EP3234666A1 - Dispositif de transport et de contrôle d'impulsions lumineuses pour l'imagerie endo-microscopique sans lentille - Google Patents
Dispositif de transport et de contrôle d'impulsions lumineuses pour l'imagerie endo-microscopique sans lentilleInfo
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- EP3234666A1 EP3234666A1 EP15821042.7A EP15821042A EP3234666A1 EP 3234666 A1 EP3234666 A1 EP 3234666A1 EP 15821042 A EP15821042 A EP 15821042A EP 3234666 A1 EP3234666 A1 EP 3234666A1
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- delay
- light
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B23/00—Telescopes, e.g. binoculars; Periscopes; Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies; Viewfinders; Optical aiming or sighting devices
- G02B23/24—Instruments or systems for viewing the inside of hollow bodies, e.g. fibrescopes
- G02B23/26—Instruments or systems for viewing the inside of hollow bodies, e.g. fibrescopes using light guides
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B23/00—Telescopes, e.g. binoculars; Periscopes; Instruments for viewing the inside of hollow bodies; Viewfinders; Optical aiming or sighting devices
- G02B23/24—Instruments or systems for viewing the inside of hollow bodies, e.g. fibrescopes
- G02B23/2407—Optical details
- G02B23/2461—Illumination
- G02B23/2469—Illumination using optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B21/00—Microscopes
- G02B21/0004—Microscopes specially adapted for specific applications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/04—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres
- G02B6/06—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres the relative position of the fibres being the same at both ends, e.g. for transporting images
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01S—DEVICES USING THE PROCESS OF LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION [LASER] TO AMPLIFY OR GENERATE LIGHT; DEVICES USING STIMULATED EMISSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION IN WAVE RANGES OTHER THAN OPTICAL
- H01S3/00—Lasers, i.e. devices using stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, visible or ultraviolet wave range
- H01S3/005—Optical devices external to the laser cavity, specially adapted for lasers, e.g. for homogenisation of the beam or for manipulating laser pulses, e.g. pulse shaping
- H01S3/0057—Temporal shaping, e.g. pulse compression, frequency chirping
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- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
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- G02B6/02042—Multicore optical fibres
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- G—PHYSICS
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- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/04—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres
- G02B6/06—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres the relative position of the fibres being the same at both ends, e.g. for transporting images
- G02B6/065—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings formed by bundles of fibres the relative position of the fibres being the same at both ends, e.g. for transporting images with dynamic image improvement
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device for transporting and controlling light pulses for so-called "no lens” endo-microscopic imaging as well as endo-microscopic imaging systems and methods without a lens, and in particular non-linear imaging. It applies in particular to the endoscopic exploration of organs in a living being, human or animal.
- Nonlinear imaging techniques include for example bi-photon fluorescence imaging (or TPEF according to the English expression "two-photon excited fluorescence").
- This imaging technique is particularly interesting in endo-microscopy because the interaction between light and matter is confined to the focal point, so there is no background signal generated out of the focal point and therefore a spatial resolution three-dimensional is possible allowing an optical sectioning (or "optical sectioning").
- TPEF imaging also makes it possible to use an excitation laser Near-infrared wavelength, which penetrates deeper into a diffusing medium such as a biological tissue.
- a first approach (described for example Rivera et al., "Compact and Flexible Multiphoton Endoscopic Raster Scanning Capable of Imaging Unstained Tissue", Proc Nat Nat Sci USA, 108, 17598 (2011)) is to vibrate the part distal of a monomode optical fiber, for example using piezoelectric shims, the end of the optical fiber being imaged in the sample using a micro-optics.
- the optical fiber makes it possible to deliver the light into the sample and to collect the signal coming from the sample, this signal being derived for example from reflection, fluorescence or a non-linear interaction in the sample.
- the presence of a piezoelectric scanner at the end of the fiber limits the diameter below which the distal portion of the endoscope can be miniaturized (typically of the order of 3 mm); Moreover, the control of the imaging plane along the optical axis is complex to implement. Finally, this approach is limited for non-linear imaging that requires the use of ultra-short pulses (typically less than one picosecond). Indeed, the standard optical fibers have a strong dispersion that is difficult to pre-compensate and they are subject to non-linear effects that affect the spectral and temporal profiles of the light pulse delivered at the end of the fiber.
- a third approach termed “endoscopy without a lens”, and described for example in Cizmar et al. Exploiting Multimode Waveguides for Pure Flu-based Imaging, Nat. Common. 3, 1027 (2012), is based on the use of a multimode optical fiber, or MMF according to the abbreviation of the Anglo-Saxon expression "Multi-Mode Fiber”.
