Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
  • H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
  • H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
  • H04B7/0617—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal for beam forming
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
  • H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
  • H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
  • H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
  • H04B7/0452—Multi-user MIMO systems

Definitions

• the invention relates to wireless communications.
• FD-MIMO full-dimension multiple-input multiple-output
• a base station with two-dimensional active array supports multi-user joint elevation and azimuth beamforming, also called as three dimensional beam-forming, which results in much higher cell capacity compared to conventional systems.
• multi-user joint elevation and azimuth beamforming also called as three dimensional beam-forming, which results in much higher cell capacity compared to conventional systems.
• the number of beams remains limited and a beam width is limited by the size of the array. Therefore it may happen that multiple user apparatuses may want to obtain service over the same beam.
• Figure 1 shows simplified architecture of a system and block diagrams of some apparatuses according to an exemplary embodiment
• Figure 2 shows an exemplary FD-MIMO beamforming
• Figures 3 to 5 are flow charts illustrating exemplary functionalities
• Figures 6 and 7 are schematic block diagrams of exemplary apparatuses.
• the present invention is applicable to any network/system configured to support full-dimension multiple-input multiple-output, FD-MIMO, or any correspond- ing/similar way to utilize available over the air spectrum, and entities/nodes/apparatuses in such a network/system.
• networks/systems include Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) access system, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), LTE Advanced, 4G (fourth generation) and beyond, such as and 5G (fifth generation), cloud networks using In- ternet Protocol, mesh networks, and ad-hoc networks, such as LTE direct and mobile ad-hoc network (MANET), or any combination thereof.
• LTE-A Long Term Evolution Advanced
• WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
• LTE Advanced Long Term Evolution Advanced
• 4G fourth generation
• 5G farth generation
• cloud networks using In- ternet Protocol mesh networks
• ad-hoc networks such as LTE direct and mobile ad-hoc network (
• NFV network functions virtualization
• a virtualized network function may comprise one or more virtual machines that run computer program codes using standard or general type servers instead of customized hardware.
• VNF network equipment
• the concept proposes to consolidate many network equipment (apparatus, node) types onto standard servers whose hardware can run computer program codes implementing network functions, without a need for installation of new equipment. Cloud computing and/or data storage may also be utilized.
• node operations In radio communications this may mean node operations to be carried out, at least partly, in a server, host or node operationally coupled to a remote radio head. It is also possible that node operations will be distributed amongst a plurality of servers, nodes or hosts.
• Another networking paradigm is software-defined networking (SDN) in which lower-level functionality is abstracted by decoupling data forwarding (data plane) from overlying control decisions, such as routing and resource allocations. This is achieved by means of one or more software-based SDN controllers that allow the underlying network to be programmable via the SDN controllers independent of underlying network hardware.
• SDN software-defined networking
• Figure 1 An extremely general architecture of an exemplary system 100 is illustrated in Figure 1.
• Figure 1 is a simplified system architecture only showing some elements and functional entities, all being logical units whose implementation may differ from what is shown. It is apparent to a person skilled in the art that the system comprises other functions and structures that are not illustrated, for example connections to the core network/system.
• the system 100 comprises a wireless access network (not illustrated in Figure 1 ) providing access to the system for user apparatuses 1 10 (UE, user equipment, only one shown in Figure 1 ) by means of access point nodes 120 (only one shown in Figure 1 ).
• a wireless access network not illustrated in Figure 1
• access point nodes 120 only one shown in Figure 1 .
• the user apparatus 1 10 refers to a portable computing device (equipment), and it may also be referred to as a user terminal, user device, or mobile termi- nal.
• Such computing devices include wireless mobile communication devices operating with or without a subscriber identification module (SIM) in hardware or in software, including, but not limited to, the following types of devices: mobile phone, smart-phone, personal digital assistant (PDA), handset, laptop and/or touch screen computer, e-reading device, tablet, game console, notebook, multimedia de- vice, sensor, and a radio-head.
• SIM subscriber identification module
• the user apparatus 1 10 is configured to support FD- MIMO load balancing.
• the user apparatus 1 10 comprises an enhanced interference cancellation unit e-IC-u 1 1 1 whose functionality will be described in more detail below. It should be appreciated that the user apparatus 1 10 is depicted to include 2 antennas only for the sake of clarity. The number of reception and/or transmission antennas may naturally vary according to a current implementation.
