EP3282249A1 - Method and device for detection of gases in plastic coatings by lock-in infrared thermography - Google Patents
Method and device for detection of gases in plastic coatings by lock-in infrared thermography Download PDFInfo
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- EP3282249A1 EP3282249A1 EP16183334.8A EP16183334A EP3282249A1 EP 3282249 A1 EP3282249 A1 EP 3282249A1 EP 16183334 A EP16183334 A EP 16183334A EP 3282249 A1 EP3282249 A1 EP 3282249A1
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- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 19
- 238000001931 thermography Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 17
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 16
- 239000006223 plastic coating Substances 0.000 title 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 29
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- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 229920002037 poly(vinyl butyral) polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004065 semiconductor Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- -1 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229920000840 ethylene tetrafluoroethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000005038 ethylene vinyl acetate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004814 polyurethane Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004800 polyvinyl chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 2
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N25/00—Investigating or analyzing materials by the use of thermal means
- G01N25/72—Investigating presence of flaws
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/44—Resins; Plastics; Rubber; Leather
- G01N33/442—Resins; Plastics
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for the detection of gases in plastic layers by lock-in infrared thermography.
- the present invention relates to a device for detection of gases in plastic layers by lock-in infrared thermography.
- a serious problem often encountered in the manufacture of laminates such as laminated glass is the formation of bubbles in portions of the laminates after autoclaving pressure treatment or, even worse, prolonged use in aging practice.
- a large amount of residual air in the laminated glass gives rise to bubbles during and / or after treatment in the autoclave or during the heat test.
- Lock-in thermographic camera systems are already in use for the detection of hot spots and defects in photovoltaic cells. However, these systems can only scan the surface and the samples tested require direct excitation by light or electrical impulses.
- Lock-in infrared thermography can also be used for thermographic testing of industrial gas turbines. However, the irradiation of ultrasound to generate hotspots is also required here (see Sulzer Technical Review 2/2012, 4382).
- EP 2 840 387 A1 An arrangement for the detection of hotspots by lock-in infrared thermography is described.
- the energy source is an embedded circuit in the sample.
- the object to find a device and a method for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography, which no longer has the disadvantages of the prior art, but quickly and reliably detected bubbles and dissolved gases in plastics even if the plastic is covered by glass.
- the device and the method should allow a particularly reliable inline quality control, for example in the production of laminated glass and thus significantly reduce the reject or avoid it from the outset.
- the device according to the invention for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography comprises a lock-in-infrared camera with an optical filter for the lens of the lock-in infrared camera.
- the optical filter is located anywhere within the optical path of the lock-in-infrared camera.
- the lock-in-infrared camera is connected to a signal line with a computer for detecting and processing the signals supplied by the camera.
- the device according to the invention comprises a plastic sample below or above the optical filter. Underneath a pulsed infrared source is arranged, which is connected by means of a signal line with a control of the lock-in frequency. The pulsed infrared source can thus be modulated according to the lock-in frequency.
- the pulsed infrared source comprises a continuous infrared source and a shutter arranged between continuous infrared source and sample.
- the shutter modulates the continuous infrared source according to the lock-in frequency.
- the shutter is connected via a signal line with a control of the lock-in frequency, whereby this modulation is made possible.
- the pulsed infrared source comprises a pulsable thermal radiator or a semiconductor source. These types of sources are already self-modulable, so no shutter is needed.
- additional optical components can be used to homogenize the illumination field.
- the device according to the invention is suitable for gases which provide IR spectra, in particular carbon dioxide.
- the optical filter is therefore preferably optimized for the IR signal of carbon dioxide at 2445 cm -1 .
- the lambda wavelength of the absorption is preferably 4265 nm and the bandwidth is preferably 120 nm.
- the signals that the computer receives from the lock-in infrared camera via the signal lines are processed using software.
- suitable software is PV-LIT® from Infratec.
- the plastic samples are preferably films, in particular films, as are commonly used in the production of laminated glass.
- the plastic samples are selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylate, polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC ), Polyacetate resin, casting resins, polyacrylates, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyvinyl fluoride and / or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers.
