EP3292268A1 - Facility for monitoring geological gas storage sites - Google Patents

Facility for monitoring geological gas storage sites

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Publication number
EP3292268A1
EP3292268A1 EP16719067.7A EP16719067A EP3292268A1 EP 3292268 A1 EP3292268 A1 EP 3292268A1 EP 16719067 A EP16719067 A EP 16719067A EP 3292268 A1 EP3292268 A1 EP 3292268A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
gas
electrical
geochemical
installation according
dme
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP16719067.7A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3292268B1 (en
Inventor
Bruno Garcia
Virgile Rouchon
Adrian CEREPI
Corinne LOISY
Olivier Le Roux
Jean RILLARD
Claude Bertrand
Olivier WILLEQUET
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Original Assignee
IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
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Publication date
Application filed by IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN filed Critical IFP Energies Nouvelles IFPEN
Priority to PL16719067T priority Critical patent/PL3292268T3/en
Publication of EP3292268A1 publication Critical patent/EP3292268A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3292268B1 publication Critical patent/EP3292268B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B41/00—Equipment or details not covered by groups E21B15/00 - E21B40/00
    • E21B41/005—Waste disposal systems
    • E21B41/0057—Disposal of a fluid by injection into a subterranean formation
    • E21B41/0064—Carbon dioxide sequestration
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/10—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
    • E21B47/113—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements using electrical indications; using light radiations
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B47/00—Survey of boreholes or wells
    • E21B47/10—Locating fluid leaks, intrusions or movements
    • E21B47/117—Detecting leaks, e.g. from tubing, by pressure testing
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
    • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
    • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of exploration and exploitation of oil deposits, or geological sites for geological storage of gas, such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane. More particularly, the present invention may relate to the monitoring of geological gas storage sites.
  • gas such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane.
  • the volume of the gas injected into an underground geological formation is easily known by measuring the flow of gas at the head of the injection well.
  • this gas can migrate vertically out of the storage formation (in more superficial geological layers, or even to the surface) or laterally in the host formation in areas not originally predicted.
  • repetitive seismic known as 4D seismic
  • 4D seismic is used in industry (petroleum or environmental).
  • Such a technique consists of carrying out different seismic campaigns at different times (generally campaigns are spaced at least a year apart, but permanent acquisition devices exist).
  • campaigns are spaced at least a year apart, but permanent acquisition devices exist).
  • the specialist can follow the evolution of the movements and the pressures of the fluids of the geological storage site.
  • This technique has been exploited in the environmental field to estimate, from the seismic data, the total volume and the total mass of gas in place in the subsoil.
  • this method long enough to implement and suffering from strong indetermination at shallow depths, is not suitable for detection of gas leaks in the near-surface and in real time.
  • patent EP 12290058 relates to a method for storing gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or methane, comprising a phase of monitoring the fate of the gas, making it possible to quantify the mass of dissolved gas, possibly the quantity of precipitated gas, and making it possible to anticipate leakage of this gas to the right of the storage site.
  • gas such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or methane
  • the method is based on the adjustment of a model describing the evolution of the gas concentration as a function of time, by means of in situ geochemical analyzes of rare gases contained in fluid phases of samples of the subsoil.
  • patent FR 2984510 which relates to an installation for the analysis and determination of C0 2 fluxes in particular to discriminate the flow of C0 2 of deep origin natural C0 2 natural, generated close to the surface.
  • This installation is characterized by a meteorological surface station equipped with a surface gas collection chamber, three sampling means at three different depths in the ground, means for measuring the concentration of C0 2 , N 2 , and 0 2 audits three depths, means for measuring the concentration of C0 2 contained in the gas collected in the collection chamber.
  • This installation has the advantage of taking into account a baseline (or "base line” in English) representative of the natural emissivity of C0 2 .
  • the present invention describes a facility for monitoring geological gas storage sites combining, in a fully integrated manner, two types of measurements, precisely geochemical and electrical measurements.
  • the installation according to the invention is fully automated and comprises a system for transmitting the information collected by said installation.
  • the installation according to the invention can thus enable continuous and possibly remote monitoring of geological gas storage sites.
  • the object of the invention relates to an installation for monitoring a geological storage site of a gas, such as C0 2 or methane.
  • the installation comprises in combination at least the following elements:
  • a geochemical measurement device comprising a plurality of gas sampling probes, said probes being connected to a gas analyzer, said probes being intended to be placed in the near surface;
  • an electrical measurement device comprising a plurality of electrodes, said electrodes being connected to a resistivity meter, said electrical measurement device being intended for electrical measurements in the subsoil;
  • a surface weather station for measuring environmental parameters associated with said site
  • said geochemical and electrical measuring devices being controlled by an automaton, said geochemical measuring device, said electrical measuring device and said meteorological station being connected to a data collector, said collector being itself connected to transmission means of said data.
  • said gas sampling probes can be installed above the vadose zone and below the biogenic gas production zone.
  • said gas sampling probes are connected to a gas analyzer via gas transfer means.
  • said gas transfer means of said geochemical measurement device may comprise a three-way solenoid valve, a first channel being connected to one of said gas sampling probes, a second channel leading to a system purging said geochemical measuring device, and a third channel being connected to a pump, said pump being intended to suck said gas taken by said sampling probes and to dispense said sampled gas and sucked to said geochemical measurement device.
  • said gas analyzer may comprise at least one detector of said stored gas and at least one rare gas detector.
  • said resistivity meter of said electrical measuring device can send a continuous electric current into the subsoil via two of said electrodes and can record an electrical potential difference between two other of said electrodes.
  • the automaton can trigger electrical measurements via the electrical measurement device and geochemical measurements via the geochemical measurement device on a regular basis over time.
  • said electrodes may be placed on the surface of the ground, and / or along walls of an underground cavity, and / or along a well.
  • said weather station can provide continuous control of at least temperature, pressure, rainfall and hygrometry.
  • the power supply of said installation can be provided by a solar panel, connected to a battery.
  • said means for transmitting said data can be provided by a 3G modem.
  • the invention relates to a use of the plant according to the invention for monitoring a geological storage site of a gas, such as CO 2 or methane.
  • a calibration step is performed prior to the injection of gas into the geological storage site of a gas.
  • FIG. 1 shows an illustrative diagram of the injection of a gas in a geological gas storage site.
  • FIG. 2 shows an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of the installation according to the invention.
  • FIG. 3 shows a surface plan of a geological storage site C0 2 , and the location of the various elements constituting an embodiment of the installation according to the invention.
  • FIG. 4 presents electrical resistivity tomography results obtained before C0 2 injection and from the implementation example of the installation according to the invention presented in FIG . 3 .
  • FIG. 5 shows the variations of C0 2 concentrations as a function of the relative variations in electrical resistivity obtained after injection of C0 2 and from the implementation example of the installation according to the invention presented in FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 6 shows the evolution over time of the relative variation of electrical resistivity obtained after injection of C0 2 and from the implementation example of the installation according to the invention presented in FIG. 3.
  • One of the objects of the invention relates to an installation for monitoring geological gas storage sites, such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane, allowing the detection of leaks of this gas, in a quantitative manner, integrated, permanent and without human intervention.
  • geological gas storage sites such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane
  • the geological storage of gas comprises a phase of injection of said gas into a formation of the subsoil, and a phase of monitoring the fate of the species to be stored in the subsoil.
  • the injected gas essentially contains a species to be stored (carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), methane, etc.), but very often at least one rare gas (of the helium, argon, etc. type) is also present, co-injected. simultaneously with the species to be stored.
  • FIG. 1 shows an example of injection of a gas, via an injection well (PI), into a reservoir rock (RR) of a formation of the subsoil, the gas essentially containing the species to be stored, C0 2 , and the reservoir rock containing a fluid, especially water.
  • the C0 2 migrates into the formation initially mainly in gaseous form (C0 2 G) by gravity and / or due to an existing pressure gradient, until it stops for the following reasons: of flow pressure gradient, retention of the residual gas by capillarity, retention of the gas in a structural manner.
  • the plume of C0 2 has in fine a large horizontal surface relative to its thickness.
  • the second migration phenomenon that takes over is the diffusion with or without a gravitational instability.
  • This type of migration has its source at the gas / water interface (INT), hence below the C0 2 gas plume (C0 2 G) in the reservoir rock, but also above the C0 2 plume at through the rock cover. Under this interface, we thus find C0 2 in dissolved form in water (C0 2 D), and transported by diffusion downwards (arrows in Figure 1).
  • Figure 2 shows an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of the installation according to the invention, the various elements of the installation according to the invention can be arranged differently.
  • the installation according to the invention comprises a geochemical measurement device DMG.
  • the DMG geochemical measurement device comprises a plurality of gas sampling probes SPG, the probes being connected to an AG gas analyzer.
  • the gas sampling probes SPG are connected via MTG gas transfer means to the gas analyzer AG.
  • the SPG gas sampling probes are placed in the near surface, that is to say in the very first meters below the surface of a site.
  • the device for geochemical measurements of DMG gas according to the invention allows a collection of gas present locally, that is to say near the location of the SPG sampling probes.
  • the AG gas analyzer allows the detection and quantification (estimation of the concentration for example) of at least one type of gas.
  • the gas analyzer enables the detection and quantification of the gas injected into the geological storage site.
  • the installation according to the invention also comprises a DME electrical measuring device, this device being intended for electrical measurements in the basement.
  • This device comprises a plurality of ELEC electrodes connected to a resistivity meter RES.
  • the electrodes of the DME electrical measurement device may be installed in whole or in part on the ground surface, along the walls of an underground cavity or along wellbore.
  • the resistivity meter RES of the electrical measurement device DME comprises a DC electric current generator (for example between 5 and 200 mA) and a voltmeter for measuring an electrical potential difference. According to an embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG.
  • said ELEC electrodes are at least four in number
  • resistivity meter RES sends said electric current into the subsoil via at least two of said ELEC electrodes and measures said electrical potential difference, induced in the subsoil by the injected current, via at least two other of said ELEC electrodes.
  • the facility has a weather station SM surface, allowing access to environmental parameters (such as temperature, pressure, rainfall, wind speed, etc.) associated with the site.
  • environmental parameters such as temperature, pressure, rainfall, wind speed, etc.
  • the DMG and DME electrical geochemical measuring devices are controlled by an AUT PLC.
  • This AUT PLC allows preprogramming of the measurements to be carried out, whether electrical or geochemical.
  • the AUT automaton can, for example, make it possible to define a sequencing of the geochemical measurements, by triggering, successively in time, according to a given periodicity, the sampling of gas probe after probe, as well as the transfer and the analysis of this gas.
  • the AUT automaton can make it possible to trigger electrical measurements with a certain periodicity, according to certain parameters (number of electrodes involved in the measurement, electric current injected, etc.).
  • the DMG geochemical measuring device, the DME electrical measuring device and the SM weather station are connected to a COLL data collector.
  • the COLL data collector makes it possible to collect, centralize and store all the measurements made by the installation according to the invention.
  • said collector COLL is itself connected to means for transmitting said MTD data.
  • the transmission means of said MTD data allow a transfer of the information collected by the collector COLL.
  • the installation according to the invention can be placed in line with the geological gas storage site.
  • the sampling probes SPG of the geochemical measuring device DMG and the electrodes ELEC of the electrical measuring device DME are distributed according to results of predictive modeling of the evolution (evolution in size, but also lateral and vertical displacement) of the plume. gas.
  • Such predictive modeling can be performed using a digital flow simulator in a porous medium.
  • the installation according to the invention makes it possible, among other things, to collect, automatically and preprogrammed via the AUT automaton, gas samples via SPG probes, and to analyze the sampled gas.
  • the installation according to the invention makes it possible to detect the arrival of gas at the (near) surface of a geological storage site, to qualify and quantify this gas.
  • the DMG geochemical measurement device enables the monitoring over time of any C0 2 leaks arriving at (near) surface.
  • the installation according to the invention makes it possible to carry out electrical measurements, automatically and preprogrammed, via the AUT automaton.
  • the electrical measurements provide, non-invasively, a mapping of the electrical response of the subsoil above which is disposed an electrical device.
  • the depth of investigation of electrical methods varies from ten to hundreds of meters, depending on the parameters of the electrical measurement devices implemented.
  • the electrical measurement device makes it possible to detect the changes in electrical properties in the subsoil investigated. By combining these changes with other types of information, these changes may be interpreted by the specialist as due or not due to leakage of the gas stored in the geological gas storage site.
  • the weather station can make it possible to ensure a continuous control over time of environmental parameters (for example temperature, wind speed and direction, hygrometry, pressure, sunlight index, rainfall). These parameters make it possible to take into account climatic events occurring on the surface of a geological gas storage site when interpreting measurements of electrical and geochemical measuring devices.
  • the specialist can take into account the measurement of the rainfall to correct the measurements of the electrical properties of the subsoil of a rise or a deficit of the quantity of water in the basement close.
  • an increase in water in the near subsoil will have an impact on the concentration of gases collected in (near) surface, impact that the specialist is able to quantify.
  • the continuous measurements of environmental parameters carried out by the meteorological station according to the invention can enable the specialist to establish a baseline representative of climatic effects on geochemical measurements and electrical measurements. .
  • the effects of this leak on electrical measurements and geochemical measurements will be added to the baseline representative of climatic effects on geochemical measurements and electrical measurements.
  • said meteorological station provides continuous monitoring of at least temperature, pressure, humidity and rainfall.
  • the COLL data collector makes it possible to collect all the data measured automatically and periodically by the DMG geochemical measuring device, the DME electrical measurement device and the meteorological station SM. This data is then transmitted in real time by a MTD data transmission system.
  • the installation according to the invention allows, inter alia, the coupling of measuring devices of different types (electrical, geochemical and meteorological) in a single and consistent installation.
  • the installation according to the invention is fully automated, which includes the automation of the measurements but also the transmission of the collected information. This automation of such a coupled system allows a synchronization of different type of measurements, which is not feasible for a non-integrated system or a non-automated system.
