EP3234277A1 - Method for producing prestressed structures and structural parts by means of sma tension elements, and structure and structural part equipped therewith - Google Patents
Method for producing prestressed structures and structural parts by means of sma tension elements, and structure and structural part equipped therewithInfo
- Publication number
- EP3234277A1 EP3234277A1 EP15817138.9A EP15817138A EP3234277A1 EP 3234277 A1 EP3234277 A1 EP 3234277A1 EP 15817138 A EP15817138 A EP 15817138A EP 3234277 A1 EP3234277 A1 EP 3234277A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- component
- tension element
- flat steel
- memory alloy
- shape memory
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 13
- 229910001285 shape-memory alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 119
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 115
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 114
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004593 Epoxy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009417 prefabrication Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000036316 preload Effects 0.000 description 5
- 239000004566 building material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 4
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005336 cracking Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910026551 ZrC Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N [C].[Zr] Chemical compound [C].[Zr] OTCHGXYCWNXDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004904 shortening Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000851 Alloy steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018195 Ni—Co—Ti Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000746 Structural steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HZEWFHLRYVTOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ti].[Ni] Chemical compound [Ti].[Ni] HZEWFHLRYVTOIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- SKKMWRVAJNPLFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N azanylidynevanadium Chemical compound [V]#N SKKMWRVAJNPLFY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000006399 behavior Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000013016 damping Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylidyneniobium Chemical compound [Nb]#C UNASZPQZIFZUSI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 239000011513 prestressed concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/10—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt
- C22C38/105—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing cobalt containing Co and Ni
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C38/00—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys
- C22C38/14—Ferrous alloys, e.g. steel alloys containing titanium or zirconium
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
- E04B1/02—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements
- E04B1/04—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of concrete, e.g. reinforced concrete, or other stone-like material
- E04B1/06—Structures consisting primarily of load-supporting, block-shaped, or slab-shaped elements the elements consisting of concrete, e.g. reinforced concrete, or other stone-like material the elements being prestressed
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/01—Reinforcing elements of metal, e.g. with non-structural coatings
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
- E04C5/00—Reinforcing elements, e.g. for concrete; Auxiliary elements therefor
- E04C5/08—Members specially adapted to be used in prestressed constructions
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
- E04G23/0225—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements of circular building elements, e.g. by circular bracing
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G21/00—Preparing, conveying, or working-up building materials or building elements in situ; Other devices or measures for constructional work
- E04G21/12—Mounting of reinforcing inserts; Prestressing
- E04G2021/127—Circular prestressing of, e.g. columns, tanks, domes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49616—Structural member making
- Y10T29/49623—Static structure, e.g., a building component
- Y10T29/49632—Metal reinforcement member for nonmetallic, e.g., concrete, structural element
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T29/00—Metal working
- Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
- Y10T29/49826—Assembling or joining
- Y10T29/49863—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part
- Y10T29/49865—Assembling or joining with prestressing of part by temperature differential [e.g., shrink fit]
Definitions
- This invention relates to a method for creating tensioned components in new designs (poured in situ on the site) or in the prefabrication and for the subsequent reinforcement of existing structures or more generally of any components.
- Tensile elements made of shape memory alloys often referred to as “shape memory alloy profiles” or “SMA profiles” for a short time, are applied to the building for subsequent application of a voltage. With this additional clamping extensions can be attached to an existing structure under prestress.
- the invention also relates to a building or component that was created or subsequently reinforced using this method. to which attachments were docked by this method.
- shape memory alloys based on steel in the form of tension elements or tension rods are used for generating the prestressing.
- a prestressing of a structure generally increases its serviceability by reducing existing cracks, preventing cracking at all, or only occurring at higher loads.
- Such a bias is already today for reinforcement against the bending of concrete parts or for lashing, for example, supports to increase the axial load resp. used for shear reinforcement.
- the new battery factory "Gygafactory" Tesla in Nevada, USA to be the largest factory in the world, with 1 million m 2 manufacturing area, namely two floors, each 500'000m second (the largest ever factory of aircraft manufacturer Boeing in Everett in the member state of Washington , USA, comprises a total of 400'000m 2 )
- pretensioning cables are inserted into the concrete, they must be protected from corrosion with much effort by means of cement mortar, which is introduced by means of an injection into the cladding tubes.