- PVB polyvinyl butyral
- EVA ethylene vinyl acetate
- PU polyurethane
- PP polypropylene
- PP polyacrylate
- PE polyethylene
- PC polycarbonate
- PMMA polymethyl methacrylate
- PVC polyvinyl chloride
- Polyacetate resin casting resins, polyacrylates, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyvinyl fluoride and / or ethylene-
- the plastic samples may be covered by glass.
- glass sheets are used, as are commonly used for the production of laminated glass.
- temperatures of which may preferably be set between room temperature and 240 ° C.
- hot plates are used in combination with a shutter as a continuous infrared source.
- pulsable thermal radiators or semiconductor sources are used in conjunction with an infrared optics for homogenizing the illumination field.
- the device according to the invention is used in particular for the method according to the invention for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography.
- the gases provide IR spectra.
- the gas is carbon dioxide.
- the plastic sample is irradiated periodically with infrared radiation from the infrared source, wherein the lock-in infrared camera registers the fluctuation of the gray value and the periodicity is ensured by the shutter or the pulse frequency of the infrared source at the lock-in frequency.
- the signals obtained are processed with software, for example Infratec's PV-LIT®, which performs a temporal Fourier transformation, and output as an image in which the temperatures are reproduced as a color gamut.
- software for example Infratec's PV-LIT®, which performs a temporal Fourier transformation, and output as an image in which the temperatures are reproduced as a color gamut.
- the bubble-free transparent composite discs in particular those selected by means of the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention Composite discs, can be excellent as permanently bubble-free, movable and immovable, functional and / or decorative individual pieces and / or as permanently bubble-free built-in parts in furniture, appliances and buildings as well as permanently bubble-free, transparent fixtures in locomotion aids for movement in the countryside, in the air or water, such as aircraft, ships, trains and motor vehicles, but especially in motor vehicles, for example as windscreens, rear windows and side windows and / or glass roofs, but especially as windshields are used.
- FIG. 1a shows athesessskizze a first embodiment of the device V for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography.
- the lens (not shown) of a lock-in-infrared camera 1 was equipped with an optical filter 2.
- the optical filter 2 was attached to the lens with a metal ring.
- the lambda wavelength of the absorption was 4265 nm, the bandwidth 120 nm.
- the lock-in-infrared camera 1 was connected via the signal line 7.1 to a computer for detecting and processing the signals received from the lock-in infrared camera 1.
- the sample 3 (in the present case a PVB film of dimensions 30 cm ⁇ 30 cm) was arranged below the optical filter 2.
- Below the shutter 140 ° C hot plate of dimensions 30 cm x 30 cm was arranged as a continuous infrared source 5.1.
- the continuous infrared source 5.1 and the shutter 4 together form the pulsed infrared source 5 according to the invention.
- the sample 3 could be scanned rapidly and the signals obtained could be processed rapidly.
- the Figure 1 b shows a functional diagram of a second embodiment of the device V for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography.
- the structure is essentially the same as in FIG. 1a described.
- the pulsed infrared source 5 according to FIG. 1b a pulsable thermal radiator 5.2a or a pulsed semiconductor source 5.2b.
- the infrared source is connected via the signal line 6.1 to the device 6 for controlling the lock-in frequency.
- FIG. 2 shows a top view of the image A of the processed signals of the sample 3 of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), which was about half saturated with carbon dioxide at room temperature (sample 3.2).
- the arrangement according to FIG. 2 shows a reference sample in which, to illustrate the principle of operation half of the sample was completely saturated with carbon dioxide, while the other half of the sample was not subjected to treatment with CO 2 .
- the detection of dissolved carbon dioxide provided excellent results even when the sample 3 was embedded in a composite of glass.
