EP3271896A1

EP3271896A1 - Method and device for displaying a two-dimensional image of a viewed object simultaneously with an image depicting the three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object

Info

Publication number: EP3271896A1
Application number: EP16714641.4A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Clark Alexander Bendall; Michael Melvin BALL
Original assignee: General Electric Co
Current assignee: General Electric Co
Priority date: 2015-03-17
Filing date: 2016-03-14
Publication date: 2018-01-24
Also published as: JP2018521370A; WO2016149189A1; CN107408307A; JP6895382B2

Abstract

A method and device for displaying a two-dimensional image of a viewed object simultaneously with an image depicting a three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object using a video inspection device is disclosed. The video inspection device displays a two- dimensional image of the object surface of a viewed object, and determines the three- dimensional coordinates of a plurality of surface points. At least one rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object is displayed simultaneously with the two- dimensional image. As measurement cursors are placed and moved on the two-dimensional image, the rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object is automatically updated.

Description

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DISPLAYING A TWO-DIMENSIONAL IMAGE OF A VIEWED OBJECT SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH AN IMAGE DEPICTING THE THREE- DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY OF THE VIEWED OBJECT

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application is a Continuation-in-Part of, and claims priority to, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 13/040,678, filed March 4, 2011, and entitled METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DISPLAYING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL VIEW OF THE SURFACE OF A VIEWED OBJECT, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference. This application is also a Continuation-in-Part of, and claims priority to, U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 14/108,976, filed December 17, 2013, and entitled METHOD AND DEVICE FOR AUTOMATICALLY IDENTIFYING THE DEEPEST POINT ON THE SURFACE OF AN ANOMALY, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The subject matter disclosed herein relates to a method and device for displaying a two-dimensional image of a viewed object simultaneously with an image depicting a three- dimensional geometry of the viewed object using a video inspection device.

[0003] Video inspection devices, such as video endoscopes or borescopes, can be used to inspect a surface of an object to identify and analyze anomalies (e.g., pits or dents) on the object that may have resulted from, e.g., damage, wear, corrosion, or improper installation. In many instances, the surface of the object is inaccessible and cannot be viewed without the use of the video inspection device. For example, a video inspection device can be used to inspect the surface of a blade of a turbine engine on an aircraft or power generation unit to identify any anomalies that may have formed on the surface to determine if any repair or further maintenance is required. In order to make that assessment, it is often necessary to obtain highly accurate-dimensional measurements of the surface and the anomaly to verify that the anomaly does not exceed or fall outside an operational limit or required specification for that object.

[0004] A video inspection device can be used to obtain and display a two-dimensional image of the surface of a viewed object showing the anomaly to determine the dimensions of an anomaly on the surface. This two-dimensional image of the surface can be used to generate three-dimensional data of the surface that provides the three-dimensional coordinates (e.g., (x, y, z)) of a plurality of points on the surface, including proximate to an anomaly. In some video inspection devices, the user can operate the video inspection device in a measurement mode to enter a measurement screen in which the user places cursors on the two-dimensional image to determine geometric dimensions of the anomaly. In many instances, the contour of a viewed feature is difficult to assess from the two-dimensional image, making highly accurate placement of the cursors proximate to the anomaly difficult as it is difficult for the user to visualize the measurement being performed in three-dimensional space. This process may not always result in the desired geometric dimension or

measurement of the anomaly being correctly determined and can be time consuming.

[0005] The discussion above is merely provided for general background information and is not intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0006] A method and device for displaying a two-dimensional image of a viewed object simultaneously with an image depicting a three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object using a video inspection device is disclosed. The video inspection device displays a two- dimensional image of the object surface of a viewed object, and determines the three- dimensional coordinates of a plurality of surface points. At least one rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object is displayed simultaneously with the two- dimensional image. As measurement cursors are placed and moved on the two-dimensional image, the rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object is automatically updated.

[0007] An advantage that may be realized in the practice of some disclosed

embodiments of the method and device for displaying a two-dimensional image of a viewed object simultaneously with an image depicting a three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object is that the accuracy of the measurement is improved since the user is provided with an additional and better perspective of the anomaly, and the time to perform the measurement of an anomaly is reduced. [0008] In one embodiment, a method for inspecting an object surface of a viewed object is disclosed. The method includes the steps of displaying a two-dimensional image of the object surface on a display, determining the three-dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit, determining a rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface using the central processor unit, simultaneously displaying the two-dimensional image and the rendered image on the display, placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image using a pointing device and displaying the plurality of measurement cursors on the two- dimensional image on the display, displaying on the rendered image a plurality of measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image, and determining a measurement dimension of the object surface based on the locations of the plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image using the central processor unit.

[0009] In another embodiment, the method includes the steps of placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image using a pointing device and displaying the plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image on the display displaying on the two- dimensional image a plurality of measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors on the rendered image, and determining a measurement dimension of the object surface based on the locations of the plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image using the central processor unit.

[0010] In yet another embodiment, the method includes the steps of displaying a two- dimensional stereo image of the object surface on a display, determining the three- dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit using stereo techniques, determining a rendered image of the three- dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface using the central processor unit, and simultaneously displaying the two-dimensional stereo image and the rendered image on the display.

[0011] In still another embodiment, a device for inspecting an object surface of a viewed object is disclosed. The device includes an elongated probe comprising an insertion tube, an imager located at a distal end of the insertion tube for obtaining a two-dimensional stereo image of the object surface, a central processor unit for determining the three-dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface, and determining a rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface, and a display for simultaneously displaying the two-dimensional stereo image and the rendered image.

[0012] This brief description of the invention is intended only to provide a brief overview of subject matter disclosed herein according to one or more illustrative embodiments, and does not serve as a guide to interpreting the claims or to define or limit the scope of the invention, which is defined only by the appended claims. This brief description is provided to introduce an illustrative selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the detailed description. This brief description is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in determining the scope of the claimed subject matter. The claimed subject matter is not limited to implementations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in the background.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] So that the manner in which the features of the invention can be understood, a detailed description of the invention may be had by reference to certain embodiments, some of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. It is to be noted, however, that the drawings illustrate only certain embodiments of this invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the scope of the invention encompasses other equally effective embodiments. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis generally being placed upon illustrating the features of certain embodiments of the invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like parts throughout the various views. Thus, for further understanding of the invention, reference can be made to the following detailed description, read in connection with the drawings in which:

[0014] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary video inspection device;

[0015] FIG. 2 is an exemplary image obtained by the video inspection device of the object surface of a viewed object having an anomaly in an exemplary embodiment; [0016] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method for automatically identifying the deepest point on the surface of an anomaly on a viewed object shown in the image of FIG. 2 in an exemplary embodiment;

[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary reference surface determined by the video inspection device;

[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary region of interest determined by the video inspection device;

[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates another exemplary region of interest determined by the video inspection device;

[0020] FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of an exemplary profile of the object surface of the viewed object shown in the image of FIG. 1 in an exemplary embodiment;

[0021] FIG. 8 is another image obtained by the video inspection device of the surface of a viewed object having an anomaly in an exemplary embodiment;

[0022] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method for displaying three-dimensional data for inspection of the surface of the viewed object shown in the image of FIG. 8 in an exemplary embodiment;

[0023] FIG. 10 is a display of a subset of a plurality of surface points in a point cloud view;

[0024] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method for displaying a two- dimensional image of viewed object simultaneously with an image depicting the three- dimensional geometry of the viewed object in another exemplary embodiment;

[0025] FIG. 12 is a display of a two-dimensional image and a stereo image of the viewed object;

[0026] FIG. 13 is a display of a two-dimensional image of the viewed object with measurement cursors and a rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object in the form of a depth profile image with measurement identifiers; and [0027] FIG. 14 is a display of a two-dimensional image of the viewed object with measurement cursors and a rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of the viewed object in the form of a point cloud view with measurement identifiers.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0028] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary video inspection device 100. It will be understood that the video inspection device 100 shown in FIG. 1 is exemplary and that the scope of the invention is not limited to any particular video inspection device 100 or any particular configuration of components within a video inspection device 100.

