EP3233136A1 - Targeted gas-filled microvesicles formulation - Google Patents

Targeted gas-filled microvesicles formulation

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Publication number
EP3233136A1
EP3233136A1 EP15816144.8A EP15816144A EP3233136A1 EP 3233136 A1 EP3233136 A1 EP 3233136A1 EP 15816144 A EP15816144 A EP 15816144A EP 3233136 A1 EP3233136 A1 EP 3233136A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
microvesicles
acid
gas
phosphatidyl
histidine
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP15816144.8A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3233136B1 (en
EP3233136B8 (en
Inventor
Philippe Bussat
Anne LASSUS
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Bracco Suisse SA
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Bracco Suisse SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Bracco Suisse SA filed Critical Bracco Suisse SA
Priority to SI201530750T priority Critical patent/SI3233136T1/en
Publication of EP3233136A1 publication Critical patent/EP3233136A1/en
Publication of EP3233136B1 publication Critical patent/EP3233136B1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3233136B8 publication Critical patent/EP3233136B8/en
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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
    • A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
    • A61K49/223—Microbubbles, hollow microspheres, free gas bubbles, gas microspheres
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B8/00—Diagnosis using ultrasonic, sonic or infrasonic waves
    • A61B8/48—Diagnostic techniques
    • A61B8/481—Diagnostic techniques involving the use of contrast agent, e.g. microbubbles introduced into the bloodstream
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K49/00—Preparations for testing in vivo
    • A61K49/22—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations
    • A61K49/222—Echographic preparations; Ultrasound imaging preparations ; Optoacoustic imaging preparations characterised by a special physical form, e.g. emulsions, liposomes
    • A61K49/226—Solutes, emulsions, suspensions, dispersions, semi-solid forms, e.g. hydrogels

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a suspension of targeted gas-filled microvesicles, to formulation for the preparation thereof and to its use as diagnostic agent.
  • a class of contrast agents particularly useful for ultrasound contrast imaging, includes suspensions of gas bubbles of nano- and/or micro-metric size dispersed in an aqueous medium.
  • the gas is typically entrapped or encapsulated in a stabilizing film layer comprising, for instance, emulsifiers, oils, thickeners or sugars.
  • stabilizing film layer comprising, for instance, emulsifiers, oils, thickeners or sugars.
  • aqueous suspensions of gas-filled microvesicles where the bubbles of gas are bounded at the gas/liquid interface by a very thin envelope (film) involving a stabilizing amphiphilic material (typically a phospholipid) disposed at the gas to liquid interface.
  • a stabilizing amphiphilic material typically a phospholipid
  • targeting ligands include, for instance, peptides, proteins, antibodies, aptamers or carbohydrates capable of binding to specific receptors expressed by organs or tissues during pathogenic processes such as, for instance, angiogenesis, inflammation or thrombus formation.
  • Suitable peptides which selectively target receptors in vulnerable plaques and tumor specific receptors, such as kinase domain region (KDR) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/KDR complex.
  • KDR kinase domain region
  • VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
  • Gas-filled microvesicles are typically prepared by suspending a solid formulation (e.g. in the form of a powdered residue, prepared for instance by freeze-drying) into a physiologically acceptable aqueous solution, in the presence of a physiologically acceptable gas.
  • a solid formulation e.g. in the form of a powdered residue, prepared for instance by freeze-drying
  • the obtained suspension of gas-filled microvesicles may then be administered, typically by (intravenous) injection.
  • the suspension of the solid formulation in the aqueous solution may represent a critical step of the preparation process of the microvesicles, and many parameters of the suspension step (including for instance the type of isotonic agent and its pH) may affect the characteristics of the microvesicles in the final suspensions.
  • histidine is particularly useful as pH-adjusting agent for preparing suspensions of peptide-containing gas-filled microvesicles in a carbohydrate-containing physiologically acceptable aqueous solution.
  • An aspect of the invention relates to an aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles, said microvesicles comprising a phospholipid and a targeting ligand comprising a peptide having an amino acid sequence selected from
  • microvesicle further comprises a fatty acid.
  • the targeting ligand is in the form of a dimeric peptide comprising a combination of both SEQ ID NO. 01 and SEQ ID NO. 02.
  • dimeric peptide has the following formula I :
  • the targeting ligand is covalently bound to a phospholipid, preferably a pegylated phospholipid.
  • a targeting ligand in the form of a lipopeptide of formula
  • the carbohydrate is glucose, sucrose or mannitol, more preferably glucose
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a freeze-dried precursor formulation for preparing a suspension of gas-filled microvesicles comprising :
  • a phospholipid a targeting ligand, histidine, optionally a fatty acid, optionally a pegylated phospholipid and a lyophilizing agent.
  • Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical kit comprising :
  • An aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles may typically be prepared by suspending a freeze-dried precursor formulation (containing the relevant component for forming the gas-filled microvesicle) in a physiologically acceptable vehicle in the presence of a suitable gas.
  • a freeze-dried precursor formulation containing the relevant component for forming the gas-filled microvesicle
  • a physiologically acceptable vehicle in the presence of a suitable gas.
  • the injected solution it is preferable for the injected solution to be iso- osmolar, such that its osmolality lies within the physiological range of osmolality of blood, typically between 285 and 310 mOsmol per kg.
  • the osmolality of a real solution corresponds to the molality of an ideal solution containing nondissociating solutes and is expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram of solvent (Osmol per kg or mOsmol per kg, respectively).
  • iso-osmolar saline (e.g. NaCI) solutions are the first choice of aqueous vehicle for reconstituting the dry formulation to obtain the desired suspension of microvesicles for injection.
  • saline vehicles or more in general electrolytes-containing vehicles
  • Such peptide-containing gas-filled microvesicles, formed upon suspension with a saline vehicle, may in fact tend to aggregate to each other to form more or less stable aggregates which may then reduce the efficacy of the preparation and possibly cause safety issues, e.g. if the size of the aggregates is too large.
  • liquids may thus be used for suspending the dry formulations, such as commercially available carbohydrate solutions.
  • aqueous carbohydrate solutions for injection may however show variable pH values.
  • commercial 5% glucose solutions for injection may have pH values ranging from about 3.2 to about 6.5.
  • glucose refers to the natural occurring enantiomer “D-glucose”, also known as “dextrose”.
  • formulations containing targeting peptides, and in particular the KDR-binding peptides listed above, show a substantial variability in the final characteristics of the microvesicles suspension when dispersed into
  • carbohydrate (and particularly glucose) solutions at different pH values have been observed that while the reconstitution of dry formulations with solutions at a pH of about 6.5 provides suspensions with a relatively high number of microvesicles, when the same dry formulation is reconstituted with solutions at lower pH the number of microvesicles in the suspension may be reduced.
  • pH adjusting agents may be used, in order to allow the reconstitution of the dry residue to take place at a suitably pH (typically from about 6 to about 8.5, preferably from about 7 to about 8).
  • the Applicant has however observed that most of the conventional pH adjusting agents show a certain number of drawbacks within the usual ranges of pH of carbohydrate solutions for injection.
  • alkalinizing agents such as sodium bicarbonate
  • the dispersing solution has a relatively low pH, in order to allow an optimal redispersion of the formed microvesicles.
  • the pH value of the dispersing solution is relatively high, such high concentrations of alkalinizing agent would result in too high pH values in the final suspension which are incompatible with intravenous injection of the suspension.
  • Tris/HCI buffer or phosphate buffer shall be added at relatively high concentrations to obtain the desired pH adjusting effect in the whole range of microvesicles preparations; however it has been observed that such high concentrations may determine undesirable drawbacks in the preparation process of the microvesicles, with consequent possible negative effects on the characteristics of the microvesicles in the final suspension.
  • histidine provides acceptable suspensions of gas-filled microvesicles upon redispersion of different dry residues having variable formulations (in particular with different amounts of targeting peptides) within the typical range of pH values of commercially available carbohydrate dispersing solutions.
  • histidine may be used within a relatively large concentration range, without negatively affecting the properties of the final suspension of microvesicles.
  • the liquid suspension of gas-filled microvesicles according to the invention may typically be prepared by dissolving a phospholipid-containing formulation in an aqueous carrier.
  • the formulation thus comprises a phospholipid optionally in combination with additional amphiphilic materials (e.g. fatty acids); the targeting peptide is preferably present in the formulation as a lipopeptide (i.e. a peptide covalently bound to a phospholipid).
  • the formulation is typically in the form of a freeze-dried (lyophilized) formulation, preferably comprising lyophilization additives.
  • the gas-filled microvesicles of the invention can be prepared by admixing (or reconstituting) said formulation with the physiologically acceptable liquid carrier in the presence of a physiologically acceptable gas. Phospholipids
  • phospholipid is intended to encompass amphiphilic compounds containing at least one phosphate group and at least one, preferably two, (C 12 -C 24 ) hydrocarbon chain, capable of forming a stabilizing film-layer (typically in the form of a mono-molecular layer) at the gas-water boundary interface in the final microbubbles suspension. Accordingly, these materials are also referred to in the art as “film-forming phospholipids”.
  • phospholipids includes naturally occurring, semisynthetic or synthetic products, which can be employed either singularly or as mixtures.