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Abstract
Vorrichtung V zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie, umfassend - eine Lock-in-Infrarotkamera (1) mit - einem optischen Filter (2) für das Objektiv der Lock-in-Infrarotkamera (1), die mit einer Signalleitungen (7.1) mit - einem Computer (7) zur Erfassung und Verarbeitung der Signale verbunden ist, - eine Kunststoffprobe (3), - eine gepulste Infrarotquelle (4), die mittels einer Signalleitung (6.1) mit - einer Steuerung (6) der Lock-in-Frequenz verbunden ist. Verfahren zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie und Verwendung der Vorrichtung und des Verfahrens zur Inline-Qualitätskontrolle bei der Herstellung von Verbundglasscheiben.Device V for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography, comprising - A lock-in-infrared camera (1) with - An optical filter (2) for the lens of the lock-in-infrared camera (1) with a signal lines (7.1) with a computer (7) for detecting and processing the signals is connected, a plastic sample (3), - A pulsed infrared source (4) by means of a signal line (6.1) with - A controller (6) of the lock-in frequency is connected. Method of detecting gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography and use of the apparatus and method for in-line quality control in the production of laminated glass.
Description
Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffschichten durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie.The present invention relates to a method for the detection of gases in plastic layers by lock-in infrared thermography.
Außerdem betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung eine Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffschichten durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie.Moreover, the present invention relates to a device for detection of gases in plastic layers by lock-in infrared thermography.
Der in der vorliegenden Anmeldung zitierte Stand der Technik wird durch Bezugnahme Bestandteil der Anmeldung.The prior art cited in the present application is incorporated by reference.
Ein schwer wiegendes Problem, das häufig bei der Herstellung von Laminaten wie Verbundglasscheiben auftaucht, ist die Bildung von Blasen in Teilen der Laminate nach der Druckbehandlung im Autoklaven oder noch schlimmer bei längerem Gebrauch in der Praxis beim Altern. Durch eine große Menge von Restluft im laminierten Glas entstehen Blasen während und/oder nach der Behandlung im Autoklaven oder während des Wärmetests. Diese Probleme sind weltweit verbreitet und tauchen immer wieder auf. Sie führen zu Ausschuss und damit zu hohen finanziellen Verlusten.A serious problem often encountered in the manufacture of laminates such as laminated glass is the formation of bubbles in portions of the laminates after autoclaving pressure treatment or, even worse, prolonged use in aging practice. A large amount of residual air in the laminated glass gives rise to bubbles during and / or after treatment in the autoclave or during the heat test. These problems are common worldwide and keep cropping up. They lead to rejects and thus to high financial losses.
Sensoren, mit deren Hilfe Kohlendioxid oder gelöstes Kohlendioxid bei der Nahrungsmittelherstellung und in der chemischen Industrie detektiert werden kann, sind bereits in Gebrauch. Diese Technologien machen Gebrauch von Infrarot-Wellenlängen, indes werden die Messungen direkt in der Gasphase durchgeführt. Es ist daher nicht möglich, Messungen beispielsweise durch Glas hindurch durchzuführen.Sensors that can detect carbon dioxide or dissolved carbon dioxide in food production and in the chemical industry are already in use. These technologies make use of infrared wavelengths, but measurements are made directly in the gas phase. It is therefore not possible to carry out measurements, for example through glass.
Lock-in-Thermographiekamerasysteme sind bereits im Gebrauch für die Detektion von heißen Stellen und Fehlerstellen in fotovoltaischen Zellen. Diese Systeme können indes nur die Oberfläche scannen, und die getesteten Proben benötigen eine direkte Anregung durch Licht oder elektrische Impulse.Lock-in thermographic camera systems are already in use for the detection of hot spots and defects in photovoltaic cells. However, these systems can only scan the surface and the samples tested require direct excitation by light or electrical impulses.
Die Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie kann auch für die thermografische Prüfung von industriellen Gasturbinen verwendet werden. Indes wird auch hier die Einstrahlung von Ultraschall zur Erzeugung von Hotspots benötigt (vgl Sulzer Technical Review 2/2012, 4382).Lock-in infrared thermography can also be used for thermographic testing of industrial gas turbines. However, the irradiation of ultrasound to generate hotspots is also required here (see Sulzer Technical Review 2/2012, 4382).