[0029] Video inspection device 100 can include an elongated probe 102 comprising an insertion tube 110 and a head assembly 120 disposed at the distal end of the insertion tube 110. Insertion tube 110 can be a flexible, tubular section through which all interconnects between the head assembly 120 and probe electronics 140 are passed. Head assembly 120 can include probe optics 122 for guiding and focusing light from the viewed object 202 onto an imager 124. The probe optics 122 can comprise, e.g., a lens singlet or a lens having multiple components. The imager 124 can be a solid state CCD or CMOS image sensor for obtaining an image of the viewed object 202.

[0030] A detachable tip or adaptor 130 can be placed on the distal end of the head assembly 120. The detachable tip 130 can include tip viewing optics 132 (e.g., lenses, windows, or apertures) that work in conjunction with the probe optics 122 to guide and focus light from the viewed object 202 onto an imager 124. The detachable tip 130 can also include illumination LEDs (not shown) if the source of light for the video inspection device 100 emanates from the tip 130 or a light passing element (not shown) for passing light from the probe 102 to the viewed object 202. The tip 130 can also provide the ability for side viewing by including a waveguide (e.g., a prism) to turn the camera view and light output to the side. The tip 130 may also provide stereoscopic optics or structured-light projecting elements for use in determining three-dimensional data of the viewed surface. The elements that can be included in the tip 130 can also be included in the probe 102 itself.

[0031] The imager 124 can include a plurality of pixels formed in a plurality of rows and columns and can generate image signals in the form of analog voltages representative of light incident on each pixel of the imager 124. The image signals can be propagated through imager hybrid 126, which provides electronics for signal buffering and conditioning, to an imager harness 112, which provides wires for control and video signals between the imager hybrid 126 and the imager interface electronics 142. The imager interface electronics 142 can include power supplies, a timing generator for generating imager clock signals, an analog front end for digitizing the imager video output signal, and a digital signal processor for processing the digitized imager video data into a more useful video format.

[0032] The imager interface electronics 142 are part of the probe electronics 140, which provide a collection of functions for operating the video inspection device 10. The probe electronics 140 can also include a calibration memory 144, which stores the calibration data for the probe 102 and/or tip 130. A microcontroller 146 can also be included in the probe electronics 140 for communicating with the imager interface electronics 142 to determine and set gain and exposure settings, storing and reading calibration data from the calibration memory 144, controlling the light delivered to the viewed object 202, and communicating with a central processor unit (CPU) 150 of the video inspection device 100.

[0033] In addition to communicating with the microcontroller 146, the imager interface electronics 142 can also communicate with one or more video processors 160. The video processor 160 can receive a video signal from the imager interface electronics 142 and output signals to various monitors 170, 172, including an integral display 170 or an external monitor 172. The integral display 170 can be an LCD screen built into the video inspection device 100 for displaying various images or data (e.g., the image of the viewed object 202, menus, cursors, measurement results) to an inspector. The external monitor 172 can be a video monitor or computer-type monitor connected to the video inspection device 100 for displaying various images or data.

[0034] The video processor 160 can provide/receive commands, status information, streaming video, still video images, and graphical overlays to/from the CPU 150 and may be comprised of FPGAs, DSPs, or other processing elements which provide functions such as image capture, image enhancement, graphical overlay merging, distortion correction, frame averaging, scaling, digital zooming, overlaying, merging, flipping, motion detection, and video format conversion and compression. [0035] The CPU 150 can be used to manage the user interface by receiving input via a joystick 180, buttons 182, keypad 184, and/or microphone 186, in addition to providing a host of other functions, including image, video, and audio storage and recall functions, system control, and measurement processing. The joystick 180 can be manipulated by the user to perform such operations as menu selection, cursor movement, slider adjustment, and articulation control of the probe 102, and may include a push-button function. The buttons 182 and/or keypad 184 also can be used for menu selection and providing user commands to the CPU 150 (e.g., freezing or saving a still image). The microphone 186 can be used by the inspector to provide voice instructions to freeze or save a still image.

[0036] The video processor 160 can also communicate with video memory 162, which is used by the video processor 160 for frame buffering and temporary holding of data during processing. The CPU 150 can also communicate with CPU program memory 152 for storage of programs executed by the CPU 150. In addition, the CPU 150 can be in communication with volatile memory 154 (e.g., RAM), and non-volatile memory 156 (e.g., flash memory device, a hard drive, a DVD, or an EPROM memory device). The non-volatile memory 156 is the primary storage for streaming video and still images.

[0037] The CPU 150 can also be in communication with a computer I/O interface 158, which provides various interfaces to peripheral devices and networks, such as USB, Firewire, Ethernet, audio I/O, and wireless transceivers. This computer I/O interface 158 can be used to save, recall, transmit, and/or receive still images, streaming video, or audio. For example, a USB "thumb drive" or CompactFlash memory card can be plugged into computer I/O interface 158. In addition, the video inspection device 100 can be configured to send frames of image data or streaming video data to an external computer or server. The video inspection device 100 can incorporate a TCP/IP communication protocol suite and can be incorporated in a wide area network including a plurality of local and remote computers, each of the computers also incorporating a TCP/IP communication protocol suite. With incorporation of TCP/IP protocol suite, the video inspection device 100 incorporates several transport layer protocols including TCP and UDP and several different layer protocols including HTTP and FTP. [0038] It will be understood that, while certain components have been shown as a single component (e.g., CPU 150) in FIG. 1, multiple separate components can be used to perform the functions of the CPU 150.

[0039] FIG. 2 is an exemplary image 200 obtained by the video inspection device 100 of the object surface 210 of a viewed object 202 having an anomaly 204 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In this example, the anomaly 204 is shown as a dent, where material has been removed from the object surface 210 of the viewed object 202 in the anomaly 204 by damage or wear. It will be understood that the anomaly 204 shown in this exemplary embodiment is just an example and that the inventive method applies to other types of irregularities (e.g., cracks, corrosion pitting, coating loss, surface deposits, etc.). Once the image 200 is obtained, and the anomaly 204 is identified, the image 200 can be used to determine the dimensions of the anomaly 204 (e.g., height or depth, length, width, area, volume, point to line, profile slice, etc.). In one embodiment, the image 200 used can be a two-dimensional image 200 of the object surface 210 of the viewed object 202, including the anomaly 204.