• the access point node 120 or any corresponding network entity (network apparatus, network node) is an apparatus providing over-the-air access, including resource allocation, to a network (wireless or wired) the access point is connected to, and the access point node may be configured to support one or more wireless access.
• Examples of such apparatuses include an evolved node B and a base station.
• the access node 120 is configured to provide FD-MIMO load balancing.
• the access node comprises an FD-MIMO load balancing unit (l-b-u) 121 whose functionality will be described in more detail below. It should be appreciated that the access node 120 is depicted to include 2 antennas only for the sake of clarity.
• the access node is configured to maintain beam index associ- ations 122.
• DMRS demodulation reference signal
• CSI- RS channel state information - reference signals
• nSCID scrambling identifier
• VID virtual cell identifier
• QCL quasi-colocation information
• PMI precoder information
• Rl rank indication
• user apparatus receiver assumption also called UE receiver assumption
• Examples of the user apparatus receiver assumption, also called UE receiver assumption include liner with turbo decoding feedback, linear without turbo decoding feedback, non-linear with turbo decoding feedback and non-linear
• the UE receiver assumptions describe assumed signal processing style of a receiver.
• a bundle is identifiable through a beam index, and the beam index and members of the bundle are identifiable through one member of the bundle, for example through DMRS, or CSI-RS.
• the access node is configured with two-dimensional active array and configured to support multi-user joint elevation and azimuth beamforming, or with corresponding means providing the capability to create beams.
• Figure 2 illustrates FD-MIMO beamforming 200. It should be appreciated that only a part of FD-MIMO beams 201 provided by an evolved node B 210 are illustrated in Figure 2.
• FD-MIMO beams 201 provided by an evolved node B 210 are illustrated in Figure 2.
• narrow vertical sectors also called sub-sectors, are created (within a traditional cell-sector that is not illustrated in Figure 2).
• Users i.e. user apparatuses using the wireless service, located in neighboring sub-sectors may experience orthogonal or semi-orthogonal transmissions without interference or with little interference, and they may be multiplexed spatially. Hence users in these vertical sectors may use the same time/frequency resources as well as reference symbols.
• each vertical sub-sector may be further separated by means of beamforming, i.e. by means of precoding matrix indicator (PMI) precoding in azimuth, the result being a group of beams 201 , each beam having an index, illustrated by #N, #M, #P and #Q as beam index examples.
• PMI precoding matrix indicator
• legacy MU-MIMO transmissions may be performed on reference symbol ports visible within the beam, for example, by pairing users with orthogonal PMIs, or by means of zero-forcing (ZF) enforcing orthogonality between layers.
• Figure 3 illustrates an exemplary functionality of the evolved node B, or more precisely an exemplary functionality of the FD-MIMO load balancing unit.
• the evolved node B creates in step 300 bundles of DMRS, CSI-RS, nSCID, VCID, QCL, PMI, Rl, UE receiver assumption, etc., and assigns in step 300 each beam created (as explained above with Figure 2) its own bundles, i.e. a subset of DMRS, CSI-RS, nSCID, VCID, etc.
• each beam created as explained above with Figure 2 its own bundles, i.e. a subset of DMRS, CSI-RS, nSCID, VCID, etc.
• the information, including the bundles may be broadcast, or otherwise signaled, for example, to user apparatuses and hence beams are detectable/foundable, and thereby usable, by user apparatuses.
• the preliminary step may also be performed by another unit, for example by a beam forming unit.
• the evolved node B receives in step 301 feed- back information from a user apparatus, called herein UE1 , the feedback information indicating best beam choices to be utilized for downlink transmission to UE1 .
• the feedback information may be a radio resource management (RRM) report, such as a measurement report, containing at least channel state information (CSI) on at least one beam.
• RRM radio resource management
• CSI channel state information
• the feedback information indicates n best beams, wherein n is an integer, the value of which may be 1 , 2, 3, etc. Examples of the feedback information are described in more detail below with Figure 4.
• the best beam to UE1 is determined in step 302. Then it is checked in step 303, whether or not the best beam to UE1 is occupied. In other words, it is checked, whether or not the beam has been already scheduled to another user apparatus.
• the evolved node B checks in step 304, whether or not UE1 and the user apparatus already scheduled to the beam are suitable for MU-MIMO multiplexing.
• the user apparatuses are suitable for MU- MIMO multiplexing if orthogonal DMRSs are used for the paired user apparatuses.