  • such an installation makes it possible to reliably detect gas leaks that may occur as a result of gas injection into a geological gas storage site.
  • the reliability of the detection is ensured by the fact that the different types of information (electrical, geochemical and meteorological) can be collected in a concerted manner (among others, the installation according to the invention allows the synchronization of the different types of measurements) at the same location (the coverage area of the DMG geochemical measuring device can cover the coverage area of the DME electrical measuring device), on a regular basis (allowing continuous monitoring of a site), and in an automated way (avoiding thus human errors).
  • the installation according to the invention for providing the specialist different types of information can be able, after cross analysis of said information, to discern whether measurement anomalies detected by one or more of said devices relate to leakage of the gas injected or not.
  • the SPG gas sampling probes are installed above the vadose zone (so that the samples are in the form of free gas and not in the form of dissolved gases. ) and below the biogenic gas production zone (so that the gas measurements are not polluted by the natural gas production, related to the degradation of the organic matter in the near surface).
  • the gas injected into the geological storage site is C0 2
  • this allows in particular that the gas samples are made below the biogenic production zone of C0 2 .
  • the bacterial and plant biological activity that develops in the near surface of the subsoil is an emissive system of C0 2 .
  • the MTG gas transfer means of said DMG geochemical measuring device comprise a three-way solenoid valve, a first channel being connected to one of said gas sampling probes SPG, a second channel leading to a system for purging the entire DMG gas geochemical measurement device, and a third channel being connected to a pump.
  • a solenoid valve allows the gas flows taken by the SPG probes to be controlled by the AUT PLC.
  • the pump it is possible to suck up the collected gas and distribute it to the AG gas analyzer.
  • the purge system is for example to let escape, in an ancillary system and for a few minutes, the gas present in the MTG gas transfer means.
  • the purge system consists of injecting (under pressure) a neutral gas into the entire geochemical measurement device DMG.
  • the neutral gas is atmospheric air.
  • the neutral gas is nitrogen.
  • the purge system makes it possible to ensure that the next measurement is not affected by gas residues of the previous measurement.
  • the MTG gas transfer means of said DMG geochemical measuring device comprise a two-way solenoid valve, a first channel being connected to one of said gas sampling probes SPG, a second channel being connected to a pump for dispensing the gas taken from the gas analyzer AG.
  • a flow restriction valve is placed between the pump of one of the transfer means and the gas analyzer.
  • the flow restriction valve ensures a low and constant flow of gas at the inlet of the AG gas analyzer.
  • the gas analyzer comprises at least one detector (allowing detection and quantification) of the gas stored in the geological storage site and at least one detector (allowing detection and quantification) a rare gas.
  • the rare gas detector is a detector of Radon, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, or Xenon.
  • the number of gas sampling probes SPG is between 20 and 40.
  • the gas sampling probes SPG are equi-distributed so as to cover a surface of the gas. order of 1000 m 2 .
  • the gas sampling probes SPG can also be distributed according to results of predictive modeling of the evolution of the gas plume. Thus, by multiplying the number of GSP sampling probes and distributing them over a large area of the C0 2 geological storage site, site monitoring is improved. Description of the electrical measuring device
  • the DME electrical measurement device makes it possible to estimate the resistivity of the subsoil.
  • the electrical resistivity of the subsoil depends essentially on the water content of the rock (function of the porosity and the saturation), the salinity of the interstitial water (and thus the quantity of dissolved gas in this interstitial water) and the clay content of the rocks.
  • the principle of the method is based on the measurement of electrical potential differences associated with the injection of a continuous electric current. Via Ohm's law, the so-called apparent electrical resistivity, a function of the geometric characteristics of the electrical device DME, can be calculated. This value results from the contribution of all the portions of the medium which are traversed by the current emitted on the surface.
  • the measure represents a value that integrates the resistivities on a certain volume of the subsoil.
  • the acquisition technique consists of making measurements (along several acquisition profiles 1D, or according to 2D acquisition devices) by regularly increasing the space between the electrodes.
  • the field measurements thus make it possible to obtain an image (2D or 3D, where one of the dimensions is the depth) of the apparent electrical resistivity of the subsoil.
  • From a data inversion software this is called resistivity tomography), for example based on the least squares method, we can access an image (2D or 3D, where one of the dimensions is the depth) of the true electrical resistivity of the subsoil.
  • the depth of investigation of electrical methods is of the order of ten to hundred meters depending on the parameters of the electrical measurement devices implemented (lengths of the profiles, electrical intensity injected, etc.).
  • the DME electrical measurement device also makes it possible to estimate the chargeability of the subsoil. To do this, a continuous electric current is injected into the subsoil via the resistivity meter RES, and the decay, via the resistivity meter RES, of the evolution of the voltage in the subsoil is measured over time, once current injection stopped. In the same way as for electrical resistivity, an inversion process is necessary in order to obtain a 2D or 3D image of the chargeability of the medium.
  • said ELEC electrodes are connected to resistivity meter RES via a multiplexer.
  • the multiplexer makes it possible to reference each of the electrodes and to select, among all the electrodes deployed, the electrodes required for a given measurement.
  • the multiplexer also makes it possible to communicate to the resistivity meter a sequence of measurements to be made.
  • the resistivity meter used is the TERRAMETER SAS4000 model marketed by ABEM.
  • acquisition configuration chosen according to the present invention is meant the number of electrodes ELEC required for a given measurement, the number of ELEC electrodes deployed, the spacing between the electrodes ELEC, and their spatial arrangement.
  • the ELEC electrodes deployed for a measurement are arranged in a straight line (this is called acquisition profile 1 D), on the surface of the ground (this is called a 2D acquisition profile ) or along at least two wells (and this is known as well acquisition).
  • the specialist will prefer a quadrupole-type configuration (two emission electrodes and two reception electrodes, called Wenner-Schlumberger electrodes) in the case of a 1 D, dipole-dipole and pole-pole acquisition profile (with 2 electrodes at infinity) in the case of 2D acquisition profiles.
  • the number of ELEC electrodes deployed and the spacing between these electrodes are determined by the specialist as a function of the desired penetration depth, the expected resolution and the ambient background noise.
  • D is the spacing between the electrodes and N the number of electrodes
  • the depth of investigation of such a device is about (N-1) * D / 5 (it also depends on the device used and the resistivity of the ground), and the resolution of the image that can be obtained by surface resistivity tomography is D.
  • the ELEC electrodes of the DME electrical measuring device are placed on the surface of the ground, one obtains, from these measurements and after carrying out a resistivity tomography, an image of the resistivity below the ground surface and to a depth that is a function of the configuration of the electrical measuring device.
  • the ELEC electrodes of the DME electrical measuring device are distributed in at least two wells, it is possible to obtain, from these measurements and after carrying out a resistivity tomography, an image of the resistivity between the wells in which the electrodes are placed.
  • the AUT automat triggers an electrical measurement by the DME electrical measuring device every 3 hours. In this way, it is possible to follow the temporal evolution of the resistivity and / or chargeability of the subsoil investigated.
  • the number of electrodes is a particular example of implementation of the invention.
  • ELEC is 64 and the electrodes are spaced 25cm apart. Description of the ancillary elements
  • the COLL data collector corresponds to the DT85GLM model marketed by DIMELCO.
  • the installation comprises three gas detectors: a CO 2 detector (for example the LI-820 detector marketed by LI-COR), a Radon detector (by example the EAS 70K aerosol sampler marketed by ALGADE), and a rare gas detector (for example a mass spectrometer).
  • a CO 2 detector for example the LI-820 detector marketed by LI-COR
  • a Radon detector by example the EAS 70K aerosol sampler marketed by ALGADE
  • a rare gas detector for example a mass spectrometer.
  • the rare gas detector allows the detection and quantification of the amount of Radon, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, or Xenon present in the atmosphere.
  • the MTD data transmission means allow the transmission of the collected data to in situ means for analyzing the data collected. It can thus be a wired link or a wireless link (bluetooth, wi-fi, etc.), allowing for example an in situ connection of a computer to the installation and thus the data analysis. collected by a specialist.
  • the means for transmitting the collected MTD data are remote transmission means (modem allowing an internet connection for example).
  • the MTD data transmission means collected by the collector COLL are provided by a 3G modem.
  • the installation according to the invention allows the data collected on the site to be transmitted automatically and in real time to a specialist, who can thus be able to make ad hoc decisions in case of detection of gas leakage .
  • the COLL data collector makes it possible to take alert trigger thresholds into account and is able to trigger an alert.
  • the data collector is able to issue an alert, for example to a specialist or to the authorities. via an electronic message, an audible alert, etc.
  • the resulting information is processed via a software for transforming the measurement (for example in mV) into a numerical value, and are then saved by the data collector.
  • the software can be a simple spreadsheet software, or be specific to the gas analyzer.
  • the power supply of said installation is provided by a solar panel, and is connected to a battery.
  • the AUT automaton, the AG gas analyzer, the data collector and the resistivity meter are protected in a sealed shelter.
  • the installation may comprise a means for measuring soil moisture.
  • Such measurements can indeed make it possible to correct the electrical measurements made with the DME electrical measuring device of the effects caused by variations in the moisture content in the soil.
  • the present invention describes an installation based on the coupling of several types of measurement device into a single, coherent, PLC-controlled installation enabling automatic, permanent and reliable monitoring of geological gas storage sites.
  • the invention also relates to the use of the installation according to the invention for monitoring a geological gas storage site, such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane, in order to detect any leaks of this gas.
  • a geological gas storage site such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane
  • the use of the installation according to the invention for the monitoring of a geological gas storage site may require a step of calibration of the installation prior to the actual monitoring phase.
  • the installation according to the invention can be used for monitoring a geological storage site in which the gas is already injected.
  • the calibration of the installation according to the invention is carried out prior to the injection of the gas into the geological gas storage site.
  • the calibration of the installation according to the invention consists in making measurements during a predefined period via the installation according to the invention. More precisely, measurements are made during a predefined period of time with said DME and geochemical DMG electrical devices prior to injection of gas into said geological storage site, so as to establish - A reference level for geochemical measurements, reflecting the natural geochemical activity of the site (related to degradation of organic matter, climate change over time, etc.);
  • a reference level for electrical measurements reflecting the variations in the site's own electrical properties (related to climate change mainly over time).
  • the measurements made for the calibration of said installation are carried out over a period of between one year and three years.
  • after drying the sample it is saturated under vacuum with water at 1 g / l NaCl and then placed in a "Hassler" cell (for example Ergotech type Mk4).
  • This equipment makes it possible both to progressively desaturate the rock sample by applying a capillary pressure and to make measurements of the electrical resistivity between 20 Hz and 2 MHz using an impedance meter (for example of the Agilent E4980A type).
  • the desaturation can be carried out using two different gases, the gas to be injected is for example an inert gas such as nitrogen, in order to highlight the influence of the gas to be injected on the electrical parameters (resistivity index, frequency critical, spontaneous potential). More specifically, the resistivity values obtained during these laboratory experiments make it possible to determine a threshold above which a resistivity change measured by the DME electrical measuring device can be interpreted as being due to the presence, at the level of the device. DME electrical measurements, injected gas.
  • the calibration of the installation according to the invention comprises measurements made in situ by the installation according to the invention by simulating one or more gas leaks. These simulations of gas leaks can be carried out by injecting gas into a wellbore, for example between 3 and 5 m deep. One can for example simulate a sudden leak (by injecting gas under high pressure) or a diffuse leak.
  • the measurements made by the DMG and electrical DME geochemical measuring devices during these leakage tests make it possible, on the one hand, to calibrate the electrical measurements with respect to the geochemical measurements, but also, to define gas leak detection thresholds, compared to previously established reference levels.
  • the calibration between the geochemical measurements and the electrical measurements consists in determining the correlation law between the quantities of gas measured by the DMG geochemical measuring device and the electrical resistivity variations measured by the device. DME electrical measurements.
  • an abacus representing, on the abscissa, the quantities of gas measured by the geochemical measurement device DMG and on the ordinate the variations of electrical resistivity measured by the electrical measurement device DME are established.
  • an experimental law representative of the correlation between these two types of measurement we determine an experimental law representative of the correlation between these two types of measurement.
  • the experimental law thus defined between these two groups of data makes it possible to cross-check the measurements of the two devices. Thus, if one of the devices detects an abnormal measurement and if the measurement made by the other device is below the prediction obtained by the experimental law, it is likely that the abnormal measurement is a point anomaly, not related to a specific error. gas leak.
  • the gas leak detection thresholds thus defined are provided to the data collector to trigger a remote alert in case of gas leakage.
  • the calibration step of the installation according to the invention is continued during the injection phase and during the first years after the gas injection.
  • the installation according to the invention allows a temporal follow-up of the electrical, geochemical and environmental characteristics of a geological gas storage site.
  • the step of monitoring a geological gas storage site by the installation according to the invention is implemented by using the installation according to the invention so as to realize automatic, regular and remote measurements.
  • the specialist can determine, by resistivity tomography, an imaging (in 2D, or 3D according to the acquisition configuration) of the diffusion. gas injected into the basement.
  • the specialist can obtain the temporal evolution of this resistivity.
  • the changes in resistivity observed over time can be an indicator of the movements of the injected gas.
  • the specialist can for example conclude that it is a point measurement anomaly.
  • resistivity changes measured by the DME electrical measurement device are not correlated with a change in gas concentration measured by the DMG geochemical measuring device, and the resistivity changes are observed at a greater depth of investigation than from the DMG geochemical measurement device, then the specialist may estimate that a gas leak is next or imminent, and is able to possibly alert that right.
  • the present invention makes it possible in particular to combine, in a single, coherent and integrated installation, the information obtained by a DMG geochemical measurement device with the information obtained by a DME electrical measurement device and thus to make a reliable monitoring of a geological gas storage site.
  • this cross-information makes it possible to better detect gas leaks that may occur as a result of gas injection into a geological gas storage site, or even to anticipate these leaks thanks to the different investigation depths of the two types. of measures.