[0040] FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method 300 for automatically identifying the deepest point on the object surface 210 of an anomaly 204 on a viewed object 202 shown in the image 200 of FIG. 2 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. It will be understood that the steps described in the flow diagram of FIG. 3 can be performed in a different order than shown in the flow diagram and that not all of the steps are required for certain embodiments.

[0041] At step 310 of the exemplary method 300 (FIG. 3) and as shown in FIG. 2, the user can use the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the imager 124) to obtain at least one image 200 of the object surface 210 of a viewed object 202 having an anomaly 204 and display it on a video monitor (e.g., an integral display 170 or external monitor 172). In one embodiment, the image 200 can be displayed in a measurement mode of the video inspection device.

[0042] At step 320 of the exemplary method 300 (FIG. 3), the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) can determine the three-dimensional coordinates (e.g., (x, y, z)) of a plurality of surface points on the object surface 210 of the viewed object 202, including surface points of the anomaly 204. In one embodiment, the video inspection device can generate three-dimensional data from the image 200 in order to determine the three- dimensional coordinates. Several different existing techniques can be used to provide the three-dimensional coordinates of the surface points in the image 200 (FIG. 2) of the object surface 210 (e.g., stereo, scanning systems, stereo triangulation, structured light methods such as phase shift analysis, phase shift moire, laser dot projection, etc.).

[0043] Most such techniques comprise the use of calibration data, which, among other things, includes optical characteristic data that is used to reduce errors in the three- dimensional coordinates that would otherwise be induced by optical distortions. With some techniques, the three-dimensional coordinates may be determined using one or more images captured in close time proximity that may include projected patterns and the like. It is to be understood that references to three-dimensional coordinates determined using image 200 may also comprise three-dimensional coordinates determined using one or a plurality of images 200 of the object surface 210 captured in close time proximity, and that the image 200 displayed to the user during the described operations may or may not actually be used in the determination of the three-dimensional coordinates.

[0044] At step 330 of the exemplary method 300 (FIG. 3), and as shown in FIG. 4, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) can determine a reference surface 250. In some embodiments, the reference surface 250 can be flat, while in other embodiments the reference surface 250 can be curved. Similarly, in one embodiment, the reference surface 250 can be in the form of a plane, while in other embodiments, the reference surface 250 can be in the form of a different shape (e.g., cylinder, sphere, etc.). For example, a user can use the joystick 180 (or other pointing device (e.g., mouse, touch screen)) of the video inspection device 100 to select one or more reference surface points on the obj ect surface 210 of the viewed object 202 proximate to the anomaly 204 to determine a reference surface.

[0045] In one embodiment and as shown in FIG. 4, a total of three reference surface points 221, 222, 223 are selected on the object surface 210 of the viewed object 202 proximate to the anomaly 204 to conduct a depth measurement of the anomaly 204, with the three reference surface points 221, 222, 223 selected on the object surface 210 proximate to the anomaly 204. In one embodiment, the plurality of reference surface points 221 , 222, 223 on the object surface 210 of the viewed object 202 can be selected by placing reference surface cursors 231, 232, 233 (or other pointing devices) on pixels 241, 242, 243 of the image 200 corresponding to the plurality of reference surface points 221 , 222, 223 on the object surface 210. In the exemplary depth measurement, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) can determine the three-dimensional coordinates of each of the plurality of reference surface points 221, 222, 223.

[0046] The three-dimensional coordinates of three or more surface points proximate to one or more of the three reference surface points 221, 222, 223 selected on the object surface 210 proximate to the anomaly 204 can be used to determine a reference surface 250 (e.g., a plane). In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) can perform a curve fitting of the three-dimensional coordinates of the three reference surface points 221 , 222, 223 to determine an equation for the reference surface 250 (e.g., for a plane) having the following form: k ⁺ k -V 0⁾ where (XIRS, yiRS, ZIRS) are coordinates of any three-dimensional point on the defined reference surface 250 and koRS, kiRs, and k2RS are coefficients obtained by a curve fitting of the three-dimensional coordinates.

[0047] It should be noted that a plurality of reference surface points (i.e., at least as many points as the number of k coefficients) are used to perform the curve fitting. The curve fitting finds the k coefficients that give the best fit to the points used (e.g., least squares approach). The k coefficients then define the plane or other reference surface 250 that approximates the three-dimensional points used. However, if more points are used in the curve fitting than the number of k coefficients, when you insert the x and y coordinates of the points used into the plane equation (1), the z results will generally not exactly match the z coordinates of the points due to noise and any deviation from a plane that may actually exist. Thus, the XIRSI and yiRsi can be any arbitrary values, and the resulting ZIRS tells you the z of the defined plane at XIRS, yiRS. Accordingly, coordinates shown in these equations can be for arbitrary points exactly on the defined surface, not necessarily the points used in the fitting to determine the k coefficients.

[0048] In other embodiments, there are only one or two reference surface points selected, prohibiting the use of curve fitting based only on the three-dimensional coordinates of those reference surface points since three points are needed to determine koRS, kiRs, and k2RS. In that case, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) can identify a plurality of pixels proximate to each of the pixels of the image corresponding to a plurality of points on the object surface 210 proximate to the reference surface point(s), and determine the three- dimensional coordinates of the proximate point(s), enabling curve fitting to determine a reference surface 250.

[0049] While the exemplary reference surface 250 has been described as being determined based on reference surface points 221 , 222, 223 selected by reference surface cursors 231, 232, 233, in other embodiments, the reference surface 250 can be formed by using a pointing device to place a reference surface shape 260 (e.g., circle, square, rectangle, triangle, etc.) proximate to anomaly 204 and using the reference surface points 261, 262, 263, 264 of the shape 260 to determine the reference surface 250. It will be understood that the reference surface points 261 , 262, 263, 264 of the shape 260 can be points selected by the pointing device or be other points on or proximate to the perimeter of the shape that can be sized to enclose the anomaly 204.

[0050] At step 340 of the exemplary method 300 (FIG. 3), and as shown in FIG. 5, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) determines a region of interest 270 proximate to the anomaly 204 based on the reference surface points of the reference surface 250. The region of interest 270 includes a plurality of surface points of the anomaly 204. In one embodiment, a region of interest 270 is formed by forming a region of interest shape 271 (e.g., a circle) based on two or more of the reference surface points 221, 222, 223. In another embodiment, the region of interest 270 can be determined by forming a cylinder

perpendicular to the reference surface 260 and passing it through or proximate to two or more of the reference surface points 221, 222, 223. Referring again to FIG. 4, a region of interest could be formed within the reference surface shape 260 and reference surface points 261 , 262, 263, 264. [0051] Although the exemplary region of interest shape 271 in FIG. 5 is formed by passing through the reference surface points 221, 222, 223, in another embodiment, a smaller diameter reference surface shape can be formed by passing only proximate to the reference surface points. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, a region of interest 280 is formed by passing a region of interest shape 281 (e.g., a circle) proximate to two of the reference surface points 221, 222, where the diameter of the circle 281 is smaller than the distance between the two reference surface points 221, 222. It will be understood that region of interest shapes 271, 281 and the regions of interest 270, 280 may or may not be displayed on the image 200.