• the eNB may be configured to utilize ZF in order to induce orthogonality between MU-MIMO user apparatuses, or in case common reference symbols (CRS) are used, MU-MIMO user apparatuses could utilize advanced receiver interference cancellation (IC) capability.
• there may be one or more other restrictions for MU-MIMO multiplexing examples of such other restrictions include that at least one of the user apparatus have a higher rank than rank 1 , and that both have rank 1 PMIs that are not suitable for legacy MU-MIMO operation, i.e. reported non-orthogonal PMIs.
• the evolved node B determines in step 305 which one of the user apparatuses is a primary user apparatus (UE) for the beam.
• the criteria used for determining which one is the primary user apparatus may be any criteria.
• one or more fairness metrics such as a Propotional Fair metric indication of how much throughout a UE got at a particular time, may be used.
• the advantage provided by fairness metrics is that they help the system to ensure that user apparatuses have a fair access to system resources in such away that individual throughputs of the user apparatuses are maximized.
• Another example of a criteria to use is simly consider the user apparatus already occupying the beam as the primary user apparatus. In other words, it is determined which one of the user apparatus should be scheduled to the beam.
• step 306 If the primary user apparatus is not UE1 (step 306), it is checked in step 307, whether or not in the best n beams there are beams whose occupation situation has not yet been checked.
• the best n beams comprise two or more beams, and if the best beam is occupied, there is at least one beam left to be processed. In such situations this checking is not performed after step 306.
• the next best beam is determined in step 308, using the received feedback information. Then it is checked in step 309, whether or not the next best beam of UE1 is occupied. If the next best beam has already been scheduled to another user apparatus, i.e. is occupied, the evolved node B checks in step 310, whether or not UE1 and the user apparatus already scheduled to the next best beam are suitable for MU-MIMO multiplexing. If not, the primary user apparatus for the next best beam is determined in step 31 1.
• step 312 If the primary user apparatus is not UE1 (step 312), the process returns to step 307 to check, whether in the best n beams there are beams whose occupation situation has not yet been checked.
• the steps 309 to 31 1 correspond to step 303 to 305, and therefore are not described in more detail here.
• next best beam is not occupied (step 309)
• UE1 is scheduled in step 313 to the next best beam.
• the evolved node B indicates in step 313 network assistance for interference cancellation (NAICS) to UE1.
• the indication of the network assistance may be sending, for example signaling, one or more physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) transmission characteristics of the user apparatus occupying the best beam of UE1 on which UE1 was not scheduled, or in the case that UE1 was not scheduled to one or more next best beams, transmission characteristics of each user apparatus occupying a next best beam on which UE1 was not scheduled.
• the signaling may be dynamic, i.e.
• interfering PDSCH characteristics include beam index of the interfering PDSCH, and/or modulation order, modulation and coding scheme (MCS) indication, power offsets, transmission mode and rank.
• the beam index of the interfering PDSCH may correspond to DMRS characteristics, nSCID, CSI-RS and VCID configuration, QCL, PMI, Rl, UE receiver type, etc.
• step 310 If the user apparatuses already scheduled to the next best beam are suitable for MU-MIMO multiplexing (step 310), the process proceeds to step 313 described above.
• UE1 is scheduled in step 314 to the next best beam. Further, and since UE1 is scheduled to a sub-optimal beam, the evolved node B indicates in step 313 network assistance for interference cancellation (NAICS) to UE1 , as described above. Further, since the user apparatus occupying the beam UE1 is now scheduled to needs to be rescheduled, the above described offloading process from step 307 forward is performed to the user apparatus that was determined to be the secondary user appa- ratus.
• NAICS network assistance for interference cancellation
• UE1 is scheduled in step 315 to the best beam.
• step 306 If UE1 is the primary user apparatus for the best beam (step 306), UE1 is scheduled in step 316 to the best beam and the user apparatus occupying the best beam needs to be rescheduled, the above described offloading process from step 307 forward is performed to the user apparatus that was determined to be the secondary user apparatus in step 306.
• UE1 is not scheduled (step 317).
• the primary UE is determined after the best beam
• steps 302 and 308 are kind of integrated.
• Another example includes that primary UEs for n beams are determined also before starting to check, whether or not the corresponding beam is occupied.
• the evolved node B assigns the un-scheduled UE1 to an un-occupied (free) beam.