- An external bias is also generated in the prior art with fiber composites which are adhered to the surface of concrete or to a building or component. In this case the fire protection is often very expensive, since the adhesives have a low glass transition temperature.
- the corrosion protection is the reason that in traditional concrete a minimum coverage of the steel inserts of about 3cm must be complied with. As a result of environmental influences (namely CO2 and SO2 in the air), carbonation takes place in the concrete. Because of this carbonation, the basic environment in the concrete (pH 12) falls to a lower value, ie to a pH of 8 to 9. If the internal reinforcement is in this carbonated area, the corrosion protection of conventional steel is no longer guaranteed , The 3cm overlap of the steel accordingly guarantees a corrosion resistance for the inner reinforcement over a lifetime of the structure of about 70 years. Carbonation is much less critical when using the novel shape memory alloy because the novel shape memory alloy has significantly higher corrosion resistance compared to ordinary structural steel. As a result of the bias of a concrete part resp. Mortar cracks are closed and accordingly the penetration of pollutants is greatly reduced.
- the object of the present invention is therefore to provide a method for tempering new structures and components of all kinds for the reinforcement, either for the purpose of improving the serviceability or the state of fracture of the building or component, to ensure a more flexible use of the building for Subsequent cantilever attachments, or to increase the durability and fire resistance of the structure or component. It is a further object of the invention to provide a structure and a component having biases or gains generated using this method.
- the object is first of all solved by a method for producing prestressed structures or components made of concrete or other materials by means of tension elements made of a shape memory alloy, be it of new structures and components or for the reinforcement of existing structures and components, which is characterized in that at least one tensile element made of a shape memory alloy of polymorphic and polycrystalline structure, which can be brought by increasing its temperature from its state as martensite to its permanent state as austenite, placed on the building or component or on this is applied freely running or this tension element is guided around at least one corner, wherein one or more end anchors penetrate into the structure or component, or the tension element one or more times wraps around a building or component as a band, in which case the two ends the Switzerlandimplantations are connected by traction with each other or each separately with one or more end or intermediate anchors that penetrate into the building or component, are connected to the same, or the pull element overlaps or crosses one or more times for a deadlock or cross, and that the tension element as a result it then contracted active and controlled heat input with heating
- a building or component created by this method, which is characterized in that it comprises at least one tension element made of a shape memory alloy that runs along the building or component outside or on the building or component is designed to extend freely and is connected to the same by means of end anchors or additionally bonding, or the building or component is completely enclosed by the tension element as a band, the two end portions of the tension element are endverankert or zugkraftschlüssig connected, and the tension member is permanently biased by heat input.
- Figure 1 A concrete beam or a concrete slab poured on the
- Figure 2 a concrete component which is enclosed on three sides by a tension element in the form of a flat SMA flat steel;
- FIG. 3 shows a cylindrical component, which is wrapped around by a SMA flat steel, forming overlapping regions
- FIG. 4 A silo is constricted with wrap-around tension elements in the form of SMA strip steel
- Figure 5 A timber construction with over the cross strained
- Figure 6 A compound of two overlapping with their end portions
- FIG. 7 shows a variant of a clawing of end regions of a SMA flat steel with an outer flush transition
- FIG. 8 shows a further variant of a clipping of end regions of an SMA flat steel with externally flush transition, additionally secured by means of transverse screw bolts;
- shape memory alloys must. Shape Memory Alloy (SMA)]. These are alloys that have a specific structure that can be changed depending on the heat, but that returns to their initial state after heat dissipation. Like other metals and alloys, shape memory alloys (SMA) contain more than one crystal structure, so they are polymorphic and thus polycrystalline metals. The dominating crystal structure of shape memory alloys (SMA) depends on the one hand on their temperature, on the other hand on the externally acting tension - be it train or pressure. At high temperature it is an austenite, and at the low temperature it is a martensite. The special feature of these shape memory alloys (SMA) is that they resume their initial structure and shape after raising the temperature to the high temperature phase, even if they were previously deformed in the low temperature phase. This effect can be exploited to apply prestressing forces in building structures.
- SMA Shape Memory Alloy
- the shape memory alloys (SMA) are stable within a species-specific temperature range, ie their structure does not change within certain limits of mechanical stress. For applications in the construction industry in the outdoor area, the fluctuation range of the ambient temperature of -20 ° C to + 60 ° C is required. Within this temperature band, a shape memory alloy (SMA) used here should not change its structure.