[0052] After the region of interest 270, 280 is determined, at step 350 of the exemplary method 300 (FIG. 3), the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) determines the distance (i.e., depth) from each of the plurality of surface points in the region of interest to the reference surface 250. In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) determines the distance of a line extending between the reference surface 250 and each of the plurality of surface points in the region of interest 270, 280, wherein the line perpendicularly intersects the reference surface 250.

[0053] At step 360 of the exemplary method 300 (FIG. 3), the video inspection device determines the location of the deepest surface point 224 in the region of interest 270, 280 by determining the surface point that is furthest from the reference surface 250 (e.g., selecting the surface point with the longest line extending to the reference surface 250). It will be understood that, as used herein, the "deepest point" or "deepest surface point" can be a furthest point that is recessed relative to the reference surface 250 or a furthest point (i.e., highest point) that is protruding from the references surface 250. The video inspection device 100 can identify the deepest surface point 224 in the region of interest 270, 280 on the image by displaying, e.g., a cursor 234 (FIG. 5) or other graphic identifier 282 (FIG. 6) on the deepest surface point 224. In addition and as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the video inspection device 100 can display the depth 290 (in inches or millimeters) of the deepest surface point 224 in the region of interest 270, 280 on the image 200 (i.e., the length of the perpendicular line extending from the deepest surface point 224 to the reference surface 250. By automatically displaying the cursor 234 or other graphic identifier 282 (FIG. 6) at the deepest surface point 224 in the region of interest 270, 280, the video inspection device 100 reduces the time required to perform the depth measurement and improves the accuracy of the depth measurement since the user does not need to manually identify the deepest surface point 224 in the anomaly 204.

[0054] Once the cursor 234 has been displayed at the deepest surface point 224 in the region of interest 270, 280, the user can select that point to take and save a depth

measurement. The user can also move the cursor 234 within the region of interest 270, 280 to determine the depth of other surface points in the region of interest 270, 280. In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., CPU 150) can monitor the movement of the cursor 234 and detect when the cursor 234 has stopped moving. When the cursor 234 stops moving for a predetermined amount of time (e.g., 1 second), the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) can determine the deepest surface point proximate to the cursor 234 (e.g., a predetermined circle centered around the cursor 234) and automatically move the cursor 234 to that position.

[0055] FIG. 7 is a graphical representation of an exemplary profile 370 of the object surface 210 of the viewed object 202 shown in the image 200 of FIG. 1. In this exemplary profile 370, the reference surface 250 is shown extending between two reference surface points 221, 222 and their respective reference surface cursors 231, 232. The location and depth 290 of the deepest surface point 224 in the region of interest is also shown in the graphical representation. In another embodiment, a point cloud view can also be used to show the deepest surface point 224.

[0056] FIG. 8 is another image 500 obtained by the video inspection device 100 of the object surface 510 of a viewed object 502 having an anomaly 504 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. Once again, in this example, the anomaly 504 is shown as a dent, where material has been removed from the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502 in the anomaly 504 by damage or wear. It will be understood that the anomaly 504 shown in this exemplary embodiment is just an example and that the inventive method applies to other types of irregularities (e.g., cracks, corrosion pitting, coating loss, surface deposits, etc.). Once the image 500 is obtained, and the anomaly 504 is identified, the image 500 can be used to determine the dimensions of the anomaly 504 (e.g., height or depth, length, width, area, volume, point to line, profile slice, etc.). In one embodiment, the image 500 used can be a two-dimensional image 500 of the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502, including the anomaly 504.

[0057] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method 600 for displaying three-dimensional data for inspection of the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502 shown in the image 500 of FIG. 8 in an exemplary embodiment of the invention. It will be understood that the steps described in the flow diagram of FIG. 9 can be performed in a different order than shown in the flow diagram and that not all of the steps are required for certain embodiments.

[0058] At step 610, and as shown in FIG. 8, the operator can use the video inspection device 100 to obtain an image 500 of the object surface 510 of a viewed object 502 having an anomaly 504 and display it on a video monitor (e.g., an integral display 170 or external monitor 172). In one embodiment, the image 500 can be displayed in a measurement mode of the video inspection device.

[0059] At step 620, the CPU 150 of the video inspection device 100 can determine the three-dimensional coordinates (xisi, yisi, zisi) in a first coordinate system of a plurality of surface points on the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502, including the anomaly 504. In one embodiment, the video inspection device can generate three-dimensional data from the image 500 in order to determine the three-dimensional coordinates. As discussed above, several different existing techniques can be used to provide the three-dimensional coordinates of the points on the image 500 of the object surface 510 (e.g., stereo, scanning systems, structured light methods such as phase shifting, phase shift moire, laser dot projection, etc.).

[0060] At step 630, and as shown in FIG. 8, an operator can use the joystick 180 (or other pointing device (e.g., mouse, touch screen)) of the video inspection device 100 to select a plurality of measurement points on the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502 proximate the anomaly 504 to conduct a particular type of measurement. The number of measurement points selected is dependent upon the type measurement to be conducted. Certain measurements can require selection of two measurement points (e.g., length, profile), while other measurements can require selection of three or more measurement points (e.g., point-to- line, area, multi-segment). In one embodiment and as shown in FIG. 8, a total of four measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524 are selected on the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502 proximate the anomaly 504 to conduct a depth measurement of the anomaly 504, with three of the measurement points 521, 522, 523 selected on the object surface 510 proximate the anomaly 504, and the fourth measurement point 524 selected to be at the deepest point of the anomaly 504. In one embodiment, the plurality of measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524 on the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502 can be selected by placing cursors 531 , 532, 533, 534 (or other pointing devices) on pixels 541, 542, 543, 544 of the image 500 corresponding to the plurality of measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524 on the object surface 510. In the exemplary depth measurement, the video inspection device 100 can determine the three-dimensional coordinates in the first coordinate system of each of the plurality of measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524. It will be understood that the inventive method is not limited to depth measurements or measurements involving four selected measurement points, but instead applies to various types of measurements involving different numbers of points, including those discussed above.

[0061] At step 640, and as shown in FIG. 8, the CPU 150 of the video inspection device 100 can determine a reference surface 550. In the exemplary depth measurement of the anomaly 504 shown in FIG. 8, the three-dimensional coordinates of three or more surface points proximate one or more of the three measurement points 521, 522, 523 selected on the object surface 510 proximate the anomaly 504 can be used to determine a reference surface 550 (e.g., a plane). In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 can perform a curve fitting of the three-dimensional coordinates in the first coordinate system of the three measurement points 521 , 522, 523 (XMI, yiMi, ziMi) to determine an equation for the reference surface 550 (e.g., for a plane) having the following form:

where (XIRSI, yiRSi, ZIRSI) are coordinates of any three-dimensional point in the first coordinate system on the defined reference surface 550 and koRsi, kiRsi, and k2Rsi are coefficients obtained by a curve fitting of the three-dimensional coordinates in the first coordinate system.