  • the installation according to the invention can be fully automated and controlled remotely, which allows permanent monitoring of a geological gas storage site.
  • Figures 3 to 6 illustrate an example of application of the installation according to the invention for monitoring a geological storage site C0 2 .
  • the site in question is a limestone quarry.
  • C0 2 was injected into a cavity within this career.
  • Figure 3 shows a surface plane of the injection zone.
  • the shaded areas correspond to the limestone pillars of the quarry and the injection chamber corresponds to the central zone framed in bold.
  • This figure presents the location of two profiles of surface electrical resistivity measurements (AA 'and BB'), as well as three profiles of electrical resistivity measurements in the cavity (TL, TT and L-CO), the location of C0 2 (CN, CO, CT, L), and the location of the weather station at the surface (represented by a star).
  • FIG. 4 presents a result of electrical resistivity tomography performed along the BB 'profile before the C0 2 injection, to which a resistivity tomography result produced along the TL profile (at the roof of the cavity) has been superimposed, as well as the location of the detectors CT and CN of C0 2 .
  • the dotted line represents the boundary between clays and limestone.
  • FIG. 5 represents (via "+” signs) the C0 2 concentration variations measured by the CN and CT sensors of C0 2 as a function of the relative variations in electrical resistivity measured along the B-B 'section, obtained during of time, during a calibration phase performed before and during the injection. It can be observed that the geochemical and electrical measurements are very strongly correlated with each other. From this graph, we can then obtain a correlation law between these two types of measurements, for example by a linear regression.
  • the correlation between the geochemical measurements and the electrical measurements observed in FIG. 5 confirms the interest of an installation allowing a coherent coupling, in a single installation, between a DMG geochemical measuring device and a DME electrical measurement device.
  • the installation according to the invention being fully automated, the continuous monitoring, during the injection, as shown in Figure 6, but also after injection, is possible.
  • the installation according to the invention can make it possible to detect the precursor signs of a leak, by identifying anomalies in the relative resistivity maps as presented in FIG. 6, and / or by detecting abnormal concentrations of gas.
  • the installation according to the invention makes it possible to help remove any ambiguities concerning the interpretation to make abnormal (geochemical and / or electrical) measurements, but also to contribute to a more reliable localization. potential gas leaks.

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Abstract

A facility for monitoring a geological storage site for storing a gas, such as CO2 or methane, comprises, in combination, at least one geochemical measurement device (DMG), comprising a plurality of gas sampling probes (SPG) connected to a gas analyser (AG), an electrical measurement device (DME) comprising a plurality of electrodes (ELEC) and a resistivity metre (RES), and a meteorological station (SM). The geochemical and electrical measurement devices are controlled by a logic controller (AUT). The geochemical and electrical measurement devices and the meteorological station are connected to a data collector (COLL) that is itself connected to means for transmitting said data (MTD).

Description

INSTALLATION POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DE SITES DE STOCKAGE GEOLOGIQUE DE  INSTALLATION FOR MONITORING GEOLOGICAL STORAGE SITES
GAZ  GAS
La présente invention concerne le domaine de l'exploration et de l'exploitation de gisements pétroliers, ou de sites géologiques de stockage géologique de gaz, tel que le dioxyde de carbone (C02) ou le méthane. Plus particulièrement, la présente invention peut concerner la surveillance de sites de stockage géologique de gaz. The present invention relates to the field of exploration and exploitation of oil deposits, or geological sites for geological storage of gas, such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane. More particularly, the present invention may relate to the monitoring of geological gas storage sites.
Le volume du gaz injecté dans une formation géologique souterraine est facilement connu par la mesure du débit de gaz en tête de puits d'injection. Toutefois, le devenir du gaz une fois injecté est beaucoup plus difficile à maîtriser : ce gaz peut migrer verticalement hors de la formation de stockage (dans des couches géologiques plus superficielles, voire jusqu'à la surface) ou latéralement dans la formation hôte dans des zones non prédites initialement.  The volume of the gas injected into an underground geological formation is easily known by measuring the flow of gas at the head of the injection well. However, the fate of the gas once injected is much more difficult to control: this gas can migrate vertically out of the storage formation (in more superficial geological layers, or even to the surface) or laterally in the host formation in areas not originally predicted.
Dans le cas du stockage géologique de C02, la directive européenne 2009/31/CE exige un stockage permanent et sûr pour l'environnement, prévenant et maîtrisant les remontées de C02 et de substances annexes vers la surface, tout en limitant les perturbations du milieu souterrain. Ainsi, un taux de fuite de C02 de 0,01 % / an au droit d'un site de séquestration géologique de C02 est au maximum toléré selon cette directive. In the case of geological storage of C0 2 , the European Directive 2009/31 / EC requires a permanent and safe storage for the environment, preventing and controlling the rise of C0 2 and related substances towards the surface, while limiting the disturbances underground environment. Thus, a C0 2 leakage rate of 0.01% / year at a C0 2 geological sequestration site is at most tolerated according to this directive.
Afin d'être conforme aux réglementations en vigueur, et aussi pour contribuer à l'acceptation sociétale de cette technologie, il apparaît nécessaire de mettre en place des outils et systèmes de surveillance des sites de stockage géologique de gaz pour détecter d'éventuelles fuites, évaluer leur importance, et alerter qui de droit. Ces outils de « monitoring » (« surveillance » en français) doivent être peu coûteux, d'une grande fiabilité, exploités avec une implication humaine minimale, et adaptés pour rester installés sur de longues durées.  In order to comply with the regulations in force, and also to contribute to the societal acceptance of this technology, it appears necessary to set up tools and systems for monitoring geological gas storage sites to detect possible leaks, evaluate their importance, and warn who by right. These "monitoring" tools ("surveillance" in French) must be inexpensive, highly reliable, operated with minimal human involvement, and adapted to remain installed over long periods of time.
Pour suivre l'évolution de fluides injectés au sein d'un milieu poreux, de nombreuses techniques ont été développées par les industriels. To follow the evolution of fluids injected into a porous medium, many techniques have been developed by manufacturers.
Parmi ces techniques, la sismique répétitive, dite sismique 4D, est utilisée dans l'industrie (pétrolière ou environnementale). Une telle technique consiste à réaliser différentes campagnes sismiques, à des moments différents (en général les campagnes sont espacées d'au moins une année, mais des dispositifs d'acquisitions permanents existent). Ainsi, le spécialiste peut suivre l'évolution des mouvements et des pressions des fluides du site de stockage géologique. Cette technique a été exploitée dans le domaine environnemental pour estimer, à partir des données sismiques, le volume total et la masse totale de gaz en place dans le sous-sol. Cependant, cette méthode, assez longue de mise en œuvre et souffrant d'une forte indétermination à faible profondeur, n'est pas adaptée pour une détection de fuites de gaz en proche surface et en temps réel. De plus, cette technique se limite à la détection de la phase libre, c'est-à-dire du gaz, et non à la phase dissoute. L'objet du brevet EP 12290058 concerne un procédé de stockage de gaz, tel que le dioxyde de carbone (C02) ou le méthane, comportant une phase de surveillance du devenir du gaz, permettant de quantifier la masse de gaz dissoute, éventuellement la quantité de gaz précipitée, et permettant d'anticiper une fuite de ce gaz au droit du site de stockage. Le procédé se base sur l'ajustement d'un modèle décrivant l'évolution de la concentration en gaz en fonction du temps, au moyen d'analyses géochimiques in situ de gaz rares contenus dans des phases fluides d'échantillons du sous-sol. Among these techniques, repetitive seismic, known as 4D seismic, is used in industry (petroleum or environmental). Such a technique consists of carrying out different seismic campaigns at different times (generally campaigns are spaced at least a year apart, but permanent acquisition devices exist). Thus, the specialist can follow the evolution of the movements and the pressures of the fluids of the geological storage site. This technique has been exploited in the environmental field to estimate, from the seismic data, the total volume and the total mass of gas in place in the subsoil. However, this method, long enough to implement and suffering from strong indetermination at shallow depths, is not suitable for detection of gas leaks in the near-surface and in real time. In addition, this technique is limited to the detection of the free phase, that is to say the gas, and not to the dissolved phase. The subject of patent EP 12290058 relates to a method for storing gas, such as carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) or methane, comprising a phase of monitoring the fate of the gas, making it possible to quantify the mass of dissolved gas, possibly the quantity of precipitated gas, and making it possible to anticipate leakage of this gas to the right of the storage site. The method is based on the adjustment of a model describing the evolution of the gas concentration as a function of time, by means of in situ geochemical analyzes of rare gases contained in fluid phases of samples of the subsoil.
On connaît également le brevet FR 2984510, qui concerne une installation pour l'analyse et la détermination des flux de C02 permettant notamment de discriminer le flux de C02 d'origine profonde du C02 biologique naturel, généré proche de la surface. Cette installation est caractérisée par une station de surface météorologique équipée d'une chambre de collecte des gaz de surface, de trois moyens de prélèvement à trois profondeurs différentes dans le sol, de moyens de mesure de la concentration en C02, N2, et 02 audites trois profondeurs, de moyens de mesure de la concentration en C02 contenu dans le gaz recueilli dans la chambre de collecte. Cette installation présente l'avantage de prendre en compte une ligne de base (ou « base line » en anglais) représentative de l'émissivité naturelle de C02. Also known is the patent FR 2984510, which relates to an installation for the analysis and determination of C0 2 fluxes in particular to discriminate the flow of C0 2 of deep origin natural C0 2 natural, generated close to the surface. This installation is characterized by a meteorological surface station equipped with a surface gas collection chamber, three sampling means at three different depths in the ground, means for measuring the concentration of C0 2 , N 2 , and 0 2 audits three depths, means for measuring the concentration of C0 2 contained in the gas collected in the collection chamber. This installation has the advantage of taking into account a baseline (or "base line" in English) representative of the natural emissivity of C0 2 .
Le document « STRAZISAR, BR., WELLS, AW., DIEHL, JR., 2009. Near surface monitoring for the ZERT shallow C02 injection project. Int J Greennehouse Gas Control 3(6) :736-744. » démontre quant à lui qu'une fuite de C02 peut provoquer une diminution locale de la résistivité électrique au droit de la fuite provoquée de C02. Cette diminution est interprétée comme étant liée à une diminution de la résistivité électrique de l'eau interstitielle, engendrée par la dissolution du C02 dans cette eau interstitielle. The document "STRAZISAR, BR., WELLS, AW., DIEHL, JR., 2009. Near surface monitoring for the ZERT shallow C02 injection project. Int J Greennehouse Gas Control 3 (6): 736-744. Demonstrates that a C0 2 leak can cause a local decrease in electrical resistivity at the level of the C0 2 induced leak. This decrease is interpreted as being related to a decrease in the electrical resistivity of the interstitial water, caused by the dissolution of C0 2 in this interstitial water .
Ainsi, les procédés, dispositifs et installations selon l'art antérieur sont limités à un seul type de mesures (sismique, géochimique, ou électrique) pour la détection de fuites de gaz. De plus, aucun de ces documents ne décrit ni de moyens permettant l'automatisation de ces mesures, ni de moyens permettant une surveillance à long terme, et à distance, d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz.  Thus, the methods, devices and installations according to the prior art are limited to a single type of measurement (seismic, geochemical, or electrical) for the detection of gas leaks. Moreover, none of these documents describes any means for automating these measurements, nor means for long-term remote monitoring of a geological gas storage site.
La présente invention décrit quant à elle une installation pour la surveillance de sites de stockage géologique de gaz combinant, de façon totalement intégrée, deux types de mesures, précisément des mesures géochimiques et électriques. De plus, l'installation selon l'invention est entièrement automatisée et comprend un système de transmission des informations collectées par ladite installation. L'installation selon l'invention peut ainsi permettre une surveillance en continue et éventuellement à distance de sites de stockage géologique de gaz. L'installation selon l'invention The present invention describes a facility for monitoring geological gas storage sites combining, in a fully integrated manner, two types of measurements, precisely geochemical and electrical measurements. In addition, the installation according to the invention is fully automated and comprises a system for transmitting the information collected by said installation. The installation according to the invention can thus enable continuous and possibly remote monitoring of geological gas storage sites. The installation according to the invention
De façon générale, l'objet de l'invention concerne une installation pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique d'un gaz, tel que du C02 ou du méthane. L'installation comporte en combinaison au moins les éléments suivants : In general, the object of the invention relates to an installation for monitoring a geological storage site of a gas, such as C0 2 or methane. The installation comprises in combination at least the following elements:
- un dispositif de mesures géochimiques, comportant une pluralité de sondes de prélèvement de gaz, lesdites sondes étant reliées à un analyseur de gaz, lesdites sondes étant destinées à être placées en proche surface ;  a geochemical measurement device comprising a plurality of gas sampling probes, said probes being connected to a gas analyzer, said probes being intended to be placed in the near surface;
- un dispositif de mesures électriques, comportant une pluralité d'électrodes, lesdites électrodes étant reliées à un résistivimètre, ledit dispositif de mesures électriques étant destiné à des mesures électriques dans le sous-sol ;  an electrical measurement device, comprising a plurality of electrodes, said electrodes being connected to a resistivity meter, said electrical measurement device being intended for electrical measurements in the subsoil;
- une station météorologique de surface permettant la mesure de paramètres environnementaux associés audit site,  a surface weather station for measuring environmental parameters associated with said site,
lesdits dispositifs de mesures géochimiques et électriques étant pilotés par un automate, ledit dispositif de mesures géochimiques, ledit dispositif de mesures électriques et la dite station météorologique étant reliés à un collecteur de données, ledit collecteur étant lui-même relié à des moyens de transmission desdites données. Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, lesdites sondes de prélèvement de gaz peuvent être installées au-dessus de la zone vadose et en-dessous de la zone de production de gaz biogénique. said geochemical and electrical measuring devices being controlled by an automaton, said geochemical measuring device, said electrical measuring device and said meteorological station being connected to a data collector, said collector being itself connected to transmission means of said data. According to one embodiment of the invention, said gas sampling probes can be installed above the vadose zone and below the biogenic gas production zone.
Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, lesdites sondes de prélèvements de gaz sont reliées à un analyseur de gaz via des moyens de transferts de gaz. According to one embodiment of the invention, said gas sampling probes are connected to a gas analyzer via gas transfer means.
Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, lesdits moyens de transferts de gaz dudit dispositif de mesures géochimiques peuvent comporter une électrovanne à trois voies, une première voie étant reliée à une desdites sondes de prélèvement de gaz, une deuxième voie conduisant à un système de purge dudit dispositif de mesures géochimiques, et une troisième voie étant reliée à une pompe, ladite pompe étant destinée à aspirer ledit gaz prélevé par lesdites sondes de prélèvement et à distribuer ledit gaz prélevé et aspiré audit dispositif de mesures géochimiques. Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, ledit analyseur de gaz peut comporter au moins un détecteur dudit gaz stocké et au moins un détecteur de gaz rare. Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, ledit résistivimètre dudit dispositif de mesures électriques peut envoyer un courant électrique continu dans le sous-sol via deux desdites électrodes et peut enregistrer une différence de potentiel électrique entre deux autres desdites électrodes. According to one embodiment of the invention, said gas transfer means of said geochemical measurement device may comprise a three-way solenoid valve, a first channel being connected to one of said gas sampling probes, a second channel leading to a system purging said geochemical measuring device, and a third channel being connected to a pump, said pump being intended to suck said gas taken by said sampling probes and to dispense said sampled gas and sucked to said geochemical measurement device. According to one embodiment of the invention, said gas analyzer may comprise at least one detector of said stored gas and at least one rare gas detector. According to one embodiment of the invention, said resistivity meter of said electrical measuring device can send a continuous electric current into the subsoil via two of said electrodes and can record an electrical potential difference between two other of said electrodes.
Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'automate peut déclencher des mesures électriques via le dispositif de mesures électriques et des mesures géochimiques via le dispositif de mesures géochimiques de façon régulière dans le temps. Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, lesdites électrodes peuvent être placées à la surface du sol, et/ou le long de parois d'une cavité souterraine, et/ou le long d'un puits. According to one embodiment of the invention, the automaton can trigger electrical measurements via the electrical measurement device and geochemical measurements via the geochemical measurement device on a regular basis over time. According to one embodiment of the invention, said electrodes may be placed on the surface of the ground, and / or along walls of an underground cavity, and / or along a well.
Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, ladite station météorologique peut assurer un contrôle continu d'au moins la température, la pression, la pluviométrie et l'hygrométrie. According to one embodiment of the invention, said weather station can provide continuous control of at least temperature, pressure, rainfall and hygrometry.
Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, l'alimentation électrique de ladite installation peut être assurée par un panneau solaire, connectée à une batterie. According to one embodiment of the invention, the power supply of said installation can be provided by a solar panel, connected to a battery.
Selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention, lesdits moyens de transmission desdites données peuvent être assurés par un modem 3G. According to one embodiment of the invention, said means for transmitting said data can be provided by a 3G modem.
En outre, l'invention concerne une utilisation de l'installation selon l'invention pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique d'un gaz, tel que du C02 ou du méthane. Selon un mode de réalisation de l'utilisation de l'installation selon l'invention, une étape d'étalonnage est réalisée préalablement à l'injection de gaz dans le site de stockage géologique d'un gaz. In addition, the invention relates to a use of the plant according to the invention for monitoring a geological storage site of a gas, such as CO 2 or methane. According to one embodiment of the use of the installation according to the invention, a calibration step is performed prior to the injection of gas into the geological storage site of a gas.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages du procédé selon l'invention, apparaîtront à la lecture de la description ci-après d'exemples non limitatifs de réalisations, en se référant aux Figures annexées et décrites ci-après. Présentation succincte des figures Other features and advantages of the method according to the invention will become apparent on reading the following description of nonlimiting examples of embodiments, with reference to the appended figures and described below. Brief presentation of the figures
- la Figure 1 présente un schéma illustratif de l'injection d'un gaz dans un site de stockage géologique de gaz. - Figure 1 shows an illustrative diagram of the injection of a gas in a geological gas storage site.
- la Figure 2 présente un exemple de réalisation non limitatif de l'installation selon l'invention.- Figure 2 shows an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of the installation according to the invention.
- la Figure 3 présente un plan surfacique d'un site de stockage géologique de C02, ainsi que la localisation des différents éléments constituant un mode de réalisation de l'installation selon l'invention. - Figure 3 shows a surface plan of a geological storage site C0 2 , and the location of the various elements constituting an embodiment of the installation according to the invention.
- la Figure 4 présente des résultats de tomographie de résistivité électrique obtenus avant injection de C02 et à partir de l'exemple de mise en œuvre de l'installation selon l'invention présenté en Figure 3. FIG. 4 presents electrical resistivity tomography results obtained before C0 2 injection and from the implementation example of the installation according to the invention presented in FIG . 3 .
- la Figure 5 présente les variations de concentrations en C02 en fonction des variations relatives de résistivité électrique obtenues après injection de C02 et à partir de l'exemple de mise en œuvre de l'installation selon l'invention présenté en Figure 3. FIG. 5 shows the variations of C0 2 concentrations as a function of the relative variations in electrical resistivity obtained after injection of C0 2 and from the implementation example of the installation according to the invention presented in FIG. 3.
- La Figure 6 présente l'évolution au cours du temps de la variation relative de résistivité électrique obtenue après injection de C02 et à partir de l'exemple de mise en œuvre de l'installation selon l'invention présenté en Figure 3. FIG. 6 shows the evolution over time of the relative variation of electrical resistivity obtained after injection of C0 2 and from the implementation example of the installation according to the invention presented in FIG. 3.
Description détaillée de l'installation Detailed description of the installation
L'un des objets de l'invention concerne une installation pour la surveillance de sites de stockage géologique de gaz, tel que le dioxyde de carbone (C02) ou le méthane, permettant la détection de fuites de ce gaz, de façon quantitative, intégrée, permanente et sans intervention humaine. One of the objects of the invention relates to an installation for monitoring geological gas storage sites, such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane, allowing the detection of leaks of this gas, in a quantitative manner, integrated, permanent and without human intervention.
Le stockage géologique de gaz, comporte une phase d'injection dudit gaz dans une formation du sous-sol, et une phase de surveillance du devenir de l'espèce à stocker dans le sous-sol. Le gaz injecté contient essentiellement une espèce à stocker (dioxyde de carbone (C02), méthane...), mais bien souvent, au moins un gaz rare (du type hélium, argon...) est également présent, co-injecté simultanément avec l'espèce à stocker. The geological storage of gas comprises a phase of injection of said gas into a formation of the subsoil, and a phase of monitoring the fate of the species to be stored in the subsoil. The injected gas essentially contains a species to be stored (carbon dioxide (C0 2 ), methane, etc.), but very often at least one rare gas (of the helium, argon, etc. type) is also present, co-injected. simultaneously with the species to be stored.
La Figure 1 présente un exemple d'injection d'un gaz, via un puits injecteur (PI), dans une roche réservoir (RR) d'une formation du sous-sol, le gaz contenant essentiellement l'espèce à stocker, du C02, et la roche réservoir contenant un fluide, notamment de l'eau. Lorsque le C02 est injecté, il migre dans la formation dans un premier temps principalement sous forme gazeuse (C02G) par gravité et/ou due à un gradient de pression existant, jusqu'à s'immobiliser pour les raisons suivantes : disparition de gradient de pression par écoulement, rétention du gaz résiduelle par capillarité, rétention du gaz de manière structurale. Une fois la phase gaz stabilisée dans les pores, le panache de C02 a in fine une grande surface horizontale par rapport à son épaisseur. FIG. 1 shows an example of injection of a gas, via an injection well (PI), into a reservoir rock (RR) of a formation of the subsoil, the gas essentially containing the species to be stored, C0 2 , and the reservoir rock containing a fluid, especially water. When the C0 2 is injected, it migrates into the formation initially mainly in gaseous form (C0 2 G) by gravity and / or due to an existing pressure gradient, until it stops for the following reasons: of flow pressure gradient, retention of the residual gas by capillarity, retention of the gas in a structural manner. Once the gas phase stabilized in the pores, the plume of C0 2 has in fine a large horizontal surface relative to its thickness.
Le second phénomène de migration qui prend le relais est la diffusion avec ou non une instabilité gravitaire. Ce type de migration prend sa source à l'interface gaz/eau (INT), par conséquent en-dessous du panache de C02 gaz (C02G) dans la roche réservoir, mais également au-dessus du panache de C02 à travers la roche couverture. Sous cette interface, on trouve donc du C02 sous forme dissoute dans de l'eau (C02D), et transporté par diffusion vers le bas (flèches sur la Figure 1 ). The second migration phenomenon that takes over is the diffusion with or without a gravitational instability. This type of migration has its source at the gas / water interface (INT), hence below the C0 2 gas plume (C0 2 G) in the reservoir rock, but also above the C0 2 plume at through the rock cover. Under this interface, we thus find C0 2 in dissolved form in water (C0 2 D), and transported by diffusion downwards (arrows in Figure 1).
La Figure 2 présente un exemple de réalisation non limitatif de l'installation selon l'invention, les différents éléments de l'installation selon l'invention pouvant être agencés de façon différente. Figure 2 shows an exemplary non-limiting embodiment of the installation according to the invention, the various elements of the installation according to the invention can be arranged differently.
L'installation selon l'invention comporte un dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG. Le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG comprend une pluralité de sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG, les sondes étant reliées à un analyseur de gaz AG. De façon préférée, les sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG sont reliées via des moyens de transfert de gaz MTG à l'analyseur de gaz AG. Préférentiellement les sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG sont placées en proche surface, c'est-à-dire dans les tous premiers mètres sous la surface d'un site. Le dispositif de mesures géochimiques de gaz DMG selon l'invention permet un prélèvement de gaz présent localement, c'est-à-dire à proximité de l'emplacement des sondes de prélèvement SPG. L'analyseur de gaz AG permet la détection et la quantification (estimation de la concentration par exemple) d'au moins un type de gaz. Préférentiellement, l'analyseur de gaz permet la détection et la quantification du gaz injecté dans le site de stockage géologique.  The installation according to the invention comprises a geochemical measurement device DMG. The DMG geochemical measurement device comprises a plurality of gas sampling probes SPG, the probes being connected to an AG gas analyzer. Preferably, the gas sampling probes SPG are connected via MTG gas transfer means to the gas analyzer AG. Preferentially the SPG gas sampling probes are placed in the near surface, that is to say in the very first meters below the surface of a site. The device for geochemical measurements of DMG gas according to the invention allows a collection of gas present locally, that is to say near the location of the SPG sampling probes. The AG gas analyzer allows the detection and quantification (estimation of the concentration for example) of at least one type of gas. Preferably, the gas analyzer enables the detection and quantification of the gas injected into the geological storage site.
L'installation selon l'invention comporte également un dispositif de mesures électriques DME, ce dispositif étant destiné à des mesures électriques dans le sous-sol. Ce dispositif comprend une pluralité d'électrodes ELEC reliées à un résistivimètre RES. Les électrodes du dispositif de mesures électriques DME peuvent être installées toutes ou en partie à la surface du sol, le long de parois d'une cavité souterraine ou bien le long de puits de forage. Le résistivimètre RES du dispositif de mesures électriques DME comporte un générateur de courant électrique continu (par exemple entre 5 et 200 mA) et un voltmètre permettant de mesurer une différence de potentiel électrique. Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention illustré en Figure 2, lesdites électrodes ELEC sont au moins au nombre de quatre, le résistivimètre RES envoie ledit courant électrique dans le sous-sol via au moins deux desdites électrodes ELEC et mesure ladite différence de potentiel électrique, induite dans le sous-sol par le courant injecté, via au moins deux autres desdites électrodes ELEC. The installation according to the invention also comprises a DME electrical measuring device, this device being intended for electrical measurements in the basement. This device comprises a plurality of ELEC electrodes connected to a resistivity meter RES. The electrodes of the DME electrical measurement device may be installed in whole or in part on the ground surface, along the walls of an underground cavity or along wellbore. The resistivity meter RES of the electrical measurement device DME comprises a DC electric current generator (for example between 5 and 200 mA) and a voltmeter for measuring an electrical potential difference. According to an embodiment of the present invention illustrated in FIG. 2, said ELEC electrodes are at least four in number, resistivity meter RES sends said electric current into the subsoil via at least two of said ELEC electrodes and measures said electrical potential difference, induced in the subsoil by the injected current, via at least two other of said ELEC electrodes.
En outre, l'installation comporte une station météorologique SM de surface, permettant d'accéder à des paramètres environnementaux (tels que la température, la pression, la pluviométrie, vitesse du vent, etc) associés au site.  In addition, the facility has a weather station SM surface, allowing access to environmental parameters (such as temperature, pressure, rainfall, wind speed, etc.) associated with the site.
Par ailleurs, les dispositifs de mesures géochimiques DMG et électriques DME sont pilotés par un automate AUT. Cet automate AUT permet ainsi de préprogrammer les mesures à réaliser, qu'elles soient de type électrique ou géochimique. L'automate AUT peut par exemple permettre de définir un séquençage des mesures géochimiques, en déclenchant, successivement dans le temps, selon une périodicité donnée, le prélèvement de gaz sonde après sonde, ainsi que le transfert et l'analyse de ce gaz. De même, l'automate AUT peut permettre de déclencher des mesures électriques avec une certaine périodicité, selon certains paramètres (nombre d'électrodes impliquées dans la mesure, courant électrique injecté, etc).  In addition, the DMG and DME electrical geochemical measuring devices are controlled by an AUT PLC. This AUT PLC allows preprogramming of the measurements to be carried out, whether electrical or geochemical. The AUT automaton can, for example, make it possible to define a sequencing of the geochemical measurements, by triggering, successively in time, according to a given periodicity, the sampling of gas probe after probe, as well as the transfer and the analysis of this gas. Likewise, the AUT automaton can make it possible to trigger electrical measurements with a certain periodicity, according to certain parameters (number of electrodes involved in the measurement, electric current injected, etc.).