- MMF optical fiber is illuminated with a coherent source.
- a Spatial Light Modulator allows play on the modes of propagation of the fiber so that the coherent addition of these modes makes it possible to generate all intensity figures at the end of the MMF fiber.
- SLM Spatial Light Modulator
- an attempt is made to produce a focal point at the end of the MMF fiber and to scan the sample to obtain an image as would be done in a conventional confocal microscopy setup.
- This technique extremely powerful because of the deterministic nature of the transmission matrix of the fiber which connects a field entering the proximal portion of the fiber with a distal outgoing field (and vice versa), eliminates all optics the distal side of the multimode fiber and thereby reduce the bulk.
- the transmission matrix of the fiber is complex and highly dependent on the curvature of the optical fiber MMF. Endo-microscopic imaging using an MMF optical fiber is therefore extremely sensitive to any movement of the fiber.
- a short pulse in the proximal part is greatly elongated in the distal portion, which limits the possibilities of application to nonlinear imaging.
- a "lensless" type of technology has developed based on the use of a single-mode optical fiber packet (see, for example, French et al US Patent No. 8,585,587). ).
- a wavefront spatial modulator (SLM) arranged on the proximal side of the monomode optical fiber packet makes it possible to control the wavefront emitted by a light source at the distal end of the fiber packet.
- SLM wavefront spatial modulator
- FIG. 1A schematically illustrates an endo-microscopic imaging system without a lens 100 as described in the prior art and applied in particular to nonlinear imaging.
- the imaging system 100 generally comprises a transmission source 10 for transmitting an incident beam formed by Io pulses in the case of the application to nonlinear imaging.
- the system 100 further comprises a detection channel comprising an objective 21 and a detector 20. The detection path is separated from the emission path by a separating blade 22.
- the imaging system 100 also comprises a transport device and Io pulse control for illuminating a remote analysis object 101.
- the transport and control device comprises a packet of monomode optical fibers 40 whose input and output faces 42 are shown enlarged in FIG. 1A, and a wavefront spatial modulator ("SLM").
- SLM wavefront spatial modulator
- the spatial light modulator makes it possible to print on the incoming wavefront having a function of phase ⁇ defined phase shifts ⁇ ( ⁇ ) for each elementary beam Bi intended to enter an optical fiber Fi of the fiber packet 40.
- the phase function ⁇ ( ⁇ ) may be such that, for example, after propagation in the packet of optical fibers, the wave comes out with a parabolic phase ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ). This parabolic phase allows the beam to focus distally on the analysis object 101 while there is no physical lens present; this is the origin of the terminology "endoscope without lens”.
- the electromagnetic field E ⁇ (t) describing an elementary beam Bi formed by pulses at the distal end of the fiber bundle can be expressed as:
- the group velocities Xi (i) of the pulses forming the elementary beams Bi at the output of the SLM 30 and incident in the optical fibers Fi of the fiber pack 40 are constant. In other words, relative group delays are zero or almost zero.
- variable group speeds are observed in the different elementary beams described by the function X 2 (i) and resulting in non-zero relative group delays ⁇ ( ⁇ ).
- the present invention provides devices and methods for transporting and controlling light pulses in a so-called "lensless" endo-microscopic imaging system that enable the control of pulse group delay delays in monomode optical fibers of the packet. fiber.
- the devices and methods described in this description make it possible to control the duration of the pulses at the distal end of the fiber packet and thus to access non-linear imaging applications which require the transmission of ultra-short pulses, typically less than the picosecond.
- one or more exemplary embodiments relate to a device for transporting and controlling light pulses with at least one wavelength for endo-microscopic imaging without a lens.
- the device comprises a packet of N monomode optical fibers arranged in a given pattern, for receiving a light beam formed of pulses at a proximal end and for emitting a light beam at a distal end, each monomode optical fiber being characterized by a value relative group delay defined with respect to the travel time of a pulse propagating in a monomode optical reference fiber of the fiber packet.
- the device for transporting and controlling light pulses further comprises an optical device for controlling the group speed or more precisely an optical device for controlling group delays, arranged on the side of the proximal end of the packet of optical fibers. and including:
- a first spatial light modulator adapted to form, from one or more incident light beams, a number N of elementary light beams intended to each enter into one of said optical fibers, each elementary beam being intended to pass through a given delay plate such as that the sum of the delay introduced by said delay plate and the relative group delay of the optical fiber intended to receive said elementary light beam is minimal in absolute value;
- a second spatial light modulator adapted to introduce on each of the N elementary light beams a deflection such that each elementary light beam enters the corresponding optical fiber perpendicularly to the input face of the optical fiber.