[0062] It should be noted that a plurality of measurement points (i.e., at least as many points as the number of k coefficients) are used to perform the curve fitting. The curve fitting finds the k coefficients that give the best fit to the points used (e.g., least squares approach). The k coefficients then define the plane or other reference surface 550 that approximates the three-dimensional points used. However, if more points are used in the curve fitting than the number of k coefficients, when you insert the x and y coordinates of the points used into the plane equation (2), the z results will generally not exactly match the z coordinates of the points due to noise and any deviation from a plane that may actually exist. Thus, the XIRSI and yiRsi can be any arbitrary values, and the resulting ZIRSI tells you the z of the defined plane at XIRSI, yiRSi. Accordingly, coordinates shown in these equations can be for arbitrary points exactly on the defined surface, not necessarily the points used in the fitting to determine the k coefficients.

[0063] In another embodiment, there are only two measurement points selected for a particular measurement (e.g., length, profile), prohibiting the use of curve fitting based only on the three-dimensional coordinates of those two measurement points since three points are needed to determine koRsi, kmsi, and k2Rsi. In that case, the video inspection device 100 can identify a plurality of pixels proximate each of the pixels of the image corresponding to a plurality of points on the object surface 510 proximate each of the measurement points, and determine the three-dimensional coordinates of those points, enabling curve fitting to determine a reference surface 550.

[0064] In one embodiment and as shown in FIG. 8, the video inspection device 100 can determine the three-dimensional coordinates in the first coordinate system of a plurality of frame points 560 (xiFi, yiFi, ziFi) forming a frame 562 (e.g., a rectangle) on the reference surface 550 around the anomaly 504 and the measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524, which can be used later to display the location of the reference surface 550.

[0065] Once the reference surface 550 is determined, in the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 8, the video inspection device 100 can conduct a measurement (e.g., depth) of the anomaly 504 by determining the distance between the fourth measurement point 524 selected to be at the deepest point of the anomaly 504 and the reference surface 550. The accuracy of this depth measurement is determined by the accuracy in selecting the plurality of measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524 on the object surface 510 of the viewed obj ect 502. In many instances as discussed previously, the contour of the anomaly 504 in the image 500 is difficult to assess from the two-dimensional image and may be too small or otherwise insufficient to reliably locate the plurality of measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524.

Accordingly, in many cases, an operator will want further detail in the area of the anomaly 504 to evaluate the accuracy of the location of these measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524. So while some video inspection devices 100 can provide a point cloud view of the full image 500, that view may not provide the required level of detail of the anomaly 504 as discussed previously. In order to provide a more meaningful view of the object surface 510 in the area around the measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524 than offered by a point cloud view of the three-dimensional data of the entire image 500, the inventive method creates a subset of the three-dimensional data in the region of interest.

[0066] At step 650, the CPU 150 of the video inspection device 100 can establish a second coordinate system different from the first coordinate system. In one embodiment, the second coordinate system can be based on the reference surface 550 and the plurality of measurement points 521, 522, 523, and 524. The video inspection device 100 can assign the origin of the second coordinate system (xo2, yo2, Z02) = (0 , 0, 0) to be located proximate the average position 525 of the three-dimensional coordinates of points on the reference surface 550 corresponding to two or more of the plurality of measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524 on the object surface 510 (e.g., by projecting the measurement points 521, 522, 523, and 524 onto the reference surface 550 and determining an average position 525 on the reference surface 550). In some cases, the three-dimensional coordinates of the points on the reference surface 550 corresponding to the measurement points 521, 522, 523 can be the same.

However, in some circumstances, due to noise and/or small variations in the object surface 510, the measurement points 521, 522, 523 do not fall exactly on the reference surface 550, and therefore have different coordinates.

[0067] When determining points on the reference surface 550 that correspond to measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524 on the object surface 510, it is convenient to apply the concept of line directions, which convey the relative slopes of lines in the x, y, and z planes, and can be used to establish perpendicular or parallel lines. For a given line passing through two three-dimensional coordinates (xl, yl, zl) and (x2,y2,z2), the line directions (dx, dy, dz) may be defined as: dx = x2 - xl (3) dy = y2 - yl (4) dz = z2 - z\ (5)

[0068] Given a point on a line (xl, y 1 , zl) and the line's directions (dx, dy, dz), the line can be defined by:

(* - ^l) ₌ (y - y ) ₌ (^z - ^z )

dx dy dz

[0069] Thus, given any one of an x, y, or z coordinate, the remaining two can be computed. Parallel lines have the same or linearly scaled line directions. Two lines having directions (dxl, dy l , dzl) and (dx2, dy2, dz2) are perpendicular if: dx\^■ dxl + dyl^■ dyl + dzl^■ dzl = 0 (7)

[0070] The directions for all lines normal to a reference plane defined using equation (2) are given by: d^XRSN ^{= ~}^1RS (8) dyRSN ^{= ~}^2RS (9) dz_RSN = l (10)

[0071] Based on equations (6) and (8) through (10), a line that is perpendicular to the reference surface 550 and passing through a surface point (xs, ys, zs) can be defined as:

⁽s _ y - y_s

(11)

[0072] In one embodiment, the coordinates of a point on the reference surface 550 (XIRSI, yiRSi, ziRsi) corresponding to a point on the object surface 510 (xisi, yisi, zisi) (e.g. three- dimensional coordinates in a first coordinate system of points on the reference surface 550 corresponding to the measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524), can be determined by defining a line normal to the reference surface 550 having directions given in equations (8)-(10) and passing through (xisi, yisi, zisi), and determining the coordinates of the intersection of that line with the reference surface 550. Thus, from equations (2) and (11):

(12)

iRSl ⁱlRSl iSl ' iRSl ) + X, iSl (13)

yiRSl k- 2RS ^' (^ZiSl ^Z iRSl ) ⁺ (14)

[0073] In one embodiment, these steps (equations (3) through (14)) can be used to determine the three-dimensional coordinates of points on the reference surface 550 corresponding to the measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524. Then the average position 525 of these projected points of the measurement points on the reference surface 550 (xMiavg, yMiav , ZMiavg) can be determined. The origin of the second coordinate system (xo2, yo2, Z02) = (0 , 0, 0) can then be assigned and located proximate the average position 525 (xMiavg, yMiavg, ZMiavg).

[0074] Locating the origin of the second coordinate system proximate the average position 525 in the area of the anomaly 504 with the z values being the perpendicular distance from each surface point to the reference surface 550 allows a point cloud view rotation to be about the center of the area of the anomaly 504 and permits any depth map color scale to indicate the height or depth of a surface point from the reference surface 550.

[0075] In order to take advantage of this second coordinate system, at step 660, the CPU 150 of the video inspection device 100 transforms the three-dimensional coordinates in the first coordinate system (xii, y ii, z ii) determined for various points (e.g., the plurality of surface points, the plurality of measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524, the points on the reference surface 550 including the frame points 560, etc.) to three-dimensional coordinates in the second coordinate system (xi2, y a, z 12).