• the result may be a chain offloading effect where user apparatuses are scheduled on their non-best beams instead of not being scheduled at all. This will increase overall system throughput.
• Figure 4 illustrates functionality of the user apparatus.
• the user apparatus performs in step 401 measurements on beams heard/detected by the user apparatus.
• the user apparatus may measure RRM measurements, such as reference signal received power (RSRP) and reference signal received quality (RSRQ), and/or CSI measurements, such as precoding matrix indicator (PMI), channel quality indicator (CQI) and rank indication (Rl).
• RSRP reference signal received power
• RSSQ reference signal received quality
• PMI precoding matrix indicator
• CQI channel quality indicator
• Rl rank indication
• the measurement re- port for UE1 may be as follows:
• the measurement report may contain different information for different beams, for example as follows:
• the measurement report may contain all bundle components, some of the bundle components, or a mere beam index which then indicates bundle components that are assumed to be reported as feedback information.
• the information in the measurement report may be in a form of a wideband report, or in a form of a frequency selective report, or some of it may be in the form of the wideband report and some in the form of the frequency selective report.
• a report for the best beam may contain frequency selective reports while reports for the other beams contain wideband measurements relative to the best beam reports.
• the measurement reports may be ordered, i.e. be in an order of superiority so that the best beam is first.
• the order may be based on RSRP and/or CQI.
• the evolved node B may determine the order.
• the report is sent in step 403 from the user apparatus to the evolved node B as a feedback information. Further, in the illustrated example, the user apparatus stores in step 404 the measurement report temporarily, i.e. at least until a next report is created and sent. By storing the measurement report, the user apparatus links (associates) the different parameters to the beam index, and to each other.
• Figure 5 illustrates an exemplary functionality of the user apparatus, or more precisely an exemplary functionality of the enhanced interference cancellation unit.
• the user apparatus receives in step 501 in scheduling information from the evolved node B an indication on DMRS utilized for downlink PDSCH decoding.
• the scheduling information may comprise CSI-RS, which may be linked to the beam index, and hence to DMRS, thanks to the measurement report stored in step 404 of Figure 4.
• the user apparatus compares the indicated DMRS to DMRS associated with the best beam determined based on the measurements described above with Figure 4 to find out whether DMRSs correspond to each other (step 502).
• the user apparatus detects in step 503 that it has been offloaded to a sub-optimal beam, and starts to perform in step 503 inter-beam interference cancellation (IC).
• IC inter-beam interference cancellation
• An advanced receiver may be a non-linear receiver that is able to cancel PDSCH of the user apparatus in the better beam as long as the transmission strength of the interferer, i.e. the user apparatus in the better beam, is powerful enough to enable the user apparatus (victim) to estimate the characteristics of the interfering user apparatus.
• the user apparatus receives in step 504 the network assistance, i.e. NAICS, described above with Figure 3, and uses in step 505 NAICS in the inter- beam interference cancellation.
• the network assistance i.e. NAICS, described above with Figure 3
• the user apparatus may still perform inter-beam interference cancellation, for example because of non-orthogonal multiple access, and/or receive network assistance for performing intra-beam interfer- ence cancellation, for example in context of super-position coding, or legacy MU- MIMO.
• UE1 has indicated that its best beam is #N, and second best beam is #M.
• UE1 is scheduled to #N.
• UE2 reports its best beam is #N, and second best beam is #P.
• MU-MIMO is not suitable in beam #N
• UE2 is scheduled to beam #P, receives NAICS of UE1 and performs IC of UE1 .
• Fur- thermore since eNB receives feedback for UE1 , UE2 and beams #N and #P, eNB will be able to predict efficiency and post-IC CQI of UE2.
• UE1 has indicated that its best beam is #N, and second best beam is #M and UE3 has indicated that its best beam is #P, and second best beam is #Q.
• UE1 is scheduled to #N and UE3 is scheduled to #P.
• UE2 reports its best beam is #N, and second best beam is #P.
• MU-MIMO is not suitable for UE1 in beam #N but suitable for UE3 in beam #P
• UE2 is scheduled to beam #P in MU-MIMO mode with UE3.
• UE2 receives NAICS of UE1 and performs IC of UE1 of beam#N.
• eNB since eNB receives feedback for UE1 , UE2 and beams #N and #P, eNB will be able to predict efficiency and post-IC CQI of UE2. In a further exemplary situation UE1 has indicated that its best beam is
• UE1 is scheduled to #N and UE3 is scheduled to #P.