In der europäischen Patentanmeldung
Diese Techniken bieten jedoch keine Lösung für das Problem der Bildung und Detektion von Blasen bzw. zur Detektion von gelösten Gasen.However, these techniques do not provide a solution to the problem of the formation and detection of bubbles or the detection of dissolved gases.
Es stellt sich daher die Aufgabe, eine Vorrichtung und ein Verfahren zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie zu finden, das die Nachteile des Standes der Technik nicht mehr länger aufweist, sondern rasch und zuverlässig Blasen und gelöste Gase in Kunststoffen detektiert, auch wenn der Kunststoff durch Glas bedeckt ist. Dadurch sollen die Vorrichtung und das Verfahren eine besonders zuverlässige Inline-Qualitätskontrolle beispielsweise bei der Herstellung von Verbundglasscheiben ermöglichen und so den Ausschuss signifikant erniedrigen oder von vornherein vermeiden.It is therefore the object to find a device and a method for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography, which no longer has the disadvantages of the prior art, but quickly and reliably detected bubbles and dissolved gases in plastics even if the plastic is covered by glass. As a result, the device and the method should allow a particularly reliable inline quality control, for example in the production of laminated glass and thus significantly reduce the reject or avoid it from the outset.
Diese Aufgabe wird durch die Vorrichtung und das Verfahren gemäß den unabhängigen Ansprüchen gelöst. Weitere vorteilhafte Ausführungsformen gehen aus den Unteransprüchen hervor.This object is achieved by the device and the method according to the independent claims. Further advantageous embodiments will become apparent from the dependent claims.
Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie umfasst eine Lock-in-Infrarotkamera mit einem optischen Filter für das das Objektiv der Lock-in-Infrarotkamera. Der optische Filter befindet sich an einer beliebigen Stelle innerhalb des optischen Wegs der Lock-in-Infrarotkamera. Die Lock-in-Infrarotkamera ist mit einer Signalleitung mit einem Computer zur Erfassung und Verarbeitung der von der Kamera gelieferten Signale verbunden. Desweiteren umfasst die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung eine Kunststoffprobe unterhalb oder oberhalb des optischen Filters. Darunter ist eine gepulste Infrarotquelle angeordnet, die mittels einer Signalleitung mit einer Steuerung der Lock-in-Frequenz verbunden ist. Die gepulste Infrarotquelle kann somit entsprechend der Lock-in-Frequenz moduliert werden.The device according to the invention for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography comprises a lock-in-infrared camera with an optical filter for the lens of the lock-in infrared camera. The optical filter is located anywhere within the optical path of the lock-in-infrared camera. The lock-in-infrared camera is connected to a signal line with a computer for detecting and processing the signals supplied by the camera. Furthermore, the device according to the invention comprises a plastic sample below or above the optical filter. Underneath a pulsed infrared source is arranged, which is connected by means of a signal line with a control of the lock-in frequency. The pulsed infrared source can thus be modulated according to the lock-in frequency.
In einer ersten bevorzugten Ausführungsform umfasst die gepulste Infrarotquelle eine kontinuierliche Infrarotquelle und einen Shutter, der zwischen kontinuierlicher Infrarotquelle und Probe angeordnet ist. Der Shutter moduliert die kontinuierliche Infrarotquelle entsprechend der Lock-in-Frequenz. In dieser Ausführungsform ist der Shutter über eine Signalleitung mit einer Steuerung der Lock-in-Frequenz verbunden, wodurch diese Modulation ermöglicht wird.In a first preferred embodiment, the pulsed infrared source comprises a continuous infrared source and a shutter arranged between continuous infrared source and sample. The shutter modulates the continuous infrared source according to the lock-in frequency. In this embodiment, the shutter is connected via a signal line with a control of the lock-in frequency, whereby this modulation is made possible.
In einer zweiten bevorzugten Ausführungsform umfasst die gepulste Infrarotquelle einen pulsbaren thermischen Strahler oder eine Halbleiterquelle. Diese Arten von Quellen sind bereits selbst modulierbar, so dass kein Shutter benötigt wird.In a second preferred embodiment, the pulsed infrared source comprises a pulsable thermal radiator or a semiconductor source. These types of sources are already self-modulable, so no shutter is needed.