[0076] In one embodiment, a coordinate transformation matrix ([T]) can be used to transform the coordinates according to the following: ([Xii y il Z il] - [XMlavg yMlavg ZMlavg]) * [T] = [Xi2 y i2 Z 12] (15) where [T] is a transformation matrix.

[0077] In non-matrix form, the three-dimensional coordinates in the second coordinate system can be determined by the following:

Xi2 = (Xil - XMlavg) * Too + (yil - yMlavg) * TlO + (zil - ZMlavg) * T20 (16) yi2 = (Xil - XMlavg) * Toi + (yil - yMlavg) * Til + (Zil - ZMlavg) * T21 (17) Zi2 = (Xil - XMlavg) * Τθ2 + (yil - yMlavg) * Tl2 + (zil - ZMlavg) * T22 (18) where the transformation matrix values are the line direction values of the new x, y, and z axes in the first coordinate system.

[0078] At step 670, the CPU 150 of the video inspection device 100 determines a subset of the plurality of surface points that are within a region of interest on the object surface 510 of the viewed obj ect 502. In one embodiment, the region of interest can be a limited area on the obj ect surface 510 of the viewed object 502 surrounding the plurality of selected measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524 to minimize the amount of three-dimensional data to be used in a point cloud view. It will be understood that the step of determining of the subset 660 can take place before or after the transformation step 660. For example, if the determination of the subset at step 670 takes place after the transformation step 660, the video inspection device 100 may transform the coordinates for all surface points, including points that are outside the region of interest, before determining which of those points are in the region of interest. Alternatively, if the determination of the subset at step 670 takes place before the transformation step 660, the video inspection device 100 may only need to transform the coordinates for those surface points that are within the region of interest.

[0079] In one embodiment, the region of interest can be defined by determining the maximum distance (dMAx) between each of the points on the reference surface 550 corresponding to the measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524 and the average position 525 of those points on the reference surface 550 (the origin of the second coordinate system (xo2, yo2, Z02) = (0 , 0, 0) if done after the transformation, or (xMiavg, yMlavg, ZMlavg) in the first coordinate system if done before the transformation). In one embodiment, the region of interest can include all surface points that have corresponding points on the reference surface 550 (i.e., when projected onto the reference surface) that are within a certain threshold distance (dRoi) of the average position 525 of the measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524 on the reference surface 550 (e.g., less than the maximum distance (dRoi = dMA ) or less than a distance slightly greater (e.g. twenty percent greater) than the maximum distance (dRoi = 1.2 * dMAx)). For example, if the average position 525 in the second coordinate system is at (xo2, yo2, Z02) = (0 , 0, 0), the distance (d) from that position to a point on the reference surface 550 corresponding to a surface point (xiRS2, yiRS2, ziRS2) is given by:

[0080] Similarly, if the average position 525 in the first coordinate system is at (xMiavg, yMiav , ZMiavg), the distance (d) from that position to a point on the reference surface 550 corresponding to a surface point (XIRSI, yiRSi, ZIRSI) is given by:

[0081] If a surface point has a distance value (diRsi or diRS2) less than the region of interest threshold distance (dRoi) and therefore in the region of interest, the video inspection device 100 can write the three-dimensional coordinates of that surface point and the pixel color corresponding to the depth of that surface point to a point cloud view file. In this exemplary embodiment, the region of interest is in the form of a cylinder that includes surface points falling within the radius of the cylinder. It will be understood that other shapes and methods for determining the region of interest can be used.

[0082] The region of interest can also be defined based upon the depth of the anomaly 504 on the object surface 510 of the viewed object 502 determined by the video inspection device 100 in the first coordinate system. For example, if the depth of the anomaly 504 was measured to be 0.005 inches (0.127 mm), the region of interest can be defined to include only those points having distances from the reference surface 550 (or z dimensions) within a certain range (± 0.015 inches (0.381 mm)) based on the distance of one or more of the measurement points 521 , 522, 523, 524 to the reference surface 550. If a surface point has a depth value inside the region of interest, the video inspection device 100 can write the three- dimensional coordinates of that surface point and the pixel color corresponding to the depth of that surface point to a point cloud view file. If a surface point has a depth value outside of the region of interest, the video inspection device 100 may not include that surface point in a point cloud view file.

[0083] At step 680, and as shown in FIG. 10, the monitor 170, 172 of the video inspection device 100 can display a rendered three-dimensional view (e.g., a point cloud view) 700 of the subset of the plurality of surface points in the three-dimensional coordinates of the second coordinate system, having an origin 725 at the center of the view. In one embodiment (not shown), the display of the point cloud view 700 can include a color map to indicate the distance between each of the surface points and the reference surface 750 in the second coordinate system (e.g., a first point at a certain depth is shown in a shade of red corresponding that depth, a second point at a different depth is shown in a shade of green corresponding to that depth). The displayed point cloud view 700 can also include the location of the plurality of measurement points 721, 722, 723, 724. To assist the operator in viewing the point cloud view 700, the video inspection device 100 can also determine three- dimensional line points 771 , 772, 773 along straight lines between two or more of the plurality of measurement points 721 , 722, 723 in the three-dimensional coordinates of the second coordinate system, and display those line points 771 , 772, 773 in the point cloud view 700. The point cloud view 700 can also include a depth line 774 from the measurement point 724 intended to be located at the deepest point of the anomaly 504 to the reference surface 750. In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 can determine if the depth line 774 exceeds a tolerance specification or other threshold and provide a visual or audible indication or alarm of such an occurrence.

[0084] The displayed point cloud view 700 can also include a plurality of frame points 760 forming a frame 762 on the reference surface 750 in the second coordinate system to indicate the location of the reference surface 750. In another embodiment, the displayed point cloud view 700 can also include a scale indicating the perpendicular distance from the reference surface 750. [0085] As shown in FIG. 10, by limiting the data in the point cloud view 700 to those points in the region of interest and allowing the view to be rotated about a point 725 in the center of the region of interest (e.g., at the origin), the operator can more easily analyze the anomaly 504 and determine if the depth measurement and placement of the measurement points 721, 722, 723, 724 was accurate. In one embodiment, the operator can alter the location of one or more of the measurement points 721, 722, 723, 724 in the point cloud view 700 if correction is required. Altematively, if correction is required, the operator can return to the two-dimensional image 500 of FIG. 8 and reselect one or more of the measurement points 521, 522, 523, 524, and repeat the process.

[0086] In another embodiment, the monitor 170, 172 of the video inspection device 100 can display a rendered three-dimensional view 700 of the subset of the plurality of surface points in the three-dimensional coordinates of the first coordinate system without ever conducting a transformation of coordinates. In this embodiment, the point cloud view 700 based on the original coordinates can also include the various features described above to assist the operator, including displaying a color map, the location of the plurality of measurement points, three-dimensional line points, depth lines, frames, or scales.

[0087] FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of an exemplary method 800 for displaying a two- dimensional image of viewed object simultaneously with an image depicting the three- dimensional geometry of the viewed object in another exemplary embodiment. It will be understood that the steps described in the flow diagram of FIG. 11 can be performed in a different order than shown in the flow diagram and that not all of the steps are required for certain embodiments.