• UE2 reports its best beam is #N, and second best beam is #P.
• MU-MIMO is not suitable for UE1 in beam #N and for UE3 in beam #P and that UE2 is a primary user apparatus to #P, UE2 is scheduled to beam #P and UE3 is removed from #P and rescheduled to #Q.
• UE2 receives NAICS of UE1 and performs IC of UE1 of beam #N
• UE3 receives NAICS of UE2 and performs IC of UE2 of beam #P.
• eNB since eNB receives feedback for UE1 , UE2, UE3 and beams #N, #P and #Q, eNB will be able to predict efficiency and post-IC CQI of UE2 and UE3.
• UE2 reports its best beam is #N, second best beam is #P and third best beam is #Q.
• MU-MIMO is not suitable for UE1 in beam #N and for UE3 in beam #P and that UE3 is a primary user apparatus to #P, and that beam #Q is not occupied
• UE2 is scheduled to beam #Q.
• UE2 receives NAICS of UE1 and NAICS of UE3, and performs IC of UE1 of beam #N, and IC of UE3 of beam #P.
• eNB receives feedback for UE1 , UE2, UE3 and beams #N, #P and #Q, eNB will be able to predict efficiency and post-IC CQI of UE2.
• an apparatus/network node/user device implementing one or more functions/operations of a corresponding apparatus/access node/user device described above with an embodiment/example, for example by means of Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, comprises not only prior art means, but also means for implementing the one or more functions/operations of a corresponding functionality described with an embodiment, for example by means of Figure 2, Figure 3, Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, and it may comprise separate means for each separate function/operation, or means may be configured to perform two or more func- tions/operations.
• one or more of the means and/or the enhanced inter- ference cancellation unit and/or the FD-MIMO load-balancing unit and/or algorithms for one or more functions/operations described above may be software and/or software-hardware and/or hardware and/or firmware components (recorded indelibly on a medium such as read-only-memory or embodied in hard-wired computer circuitry) or combinations thereof.
• Software codes may be stored in any suitable, proces- sor/computer-readable data storage medium(s) or memory unit(s) or article(s) of manufacture and executed by one or more processors/computers, hardware (one or more apparatuses), firmware (one or more apparatuses), software (one or more modules), or combinations thereof.
• firmware or software implementation can be through modules (e.g., procedures, functions, and so on) that perform the functions described herein. More detailed descriptions are provided by means of Figures 6 and 7.
• Figure 6 is a simplified block diagram illustrating some units for an apparatus 600 configured to be a wireless access apparatus (access node), comprising at least the FD-MIMO load-balancing unit, or configured otherwise to perform functionali- ty described above, for example by means of Figure 3, or some of the functionalities if functionalities are distributed in the future.
• access node a wireless access apparatus
• FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram illustrating some units for an apparatus 600 configured to be a wireless access apparatus (access node), comprising at least the FD-MIMO load-balancing unit, or configured otherwise to perform functionali- ty described above, for example by means of Figure 3, or some of the functionalities if functionalities are distributed in the future.
• the apparatus comprises an interface (IF) entity 601 for receiving and transmitting information, an entity 602 capable to perform calculations and configured to implement at least the FD-MIMO load-balancing unit described herein, or at least part of functionali- ties/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, as a corresponding unit or a sub-unit if distributed scenario is implemented, with corresponding algorithms 603, and memory 604 usable for storing a computer program code required for the FD-MIMO load-balancing unit, or a corresponding unit or sub- unit, or for one or more functionalities/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, i.e.
• IF interface
• the memory 604 is also usable for storing other possible information, like the bundles and the beam index associations, etc.
• the interface entity 601 may be a radio interface entity, for example a remote radio head, providing the apparatus with capability for radio communications.
• the entity 602 may be a processor, unit, module, etc. suitable for carrying out embodiments or operations described above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3.
• an apparatus configured to provide the wireless access apparatus (access node), or an apparatus configured to provide one or more corre- sponding functionalities as described above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, is a computing device that may be any apparatus or device or equipment or node configured to perform one or more of corresponding apparatus functionalities described with an embodiment/example above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, and it may be configured to perform functionalities from different embodiments/examples.
