036492A1 (fr) | 2016-11-25 |
| US10495577B2 (en) | 2019-12-03 |
| FR3036492B1 (fr) | 2017-05-12 |
| WO2016184744A1 (fr) | 2016-11-24 |
| US20180292322A1 (en) | 2018-10-11 |
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