- the packet of N monomode optical fibers may be formed of a set of monomode optical fibers, typically from one hundred to several tens of thousands of fibers, collected in the form of a bundle of fibers, periodically or aperiodically, or may be formed a multi-core fiber having a set of single-mode cores, preferably at least one hundred, arranged periodically or aperiodically.
- the M delay plates are advantageously distributed in a plane.
- the number M of delay plates can be between 1 and a few tens, advantageously between 2 and 20, but in any case, it is much smaller than the number N of single-mode optical fibers in the fiber packet.
- the transport and control device makes it possible to minimize the standard deviation of the set of values formed by the group delays of the pulses in the fibers, whatever the fiber packet used and even if the bundle of fibers is displaced or deformed; this is made possible by simply programming each of the spatial light modulators to form elementary beams for entering each of the fibers of the fiber bundle and controlling their movements to pass through the appropriate delay blade.
- the transport and control device can also allow, by programming one and / or the other of the spatial light modulators, the application of a phase shift on each of the elementary beams, allowing to register at the distal end of the fiber packet a determined phase function and / or correcting the phase variations introduced by each of the fibers of the fiber bundle.
- the transport and control device can also allow the transport and control of beams formed of pulses of different wavelengths, by programming the first spatial light modulator to ensure the distribution of the elementary light beams. formed of pulses at different wavelengths in subsets of fibers distinct from the fiber bundle.
- Spatial light modulators may include segmented or membrane-deformable mirrors (operating in reflection) or liquid crystal matrices operating in reflection or transmission.
- the optical device for controlling the group speed may comprise elements operating in reflection and / or transmission, but a reflection arrangement has the advantage of having more choice on the technology of spatial light modulators.
- the optical device for controlling the group speed comprises a first objective and a second objective forming an optical assembly with an intermediate focal plane; the delay plates are arranged in the intermediate focal plane of the optical assembly; the first spatial light modulator is in a focal plane object of the first objective; and the second spatial light modulator is in an image focal plane of the second lens.
- the optical device for controlling the group speed comprises an objective; the delay plates are arranged in a plane situated upstream of the first spatial light modulator and are adapted to form, from an incident beam formed by pulses, M light beams, each light beam being formed of pulses characterized by a given group delay; the first spatial light modulator is arranged in the object focal plane of the objective and is intended to receive said M light beams; the second spatial light modulator is in a focal plane image of the lens
- the first spatial light modulator is formed of M zones, on which computer-generated holograms are formed, each hologram being adapted to receive one of said light beams formed of pulses characterized by a given group delay.
- one or more exemplary embodiments relate to an endo-microscopic imaging system comprising a source of light pulses, a device for transporting and controlling the pulses emitted by said source according to the first aspect and a detection channel. light for passing through the monomode optical fiber packet from its distal end to its proximal end.
- the source of light pulses is a laser source emitting pulses of less than one picosecond duration, advantageously between 100 femtoseconds and 1 picosecond.
- one or more exemplary embodiments relate to a non-linear endo-microscopic imaging process without a lens by means of a bundle of monomode optical fibers arranged in a given pattern and each characterized by a relative group delay defined by the travel time of an impulse propagating in a monomode optical reference fiber of the fiber packet, the method comprising:
- one or more exemplary embodiments relate to a non-linear endo-microscopic imaging process without a lens by means of a bundle of monomode optical fibers arranged in a given pattern and each characterized by a relative group delay defined by the travel time of an impulse propagating in a monomode optical reference fiber of the fiber packet, the method comprising:
- the relative group delays of the monomode optical fibers of the fiber packet are characterized at the wavelength of the pulses forming the incident light beam.
- one and / or the other of the spatial light modulators allows the application of a phase shift on each of the elementary beams, making it possible to register at the distal end of the fiber packet a determined phase function and / or correcting the phase variations introduced by each of the fibers of the fiber bundle.
- the method includes the emission of incident light beams formed of pulses at distinct wavelengths.
- the first spatial light modulator further allows the distribution of the elementary light beams in distinct and identified fiber subsets of the fiber bundle, each subset of fibers being intended to receive the bundles of fibers. pulses formed of pulses at a given wavelength.