• the FD-MIMO load-balancing unit as well as corresponding units and sub-units and other units, and/or entities described above with an apparatus may be separate units, even located in another physical apparatus, the distributed physical apparatuses forming one logical apparatus providing the functionality, or integrated to another unit in the same apparatus.
• the apparatus configured to provide the wireless access apparatus may generally include a processor, controller, control unit, micro-controller, or the like, connected to a memory and to various interfaces of the apparatus.
• the processor is a central processing unit, but the processor may be an additional operation processor.
• Each or some or one of the units/sub-units and/or algorithms for functions/operations described herein, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, may be configured as a computer or a processor, or a microprocessor, such as a single-chip computer element, or as a chipset, including at least a memory for providing storage area used for arithmetic operation and an operation processor for executing the arithmetic operation.
• Each or some or one of the units/sub-units and/or algorithms for functions/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, may comprise one or more computer processors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), digital signal processors (DSP), digital signal processing devices (DSPD), programmable logic devices (PLD), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and/or other hardware components that have been programmed and/or will be programmed by downloading computer program code (one or more algorithms) in such a way to carry out one or more functions of one or more embodiments/examples.
• ASIC application-specific integrated circuits
• DSP digital signal processors
• DSPD digital signal processing devices
• PLD programmable logic devices
• FPGA field-programmable gate arrays
• An embodiment provides a computer program embodied on any client-readable distribution/data storage medium or memory unit(s) or article(s) of manufacture, comprising program instructions executable by one or more processors/computers, which instructions, when loaded into an apparatus, constitute the FD-MIMO load-balancing unit or an entity providing corresponding functionality.
• Programs also called program products, including software routines, program snippets constituting "program libraries", applets and macros, can be stored in any medium and may be downloaded into an apparatus.
• each or some or one of the units/sub-units and/or the algo- rithms for one or more functions/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, may be an element that comprises one or more arithmetic logic units, a number of special registers and control circuits.
• the apparatus configured to provide the wireless access apparatus may generally include volatile and/or non-volatile memory, for example EEPROM, ROM, PROM, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, double floating-gate field effect transistor, firmware, programmable logic, etc. and typically store content, data, or the like.
• volatile and/or non-volatile memory for example EEPROM, ROM, PROM, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, double floating-gate field effect transistor, firmware, programmable logic, etc. and typically store content, data, or the like.
• the memory or memories may be of any type (different from each other), have any possi- ble storage structure and, if required, being managed by any database management system.
• the memory may be any computer-usable non-transitory medium within the processor, or corresponding entity suitable for performing required operations/calculations, or external to the processor or the corresponding entity, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor or the corresponding entity via various means.
• the memory may also store computer program code such as software applications (for example, for one or more of the units/sub- units/algorithms) or operating systems, information, data, content, or the like for the processor or the corresponding entity to perform steps associated with operation of the apparatus in accordance with examples/embodiments.
• the memory may be, for example, random access memory, a hard drive, or other fixed data memory or storage device implemented within the processor/apparatus or external to the processor/apparatus in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor/network node via various means as is known in the art.
• An example of an external memory includes a removable memory detachably connected to the apparatus, a distributed database and a cloud server.
• the apparatus configured to provide the wireless access apparatus (access node), or an apparatus configured to provide one or more corresponding functionalities described above, for example by means of Figure 2 and/or Figure 3, may generally comprise different interface units, such as one or more receiving units and one or more sending units.
• the receiving unit and the transmitting unit each provides an interface entity in an apparatus, the interface entity including a transmitter and/or a receiver or any other means for receiving and/or transmitting information, and performing necessary functions so that the information, etc. can be received and/or sent.
• the receiving and sending units/entities may be remote to the actual apparatus and/or comprise a set of antennas, the number of which is not limited to any particular num- ber.
• Figure 7 is a simplified block diagram illustrating some units for an apparatus 700 configured to be a user device, comprising at least an enhanced interference cancellation unit, or configured otherwise to perform functionality described above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5.
• the apparatus comprises an interface (IF) entity 701 for receiving and transmitting information, one or more user interface (U-IF) entities 701 ' for user interaction, an entity 702 capable to perform calculations and configured to implement at least the enhanced interference cancellation unit described herein, or at least part of functionalities/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, with corresponding algorithms 703, and memory 704 usable for storing a computer program code required for the enhanced interference cancellation unit, or a corresponding unit for one or more functionalities/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, i.e.