[0088] At step 810 of the exemplary method (FIG. 8), and as shown in FIG. 12, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the imager 124 of FIG. 1) obtains at least one two- dimensional image 903 of the object surface 911 of a viewed object 910 having an anomaly 912 and displays it on a first side 901 of the display 900 (e.g., an integral display 170, external monitor 172, or touch screen of a user interface). In one embodiment, the two-dimensional image 903 is displayed in a measurement mode of the video inspection device 100. [0089] At step 820 of the exemplary method 800 (FIG. 1 1), and as shown in FIG. 12, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150 of FIG. 1) determines the three-dimensional coordinates (e.g., (x, y, z)) of a plurality of surface points 913, 914 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910. In one embodiment, the video inspection device generates three- dimensional data from the two-dimensional image 903 in order to determine the three- dimensional coordinates. FIG. 12 is a display 900 of a two-dimensional first stereo image

903 of the viewed object 910 on the first side 901 of the display 900, and a corresponding two-dimensional second stereo image 904 of the viewed object 910 on the second side 902 of the display 900. In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) employs stereo techniques to determine the three-dimensional coordinates (e.g., (x, y, z)) of a plurality of surface points 913, 914 on the two-dimensional first stereo image 903 by finding matching surface points 915, 916 on the corresponding two-dimensional second stereo image

904 and then computing the three-dimensional coordinates based on the pixel distance disparity between the plurality of surface points 913, 914 on the two-dimensional first stereo image 903 (or an area of pixels (e.g., 4x4 area)) and the matching surface points 915, 916 on the corresponding two-dimensional second stereo image 904. It will be understood and as shown in FIGS. 12-14, the reference herein to a two-dimensional image with respect to stereo image 903, 904 can include both or either of the first (left) stereo image 903 and the second (right) stereo image 904.

[0090] Several different existing techniques can be used to provide the three-dimensional coordinates of the surface points 913, 914 in the two-dimensional image 903 (FIG. 12) of the object surface 911 (e.g., stereo, scanning systems, stereo triangulation, structured light methods such as phase shift analysis, phase shift moire, laser dot projection, etc.). Most such techniques comprise the use of calibration data, which, among other things, includes optical characteristic data that is used to reduce errors in the three-dimensional coordinates that would otherwise be induced by optical distortions. With some techniques, the three- dimensional coordinates may be determined using one or more two-dimensional images captured in close time proximity that may include projected patterns and the like. It is to be understood that references to three-dimensional coordinates determined using two- dimensional image 903 may also comprise three-dimensional coordinates determined using one or a plurality of two-dimensional images of the object surface 91 1 captured in close time proximity, and that the two-dimensional image 903 displayed to the operator during the described operations may or may not actually be used in the determination of the three- dimensional coordinates.

[0091] At step 830 of the exemplary method 800 (FIG. 11), and as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, at least a portion of the two-dimensional image 903 of the viewed object 910 with measurement cursors 931, 932 is displayed on a first side 901 of the display 900 and a rendered image 905 of the three-dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 is displayed on the second side 902 of the display 900. As compared to FIG. 12, the rendered image 905 replaces the second (right) stereo image 904 in the display 900. In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) begins (and, in one embodiment, completes) the process of determining the three-dimensional coordinates (e.g., (x, y, z)) of the plurality of surface points 913, 914 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 before the placement and display of the measurement cursors

931, 932. Although the exemplary embodiments shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 show a single rendered image 905 of the three-dimensional geometry of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 displayed on the second side 902 of the display 900, it will be understood that more than one rendered image 905 can be shown simultaneously with or without the two-dimensional image 903.

[0092] In an exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 13, the rendered image 905 is a depth profile image 906 showing the three-dimensional geometry of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910, including the anomaly 912. In another exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 14, the rendered image 905 is a point cloud view 907 showing the three-dimensional geometry of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910, including the anomaly 912. In the exemplary point cloud view 907 shown in FIG. 14, only a subset of the three-dimensional coordinates of the surface points 913, 914 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 are displayed in a region of interest based on the location of the measurement cursors 931,

932. In another embodiment, the point cloud view 907 displays all of the computed three- dimensional coordinates of the surface points 913, 914 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910. In one embodiment, e.g., when the display is a user-interface touch screen, the user can rotate the point cloud view 907 using the touch screen. [0093] In one embodiment and as shown in FIG. 14, the point cloud view 907 may be colorized to indicate the distance between the surface points of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 and a reference surface 960 (e.g., reference plane determined using three- dimensional coordinates proximate to one or more of the plurality of measurement cursors 931, 932). For example, a first point at a certain depth is shown in a shade of red

corresponding that depth, a second point at a different depth is shown in a shade of green corresponding to that depth. A color depth scale 908 is provided to show the relationship between the colors shown on the point cloud view 907 and their respective distances from the reference surface 960. In one embodiment, the point could view 907 may be surfaced to graphically smooth the transition between adjacent points in the point cloud view 907.

[0094] Once the three-dimensional coordinates have been determined for a plurality of surface points 913, 914 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910, the user can conduct measurements on the two-dimensional image 903.

[0095] In one embodiment, the video inspection device 100 saves as an image the split view of the two-dimensional image 903 and the rendered image 905. The video inspection device 100 can also save as metadata the original, full stereo image of the first (left) stereo image 903 and the second (right) stereo image 904 (e.g., grayscale only) as shown in FIG. 11 and the calibration data to allow re-computation of the three-dimensional data and re- measurement from the saved file. Alternatively, the video inspection device 100 can save the computed three-dimensional coordinates and/or disparity data as metadata, which reduces the processing time upon recall but results in a larger file size.

[0096] At step 840 of the exemplary method 800 (FIG. 11), and as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, measurement cursors 931, 932 are placed (using a pointing device) and displayed on the two-dimensional image 903 to allow the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) to determine the dimensions of the anomaly 912 (e.g., height or depth, length, width, area, volume, point to line, profile slice, etc.). In another embodiment where the two-dimensional image is not a stereo image, measurement cursors 931, 932 (as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14) can also be placed on the two-dimensional image 903 to allow the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) to determine the dimensions of the anomaly 912 (e.g., height or depth, length, width, area, volume, point to line, profile slice, etc.). In yet another embodiment, instead of being placed on the two-dimensional image 903, measurement cursors can be placed (using a pointing device) on the rendered image 905 of the three- dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 on the second side 902 of the display 900.

[0097] In the exemplary display 900, the first measurement cursor 931 is placed on the first measurement point 921 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 and the second measurement cursor 932 is placed on the second measurement point 922 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910. Since the three-dimensional coordinates of the measurement points 921, 922 on the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 are known, a geometric measurement (e.g., depth or length measurement) of the object surface 911 can be performed by the user and the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) can determine the measurement dimension 950 as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14. In the example shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, a measurement line 933 is displayed on the two-dimensional image 903.