- the endo-microscopic nonlinear imaging methods described in the present description apply to any type of non-linear imaging, and in particular the generation of fluorescence and two-photon auto-fluorescence, the generation of fluorescence and n-photon autofluorescence, second harmonic generation, third harmonic generation, nth-harmonic generation, sum and frequency difference generation, coherent Raman signal generation, transient absorption signal generation, transient index modification.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B (already described), a block diagram of a so-called "no lens” endoscope based on the use of a single-mode fiber packet and a diagram illustrating the problem of group delay in the fibers in the case ultra-short pulses;
- Figures 2A and 2B are diagrams illustrating an example of an endoscopic imaging system without a lens according to the present description
- FIGS. 3A to 3D figures illustrating an example of multi-core optical fiber and its characterization, for the implementation of an endo-microscopic imaging method without a lens, according to the present description
- FIG. 4 a diagram illustrating an example of delay plates for the implementation of an endo-microscopic imaging method without a lens, according to the present description
- FIGS. 5A and 5B diagrams respectively illustrating the dispersion of group delays in the multi-core fiber shown in FIG. 3A, before and after implementation of an endo-microscopic imaging method according to the present description;
- Figure 6 first experimental results comparing the spatial pattern of the focal point at the output of a multi-core fiber shown in FIG. 3A with or without application of an endo-microscopic imaging method according to the present description;
- Figure 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a "lensless" endo-microscopic imaging system according to another example of the present disclosure.
- Figures 8A and 8B are diagrams illustrating examples of a "lensless" endoscopic imaging system according to other examples of the present disclosure.
- Figure 9 is a set of diagrams illustrating a method for distally measuring group delays in a single mode fiber packet
- Figure 10 is a set of diagrams illustrating a method for proximal measurement of group delays in a single mode fiber packet.
- FIGS. 2A and 2B schematically illustrate a "lensless" endoscopic imaging system 200 according to the present description as well as the principle of implementation.
- the system 200 generally comprises a transmission channel, with a light source 10 for the emission of ultra-short light pulses I 0 , typically less than the picosecond, for example between 100 femtoseconds and a picosecond, and a suitable detection channel. for detecting light for passing through the monomode optical fiber packet 40 from its distal end to its proximal end.
- the light detected is, for example, the light resulting from the non-linear process in the sample after excitation.
- the detection path includes an objective 21 and a detector 20 and is separated from the transmission path by a splitter plate 22, for example a dichroic plate in the case of nonlinear imaging applications in which the wavelength detection (for example 2-photon fluorescence) is different from the emission wavelength.
- the system 200 also comprises a device for transporting and controlling the light pulses.
- the device for transporting and controlling the light pulses comprises an optical device 50 for controlling the group speed, or a group delay control device ("GDC" for "Group Delay Control"), a packet N single-mode optical fibers Fi, referenced 40, and advantageously, an optical system 60 telescope type, to adapt the size of the beam from the optical device for controlling the group speed 50 to the input face 41 of the package 40.
- GDC group delay control device
- the detection path is represented between the light source 10 and the GDC 50.
- the detection path could equally well be between the GDC 50 and the fiber packet 40, for example between the GDC 50 and the telescope 60.
- the N monomode optical fibers F 1 of the fiber pack 40 are arranged in a given pattern.
- the monomode optical fibers Fi are arranged periodically; each fiber Fi forms, for example, the core of a multi-core fiber or "MCF".
- the fiber optic packet 40 includes an input face 41 located on the proximal side, i.e. on the side intended to receive an incident light flux and an exit face 42 located on the distal side, that is, on the side intended for the emission of an outgoing light beam for the illumination of an analysis object 101.
- Each optical fiber Fi of the fiber packet is characterized by a relative group delay ⁇ ; defined by the difference in time that an elementary beam Bi formed by a light pulse passes through the fiber Fi and the time that an elementary beam formed by the same light pulse passes through a reference fiber Fo arbitrarily chosen in the packet fiber.
- Related group delays ⁇ thus describe the relative delays of the light pulses propagating in the optical fibers Fi.
- the characterization of relative group delays can be done by known characterization methods which will be described in more detail later.
- the GDC optical group speed control device (50) is arranged on the proximal side of the monomode optical fiber packet 40 and is intended to reduce, on the distal side of the optical fiber packet, the relative difference between the different elementary beams Bi.
- the optical device for controlling the group speed 50 according to the present description is adapted to introduce at each elementary beam Bi, intended to enter a monomode optical fiber Fi of the fiber packet 40, a group delay which will at least partially compensating for the group delay ⁇ ; characterizing the fiber Fi, so that the relative group delays in the different elementary beams at the output of the fiber packet 40 are close to zero and at least less than half the duration of the pulses intended to propagate in the packet of fibers.
- the control of the group velocities Xi (i) on the proximal side of the fiber bundle results in a substantially constant distribution of the group velocities X 2 (i) on the distal side.
- FIG. 2A illustrates a first example for the realization of an optical device for controlling the GDC group speed according to the present description.
- the optical device for controlling the group speed 50 comprises in this example a first objective 53 characterized by a focal length f
- the objectives 53 and 54 are defined by any suitable optical system, for example using lenses and / or mirrors.