En outre, le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG, le dispositif de mesures électriques DME et la station météorologique SM sont reliés à un collecteur de données COLL. Le collecteur de données COLL permet de récolter, centraliser et stocker l'ensemble des mesures réalisées par l'installation selon l'invention.  In addition, the DMG geochemical measuring device, the DME electrical measuring device and the SM weather station are connected to a COLL data collector. The COLL data collector makes it possible to collect, centralize and store all the measurements made by the installation according to the invention.
De plus, ledit collecteur COLL est lui-même relié à des moyens de transmission desdites données MTD. Les moyens de transmission desdites données MTD permettent un transfert des informations collectées par le collecteur COLL.  In addition, said collector COLL is itself connected to means for transmitting said MTD data. The transmission means of said MTD data allow a transfer of the information collected by the collector COLL.
L'installation selon l'invention peut être placée à l'aplomb du site de stockage géologique de gaz. Avantageusement, les sondes de prélèvements SPG du dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG et les électrodes ELEC du dispositif de mesures électriques DME sont réparties en fonction de résultats de modélisations prévisionnelles de l'évolution (évolution en taille, mais aussi déplacement latéral et vertical) du panache de gaz. De telles modélisations prévisionnelles peuvent être réalisées à l'aide d'un simulateur numérique d'écoulement en milieu poreux.  The installation according to the invention can be placed in line with the geological gas storage site. Advantageously, the sampling probes SPG of the geochemical measuring device DMG and the electrodes ELEC of the electrical measuring device DME are distributed according to results of predictive modeling of the evolution (evolution in size, but also lateral and vertical displacement) of the plume. gas. Such predictive modeling can be performed using a digital flow simulator in a porous medium.
Ainsi, l'installation selon l'invention permet, entre autres, de prélever, de manière automatique et préprogrammée via l'automate AUT, des échantillons de gaz via des sondes SPG, et d'analyser le gaz prélevé. Lorsque les sondes sont placées en surface ou en proche surface du site de stockage géologique de gaz, l'installation selon l'invention permet de détecter l'arrivée de gaz à la (proche) surface d'un site de stockage géologique, de qualifier et quantifier ce gaz. En opérant de telles mesures géochimiques de façon répétée dans le temps via l'automate AUT, le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG permet la surveillance dans le temps d'éventuelles fuites de C02 arrivant en (proche) surface. En outre, l'installation selon l'invention permet de réaliser des mesures électriques, de façon automatique et préprogrammée, via l'automate AUT. De façon générale, les mesures électriques fournissent, de manière non invasive, une cartographie de la réponse électrique du sous-sol au-dessus duquel est disposé un dispositif électrique. La profondeur d'investigation des méthodes électriques varie de la dizaine à la centaine de mètres, en fonction des paramètres des dispositifs de mesures électriques mis en œuvre. En opérant de telles mesures électriques de façon répétée dans le temps via l'automate AUT, le dispositif de mesures électriques permet de déceler les changements de propriétés électriques dans le sous-sol investigué. En combinant ces changements avec d'autres types d'informations, ces changements peuvent être interprétés par le spécialiste comme dus ou non dus à une fuite du gaz stocké dans le site de stockage géologique de gaz. Thus, the installation according to the invention makes it possible, among other things, to collect, automatically and preprogrammed via the AUT automaton, gas samples via SPG probes, and to analyze the sampled gas. When the probes are placed at the surface or near the surface of the geological gas storage site, the installation according to the invention makes it possible to detect the arrival of gas at the (near) surface of a geological storage site, to qualify and quantify this gas. By performing such geochemical measurements repeatedly over time via the AUT automaton, the DMG geochemical measurement device enables the monitoring over time of any C0 2 leaks arriving at (near) surface. In addition, the installation according to the invention makes it possible to carry out electrical measurements, automatically and preprogrammed, via the AUT automaton. In general, the electrical measurements provide, non-invasively, a mapping of the electrical response of the subsoil above which is disposed an electrical device. The depth of investigation of electrical methods varies from ten to hundreds of meters, depending on the parameters of the electrical measurement devices implemented. By performing such electrical measurements repeatedly over time via the AUT automaton, the electrical measurement device makes it possible to detect the changes in electrical properties in the subsoil investigated. By combining these changes with other types of information, these changes may be interpreted by the specialist as due or not due to leakage of the gas stored in the geological gas storage site.
Selon l'invention, la station météorologique peut permettre d'assurer un contrôle continu dans le temps de paramètres environnementaux (par exemple température, vitesse et direction du vent, hygrométrie, pression, indice d'ensoleillement, pluviométrie). Ces paramètres permettent la prise en compte des événements climatiques survenus à la surface d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz lors de l'interprétation des mesures des dispositifs de mesures électriques et géochimiques. Par exemple, grâce à ces mesures, le spécialiste peut prendre en compte la mesure de la pluviométrie pour corriger les mesures des propriétés électriques du sous-sol d'une hausse ou d'un déficit de la quantité d'eau dans le sous-sol proche. De même, une augmentation d'eau dans le sous-sol proche va avoir un impact sur la concentration en gaz prélevés en (proche) surface, impact que le spécialiste est à même de quantifier. De façon générale, les mesures en continu de paramètres environnementaux réalisées par la station météorologique selon l'invention peuvent permettre au spécialiste d'établir une ligne de base (« baseline » en anglais) représentative des effets climatiques sur les mesures géochimiques et les mesures électriques. En cas de fuite de gaz, les effets dus à cette fuite sur les mesures électriques et sur les mesures géochimiques vont venir s'additionner à la ligne de base représentative des effets climatiques sur les mesures géochimiques et sur les mesures électriques. According to the invention, the weather station can make it possible to ensure a continuous control over time of environmental parameters (for example temperature, wind speed and direction, hygrometry, pressure, sunlight index, rainfall). These parameters make it possible to take into account climatic events occurring on the surface of a geological gas storage site when interpreting measurements of electrical and geochemical measuring devices. For example, thanks to these measurements, the specialist can take into account the measurement of the rainfall to correct the measurements of the electrical properties of the subsoil of a rise or a deficit of the quantity of water in the basement close. Similarly, an increase in water in the near subsoil will have an impact on the concentration of gases collected in (near) surface, impact that the specialist is able to quantify. In general, the continuous measurements of environmental parameters carried out by the meteorological station according to the invention can enable the specialist to establish a baseline representative of climatic effects on geochemical measurements and electrical measurements. . In the event of a gas leak, the effects of this leak on electrical measurements and geochemical measurements will be added to the baseline representative of climatic effects on geochemical measurements and electrical measurements.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, ladite station météorologique assure un contrôle continu d'au moins la température, la pression, l'hygrométrie et la pluviométrie.  According to an embodiment of the present invention, said meteorological station provides continuous monitoring of at least temperature, pressure, humidity and rainfall.
Selon l'invention, le collecteur de données COLL permet de recueillir l'ensemble des données mesurées automatiquement et périodiquement par le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG, le dispositif de mesures électriques DME et la station météorologique SM. Ces données sont alors transmises en temps réel par un système de transmission de données MTD. Ainsi, l'installation selon l'invention permet, entre autres, le couplage de dispositifs de mesure de type différent (électrique, géochimique et météorologique) en une seule et unique installation cohérente. De plus, l'installation selon l'invention est entièrement automatisée, ce qui comprend l'automatisation des mesures mais aussi la transmission des informations collectées. Cette automatisation d'un tel système couplé permet une synchronisation des mesures de type différent, ce qui n'est pas réalisable pour un système non intégré ou un système non automatisé. De façon générale, une telle installation permet une détection fiabilisée de fuites de gaz pouvant survenir à la suite d'une injection de gaz dans un site de stockage géologique de gaz. La fiabilité de la détection est assurée par le fait que les différents types d'informations (électrique, géochimique et météorologique) peuvent être collectées de façon concertée (entre autres, l'installation selon l'invention permet la synchronisation des différents types de mesures), au même emplacement (la zone de couverture du dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG peut couvrir la zone de couverture du dispositif de mesures électriques DME), de façon régulière (permettant un suivi en continu d'un site), et de façon automatisée (évitant ainsi les erreurs humaines). De plus, l'installation selon l'invention permettant de fournir au spécialiste différents types d'informations (électrique, géochimique et météorologique), ce dernier peut être à même, après analyse croisée desdites informations, de discerner si des anomalies de mesure détectées par un ou plusieurs desdits dispositifs sont relatives à une fuite du gaz injecté ou non. According to the invention, the COLL data collector makes it possible to collect all the data measured automatically and periodically by the DMG geochemical measuring device, the DME electrical measurement device and the meteorological station SM. This data is then transmitted in real time by a MTD data transmission system. Thus, the installation according to the invention allows, inter alia, the coupling of measuring devices of different types (electrical, geochemical and meteorological) in a single and consistent installation. In addition, the installation according to the invention is fully automated, which includes the automation of the measurements but also the transmission of the collected information. This automation of such a coupled system allows a synchronization of different type of measurements, which is not feasible for a non-integrated system or a non-automated system. In general, such an installation makes it possible to reliably detect gas leaks that may occur as a result of gas injection into a geological gas storage site. The reliability of the detection is ensured by the fact that the different types of information (electrical, geochemical and meteorological) can be collected in a concerted manner (among others, the installation according to the invention allows the synchronization of the different types of measurements) at the same location (the coverage area of the DMG geochemical measuring device can cover the coverage area of the DME electrical measuring device), on a regular basis (allowing continuous monitoring of a site), and in an automated way (avoiding thus human errors). In addition, the installation according to the invention for providing the specialist different types of information (electrical, geochemical and meteorological), the latter can be able, after cross analysis of said information, to discern whether measurement anomalies detected by one or more of said devices relate to leakage of the gas injected or not.
Description du dispositif de mesures géochimiques Description of the geochemical measuring device
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG sont installées au-dessus de la zone vadose (de façon à ce que les prélèvements soient sous la forme de gaz libre et non pas sous la forme de gaz dissous) et en-dessous de la zone de production de gaz biogénique (de façon à ce que les mesures de gaz ne soient pas polluées par la production naturelle de gaz, liée à la dégradation de la matière organique en proche surface). Dans le cas où le gaz injecté dans le site de stockage géologique est le C02, cela permet notamment que les prélèvements de gaz soient réalisés en-dessous de la zone de production biogénique de C02. En effet, l'activité biologique bactérienne et végétale qui se développe en proche surface du sous-sol est un système émissif de C02. En se plaçant en dessous de la zone de production biogénique de C02, les mesures réalisées par les sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG sont moins affectées par l'émission naturelle de C02 et sont donc plus fiables. Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les moyens de transferts de gaz MTG dudit dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG comportent une électrovanne à trois voies, une première voie étant reliée à une desdites sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG, une deuxième voie conduisant à un système de purge de l'ensemble du dispositif de mesures géochimiques de gaz DMG, et une troisième voie étant reliée à une pompe. L'utilisation d'une électrovanne permet que les flux de gaz prélevés par les sondes SPG soient pilotés par l'automate AUT. La pompe permet quant à elle d'aspirer le gaz prélevé et de le distribuer vers l'analyseur de gaz AG. Le système de purge consiste par exemple à laisser échapper, dans un système annexe et pendant quelques minutes, le gaz présent au sein des moyens de transferts de gaz MTG. Selon un autre mode de réalisation de la présente invention, le système de purge consiste à injecter (sous pression) un gaz neutre dans l'ensemble du dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG. Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, le gaz neutre est de l'air atmosphérique. Selon un autre mode de réalisation de la présente invention, le gaz neutre est de l'azote. De façon générale, le système de purge permet de faire en sorte que la mesure suivante ne soit pas affectée par des résidus de gaz de la mesure précédente. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the SPG gas sampling probes are installed above the vadose zone (so that the samples are in the form of free gas and not in the form of dissolved gases. ) and below the biogenic gas production zone (so that the gas measurements are not polluted by the natural gas production, related to the degradation of the organic matter in the near surface). In the case where the gas injected into the geological storage site is C0 2 , this allows in particular that the gas samples are made below the biogenic production zone of C0 2 . Indeed, the bacterial and plant biological activity that develops in the near surface of the subsoil is an emissive system of C0 2 . By placing itself below the C0 2 biogenic production zone, the measurements made by the SPG gas sampling probes are less affected by the natural C0 2 emission and are therefore more reliable. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the MTG gas transfer means of said DMG geochemical measuring device comprise a three-way solenoid valve, a first channel being connected to one of said gas sampling probes SPG, a second channel leading to a system for purging the entire DMG gas geochemical measurement device, and a third channel being connected to a pump. The use of a solenoid valve allows the gas flows taken by the SPG probes to be controlled by the AUT PLC. As for the pump, it is possible to suck up the collected gas and distribute it to the AG gas analyzer. The purge system is for example to let escape, in an ancillary system and for a few minutes, the gas present in the MTG gas transfer means. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the purge system consists of injecting (under pressure) a neutral gas into the entire geochemical measurement device DMG. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the neutral gas is atmospheric air. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the neutral gas is nitrogen. In general, the purge system makes it possible to ensure that the next measurement is not affected by gas residues of the previous measurement.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les moyens de transferts de gaz MTG dudit dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG comportent une électrovanne à deux voies, une première voie étant reliée à une desdites sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG, une deuxième voie étant reliée à une pompe permettant la distribution du gaz prélevé à l'analyseur de gaz AG.  According to another embodiment of the present invention, the MTG gas transfer means of said DMG geochemical measuring device comprise a two-way solenoid valve, a first channel being connected to one of said gas sampling probes SPG, a second channel being connected to a pump for dispensing the gas taken from the gas analyzer AG.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, une vanne de restriction de débit est placée entre la pompe d'un des moyens de transfert et l'analyseur de gaz. La vanne de restriction de débit permet de garantir un débit faible et constant de gaz à l'entrée de l'analyseur de gaz AG.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, a flow restriction valve is placed between the pump of one of the transfer means and the gas analyzer. The flow restriction valve ensures a low and constant flow of gas at the inlet of the AG gas analyzer.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'analyseur de gaz comporte au moins un détecteur (permettant la détection et la quantification) du gaz stocké dans le site de stockage géologique et au moins un détecteur (permettant la détection et la quantification) d'un gaz rare.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the gas analyzer comprises at least one detector (allowing detection and quantification) of the gas stored in the geological storage site and at least one detector (allowing detection and quantification) a rare gas.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, le détecteur de gaz rare est un détecteur de Radon, d'Hélium, de Néon, d'Argon, de Krypton, ou de Xénon.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the rare gas detector is a detector of Radon, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, or Xenon.