- the transformation temperatures at which the structure of the shape memory alloy (SMA) changes may vary considerably depending on the composition of the shape memory alloy (SMA). The Transformation temperatures are also load-dependent. With increasing mechanical stress of the shape memory alloy (SMA), their transformation temperatures also increase.
- shape memory alloy If the shape memory alloy (SMA) is to remain stable within certain load limits, then great attention must be paid to these limits.
- shape memory alloys (SMA) are used for structural reinforcement, the fatigue quality of the shape memory alloy (SMA), in addition to corrosion resistance and relaxation effects, must be taken into account, especially if the loads vary over time.
- structural fatigue and functional fatigue Structural fatigue involves the accumulation of microstructural defects as well as the formation and propagation of surface cracks until the material eventually breaks.
- Functional fatigue on the other hand, is the result of the gradual degradation of either the shape memory effect or the damping capacity due to microstructural changes in the shape memory alloy (SMA). The latter is associated with the modification of the stress-strain curve under cyclic loading. The transformation temperatures are also changed.
- shape memory alloys For the recording of permanent loads in the construction sector are shape memory alloys (SMA) based on iron Fe, manganese Mn and silicon Si, the addition of up to 10% chromium Cr and nickel Ni the SMA to a similar Corrosion behavior brings like stainless steel. It is found in the literature that the addition of carbon C, cobalt Co, copper Cu, nitrogen N, niobium Nb, niobium carbide NbC, vanadium nitrogen VN and zirconium carbide ZrC can improve the shape memory properties in various ways.
- SMA shape memory alloy
- the present reinforcement system utilizes the properties of shape memory alloys (SMAs), and preferably those of a shape memory alloy (SMA) based on significantly more corrosion resistant steel compared to mild steel, because such shape memory alloys (SMAs) are essential are cheaper than about SMAs made of nickel-titanium (NiTi).
- SMAs shape memory alloys
- the steel-based shape memory alloys (SMAs) are used in the form of preferably flat steel.
- a flat steel made of a shape memory alloy short a SMA flat steel, applied to a building or a component and anchored with its end portions in the same by this method. If necessary, the flat steel is also inter-anchored if necessary. An additional bond makes sense for security reasons. Then the SMA flat steel is heated by supplying power. As a result of the heating of the adhesive is softened, but this is not a problem, since the adhesive cures on cooling again and can guarantee the safety in the final state. This leads to a contraction of the SMA flat steel and causes a corresponding bias on the building or component. The prestressing forces are introduced at the end areas of the SMA flat steel via end anchors in the structure or component.
- the tension elements are fastened diagonally at the corners (nailed or screwed) through the steel connectors.
- the core is therefore a method for producing prestressed concrete structures or components 4 as shown schematically in Figure 1, by means of tension elements made of an SMA alloy, for example, as shown here in the form of flat steel 1 from such a shape memory alloy whether of new structures and components 2 or for the reinforcement of existing constructions of concrete, stones or other building materials.
- One or more end anchors 4 penetrate deep into the structure or component 2.
- the flat steel 1 encloses a building or component 2 once or several times, then the two ends of the flat steel 1 can be connected to each other by traction or separately connected to one or more end anchors 4, which penetrate into the building or component 2 or cross one or more times for a deadlock.
- end anchors 4 can also be used.
- the flat steel 1 is subsequently contracted as a result of an active and controlled heat input with heating means and generates a permanent tensile stress and correspondingly a permanent bias on the structure or component 2.
- electrical connections 3 are provided to allow the flat steel to be placed under an electrical voltage that induces a current flow therethrough. Due to the electrical resistance of the tie rod this is hot and he is thereby transferred to the permanently contracted austenite state.
- a suitable adhesive 18 may be introduced for additional bonding, for example on an epoxy or PU basis.
- tension element are used with at least on their side facing the bond rough surface, to improve the adhesive bond.
- the end anchorage in the case of such bonding can also be used only for the generation of a biasing force and it can be designed a safety reserve, so that the initiation of the breaking load of the tension elements in the building or component solely by the hardened bond.
- the end anchors or any intermediate anchors can be removed after the contraction of the tension elements for reasons of space or aesthetic reasons.
- the end anchorage can also be dimensioned such that it must withstand only the prestressing of the tension element as a result of the heating in addition to a reserve force.