- the first and second lenses 53, 54 are arranged to form an optical assembly with an intermediate focal plane ( ⁇ i) coincident with the image focal plane of the first objective 53 and the object focal plane of the second objective 54.
- the optical device for controlling the group speed 50 also comprises a given number M of delay plates P j , advantageously between 2 and 20 blades, spatially distributed in a plane, this plane being in the example of FIG. 2A, the intermediate focal plane ( ⁇ i). Each blade is designed to allow the introduction of a delay OT given j.
- the speed control device GDC also comprises a first spatial light modulator 51 adapted to form, from an incident beam formed by pulses I 0 emitted by the light source 10, a number N of elementary light beams Bi intended to form enter into each of the N optical fibers Fi of the fiber pack 40.
- the first spatial light modulator 51 is in an object focal plane of the first objective 53 and is adapted to write on each beam elementary Bi a deviation such that each elementary beam Bi passes into the appropriate delay plate P j .
- the optical fiber Fi for receiving said elementary light beam Bi is close to zero regardless of the optical fiber Fi or at least less than half the pulse duration.
- the number M of delay plates is much smaller than the number N of monomode optical fibers in the fiber packet 40 (for example a multi-core fiber) and a large number of elementary beams Bi are printed with the same delay. .
- the speed control device 50 also comprises a second spatial light modulator 52 adapted to introduce on each of the N elemental light beams Bi a deflection such that each elementary light beam Bi enters the corresponding optical fiber Fi perpendicular to the input face of the optical fiber.
- the second spatial modulator of The light 52 is in an image focal plane of the second lens 54 and makes it possible to compensate for the deflection introduced on each elementary beam Bi by the first spatial light modulator 51.
- the beams Bi and B 2 intended to enter the optical fibers Fi and F 2 (not shown) of the packet of fibers 40, characterized by group delays ⁇ and ⁇ 2 , are deflected by the first spatial light modulator 51 and focused by the first objective 53 so as to pass through a blade to delay Pi characterized by a delay ⁇ while the beam B 3 intended to enter the optical fiber F 3 (not shown) of the fiber packet 40, characterized by a group delay ⁇ 3 , is deflected by the first spatial light modulator 51 and focused by the first objective 53 to cross a delay plate characterized by a delay ôt 2 .
- the elementary beams B ls B 2 , B 3 are then sent by means of the second lens 54 to the second spatial light modulator 52 which registers a deflection which compensates for the deflection registered by the first spatial light modulator 51 so that elementary beams exit each with an optical axis perpendicular to the input face 41 of the fiber bundle 40.
- the bundles B ls B 2, B 3 are formed by light pulses that respectively have ⁇ delays ⁇ , OT 2 and which, after passing through the single mode optical fibers F ls F 2, F 3 present the relative deviations of zero or reduced group velocity.
- the elementary beams Bi at the output of the second spatial light modulator 52 are focused in a focal plane 2 and an optical system 60 of the telescope type makes it possible to apply a magnification strictly less than 1 for adapting all the focusing points formed in the focal plane 2 to the pattern formed by the fibers Fi at the input face 41 of the fiber bundle 40.
- the focusing of the elementary beams Bi at the output of the second spatial light modulator 52 in the focal plane 2 is ensured by means of the spatial light modulator 52 which introduces a parabolic phase at the level of each elementary beam Bi.
- the speed control device 50 may comprise at the output of the second spatial light modulator 52 an optics (not shown), for example a matrix of microlenses, which can ensure the focusing of each elementary beam.
- the speed control device 50 as described by means of FIGS. 2A and 2B thus makes it possible in a simple manner to control the group speed at the level of each of the fibers. single mode optical fibers Fi of fiber package 40.
- this speed control device can quite well be used to compensate for phase delays that have previously been characterized on the fibers of the fiber packet and / or to register at each elementary beam a phase function that will form the desired phase function at the distal end of the fiber packet 40, for example a parabolic function for the formation of a focus point.
- these functions can be provided by one and / or the other of the first and second spatial light modulators 51, 52.
- the first and / or the second spatial light modulator may be formed of a modulator based on segmented or diaphragm-shaped deformable mirrors, operating in reflection, or a liquid crystal matrix that may be operate in reflection or transmission.
- FIGS. 3 to 6 show first experimental results obtained with an imaging system as described in FIG. 2A and making it possible to validate the method according to the present description.
- the light source is a femtosecond laser, emitting pulses of 150 fs at a wavelength of 1.035 ⁇ .
- the pulse transport and control device comprises a single-mode optical fiber packet formed here of a multi-core fiber.