In allen erwähnten Ausführungsformen können zusätzliche optische Bauteile zur Homogenisierung des Beleuchtungsfeldes verwendet werden.In all of the mentioned embodiments, additional optical components can be used to homogenize the illumination field.
Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung eignet sich für Gase, die IR-Spektren liefern, insbesondere Kohlendioxid. Der optische Filter ist daher vorzugsweise für das IR-Signal von Kohlendioxid bei 2445 cm-1 optimiert. Die Wellenlänge Lambda der Absorption beträgt vorzugsweise 4265 nm und die Bandbreite vorzugsweise 120 nm.The device according to the invention is suitable for gases which provide IR spectra, in particular carbon dioxide. The optical filter is therefore preferably optimized for the IR signal of carbon dioxide at 2445 cm -1 . The lambda wavelength of the absorption is preferably 4265 nm and the bandwidth is preferably 120 nm.
Die Signale, die der Computer von der Lock-in-Infrarotkamera über die Signalleitungen erhält, werden mithilfe einer Software verarbeitet. Ein Beispiel für eine geeignete Software ist PV-LIT® der Firma Infratec.The signals that the computer receives from the lock-in infrared camera via the signal lines are processed using software. An example of suitable software is PV-LIT® from Infratec.
Die Kunststoffproben sind vorzugsweise Folien, insbesondere Folien, wie sie bei der Herstellung von Verbundglasscheiben üblicherweise verwendet werden.The plastic samples are preferably films, in particular films, as are commonly used in the production of laminated glass.
Vorzugsweise werden die Kunststoffproben aus der Gruppe, bestehend aus Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), Ethylenvinylacetat (EVA), Polyurethan (PU), Polypropylen (PP), Polyacrylat, Polyethylen (PE), Polycarbonat (PC), Polymethylmethacrylat (PMMA), Polyvinylchlorid (PVC), Polyacetatharz, Gießharzen, Polyacrylaten, fluorierten Ethylen-Propylen-Copolymerisaten, Polyvinylfluorid und/oder Ethylen-Tetrafluorethylen-Copolymerisaten, ausgewählt. Insbesondere wird PVB verwendet.Preferably, the plastic samples are selected from the group consisting of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyurethane (PU), polypropylene (PP), polyacrylate, polyethylene (PE), polycarbonate (PC), polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC ), Polyacetate resin, casting resins, polyacrylates, fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymers, polyvinyl fluoride and / or ethylene-tetrafluoroethylene copolymers. In particular, PVB is used.
Die Kunststoffproben können von Glas bedeckt sein. Vorzugsweise werden Glasscheiben verwendet, wie sie üblicherweise für die Herstellung von Verbundglasscheiben verwendet werden.The plastic samples may be covered by glass. Preferably, glass sheets are used, as are commonly used for the production of laminated glass.
Als Infrarotquellen können unterschiedliche Vorrichtungen verwendet werden, deren Temperaturen vorzugsweise zwischen Raumtemperatur und 240 °C eingestellt werden können.As infrared sources, various devices may be used, the temperatures of which may preferably be set between room temperature and 240 ° C.
In einer besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden als kontinuierliche Infrarotquelle heiße Platten in Kombination mit einem Shutter verwendet.In a particularly preferred embodiment, hot plates are used in combination with a shutter as a continuous infrared source.
In einer anderen bevorzugten Ausführungsform werden pulsbare thermische Strahler oder Halbleiterquellen in Verbindung mit einer Infratotoptik zur Homogenisierung des Beleuchtungsfeldes eingesetzt.In another preferred embodiment, pulsable thermal radiators or semiconductor sources are used in conjunction with an infrared optics for homogenizing the illumination field.
Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung wird insbesondere für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie verwendet.The device according to the invention is used in particular for the method according to the invention for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography.
Bevorzugt liefern die Gase IR-Spektren.Preferably, the gases provide IR spectra.