- the additional bond due to the bonding offers additional security, as damage to the tension element greatly reduces the risk of explosive chipping. This is important for personal protection, especially when passersby can be close to the building, as is the rule in urban areas.
- a tension member 1 in the form of a flat steel is guided around two corners 5 of a cantilevered concrete slab 2. In the two end regions of the flat steel this is connected by means of several end anchors 4 fixed to the concrete slab 2.
- this flat steel is permanently contracted and creates a permanent bias around this side of the concrete slab. This we stable and remains free of cracks.
- the tension element 1 or the flat steel can be permanently anchored or in addition also inter-anchored, or it can also be introduced by means of a bond its tensile force on the building, or the force is applied via a combination of mechanical anchors and a bond.
- FIG. 3 shows an application in which a tension element 1 in the form of a SMA flat steel was wound around a component.
- the flat steel at one end of the cylindrical member, such as a column is first performed more than once as a band around the same and then wrapped along a helical line, the cylindrical member upwards as a tape and also at the top again several times wrapped the component overlapping, is hardly more a strong final anchoring more necessary.
- the contraction of the flat steel strip causes jamming at the two ends formed rings 10, and also over the entire wrapping by the contraction occurs a very strong constriction of the component, which stabilizes this substantially and protects against cracking.
- This wrap-around application can also be used to reinforce cement or other pipes.
- Figure 4 shows an application to a large silo 1 1 of many meters in diameter as a liquid container, be it made of concrete or steel segments.
- a large silo 1 1 of many meters in diameter as a liquid container, be it made of concrete or steel segments.
- tension elements 1 are looped at a certain distance from each other around the entire structure, frictionally connected with their overlapping end regions and then contracted by heat input, so that sets a firm and permanent prestressed lashing, which significantly enhances the structure.
- FIG. 5 shows an application to a timber construction.
- Wooden structures with vertical beams 15 and beams 16 supported thereon are widely used, with the beams 16 and beams 15 bolted or nailed together by means of special steel connector elements 14.
- the steel connector elements 14 are interconnected as shown with crossing tension members 1 in the form of SMA profiles, the end anchorage by means of bolts, which enforce the steel connector elements and SMA profiles.
- the penetration takes place by pre-drilling the SMA profile and the steel connector element and then inserting a nail or a screw connection through these two elements into the wood. Then heat is entered and the SMA profiles contract and tighten the wood construction to previously unknown stability.
- FIG. 6 shows a variant in which the end regions 6 of the flat steel have a toothing in their surface area.
- Two flat steels 1 can be placed on top of each other so that their teeth intermesh, so that a clawing and thus a rich composite arises.
- This composite can be secured by means of tape wrapping or by means of a screw, but it can not solve as long as it is claimed to train.
- this compound can also be used when the two identically designed end portions of a single flat steel come to lie one above the other by enclosing a component.
- FIG. 7 shows an example in which a connection is designed in such a way that the two flat steels extend with upper and lower sides lying in one another, ie a flush transition is produced.
- helical gearing is realized in the end region 6 of the flat steel, which can also be secured by means of a screw connection or by a wrapping tape.
- FIG. 8 shows a connection in which the ends of the flat steels to be joined are formed into open hooks, wherein in the example shown the flat steel coming from the left has three such hooks 13, each with a recess between the hooks 13. In the thus formed two recesses engage two identical hooks 13, in the example shown upwards instead of downwards curved running at the ends of the flat steel coming from the right.
- FIG. 9 shows another one Connection in which the end portions 6 of the flat steels are formed into two equal barbs, which come to lie positively in one another, wherein the connection can also be secured as shown with a screw connection, as shown by means of a connection in two places, to each one Screw 8 or a bolt passing through the two flat steels and these are ultimately clamped together by means of a lock nut 9.
- the preload force is significantly smaller than the breaking load of the tension element, accordingly it takes over the length of the tension element lower steel cross-sections than in the anchoring.
- connection of the end portions of the flat steels can thus be generally realized by the overlapping sides of the end portions 6, this form-fitting interlock and dig into each other. But they can also be connected to the overlap points merely by one or more screws 8 mechanically zugkraftschlüssig each other, wherein the penetrating screws 8 are clamped with a lock nut 9.