- the multi-core fiber 40 used is illustrated in Figure 3A. It comprises a set of 169 monomode cores Fi arranged periodically and referenced from a central fiber F 0 , as shown in Figure 3B. Each monomodal heart Fi is intended to receive at its proximal end an elementary beam Bi which passes through the heart to exit at a distal end, as explained above.
- the central core Fo forms the monomode reference fiber for the determination of the group delay ⁇ ; which characterizes each monomode heart Fi.
- the multi-core fiber also comprises in this example a multimode internal sheath 44 adapted to collect the light signal from the distal end to the proximal end. In the example shown in FIG.
- the inter-core distance is 1 1.8 ⁇
- the diameter of a mode in each monomode core is 3.6 ⁇ and the corresponding divergence of 0.12 radians
- the diameter of the multimode inner sheath 44 is 250 ⁇ .
- the coupling measured between a monomode core Fi and its nearest neighbor is less than -25 dB, even with a curvature applied to the multi-core fiber of 12.5 cm. Ray.
- FIG. 3C thus represents the delays of relative group measured ⁇ ; for hearts of index i of the multi-core fiber.
- the group delay is defined as the difference between the time that a light pulse takes to cross the fiber Fi and the time that an identical light pulse takes to cross the reference fiber F 0 .
- Figure 3D shows the histogram of the set of group delay values.
- the speed control device 50 makes it possible to partition the N elementary beams intended to enter the single-core N cores of the multi-core fiber 40 into M groups on which M values will be printed. delay by means of M retardation blades P].
- the M delay plates P] are for example formed by means of Ml sheets of glass of equal thickness, the index plate comprising j holes each capable of passing a group of elementary beams; the lamellas are stacked to form a delay plate comprising M zones for printing, on the elementary beams, M delays At j .
- the holes can be made, for example, by laser ablation.
- FIG. 4 illustrates the production of 3 retardation plates Pi, P 2 , P 3 by means of two strips 56, 57 of substantially equal thicknesses, the strip 56 having 2 holes and the strip 57 having only one hole, the lamellae being arranged so as to form three areas defining the three delay plates and that will print respectively delays 0xôt g, lxôt g, 2xôt g, where g Ot is the delay introduced by passage of a pulse through a coverslip .
- the delay blades can be formed also by any other known means. It may be for example M glass bars of equal diameter but different length. Each bar is likely to pass a group of elementary beams. The bars are for example arranged against each other, to print on the elementary beams, M delays j . The length of a bar can be adjusted for example by polishing. Delayed slides can also be formed from a glass slide which is divided into M zones; by a micro-manufacturing method, each zone is hollowed to make M zones of different thickness. The micro-etching method can be dry etching (Reactive Ion Etching) or wet etching (HF) or use a focused ion beam (Focussed ion beam).
- delay blades can work either in transmission or in reflection.
- each of the N elementary beams Bi will thus pass through one of the three delay plates Pi, P 2 , P 3 , as a function of the value of the delay of relative group ⁇ ; of the fiber Fi it is intended to cross. Since M is much smaller than N, a large number of elementary beams Bi are printed with the same delay in the intermediate focal plane.
- Figures 5A and 5B show by histograms all the values of the relative group delays in a case where there is no group speed control device (FIG.5A) and in the case where the device Group Speed Control is present (FIG 5B). A clear reduction in the variance from one histogram to another is observed, and this already with 3 slides introducing 3 distinct values of delay.
- Figure 6 shows the spatial pattern of a focal point at the output of the multi-core fiber with application of the method of control of the group speed (left) and without application of said method (right).
- the image of the focal point is represented, and in the upper figures, the spatial distribution of the intensity.
- these first experimental results show the gain in intensity obtained by the method according to the present description.
- Figure 7 illustrates a schematic diagram of an example of an endoscopic lensless imaging system according to another example of the present disclosure.
- This example is identical to that of FIG. 2A but represents the case of an aperiodic arrangement of monomode optical fibers in the fiber bundle 40. It is observed that the device and the method of transport and control of the pulses according to the present description are also applies to a fiber bundle having fibers arranged aperiodically.
- Fig. 8A illustrates a diagram of an exemplary endoscopic lensless imaging system according to another example of the present disclosure.
- This delay can be advantageously achieved by a micro-structured blade as described above. It is then a question of assigning, in the N fibers of the optical fiber packet, an elementary sub-beam with the chosen delay, here ⁇ or ôt 2 .
- the first spatial light modulator 51 advantageously comprises a matrix of liquid crystals.