[0098] The rendered image 905 of the three-dimensional geometry of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 is displayed on the second side 902 of the display 900 in order to assist in the placement of the measurement cursors 931, 932 on the two-dimensional image 903 to conduct the geometric measurement. In a conventional system involving stereo or non- stereo two-dimensional images, these measurement cursors 931, 932 (as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14) are placed based solely on the view provided by the two-dimensional image 903, which may not allow for accurate placement of the measurement cursors 931, 932 and accurate measurements.

[0099] At step 850 of the exemplary method 800 (FIG. 11), and as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, measurement identifiers 941, 942 corresponding to the measurement cursors 931, 932 placed on the two-dimensional image 903 are displayed on the rendered image 905 of the three-dimensional geometry of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 912. For example, the first measurement identifier 941 is shown on the rendered image 905 at the same three- dimensional coordinate of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 912 as the first measurement cursor 931, and the second measurement identifier 942 is shown on the rendered image 905 at the same three-dimensional coordinate of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 912 as the second measurement cursor 932. In the exemplary point cloud view 907 shown in FIG. 14, a measurement line identifier 943 corresponding to the measurement line 933 (e.g., depth measurement line) in the two-dimensional image 901 is displayed. This rendered image 905 of the three-dimensional geometry of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 910 simultaneously displayed with the two-dimensional image 903 of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 912 allows the user to more accurately place the measurement cursors 931, 932 to provide a more accurate geometric measurement. In yet another embodiment, where the measurement cursors are placed (using a pointing device) on the rendered image 905, measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors are displayed on the two-dimensional image 903.

[00100] In one embodiment, as the user changes the location of the measurement cursors 931, 932 in the two-dimensional image 903, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) automatically updates the location of the measurement identifiers 941, 942

corresponding to the measurement cursors 931, 932 and the rendered image 905 (e.g., region of interest or depth colors of the point cloud view 907 in FIG. 14) of the three-dimensional geometry of the object surface 911 of the viewed object 912 also changes to allow the user to visualize the new measurement virtually in real time. In another embodiment, after the measurement cursors 931, 932 are placed in the two-dimensional image 903, the

measurement identifiers 941, 942 can be repositioned in the rendered image 905.

[00101] In yet another embodiment, where the measurement cursors are placed (using a pointing device) on the rendered image 905 and measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors are displayed on the two-dimensional image 903, as the user changes the location of the measurement cursors in the rendered image 905, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) automatically updates the location of the measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors and the two-dimensional image also changes to allow the user to visualize the new measurement virtually in real time. In another embodiment, after the measurement cursors are placed on the rendered image 905. the measurement identifiers can be repositioned in the two-dimensional image 903.

[00102] At step 860 of the exemplary method 800 (FIG. 11), and as shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the video inspection device 100 (e.g., the CPU 150) determines the measurement dimension 950 sought by the user for the particular geometric measurement (e.g., depth or length measurement) based on the locations of the measurement cursors 931 , 932 and displays that measurement dimension 950 on the display 900. In another embodiment, the measurement dimension can displayed on the display 900 on the rendered image 905.

[00103] As shown in FIGS. 12-14, soft keys 909 can be provided on the display 900 to provide various functions to the user in obtaining images and taking measurements (e.g., views, undo, add measurement, next measurement, options, delete, annotation, take image, reset, zoom, full image/measurement image, depth map on/off, etc.). In one embodiment, when a user activates either the two-dimensional image 903 or the rendered image 905, the particular soft keys 909 displayed can change based on the active image.

[00104] In view of the foregoing, embodiments of the invention automatically determine the depth or height of a point on an anomaly on a surface. A technical effect is to reduce the time required to perform the measurement and to improve the accuracy of the measurement.

[00105] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the present invention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.), or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a "service," "circuit," "circuitry," "module," and/or "system." Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer readable program code embodied thereon.

[00106] Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable storage medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

[00107] Program code and/or executable instructions embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination of the foregoing.

[00108] Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer (device), partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).

[00109] Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. [00110] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

[00111] The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

[00112] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal language of the claims.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A method for inspecting an object surface of a viewed object, the method comprising the steps of:

displaying a two-dimensional image of the object surface on a display;

determining the three-dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit;

determining a rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface using the central processor unit;

simultaneously displaying the two-dimensional image and the rendered image on the display;

placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image using a pointing device and displaying the plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image on the display;

displaying on the rendered image a plurality of measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image; and

determining a measurement dimension of the object surface based on the locations of the plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image using the central processor unit.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the two-dimensional image is one of a first or a second stereo image.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the rendered image is a depth profile image.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the rendered image is a point cloud view.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the measurement dimension is a depth of a feature on the object surface relative to a reference surface determined using three- dimensional coordinates proximate to one or more of the plurality of measurement cursors.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the measurement dimension is a depth of a feature on the object surface relative to a reference surface determined using three- dimensional coordinates proximate to one or more of the plurality of measurement cursors.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the point cloud view is colorized to indicate the distance between the surface points of the object surface and the reference surface.

8. The method of claim 2, wherein the step of determining the three-dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit begins before the step of placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional image.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of determining the three-dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit is completed before the step of placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the two- dimensional image.

10. The method of claim 4, wherein the point cloud view comprises a subset of the three-dimensional coordinates of the surface points on the object surface.

11. A method for inspecting an obj ect surface of a viewed object, the method comprising the steps of:

displaying a two-dimensional image of the object surface on a display;

placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image using a pointing device and displaying the plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image on the display;

displaying on the two-dimensional image a plurality of measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors on the rendered image; and

determining a measurement dimension of the object surface based on the locations of the plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image using the central processor unit.

12. A method for inspecting an object surface of a viewed object, the method comprising the steps of:

displaying a two-dimensional stereo image of the object surface on a display;

determining the three-dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit using stereo techniques;

determining a rendered image of the three-dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface using the central processor unit; and

simultaneously displaying the two-dimensional stereo image and the rendered image on the display.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the two-dimensional image stereo is one of a first or a second stereo image.

14. The method of claim 12, further comprising the steps of: placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional stereo image using a pointing device and displaying the plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional stereo image on the display;

displaying on the rendered image a plurality of measurement identifiers corresponding to the measurement cursors on the two-dimensional stereo image; and

determining a measurement dimension of the object surface based on the locations of the plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional stereo image using the central processor unit.

15. The method of claim 12, further comprising the steps of: placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image using a pointing device and displaying the plurality of measurement cursors on the rendered image on the display;

16. The method of claim 12, wherein the rendered image is a depth profile image.

17. The method of claim 12, wherein the rendered image is a point cloud view.

18. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of determining the three- dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit begins before the step of placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional stereo image.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the step of determining the three- dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface using a central processor unit is completed before the step of placing a plurality of measurement cursors on the two-dimensional stereo image.

20. A device for inspecting an object surface of a viewed obj ect, the device comprising:

an elongated probe comprising an insertion tube;

an imager located at a distal end of the insertion tube for obtaining a two-dimensional stereo image of the object surface;

a central processor unit for determining the three-dimensional coordinates of a plurality of points on the object surface, and determining a rendered image of the three- dimensional geometry of at least a portion of the object surface; and

a display for simultaneously displaying the two-dimensional stereo image and the rendered image.