- Another way of anchoring is to loop at least one shape memory alloy strip steel 1 around a component 7 so that the band overlaps over a region whereupon voltage is applied between electrical contacts at the end regions of the band so that the flat steel 1 is heated due to its electrical resistance and transferred from its state as martensite to a permanent state as austenite. As a result, a permanent confinement of the component 7 is effected.
- a structure or component equipped with such a SMA flat steel has at least one tension element 1 in the form of a flat steel made of a shape memory alloy which runs along the structure or component exterior and is connected to the same by means of end anchors 4.
- the structure or component 7, as shown in FIG. 3 or 4 can be completely enclosed or looped around by one or more flat steels 1, the two end regions of the flat steels 1 being connected in a force-fit manner, and the flat steel or strips 1 through Heat input permanently biased.
- the wraps can also form overlapping areas so that the flat steel 1 causes a permanent constriction of the component 7 after heat input and contraction and the overlapping areas 10 produce a sufficient static friction force to obtain the constriction.
- SMA flat steel For subsequent reinforcement of the SMA flat steel is placed in any direction, but mainly in the pulling direction on a concrete structure and anchored to the same end. Then the SMA flat steels are heated by electricity, which leads to the shortening of these SMA flat steels. The shortening causes a preload and the forces are introduced via the end anchors directly into that of the concrete structure or component, or in the case of wrappings even over the entire length of the steel profile.
- the heating of the SMA flat steel 1 is advantageously carried out electrically by establishing a resistance heating by a voltage is applied to the applied heating cable 3, as shown in Figure 1, so that the SMA flat steel or SMA flat steel strip 1 is heated as a current conductor , Because with long SMA flat steels or strips, heating by means of electrical resistance heating would take too much time, and then too much heat would be introduced into the concrete, multiple power connections are established along the length of the SMA flat steel or strip.
- the SMA flat steel can then be heated in stages by applying a voltage to two adjacent heating cables, and then to the next two, which are adjacent, and so on, until the entire SMA flat steel is brought to the austenite condition short-term high voltages and currents required, so that a normal mains voltage of 220V / 1 10V is not sufficient, even a voltage source of 500V not, as it is often set up on construction sites. Rather, the voltage is supplied by an on-site mobile energy unit that generates the voltage with a number of series connected lithium batteries with sufficiently thick power cables so that a high amperage current can be sent through the SMA flat steel. Heating should only take place for a very short time, so that the required temperature of approx.
- 100 ° to 250 ° in the SMA flat steel 2 is continuously achieved within 2 to 5 seconds and thus generates its contraction force. This prevents the subsequent concrete from being damaged.
- two conditions must be adhered to, firstly it takes about 10-20A per mm 2 cross-sectional area and secondly about 10-20V per 1 m flat steel length to reach the state of flat steel as austenite within seconds.
- the batteries must be connected in series.
- the number, the size and the type of batteries must be selected accordingly, so that the required current (ampere) and the required voltage (volts) are available, and the energy reference must be controlled by a controller, so at the touch of a button - tuned to a certain flat steel length and flat steel thickness, for exactly the right period of time the flat steel is under tension and the necessary current flows.
- the heating can be done in stages, by power connections after certain sections be provided where then the voltage can be applied. In this way, in sections - one section after the other over the entire length of a flat steel, the heat required can be used to finally put the entire length in the state of an austenite.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH01980/14A CH710538B1 (en) | 2014-12-18 | 2014-12-18 | Method for creating prestressed structures or components by means of tension elements made of shape memory alloys and building or component equipped therewith. |
PCT/EP2015/079607 WO2016096737A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 | 2015-12-14 | Method for producing prestressed structures and structural parts by means of sma tension elements, and structure and structural part equipped therewith |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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EP3234277A1 true EP3234277A1 (en) | 2017-10-25 |