- the additive property of the holograms which consists in generating, on M areas of the first spatial light modulator 51, a set of holograms making it possible to diffract the incident beam corresponding to the delay 6 in different directions. These different directions appear as focusing points in the plane of the second spatial light modulator 52 and the latter performs a deflection such that each elementary light beam penetrates perpendicularly to the input face of the optical fiber.
- the holograms formed at each of the M zones of the first spatial light modulator are for example computer generated holograms or "CGH" according to the abbreviation of the English expression "computer-generated hologram". Such holograms are described, for example, in Liesener et al. , “Multi-functional optical tweezers using computer-generated holograms", Opt. Commun., 185, 77 (2000).
- FIG. 8B illustrates a diagram of an example of a lentil-free endoscopic imaging system similar to that of FIG. 8A but used in an application implementing pulses at two wavelengths, for example for applications in non-linear two-beam imaging.
- each fiber of the fiber packet 40 is intended to transport an elementary beam at a given wavelength and the relative group delay of this fiber is advantageously characterized at this wavelength.
- the first spatial light modulator 51 further allows the distribution of the elementary light beams formed of pulses at a given wavelength in an identified subset of the fibers of the fiber packet 40.
- the beam at the first wavelength ⁇ thus passes for example through two delay plates Pi, P 2 characterized by respective delays ⁇ and ⁇ 2 and the beam at the second wavelength ⁇ 2 , materialized by double arrows, passes through two delay plates P 3 , P 4 characterized by respective delays ⁇ 3 and ⁇ 4 .
- the first spatial light modulator 51 makes it possible to form N elementary beams, each elementary beam of given wavelength being characterized by a delay introduced by the crossed blade and intended to enter a previously identified optical fiber of the fiber packet.
- N / 2 fibers of the fiber packet receive elementary beams at the first wavelength ⁇ , while the remaining N / 2 fibers of the fiber packet receive elementary beams at the second wavelength ⁇ 2 .
- N / 2 fibers of the fiber packet receive elementary beams at the first wavelength ⁇
- the remaining N / 2 fibers of the fiber packet receive elementary beams at the second wavelength ⁇ 2 .
- six elementary beams are displayed, of which three at the wavelength ⁇ and three at the wavelength ⁇ 2 .
- these two groups of fibers are chosen such that the transporting fibers ⁇ and ⁇ 2 are intertwined on the proximal face of the fiber bundle.
- the interleaving is illustrated by the fact that, downstream of SLM2, the elementary beams alternate between ⁇ and ⁇ 2 .
- FIGS. 9 and 10 illustrate examples of methods for characterizing the relative group delays in a fiber packet 40 of a light pulse transport and control device according to the present description, for example for the characterization of a multi-core fiber. These methods are based on the known techniques of spectral interference (see, for example, Lepetit et al., "Linear techniques of phase measurement by femtosecond spectral interferometry for applications in spectroscopy", J. Opt.Soc.Am.B, 12 ( 12), 2467 (1995)).
- Figure 9 illustrates a method suitable for a distal measurement of group delays while
- Figure 10 illustrates a method suitable for proximal measurement of group delays, in which it is not necessary to have access to the distal end. of the fiber packet.
- the method for the characterization of group delays implements a fibered spectrometer 90 and a spatial light modulator 91.
- the measurement of the relative group delay ⁇ ; a fiber Fi defined with respect to the travel time of a pulse propagating in a reference fiber F 0 , comprises the following steps. Only the elementary beams Bi and B 0 intended to enter the optical fibers Fi, F 0 are formed. They pass through the optical fibers Fi and F 0 respectively. Leaving the bundle of fibers 40 on the distal side, Bi and B 0 diverge and overlaps spatially. In a plane where the recovery is almost total, an optical fiber 92 collects a portion of each beam. The optical fiber 92 conveys the collected light to the spectrum analyzer 90.
- the spectrum comprises a sinusoidal modulation (curves 94) whose period is equal to ( ⁇ ;) -1 ; we thus deduce ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4, the desired value.
- the spectrum is measured according to the principle of phase shift interferometry or the phase of Bi (with respect to Bo) is scanned using the modulator 91, according to the technique of phase shift interferometry (see, for example, Bruning et al., “Digital Wavefront Measuring Interferometer for Testing Optical Surfaces and Lenses", Appl. Opt. 13 (11), 2693 (1976). , Eqs. (3-6)).