Selon un exemple particulier de mise en œuvre de l'invention, le nombre de sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG est compris entre 20 et 40. Avantageusement, les sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG sont équi-réparties de façon à couvrir une surface de l'ordre de 1000 m2. Les sondes de prélèvement de gaz SPG peuvent être également réparties selon des résultats de modélisations prévisionnelles de l'évolution du panache de gaz. Ainsi, en multipliant le nombre de sondes de prélèvements SPG et en les répartissant sur une surface importante du site de stockage géologique de C02, la surveillance du site est améliorée. Description du dispositif de mesures électriques According to a particular example of implementation of the invention, the number of gas sampling probes SPG is between 20 and 40. Advantageously, the gas sampling probes SPG are equi-distributed so as to cover a surface of the gas. order of 1000 m 2 . The gas sampling probes SPG can also be distributed according to results of predictive modeling of the evolution of the gas plume. Thus, by multiplying the number of GSP sampling probes and distributing them over a large area of the C0 2 geological storage site, site monitoring is improved. Description of the electrical measuring device
Selon l'invention, le dispositif de mesures électriques DME permet d'estimer la résistivité du sous-sol. La résistivité électrique du sous-sol dépend essentiellement de la teneur en eau de la roche (fonction de la porosité et de la saturation), de la salinité de l'eau interstitielle (et donc de la quantité de gaz dissous dans cette eau interstitielle) et de la teneur en argile des roches. Le principe de la méthode repose sur la mesure de différences de potentiel électrique associées à l'injection d'un courant électrique continu. Via la loi d'Ohm, la résistivité électrique dite apparente, fonction des caractéristiques géométriques du dispositif électrique DME, peut être calculée. Cette valeur résulte de la contribution de toutes les portions du milieu qui sont traversées par le courant émis en surface. Ainsi, la mesure représente une valeur qui intègre les résistivités sur un certain volume du sous-sol. La technique d'acquisition consiste à réaliser des mesures (le long de plusieurs profils d'acquisition 1 D, ou selon des dispositifs d'acquisition 2D) en augmentant régulièrement l'espace entre les électrodes. Les mesures de terrain permettent ainsi d'obtenir une image (2D ou 3D, où l'une des dimensions est la profondeur) de la résistivité électrique apparente du sous-sol. A partir d'un logiciel d'inversion de données (on parle alors de tomographie de résistivité), par exemple basé sur la méthode des moindres carrés, on peut accéder à une image (2D ou 3D, où l'une des dimensions est la profondeur) de la résistivité électrique vraie du sous-sol. Classiquement, la profondeur d'investigation des méthodes électriques est de l'ordre de la dizaine à la centaine de mètres suivant les paramètres des dispositifs de mesures électriques mis en œuvre (longueurs des profils, intensité électrique injectée, etc). According to the invention, the DME electrical measurement device makes it possible to estimate the resistivity of the subsoil. The electrical resistivity of the subsoil depends essentially on the water content of the rock (function of the porosity and the saturation), the salinity of the interstitial water (and thus the quantity of dissolved gas in this interstitial water) and the clay content of the rocks. The principle of the method is based on the measurement of electrical potential differences associated with the injection of a continuous electric current. Via Ohm's law, the so-called apparent electrical resistivity, a function of the geometric characteristics of the electrical device DME, can be calculated. This value results from the contribution of all the portions of the medium which are traversed by the current emitted on the surface. Thus, the measure represents a value that integrates the resistivities on a certain volume of the subsoil. The acquisition technique consists of making measurements (along several acquisition profiles 1D, or according to 2D acquisition devices) by regularly increasing the space between the electrodes. The field measurements thus make it possible to obtain an image (2D or 3D, where one of the dimensions is the depth) of the apparent electrical resistivity of the subsoil. From a data inversion software (this is called resistivity tomography), for example based on the least squares method, we can access an image (2D or 3D, where one of the dimensions is the depth) of the true electrical resistivity of the subsoil. Classically, the depth of investigation of electrical methods is of the order of ten to hundred meters depending on the parameters of the electrical measurement devices implemented (lengths of the profiles, electrical intensity injected, etc.).
Selon l'invention, le dispositif de mesures électriques DME permet en outre d'estimer la chargeabilité du sous-sol. Pour ce faire, on injecte un courant électrique continu dans le sous- sol via le résistivimètre RES, et on mesure la décroissance, via le résistivimètre RES, de l'évolution de la tension dans le sous-sol au cours du temps, une fois l'injection de courant arrêtée. De la même manière que pour la résistivité électrique, un processus d'inversion est nécessaire afin d'obtenir une image 2D ou 3D de la chargeabilité du milieu.  According to the invention, the DME electrical measurement device also makes it possible to estimate the chargeability of the subsoil. To do this, a continuous electric current is injected into the subsoil via the resistivity meter RES, and the decay, via the resistivity meter RES, of the evolution of the voltage in the subsoil is measured over time, once current injection stopped. In the same way as for electrical resistivity, an inversion process is necessary in order to obtain a 2D or 3D image of the chargeability of the medium.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, lesdites électrodes ELEC sont connectées au résistivimètre RES par l'intermédiaire d'un multiplexeur. Le multiplexeur permet de référencer chacune des électrodes et de sélectionner, parmi l'ensemble des électrodes déployées, les électrodes requises pour une mesure donnée. Le multiplexeur permet également de communiquer au résistivimètre une séquence de mesures à réaliser. According to one embodiment of the present invention, said ELEC electrodes are connected to resistivity meter RES via a multiplexer. The multiplexer makes it possible to reference each of the electrodes and to select, among all the electrodes deployed, the electrodes required for a given measurement. The multiplexer also makes it possible to communicate to the resistivity meter a sequence of measurements to be made.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, le résistivimètre utilisé est le modèle TERRAMETER SAS4000 commercialisé par la société ABEM. Selon l'invention, on peut choisir une configuration d'acquisition du dispositif électrique DME adaptée à un objectif donné. Par configuration d'acquisition choisie selon la présente invention, on entend le nombre d'électrodes ELEC requises pour une mesure donnée, le nombre d'électrodes ELEC déployées, l'espacement entre les électrodes ELEC, et leur agencement spatial. Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les électrodes ELEC déployées pour une mesure sont disposées en ligne droite (on parle alors de profil d'acquisition 1 D), à la surface du sol (on parle alors de profil d'acquisition 2D) ou le long d'au moins deux puits de forages (et on parle d'acquisition de puits). Par ailleurs, le spécialiste privilégiera une configuration de type quadripole (deux électrodes d'émission et deux électrodes de réception, dite de Wenner-Schlumberger) dans le cas d'un profil d'acquisition 1 D, dipôle- dipôle et pôle-pôle (avec 2 électrodes à l'infini) dans le cas de profils d'acquisition 2D. Le nombre d'électrodes ELEC déployées ainsi que l'espacement entre ces électrodes sont déterminés par le spécialiste en fonction de la profondeur de pénétration souhaitée, de la résolution attendue et du bruit de fond électrique ambiant. Ainsi, si on appelle D l'espacement entre les électrodes et N le nombre d'électrodes, alors la profondeur d'investigation d'un tel dispositif est d'environ (N-1 )*D/5 (elle dépend également du dispositif utilisé et de la résistivité des terrains), et la résolution de l'image qui pourra être obtenue par tomographie de résistivité en surface vaut D. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the resistivity meter used is the TERRAMETER SAS4000 model marketed by ABEM. According to the invention, it is possible to choose an acquisition configuration of the DME electrical device adapted to a given objective. By acquisition configuration chosen according to the present invention is meant the number of electrodes ELEC required for a given measurement, the number of ELEC electrodes deployed, the spacing between the electrodes ELEC, and their spatial arrangement. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the ELEC electrodes deployed for a measurement are arranged in a straight line (this is called acquisition profile 1 D), on the surface of the ground (this is called a 2D acquisition profile ) or along at least two wells (and this is known as well acquisition). In addition, the specialist will prefer a quadrupole-type configuration (two emission electrodes and two reception electrodes, called Wenner-Schlumberger electrodes) in the case of a 1 D, dipole-dipole and pole-pole acquisition profile ( with 2 electrodes at infinity) in the case of 2D acquisition profiles. The number of ELEC electrodes deployed and the spacing between these electrodes are determined by the specialist as a function of the desired penetration depth, the expected resolution and the ambient background noise. Thus, if D is the spacing between the electrodes and N the number of electrodes, then the depth of investigation of such a device is about (N-1) * D / 5 (it also depends on the device used and the resistivity of the ground), and the resolution of the image that can be obtained by surface resistivity tomography is D.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention pour lequel les électrodes ELEC du dispositif de mesures électriques DME sont placées à la surface du sol, on obtient, à partir de ces mesures et après avoir effectué une tomographie de résistivité, une image de la résistivité sous la surface du sol et jusqu'à une profondeur qui est fonction de la configuration du dispositif de mesures électriques. According to one embodiment of the present invention for which the ELEC electrodes of the DME electrical measuring device are placed on the surface of the ground, one obtains, from these measurements and after carrying out a resistivity tomography, an image of the resistivity below the ground surface and to a depth that is a function of the configuration of the electrical measuring device.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation de la présente invention pour lequel les électrodes ELEC du dispositif de mesures électriques DME sont réparties dans au moins deux puits, on peut obtenir, à partir de ces mesures et après avoir effectué une tomographie de résistivité, une image de la résistivité entre les puits dans lesquels sont placées les électrodes.  According to another embodiment of the present invention for which the ELEC electrodes of the DME electrical measuring device are distributed in at least two wells, it is possible to obtain, from these measurements and after carrying out a resistivity tomography, an image of the resistivity between the wells in which the electrodes are placed.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'automate AUT déclenche une mesure électrique par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME toutes les 3 heures. De cette façon, il est possible de suivre l'évolution temporelle de la résistivité et/ou de la chargeabilité du sous-sol investigué. Selon un exemple particulier de mise en œuvre de l'invention, le nombre d'électrodesAccording to one embodiment of the present invention, the AUT automat triggers an electrical measurement by the DME electrical measuring device every 3 hours. In this way, it is possible to follow the temporal evolution of the resistivity and / or chargeability of the subsoil investigated. According to a particular example of implementation of the invention, the number of electrodes
ELEC est de 64 et les électrodes sont espacées de 25cm. Description des éléments annexes ELEC is 64 and the electrodes are spaced 25cm apart. Description of the ancillary elements
Selon un mode préféré de mise en œuvre de la présente invention, le collecteur de données COLL correspond au modèle DT85GLM commercialisé par la société DIMELCO. According to a preferred mode of implementation of the present invention, the COLL data collector corresponds to the DT85GLM model marketed by DIMELCO.
Selon un mode préféré de mise en œuvre de la présente invention, l'installation comporte trois détecteurs de gaz : un détecteur de C02 (par exemple le détecteur LI-820 commercialisé par la société LI-COR), un détecteur de Radon (par exemple le préleveur d'aérosols EAS 70K commercialisé par la société ALGADE), et un détecteur de gaz rares (par exemple un spectromètre de masse). Préférentiellement, le détecteur de gaz rares permet la détection et la quantification de la quantité de Radon, d'Hélium, de Néon, d'Argon, de Krypton, ou de Xénon présents dans l'atmosphère. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the installation comprises three gas detectors: a CO 2 detector (for example the LI-820 detector marketed by LI-COR), a Radon detector (by example the EAS 70K aerosol sampler marketed by ALGADE), and a rare gas detector (for example a mass spectrometer). Preferably, the rare gas detector allows the detection and quantification of the amount of Radon, Helium, Neon, Argon, Krypton, or Xenon present in the atmosphere.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les moyens de transmission des données MTD permettent la transmission des données collectées à des moyens in situ d'analyse des données collectées. Il peut ainsi s'agir d'une liaison filaire ou d'une liaison sans fil (bluetooth, wi-fi, etc), permettant par exemple une connexion in situ d'un ordinateur à l'installation et ainsi l'analyse des données collectées par un spécialiste. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the MTD data transmission means allow the transmission of the collected data to in situ means for analyzing the data collected. It can thus be a wired link or a wireless link (bluetooth, wi-fi, etc.), allowing for example an in situ connection of a computer to the installation and thus the data analysis. collected by a specialist.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les moyens de transmission des données MTD collectées sont des moyens de télétransmission (modem permettant une connexion internet par exemple). Préférentiellement, les moyens de transmission des données MTD collectées par le collecteur COLL sont assurés par un modem 3G.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the means for transmitting the collected MTD data are remote transmission means (modem allowing an internet connection for example). Preferably, the MTD data transmission means collected by the collector COLL are provided by a 3G modem.
Ainsi, l'installation selon l'invention permet que les données collectées sur le site soient transmises de façon automatique et en temps réel à un spécialiste, qui pourra ainsi être en mesure de prendre les décisions ad hoc en cas de détection de fuite de gaz.  Thus, the installation according to the invention allows the data collected on the site to be transmitted automatically and in real time to a specialist, who can thus be able to make ad hoc decisions in case of detection of gas leakage .