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Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP15817138.9A Pending EP3234277A1 (en) | 2014-12-18 | 2015-12-14 | Method for producing prestressed structures and structural parts by means of sma tension elements, and structure and structural part equipped therewith |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10246887B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3234277A1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR102445949B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN107407100B (en) |
CA (1) | CA2971244C (en) |
CH (1) | CH710538B1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2016096737A1 (en) |
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ES2592554B1 (en) * | 2016-10-14 | 2017-11-08 | Universitat De Les Illes Balears | METHOD OF ACTIVE REINFORCEMENT AGAINST CUTTING EFFORT OR PUNCHING IN STRUCTURAL SUPPORTING ELEMENTS, AND ACTIVE REINFORCEMENT SYSTEM |
DE102017106114A1 (en) * | 2017-03-22 | 2018-09-27 | Fischerwerke Gmbh & Co. Kg | Method, fastening element and fastening arrangement for attaching and activating shape memory alloy elements to structures to be reinforced |
CN108035598B (en) * | 2017-12-18 | 2023-12-26 | 黄淮学院 | Semi-active/passive hybrid damping device |
WO2019175065A1 (en) * | 2018-03-15 | 2019-09-19 | Re-Fer Ag | Method for creating a prestress on a component made of steel, metal or an alloy by means of an sma plate, and component prestressed in such a manner |
IT201800005076A1 (en) * | 2018-05-04 | 2019-11-04 | Prestressing system of a structure | |
CN108824636B (en) * | 2018-06-06 | 2020-10-02 | 同济大学 | Anti-seismic and fireproof prestress assembly type concrete node |
CN108842754B (en) * | 2018-07-05 | 2020-03-17 | 浙江科技学院 | Grouting reinforcement method and device in gravel layer rich in flowing underground water |
CN109001035B (en) * | 2018-07-25 | 2020-04-24 | 大连理工大学 | Low-temperature cold drawing device for shape memory alloy |
DE102019128494A1 (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2020-05-28 | Fischerwerke Gmbh & Co. Kg | Clamping element for reinforcing a component in construction and method for introducing compressive stress into a component |
EP3656948A1 (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2020-05-27 | fischerwerke GmbH & Co. KG | Clamping element for a component and method for introducing compression stress into a component |
DE102018129640A1 (en) | 2018-11-23 | 2020-05-28 | Thyssenkrupp Ag | Method for prestressing a building with a tensioning device and use of such a tensioning device for fastening to a building |
KR102115909B1 (en) * | 2019-10-18 | 2020-05-27 | 김원기 | Strengthening and Deformation Recovery Method using Characteristics of Recovery Stress of Iron based Shape Memory Alloly for Deteriorated Reinforced Concrete Structures in Use |
US20230024816A1 (en) * | 2019-12-13 | 2023-01-26 | The Board of Trustees of the University of Illlinois | Concrete product comprising an adaptive prestressing system, and method of locally prestressing a concrete product |
CN111155785B (en) * | 2020-01-20 | 2024-03-26 | 同济大学 | Damaged steel plate reinforcing device and reinforcing method |
CN112832145B (en) * | 2021-01-08 | 2022-04-29 | 福建工程学院 | Nickel-titanium-niobium memory alloy fiber line externally-pasted prefabricated prestressed plate and construction method |
CN112963010B (en) * | 2021-04-30 | 2023-02-21 | 东南大学 | Reinforced mortise and tenon joint device |
CN114059791A (en) * | 2021-11-12 | 2022-02-18 | 中国电建集团华东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | Method for reinforcing and heightening circular structure pool by prestressed concrete technology |
FR3139149A1 (en) * | 2022-08-26 | 2024-03-01 | Soletanche Freyssinet | Method for reinforcing a construction work and device for such a method |
CN115653338B (en) * | 2022-10-14 | 2024-05-17 | 重庆科技学院 | Combined anchorage device of CFRP plate-SMA wire composite material |
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2015
- 2015-12-14 WO PCT/EP2015/079607 patent/WO2016096737A1/en active Application Filing
- 2015-12-14 CN CN201580076856.XA patent/CN107407100B/en active Active
- 2015-12-14 EP EP15817138.9A patent/EP3234277A1/en active Pending
- 2015-12-14 US US15/537,295 patent/US10246887B2/en active Active
- 2015-12-14 KR KR1020177020118A patent/KR102445949B1/en active IP Right Grant
- 2015-12-14 CA CA2971244A patent/CA2971244C/en active Active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN107407100A (en) | 2017-11-28 |
US20170314277A1 (en) | 2017-11-02 |
CN107407100B (en) | 2020-02-21 |
CH710538A2 (en) | 2016-06-30 |
US10246887B2 (en) | 2019-04-02 |
CA2971244A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
CA2971244C (en) | 2023-02-21 |
CH710538B1 (en) | 2018-09-28 |
WO2016096737A1 (en) | 2016-06-23 |
KR20170125321A (en) | 2017-11-14 |
KR102445949B1 (en) | 2022-09-20 |
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