• the memory 504 is also usable for storing other possible information, like the measurement reports, and/or information associating DMRS with CSI-RS, etc.
• the entity 702 may be a processor, unit, module, etc. suitable for carrying out embodiments or operations described above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5.
• an apparatus configured to provide the user device or an apparatus configured to provide one or more corresponding functionalities as described above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, is a computing device that may be any apparatus or device or equipment or node configured to perform one or more of corresponding user device functionalities described with an embodiment/example above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, and it may be configured to perform functionalities from different embodiments/examples.
• the enhanced interference cancellation unit, as well as corresponding unit or one or more sub-units and other units, and/or entities described above may be separate units/entities, even located in another physical apparatus, the distributed physical apparatuses forming one logical apparatus providing the functionality, or integrated to another unit/entity in the same apparatus.
• the apparatus configured to provide the user device may generally include a processor, controller, control unit, micro-controller, or the like connected to a memory and to various interfaces of the apparatus.
• the processor is a central processing unit, but the processor may be an additional operation processor.
• Each or some or one of the units/sub-units and/or algorithms for functions/operations described herein, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, may be configured as a computer or a processor, or a microprocessor, such as a single-chip computer element, or as a chipset, including at least a memory for providing storage area used for arithmetic operation and an operation processor for executing the arithmetic operation.
• Each or some or one of the units/sub-units and/or algorithms for functions/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, may comprise one or more computer processors, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC), digital signal processors (DSP), digital signal processing devices (DSPD), programmable logic devices (PLD), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), and/or other hardware components that have been programmed and/or will be programmed by downloading computer program code (one or more algorithms) in such a way to carry out one or more functions of one or more embodiments/examples.
• ASIC application-specific integrated circuits
• DSP digital signal processors
• DSPD digital signal processing devices
• PLD programmable logic devices
• FPGA field-programmable gate arrays
• An embodiment provides a computer program embodied on any client-readable distribution/data storage medium or memory unit(s) or article(s) of manufacture, comprising program instructions executable by one or more processors/computers, which instructions, when loaded into an apparatus, constitute the enhanced interference cancellation unit or an entity providing corresponding functionality.
• Programs also called program products, including software routines, program snippets constituting "program libraries", applets and mac- ros, can be stored in any medium and may be downloaded into an apparatus.
• each or some or one of the units/sub-units and/or the algorithms for one or more functions/operations described above, for example by means of Figure 4 and/or Figure 5, may be an element that comprises one or more arithmetic logic units, a number of special registers and control circuits.
• the apparatus configured to provide the user device may generally include volatile and/or non-volatile memory, for example EEPROM, ROM, PROM, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, double floating-gate field effect transistor, firmware, programmable logic, etc. and typically store content, data, or the like.
• volatile and/or non-volatile memory for example EEPROM, ROM, PROM, RAM, DRAM, SRAM, double floating-gate field effect transistor, firmware, programmable logic, etc. and typically store content, data, or the like.
• the memory or memories may be of any type (different from each other), have any possible storage structure and, if required, being managed by any database management system.
• the memory may be any computer-usable non-transitory medium within the processor, or corresponding entity suitable for performing required operations/calculations, or external to the processor or the corresponding entity, in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor or the corresponding entity via various means.
• the memory may also store computer program code such as software applications (for example, for one or more of the units/sub-units/algorithms) or operating systems, information, data, content, or the like for the processor or the corresponding entity to perform steps associated with operation of the apparatus in accordance with exam- pies/embodiments.
• the memory may be, for example, random access memory, a hard drive, or other fixed data memory or storage device implemented within the processor/apparatus or external to the processor/apparatus in which case it can be communicatively coupled to the processor/network node via various means as is known in the art.
• An example of an external memory includes a removable memory detachably connected to the apparatus, a distributed database and a cloud server.
• the apparatus configured to provide the user device may generally comprise different interface entities/units, such as one or more user interfaces and one or more receiving units and one or more sending units.
• the receiving unit and the transmitting unit each provides an interface entity in an apparatus, the interface entity including a transmitter and/or a receiver or any other means for receiving and/or transmitting information, and performing necessary functions so that the information, etc. can be received and/or sent.
• the receiver or in case of multiple receivers, at least one of them, is a receiver with interference cancellation capability.
• the user interfaces and the receiving and sending units may be remote to the actual apparatus. Further, the receiving and sending units may comprise a set of antennas, the number of which is not limited to any particular number.

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