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Abstract
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FR1462809A FR3030956B1 (fr) | 2014-12-18 | 2014-12-18 | Dispositif de transport et de controle d'impulsions lumineuses pour l'imagerie endo-microscopique sans lentille |
PCT/EP2015/080312 WO2016097191A1 (fr) | 2014-12-18 | 2015-12-17 | Dispositif de transport et de contrôle d'impulsions lumineuses pour l'imagerie endo-microscopique sans lentille |
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EP (1) | EP3234666A1 (fr) |
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FR3043205B1 (fr) * | 2015-11-04 | 2019-12-20 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Dispositif et procede d’observation d’un objet |
CN108282225B (zh) * | 2017-12-27 | 2020-05-26 | 吉林大学 | 基于无透镜成像器的可见光通信方法 |
EP3518017B1 (fr) * | 2018-01-24 | 2020-06-17 | Technische Universität Dresden | Procédé et système à fibre optique destinés à éclairer et à détecter un objet par la lumière |
WO2020003429A1 (fr) * | 2018-06-28 | 2020-01-02 | オリンパス株式会社 | Dispositif de balayage lumineux et dispositif de capture d'image |
FR3086398B1 (fr) * | 2018-09-20 | 2020-11-27 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Dispositifs et methodes de transport et de controle de faisceaux lumineux |
CN109617577A (zh) * | 2018-12-19 | 2019-04-12 | 兰州理工大学 | 一种基于压缩感知信号检测的无线光空间调制方法 |
CN109674438B (zh) * | 2019-01-31 | 2024-02-27 | 北京超维景生物科技有限公司 | 物镜可调节的腔体内窥镜探测装置及激光扫描腔体内窥镜 |
CN110955039B (zh) * | 2019-11-15 | 2022-10-14 | 上海安翰医疗技术有限公司 | 相差显微成像系统及其成像方法 |
US20220061644A1 (en) * | 2020-08-27 | 2022-03-03 | Nokia Technologies Oy | Holographic endoscope |
KR102404070B1 (ko) * | 2020-09-25 | 2022-06-02 | 고려대학교 산학협력단 | 광섬유 번들을 이용하는 반사 내시현미경 및 이를 이용한 이미지 획득 방법 |
DE102020128173B3 (de) * | 2020-10-27 | 2022-01-13 | Technische Universität Dresden, Körperschaft des öffentlichen Rechts | Verfahren und Anordnung zur adaptierten Beleuchtung eines Objekts mit Licht |
CN117836601A (zh) * | 2021-08-25 | 2024-04-05 | 株式会社藤仓 | 推定方法、测定方法以及信息处理装置 |
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DE60022546T2 (de) * | 1999-12-17 | 2006-06-22 | Digital Optical Imaging Corp., Bellingham | Abbildungsverfahren und -gerät mit lichtleiterbündel und räumlichem lichtmodulator |
US6580540B1 (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2003-06-17 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Time compensation architectures for controlling timing of optical signals |
US6585432B1 (en) * | 2000-06-02 | 2003-07-01 | Northrop Grumman Corporation | Optoelectronic communication system in turbulent medium having array of photodetectors and time compensation |
US7146069B1 (en) * | 2003-06-05 | 2006-12-05 | Calient Networks, Inc. | Optical system for selectable delay |
JP4027858B2 (ja) * | 2003-07-02 | 2007-12-26 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 超短光パルス信号の分散補償方法およびその装置 |
US7787720B2 (en) * | 2004-09-27 | 2010-08-31 | Optium Australia Pty Limited | Wavelength selective reconfigurable optical cross-connect |
WO2009034694A1 (fr) * | 2007-09-14 | 2009-03-19 | Panasonic Corporation | Projecteur |
GB0812712D0 (en) * | 2008-07-10 | 2008-08-20 | Imp Innovations Ltd | Improved endoscope |
JP5737874B2 (ja) * | 2010-07-06 | 2015-06-17 | 日本オクラロ株式会社 | 復調器及び光送受信機 |
US20130216194A1 (en) * | 2012-02-20 | 2013-08-22 | Ofs Fitel, Llc | Controlling Differential Group Delay In Mode Division Multiplexed Optical Fiber Systems |
US9871948B2 (en) * | 2012-03-29 | 2018-01-16 | Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) | Methods and apparatus for imaging with multimode optical fibers |
US20150157199A1 (en) * | 2012-12-06 | 2015-06-11 | Noam Sapiens | Method and apparatus for scatterometric measurement of human tissue |
US10383508B2 (en) * | 2015-02-20 | 2019-08-20 | Gwangju Institute Of Science And Technology | Endoscope, handpiece of endoscope, calibration method therefor, and method for using the same |
EP3391108A1 (fr) * | 2015-12-17 | 2018-10-24 | Universite d'Aix-Marseille (AMU) | Systèmes et procédés pour imagerie à haute résolution utilisant un faisceau de fibres optiques |
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US10571678B2 (en) | 2020-02-25 |
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US20180011309A1 (en) | 2018-01-11 |
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