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, le collecteur de données COLL permet la prise en compte de seuils déclencheurs d'alerte et est à même de déclencher une alerte. Ainsi, si une quantité de C02 supérieure à un certain seuil fixé par le spécialiste est détectée au niveau d'au moins une sonde de prélèvement, le collecteur de données est à même de lancer une alerte, par exemple à un spécialiste ou aux pouvoirs publics, via un message électronique, une alerte sonore etc. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the COLL data collector makes it possible to take alert trigger thresholds into account and is able to trigger an alert. Thus, if a quantity of CO 2 greater than a certain threshold set by the specialist is detected at at least one sampling probe, the data collector is able to issue an alert, for example to a specialist or to the authorities. via an electronic message, an audible alert, etc.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, une fois la quantification de gaz réalisée par le détecteur de gaz (DG), les informations résultantes sont traitées via un logiciel permettant de transformer la mesure (par exemple en mV) en valeur numérique, et sont ensuite enregistrées par le collecteur de données. Le logiciel peut être un simple logiciel tableur, ou bien être spécifique à l'analyseur de gaz. Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'alimentation électrique de ladite installation est assurée par un panneau solaire, et est connectée à une batterie. According to one embodiment of the present invention, once the gas quantification performed by the gas detector (DG), the resulting information is processed via a software for transforming the measurement (for example in mV) into a numerical value, and are then saved by the data collector. The software can be a simple spreadsheet software, or be specific to the gas analyzer. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the power supply of said installation is provided by a solar panel, and is connected to a battery.
Selon un autre mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'automate AUT, l'analyseur de gaz AG, le collecteur de données et le résistivimètre sont protégés dans un abri étanche.  According to another embodiment of the present invention, the AUT automaton, the AG gas analyzer, the data collector and the resistivity meter are protected in a sealed shelter.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'installation peut comporter un moyen de mesure de l'humidité du sol. De telles mesures peuvent en effet permettre de corriger les mesures électriques réalisées avec le dispositif de mesures électriques DME des effets engendrés par des variations du taux d'humidité dans le sol. Ainsi, la présente invention décrit une installation fondée sur le couplage de plusieurs types de dispositif de mesures en une unique installation cohérente, pilotée par un automate, permettant une surveillance automatique, permanente et fiable de sites de stockage géologique de gaz.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the installation may comprise a means for measuring soil moisture. Such measurements can indeed make it possible to correct the electrical measurements made with the DME electrical measuring device of the effects caused by variations in the moisture content in the soil. Thus, the present invention describes an installation based on the coupling of several types of measurement device into a single, coherent, PLC-controlled installation enabling automatic, permanent and reliable monitoring of geological gas storage sites.
Utilisation de l'invention Use of the invention
L'invention concerne également l'utilisation de l'installation selon l'invention pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz, tel que le dioxyde de carbone (C02) ou le méthane, afin de détecter d'éventuelles fuites de ce gaz. The invention also relates to the use of the installation according to the invention for monitoring a geological gas storage site, such as carbon dioxide (C0 2 ) or methane, in order to detect any leaks of this gas.
Préférentiellement, l'utilisation de l'installation selon l'invention pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz peut requérir de réaliser une étape d'étalonnage de l'installation préalablement à la phase de surveillance proprement dite. Alternativement, l'installation selon l'invention peut être utilisée pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique dans lequel le gaz est déjà injecté.  Preferably, the use of the installation according to the invention for the monitoring of a geological gas storage site may require a step of calibration of the installation prior to the actual monitoring phase. Alternatively, the installation according to the invention can be used for monitoring a geological storage site in which the gas is already injected.
Etalonnage Calibration
Selon un mode de mise en œuvre de la présente invention, l'étalonnage de l'installation selon l'invention est réalisé préalablement à l'injection du gaz dans le site de stockage géologique de gaz.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the calibration of the installation according to the invention is carried out prior to the injection of the gas into the geological gas storage site.
Selon un mode de mise en œuvre de la présente invention, l'étalonnage de l'installation selon l'invention consiste à réaliser des mesures pendant une période prédéfinie via l'installation selon l'invention. Plus précisément on effectue des mesures pendant une période prédéfinie avec lesdits dispositifs électriques DME et géochimiques DMG préalablement à l'injection de gaz dans ledit site de stockage géologique, de sorte à établir - Un niveau de référence pour les mesures géochimiques, reflétant l'activité géochimique naturelle du site (liée à la dégradation de la matière organique, aux changements climatiques au cours du temps, etc) ; According to one embodiment of the present invention, the calibration of the installation according to the invention consists in making measurements during a predefined period via the installation according to the invention. More precisely, measurements are made during a predefined period of time with said DME and geochemical DMG electrical devices prior to injection of gas into said geological storage site, so as to establish - A reference level for geochemical measurements, reflecting the natural geochemical activity of the site (related to degradation of organic matter, climate change over time, etc.);
- Un niveau de référence pour les mesures électriques, reflétant les variations de propriétés électriques propres du site (liées aux changements climatiques essentiellement au cours du temps).  - A reference level for electrical measurements, reflecting the variations in the site's own electrical properties (related to climate change mainly over time).
Préférentiellement, les mesures effectuées en vue de l'étalonnage de ladite installation sont réalisées sur une période comprise entre un an et trois ans. Selon un mode de mise en œuvre de la présente invention, on peut étalonner le dispositif électrique DME de l'installation selon l'invention via des expériences menées en laboratoire sur des échantillons de roche provenant du site de stockage géologique de gaz d'intérêt. Ainsi, selon un mode particulier de mise en œuvre de la présente invention, après séchage de l'échantillon, celui-ci est saturé sous vide par une eau à 1 g/l en NaCI puis mis en place dans une cellule « Hassler » (par exemple du type Ergotech Mk4). Cet équipement permet à la fois de désaturer progressivement l'échantillon de roche par application d'une pression capillaire et de réaliser des mesures de la résistivité électrique entre 20 Hz et 2 MHz en utilisant un impédancemètre (par exemple du type Agilent E4980A). La désaturation peut être réalisée en utilisant deux gaz différents, dont le gaz à injecter est par exemple un gaz inerte tel que l'azote, afin de mettre en évidence l'influence du gaz à injecter sur les paramètres électriques (indice de résistivité, fréquence critique, potentiel spontané). Plus précisément, les valeurs de résistivité obtenues lors de ces expériences menées en laboratoire permettent de déterminer un seuil au- delà duquel un changement de résistivité mesuré par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME peut être interprété comme étant dû à la présence, au niveau du dispositif de mesures électriques DME, du gaz injecté.  Preferably, the measurements made for the calibration of said installation are carried out over a period of between one year and three years. According to one embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to calibrate the DME electrical device of the installation according to the invention via laboratory experiments carried out on rock samples from the geological gas storage site of interest. Thus, according to a particular embodiment of the present invention, after drying the sample, it is saturated under vacuum with water at 1 g / l NaCl and then placed in a "Hassler" cell ( for example Ergotech type Mk4). This equipment makes it possible both to progressively desaturate the rock sample by applying a capillary pressure and to make measurements of the electrical resistivity between 20 Hz and 2 MHz using an impedance meter (for example of the Agilent E4980A type). The desaturation can be carried out using two different gases, the gas to be injected is for example an inert gas such as nitrogen, in order to highlight the influence of the gas to be injected on the electrical parameters (resistivity index, frequency critical, spontaneous potential). More specifically, the resistivity values obtained during these laboratory experiments make it possible to determine a threshold above which a resistivity change measured by the DME electrical measuring device can be interpreted as being due to the presence, at the level of the device. DME electrical measurements, injected gas.
Selon un mode de mise en œuvre de la présente invention, l'étalonnage de l'installation selon l'invention comprend des mesures réalisées in situ par l'installation selon l'invention en simulant une ou plusieurs fuites de gaz. Ces simulations de fuites de gaz peuvent être réalisées en injectant du gaz dans un puits de forage, par exemple entre 3 et 5 m de profondeur. On peut par exemple simuler une fuite brutale (en injectant du gaz sous forte pression) ou encore une fuite diffuse. Les mesures réalisées par les dispositifs de mesures géochimiques DMG et électriques DME au cours de ces tests de fuite permettent d'une part de calibrer les mesures électriques par rapport aux mesures géochimiques, mais aussi, de définir des seuils de détection de fuite de gaz, par rapport aux niveaux de référence préalablement établis.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the calibration of the installation according to the invention comprises measurements made in situ by the installation according to the invention by simulating one or more gas leaks. These simulations of gas leaks can be carried out by injecting gas into a wellbore, for example between 3 and 5 m deep. One can for example simulate a sudden leak (by injecting gas under high pressure) or a diffuse leak. The measurements made by the DMG and electrical DME geochemical measuring devices during these leakage tests make it possible, on the one hand, to calibrate the electrical measurements with respect to the geochemical measurements, but also, to define gas leak detection thresholds, compared to previously established reference levels.
La calibration entre les mesures géochimiques et les mesures électriques consiste à déterminer la loi de corrélation entre les quantités de gaz mesurées par le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG et les variations de résistivité électrique mesurées par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME. Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, on établit un abaque représentant en abscisse les quantités de gaz mesurées par le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG et en ordonnée les variations de résistivité électrique mesurées par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME. Puis, par exemple par régression linéaire, on détermine une loi expérimentale représentative de la corrélation entre ces deux types de mesure. La loi expérimentale ainsi définie entre ces deux groupes de données permet de réaliser un contrôle croisé des mesures des deux dispositifs. Ainsi, si l'un des dispositifs détecte une mesure anormale et si la mesure réalisée par l'autre dispositif est en deçà de la prédiction obtenue par la loi expérimentale, il est probable que la mesure anormale soit une anomalie ponctuelle, non liée à une fuite de gaz. The calibration between the geochemical measurements and the electrical measurements consists in determining the correlation law between the quantities of gas measured by the DMG geochemical measuring device and the electrical resistivity variations measured by the device. DME electrical measurements. According to one embodiment of the present invention, an abacus representing, on the abscissa, the quantities of gas measured by the geochemical measurement device DMG and on the ordinate the variations of electrical resistivity measured by the electrical measurement device DME are established. Then, for example by linear regression, we determine an experimental law representative of the correlation between these two types of measurement. The experimental law thus defined between these two groups of data makes it possible to cross-check the measurements of the two devices. Thus, if one of the devices detects an abnormal measurement and if the measurement made by the other device is below the prediction obtained by the experimental law, it is likely that the abnormal measurement is a point anomaly, not related to a specific error. gas leak.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, les seuils de détection de fuite de gaz ainsi définis sont fournis au collecteur de données afin de déclencher une alerte à distance en cas de fuite de gaz. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the gas leak detection thresholds thus defined are provided to the data collector to trigger a remote alert in case of gas leakage.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'étape d'étalonnage de l'installation selon l'invention est poursuivie lors de la phase d'injection et lors des premières années après l'injection de gaz.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the calibration step of the installation according to the invention is continued during the injection phase and during the first years after the gas injection.
Surveillance surveillance
Au cours de l'étape de surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz via l'installation selon l'invention, il convient de surveiller l'évolution des mesures réalisées par l'installation selon l'invention. L'installation selon l'invention permet un suivi temporel des caractéristiques électriques, géochimiques et environnementales d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz.  During the step of monitoring a geological gas storage site via the installation according to the invention, it is necessary to monitor the evolution of the measurements made by the installation according to the invention. The installation according to the invention allows a temporal follow-up of the electrical, geochemical and environmental characteristics of a geological gas storage site.
Selon un mode de réalisation de la présente invention, l'étape de surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz par l'installation selon l'invention est mise en œuvre en utilisant l'installation selon l'invention de sorte à réaliser des mesures automatiques, régulières et à distance.  According to one embodiment of the present invention, the step of monitoring a geological gas storage site by the installation according to the invention is implemented by using the installation according to the invention so as to realize automatic, regular and remote measurements.
A partir notamment des mesures réalisées par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME de l'installation selon l'invention, le spécialiste peut déterminer, par tomographie de résistivité, une imagerie (en 2D, ou 3D suivant la configuration d'acquisition) de la diffusion du gaz injecté dans le sous-sol. De plus, les mesures pouvant être répétées dans le temps, le spécialiste peut obtenir l'évolution temporelle de cette résistivité. Les changements de résistivité observés au cours du temps peuvent être un indicateur de mouvements du gaz injecté. Lorsque ces changements de résistivité mesurés par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME sont corrélés avec des changements de concentration en gaz mesurés par le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG, alors la probabilité d'une fuite de gaz est importante. Une alerte peut alors être lancée par le spécialiste. Lorsque des changements de résistivité mesurés par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME ne sont pas corrélés avec un changement de concentration en gaz mesuré par le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG, et que les changements de résistivité sont observés à la profondeur d'investigation du dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG, alors le spécialiste peut par exemple en conclure qu'il s'agit d'une anomalie de mesure ponctuelle. Lorsque des changements de résistivité mesurés par le dispositif de mesures électriques DME ne sont pas corrélés avec un changement de concentration en gaz mesuré par le dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG, et que les changements de résistivité sont observés à une profondeur d'investigation supérieure à celle du dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG, alors le spécialiste peut estimer qu'une fuite de gaz est prochaine ou imminente, et est en mesure éventuellement d'alerter qui de droit. Starting from the measurements made by the DME electrical measuring device of the installation according to the invention, the specialist can determine, by resistivity tomography, an imaging (in 2D, or 3D according to the acquisition configuration) of the diffusion. gas injected into the basement. In addition, since the measurements can be repeated over time, the specialist can obtain the temporal evolution of this resistivity. The changes in resistivity observed over time can be an indicator of the movements of the injected gas. When these resistivity changes measured by the DME electrical measurement device are correlated with changes in gas concentration measured by the DMG geochemical measurement device, then the probability of a gas leak is large. An alert can then to be launched by the specialist. When resistivity changes measured by the DME electrical measurement device are not correlated with a change in gas concentration measured by the DMG geochemical measuring device, and changes in resistivity are observed at the depth of investigation of the DME device. DMG geochemical measurements, then the specialist can for example conclude that it is a point measurement anomaly. When resistivity changes measured by the DME electrical measurement device are not correlated with a change in gas concentration measured by the DMG geochemical measuring device, and the resistivity changes are observed at a greater depth of investigation than from the DMG geochemical measurement device, then the specialist may estimate that a gas leak is next or imminent, and is able to possibly alert that right.