Bevorzugt ist das Gas Kohlendioxid.Preferably, the gas is carbon dioxide.
Bei dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren wird die Kunststoffprobe mit Infrarotstrahlung der Infrarotquelle periodisch bestrahlt, wobei die Lock-in-Infrarotkamera die Fluktuation des Grauwertes registriert und wobei die Periodizität durch den Shutter beziehungsweise die Pulsfrequenz der Infrarotquelle bei der Lock-in-Frequenz sichergestellt wird.In the method according to the invention, the plastic sample is irradiated periodically with infrared radiation from the infrared source, wherein the lock-in infrared camera registers the fluctuation of the gray value and the periodicity is ensured by the shutter or the pulse frequency of the infrared source at the lock-in frequency.
Die erhaltenen Signale werden mit einer Software, beispielsweise PV-LIT® der Firma Infratec, die eine temporale Fouriertransformation durchführt, verarbeitet und als Abbildung, worin die Temperaturen als Farbskala wiedergegeben werden, ausgegeben.The signals obtained are processed with software, for example Infratec's PV-LIT®, which performs a temporal Fourier transformation, and output as an image in which the temperatures are reproduced as a color gamut.
Hierbei zeigt es sich, dass die mit Kohlendioxid angereicherten Bereiche der Kunststoffprobe kühler erscheinen als die kohlendioxidfreien Referenzbereiche.It turns out that the carbon dioxide-enriched areas of the plastic sample appear cooler than the carbon dioxide-free reference areas.
Die blasenfreien transparenten Verbundscheiben, insbesondere die mithilfe der erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung und des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens selektierten Verbundscheiben, können hervorragend als auf Dauer blasenfreie, bewegliche und unbewegliche, funktionale und/oder dekorative Einzelstücke und/oder als auf Dauer blasenfreie Einbauteile in Möbeln, Geräten und Gebäuden sowie als auf Dauer blasenfreie, transparente Einbauteile in Fortbewegungsmitteln zur Fortbewegung auf dem Lande, in der Luft oder zu Wasser, wie Flugzeuge, Schiffe, Züge und Kraftfahrzeuge, insbesondere aber in Kraftfahrzeugen, beispielsweise als Windschutzscheiben, Heckscheiben und Seitenscheiben und/oder Glasdächer, insbesondere aber als Windschutzscheiben, verwendet werden.The bubble-free transparent composite discs, in particular those selected by means of the device according to the invention and the method according to the invention Composite discs, can be excellent as permanently bubble-free, movable and immovable, functional and / or decorative individual pieces and / or as permanently bubble-free built-in parts in furniture, appliances and buildings as well as permanently bubble-free, transparent fixtures in locomotion aids for movement in the countryside, in the air or water, such as aircraft, ships, trains and motor vehicles, but especially in motor vehicles, for example as windscreens, rear windows and side windows and / or glass roofs, but especially as windshields are used.
Es versteht sich, dass die vorstehend genannten und nachstehend näher erläuterten Merkmale nicht nur in den angegebenen Kombinationen und Konfigurationen, sondern auch in anderen Kombinationen und Konfigurationen oder in Alleinstellung einsetzbar sind, ohne den Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung zu verlassen.It is understood that the features mentioned above and explained in more detail below can be used not only in the specified combinations and configurations, but also in other combinations and configurations or alone, without departing from the scope of the present invention.
Die Erfindung wird nun anhand von Ausführungsbeispielen näher erläutert, wobei Bezug auf die beigefügten Figuren genommen wird. Es zeigen in vereinfachter, in nicht maßstäblicher Darstellung:
- Figur 1a
- eine Funktionsskizze der Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie,
- Figur 1b
- eine Funktionsskizze einer weiteren Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie und
Figur 2- eine Draufsicht auf die Abbildung der verarbeiteten Signale einer Probe aus Polyvinylbutyral (PVB), die partiell mit Kohlendioxid gesättigt ist.
- FIG. 1a
- a functional sketch of the device for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography,
- FIG. 1b
- a functional sketch of another device for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography and
- FIG. 2
- a plan view of the image of the processed signals of a sample of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), which is partially saturated with carbon dioxide.
In den
- A
- Abbildung der verarbeiteten Signale
- V
- Funktionsskizze einer Vorrichtung zur Detektion von Gasen in Kunststoffen durch Lock-in-Infrarotthermographie
- 1
- Lock-in-Infrarotkamera
- 2
- optischer Filter für das Objektiv der Kamera 1
- 3
- Kunststoffprobe
- 3.1
kohlendioxidfreie Referenzprobe 3- 3.2
- mit
Kohlendioxid gesättigte Probe 3 - 4
- Shutter
- 5
- gepulste Infrarotquelle
- 5.1
- kontinuierliche Infrarotquelle
- 5.2a
- pulsbarer thermischer Strahler
- 5.2b
- Halbleiterquelle
- 6
- Steuerung der Lock-in-Frequenz
- 6.1
- Signalleitung
- 7
- Erfassung und Verarbeitung der Signale
- 7.1
- Signalleitung
- A
- Illustration of the processed signals
- V
- Functional sketch of a device for the detection of gases in plastics by lock-in infrared thermography
- 1
- Lock-in infrared camera
- 2
- optical filter for the lens of the
camera 1 - 3
- Plastic sample
- 3.1
- carbon dioxide-
free reference sample 3 - 3.2
- carbon dioxide saturated
sample 3 - 4
- shutter
- 5
- pulsed infrared source
- 5.1
- continuous infrared source
- 5.2a
- pulsable thermal radiator
- 5.2b
- Semiconductor source
- 6
- Control of lock-in frequency
- 6.1
- signal line
- 7
- Acquisition and processing of signals
- 7.1
- signal line
Die
Das Objektiv (nicht wiedergegeben) einer Lock-in-Infrarotkamera 1 wurde mit einem optischen Filter 2 ausgestattet. Dazu wurde der optische Filter 2 mit einem Metallring an dem Objektiv befestigt. Die Wellenlänge Lambda der Absorption betrug 4265 nm, die Bandbreite 120 nm. Die Lock-in-Infrarotkamera 1 war über die Signalleitung 7.1 an einen Computer zur Erfassung und Verarbeitung der von der Lock-in-Infrarotkamera 1 erhaltenen Signale angeschlossen.The lens (not shown) of a lock-in-
Die Probe 3 (vorliegend eine PVB-Folie der Abmessungen 30 cm x 30 cm) war unterhalb des optischen Filters 2 angeordnet. Darunter befand sich ein Gerät 6 zur Steuerung der Lock-in-Frequenz über eine Signalleitung 6.1 zum Shutter 4. Unterhalb des Shutters war eine 140°C heiße Platte der Abmessungen 30 cm x 30 cm als kontinuierliche Infrarotquelle 5.1 angeordnet. Die kontinuierliche Infrarotquelle 5.1 und der Shutter 4 ergeben zusammen die erfindungsgemäße gepulste Infrarotquelle 5. Mithilfe der Vorrichtung V konnte die Probe 3 rasch gescannt und die erhaltenen Signale rasch verarbeitet werden.The sample 3 (in the present case a PVB film of dimensions 30 cm × 30 cm) was arranged below the
Die
Der Aufbau entspricht im Wesentlichen dem in
Die
Da das in der Probe 3 gelöste Kohlendioxid die Infrarotstrahlung absorbierte, war die Transmission im Bereich 3.2 geringer als im Referenzbereich 3.1. Dadurch erschien der Bereich 3.2 kühler als der Bereich 3.1.Since the dissolved in the
Die Detektion von gelöstem Kohlendioxid lieferte auch dann hervorragende Ergebnisse, wenn die Probe 3 in einem Verbund aus Glas eingebettet war.The detection of dissolved carbon dioxide provided excellent results even when the
Claims (14)
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Cited By (1)
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US11467108B2 (en) * | 2017-05-30 | 2022-10-11 | Nanolockin Gmbh | Method for characterizing particles producing heat when exposed to light and device for carrying out the method |
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