Ainsi, la présente invention permet notamment de combiner, en une installation unique, cohérente et intégrée, l'information obtenue par un dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG avec l'information obtenue par un dispositif de mesures électriques DME et donc de réaliser une surveillance fiabilisée d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz. En effet, cette information croisée permet une meilleure détection des fuites de gaz pouvant survenir à la suite d'une injection de gaz dans un site de stockage géologique de gaz, voire d'anticiper ces fuites grâce aux profondeurs d'investigation différentes des deux types de mesures. De plus, l'installation selon l'invention peut être entièrement automatisée et pilotée à distance, ce qui permet une surveillance permanente d'un site de stockage géologique de gaz. Thus, the present invention makes it possible in particular to combine, in a single, coherent and integrated installation, the information obtained by a DMG geochemical measurement device with the information obtained by a DME electrical measurement device and thus to make a reliable monitoring of a geological gas storage site. Indeed, this cross-information makes it possible to better detect gas leaks that may occur as a result of gas injection into a geological gas storage site, or even to anticipate these leaks thanks to the different investigation depths of the two types. of measures. In addition, the installation according to the invention can be fully automated and controlled remotely, which allows permanent monitoring of a geological gas storage site.
Exemple d'application Application example
Les Figures 3 à 6 illustrent un exemple d'application de l'installation selon l'invention pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique de C02. Le site en question est une carrière de calcaire. Du C02 a été injecté dans une cavité à l'intérieur de cette carrière. Figures 3 to 6 illustrate an example of application of the installation according to the invention for monitoring a geological storage site C0 2 . The site in question is a limestone quarry. C0 2 was injected into a cavity within this career.
La Figure 3 présente un plan surfacique de la zone d'injection. Les zones grisées correspondent aux piliers calcaires de la carrière et la chambre d'injection correspond à la zone centrale encadrée en gras. Cette Figure présente la localisation de deux profils de mesures de résistivité électrique de surface (AA' et BB'), ainsi que trois profils de mesures de résistivité électrique dans la cavité (TL, TT et L-CO), la localisation de détecteurs de C02 (CN, CO, CT, L), et la localisation de la station météorologique placée à la surface (représentée par une étoile). Figure 3 shows a surface plane of the injection zone. The shaded areas correspond to the limestone pillars of the quarry and the injection chamber corresponds to the central zone framed in bold. This figure presents the location of two profiles of surface electrical resistivity measurements (AA 'and BB'), as well as three profiles of electrical resistivity measurements in the cavity (TL, TT and L-CO), the location of C0 2 (CN, CO, CT, L), and the location of the weather station at the surface (represented by a star).
La Figure 4 présente un résultat de tomographie de résistivité électrique réalisée le long du profil BB' avant l'injection de C02, auquel un résultat de tomographie de résistivité réalisé le long du profil TL (au toit de la cavité) a été superposé, ainsi que la localisation des détecteurs CT et CN de C02. La ligne pointillée représente la limite entre les argiles et le calcaire. Ces cartes de variations de résistivité dans le sous-sol du site de stockage géologique de C02 choisi constituent la référence par rapport à laquelle vont être analysées les cartes de variations de résistivité qui seront réalisées pendant et après l'injection de C02. FIG. 4 presents a result of electrical resistivity tomography performed along the BB 'profile before the C0 2 injection, to which a resistivity tomography result produced along the TL profile (at the roof of the cavity) has been superimposed, as well as the location of the detectors CT and CN of C0 2 . The dotted line represents the boundary between clays and limestone. These resistivity variation maps in the basement of the selected C0 2 geological storage site constitute the reference against which will be analyzed the resistivity variation maps that will be made during and after the C0 2 injection.
La Figure 5 représente (via des signes « + ») les variations concentrations en C02 mesurées par les capteurs CN et CT de C02 en fonction des variations relatives de résistivité électrique mesurées le long de la coupe B-B', obtenues au cours du temps, lors d'une phase d'étalonnage réalisée avant et pendant l'injection. On peut observer que les mesures géochimiques et électriques sont très fortement corrélées entre elles. A partir de ce graphe, on peut alors obtenir une loi de corrélation entre ces deux types de mesures, par exemple par une régression linéaire. FIG. 5 represents (via "+" signs) the C0 2 concentration variations measured by the CN and CT sensors of C0 2 as a function of the relative variations in electrical resistivity measured along the B-B 'section, obtained during of time, during a calibration phase performed before and during the injection. It can be observed that the geochemical and electrical measurements are very strongly correlated with each other. From this graph, we can then obtain a correlation law between these two types of measurements, for example by a linear regression.
La Figure 6 présente l'évolution au cours du temps de la variation relative de résistivité électrique le long du profil TL (au toit de la cavité), après injection de C02 ((a) t=0.1 jour, (b) t=0.2 jour, (c) t=0.4 jour, (d) t=1 jour, (e) t=10 jours, (f) t= 40 jours et (g) t=100 jours après le début de l'injection). Ces cartes de variation de résistivité dans le sous-sol ont été obtenues à partir d'une tomographie de résistivité réalisée à chaque instant t, la référence des variations étant prises par rapport à la carte présentée en Figure 4. On peut observer sur cette Figure que les variations de résistivité sont maximales à t=0.4j. Figure 6 shows the evolution over time of the relative variation of electrical resistivity along the TL profile (at the roof of the cavity), after injection of C0 2 ((a) t = 0.1 day, (b) t = 0.2 days, (c) t = 0.4 days, (d) t = 1 day, (e) t = 10 days, (f) t = 40 days and (g) t = 100 days after the start of the injection) . These resistivity variation maps in the subsoil were obtained from a resistivity tomography performed at each instant t, the reference of the variations being taken with respect to the map shown in FIG. 4. It can be seen in this FIG. that the resistivity variations are maximum at t = 0.4j.
Ainsi, la corrélation entre les mesures géochimiques et les mesures électriques observée en Figure 5 confirme l'intérêt d'une installation permettant un couplage cohérent, en une installation unique, entre un dispositif de mesures géochimiques DMG et un dispositif de mesures électriques DME. De plus, l'installation selon l'invention étant entièrement automatisée, la surveillance continue, pendant l'injection, comme montré en Figure 6, mais également après l'injection, est possible. Ainsi, l'installation selon l'invention peut permettre de détecter les signes précurseurs d'une fuite, en identifiant des anomalies dans les cartes de résistivité relatives telles que présentées en Figure 6, et/ou en détectant des concentrations anormales de gaz. Par le couplage des informations électriques et géochimiques, l'installation selon l'invention permet de contribuer à lever d'éventuelles ambiguïtés concernant l'interprétation à faire de mesures (géochimiques et ou électriques) anormales, mais aussi de contribuer à une localisation plus fiable de potentielles fuites de gaz.  Thus, the correlation between the geochemical measurements and the electrical measurements observed in FIG. 5 confirms the interest of an installation allowing a coherent coupling, in a single installation, between a DMG geochemical measuring device and a DME electrical measurement device. In addition, the installation according to the invention being fully automated, the continuous monitoring, during the injection, as shown in Figure 6, but also after injection, is possible. Thus, the installation according to the invention can make it possible to detect the precursor signs of a leak, by identifying anomalies in the relative resistivity maps as presented in FIG. 6, and / or by detecting abnormal concentrations of gas. By coupling the electrical and geochemical information, the installation according to the invention makes it possible to help remove any ambiguities concerning the interpretation to make abnormal (geochemical and / or electrical) measurements, but also to contribute to a more reliable localization. potential gas leaks.

Claims

REVENDICATIONS
Installation pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique d'un gaz, tel que du C02 ou du méthane, caractérisé en ce que ladite installation comporte en combinaison au moins les éléments suivants : Installation for monitoring a geological storage site of a gas, such as C0 2 or methane, characterized in that said installation comprises in combination at least the following elements:
- un dispositif de mesures géochimiques (DMG), comportant une pluralité de sondes de prélèvement de gaz (SPG), lesdites sondes étant reliées à un analyseur de gaz (AG) et lesdites sondes (SPG) étant destinées à être placées en proche surface ;  a geochemical measurement device (DMG) comprising a plurality of gas sampling probes (SPG), said probes being connected to a gas analyzer (AG) and said probes (SPG) being intended to be placed in the near surface;
- un dispositif de mesures électriques (DME), comportant une pluralité d'électrodes (ELEC), lesdites électrodes étant reliées à un résistivimètre (RES), ledit dispositif de mesures électriques (DME) étant destiné à des mesures électriques dans le sous-sol ;  an electrical measurement device (DME), comprising a plurality of electrodes (ELEC), said electrodes being connected to a resistivity meter (RES), said electrical measurement device (DME) being intended for electrical measurements in the basement ;
- une station météorologique (SM) de surface permettant la mesure de paramètres environnementaux associés audit site,  a surface meteorological station (SM) for measuring environmental parameters associated with said site,
lesdits dispositifs de mesures géochimiques (DMG) et électriques (DME) étant pilotés par un automate (AUT), ledit dispositif de mesures géochimiques (DMG), ledit dispositif de mesures électriques (DME) et la dite station météorologique (SM) étant reliés à un collecteur de données (COLL), ledit collecteur (COLL) étant lui-même relié à des moyens de transmission desdites données (MTD).  said geochemical (DMG) and electrical (DME) measuring devices being driven by an automat (AUT), said geochemical measuring device (DMG), said electrical measuring device (DME) and said weather station (SM) being connected to a data collector (COLL), said collector (COLL) being itself connected to means for transmitting said data (MTD).
Installation selon la revendication précédente, dans laquelle lesdites sondes de prélèvement de gaz (SPG) sont installées au-dessus de la zone vadose et en-dessous de la zone de production de gaz biogénique. Installation according to the preceding claim, wherein said gas sampling probes (SPG) are installed above the vadose zone and below the biogenic gas production zone.
Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdites sondes de prélèvements de gaz sont reliées à un analyseur de gaz (AG) via des moyens de transferts de gaz (MTG). 4. Installation selon la revendication 3, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de transferts de gaz (MTG) dudit dispositif de mesures géochimiques comportent une électrovanne à trois voies, une première voie étant reliée à une desdites sondes de prélèvement de gaz (SPG), une deuxième voie conduisant à un système de purge dudit dispositif de mesures géochimiques (DMG), et une troisième voie étant reliée à une pompe, ladite pompe étant destinée à aspirer ledit gaz prélevé par lesdites sondes de prélèvementInstallation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said gas sampling probes are connected to a gas analyzer (AG) via gas transfer means (MTG). 4. Installation according to claim 3, wherein said gas transfer means (MTG) of said geochemical measurement device comprises a three-way solenoid valve, a first channel being connected to one of said gas sampling probes (SPG), a second path leading to a purge system of said geochemical measurement device (DMG), and a third path being connected to a pump, said pump being intended to suck up said gas taken by said sampling probes
(SPG) et à distribuer ledit gaz prélevé et aspiré audit dispositif de mesures géochimiques (DMG). (SPG) and dispensing said withdrawn gas to said geochemical measuring device (DMG).
5. Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle ledit analyseur de gaz (AG) comporte au moins un détecteur dudit gaz stocké et au moins un détecteur de gaz rare. 5. Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said gas analyzer (AG) comprises at least one detector of said stored gas and at least one rare gas detector.
6. Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle ledit résistivimètre (RES) dudit dispositif de mesures électriques (DME) envoie un courant électrique continu dans le sous-sol via deux desdites électrodes (ELEC) et enregistre une différence de potentiel électrique entre deux autres desdites électrodes (ELEC). 6. Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said resistivity meter (RES) of said electrical measuring device (DME) sends a continuous electric current in the basement via two of said electrodes (ELEC) and records an electrical potential difference between two other of said electrodes (ELEC).
7. Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle l'automate (AUT) déclenche des mesures électriques via le dispositif de mesures électriques (DME) et des mesures géochimiques via le dispositif de mesures géochimiques (DMG) de façon régulière dans le temps. 7. Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the automat (AUT) triggers electrical measurements via the electrical measurement device (DME) and geochemical measurements via the geochemical measurement device (DMG) on a regular basis in the time.
8. Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdites électrodes (ELEC) sont placées à la surface du sol, et/ou le long de parois d'une cavité souterraine, et/ou le long d'un puits. 8. Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said electrodes (ELEC) are placed on the surface of the ground, and / or along walls of an underground cavity, and / or along a well.
9. Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle ladite station météorologique (SM) assure un contrôle continu d'au moins la température, la pression, la pluviométrie et l'hygrométrie. 9. Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said meteorological station (SM) provides continuous monitoring of at least temperature, pressure, rainfall and hygrometry.
10. Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle l'alimentation électrique de ladite installation est assurée par un panneau solaire, connectée à une batterie. 10. Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the power supply of said installation is provided by a solar panel, connected to a battery.
1 1 . Installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes, dans laquelle lesdits moyens de transmission desdites données (MTD) sont assurés par un modem 3G. 1 1. Installation according to one of the preceding claims, wherein said means for transmitting said data (MTD) are provided by a 3G modem.
12. Utilisation de l'installation selon l'une des revendications précédentes pour la surveillance d'un site de stockage géologique d'un gaz, tel que du C02 ou du méthane. 12. Use of the installation according to one of the preceding claims for monitoring a geological storage site of a gas, such as C0 2 or methane.
13. Utilisation selon la revendication 12, dans laquelle une étape d'étalonnage est réalisée préalablement à l'injection de gaz dans le site de stockage géologique d'un gaz. 13. Use according to claim 12, wherein a calibration step is performed prior to the injection of gas into the geological storage site of a gas.
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