  • Suitable phospholipids include esters of glycerol with one or preferably two (equal or different) residues of fatty acids and with phosphoric acid, wherein the phosphoric acid residue is in turn bound to a hydrophilic group such as, for instance, choline (phosphatidylcholines - PC), serine (phosphatidylserines - PS), glycerol
  • esters of phospholipids with only one residue of fatty acid are generally referred to in the art as the "lyso" forms of the phospholipid or
  • lysophospholipids Fatty acids residues present in the phospholipids are in general long chain aliphatic acids, typically containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably from 14 to 22; the aliphatic chain may contain one or more unsaturations or is preferably completely saturated.
  • suitable fatty acids included in the phospholipids are, for instance, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid.
  • saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and arachidic acid are employed.
  • phospholipid examples include phosphatidic acids, i.e. the diesters of glycerol-phosphoric acid with fatty acids; sphingolipids such as sphingomyelins, i.e.
  • phosphatidylcholine analogs where the residue of glycerol diester with fatty acids is replaced by a ceramide chain; cardioiipins, i.e. the esters of 1,3-diphosphatidylglycerol with a fatty acid; glycolipids such as gangliosides GM 1 (or GM2) or cerebrosides;
  • glucolipids sulfatides and glycosphingolipids.
  • Examples of naturally occurring phospholipids are natural lecithins
  • PC phosphatidylcholine
  • semisynthetic phospholipids are the partially or fully hydrogenated derivatives of the naturally occurring lecithins.
  • Preferred phospholipids are fatty acids diesters of phosphatidylcholine, ethylphosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol,
  • phospholipids are, for instance, dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DLPC), dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DPPC), diarachidoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DAPC), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DSPC), dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), 1,2 Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- ethylphosphocholine (Ethyl-DSPC), dipentadecanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPDPC), 1- myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (MPPC), l-palmitoy
  • distearoylphosphatidylglycerol DSPG and its alkali metal salts
  • dioleoyl- phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) and its alkali metal salts dilauroyl phosphatidic acid (DLPA), dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA) and its alkali metal salts
  • dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid DPPA
  • distearoyl phosphatidic acid DSPA
  • diarachidoylphosphatidic acid DAPA
  • dilauroyl- phosphatidylethanolamine DLPE
  • dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine DMPE
  • dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine DPPE
  • distearoyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine DSPE
  • dioleylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine DOPE
  • DAPS dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine
  • DSPS distearoylphosphatidylserine
  • DOPS dioleoylphosphatidylserine
  • DPSP dipalmitoyl sphingomyelin
  • DSSP distearoylsphingomyelin
  • DLPI dilauroyl-phosphatidylinositol
  • DAPI diarachidoylphosphatidylinositol
  • DMPI dimyristoylphosphatidylinositol
  • DPPI dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol
  • DSPI distearoylphosphatidylinositol
  • DOPI dioleoyl- phosphatidylinositol
  • Suitable phospholipids further include phospholipids modified by linking a hydrophilic polymer, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG) or polypropyleneglycol (PPG), thereto.
  • PEG polyethyleneglycol
  • PPG polypropyleneglycol
  • Preferred polymer-modified phospholipids include "pegylated phospholipids", i.e. phospholipids bound to a PEG polymer. Examples of pegylated phospholipids are pegylated phosphatidylethanolamines ("PE-PEGs" in brief) i.e.
  • phosphatidylethanolamines where the hydrophilic ethanolamine moiety is linked to a PEG molecule of variable molecular weight (e.g. from 300 to 20000 daltons, preferably from 500 to 5000 daltons), such as DPPE-PEG (or DSPE-PEG, DMPE-PEG, DAPE-PEG or DOPE- PEG).
  • DPPE-PEG2000 refers to DPPE having attached thereto a PEG polymer having a mean average molecular weight of about 2000.
  • Particularly preferred phospholipids are DAPC, DSPC, DPPC, DM PA, DPPA, DSPA, DMPG, DPPG, DSPG, DMPS, DPPS, DSPS, DPPE, DSPE, DMPE, DAPE, Ethyl-DSPC and mixtures thereof. Most preferred are DSPG, DSPS, DSPE, DSPC, DAPC and mixtures thereof.
  • Mixtures of phospholipids can also be used, such as, for instance, mixtures of DPPE and/or DSPE (including pegylated derivates), DPPC, DSPC and/or DAPC with DSPS, DPPS, DSPA, DPPA, DSPG, DPPG, Ethyl-DSPC and/or Ethyl-DPPC.
  • the formulation comprises at least DSPC, preferably in combination with DSPE-PEG2000 or DPPE-PEG5000.
  • composition forming the stabilizing layer of the gas-filled microvesicles may optionally comprise further amphiphilic components which may also contribute to the formation of the stabilizing layer such as, for instance, fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, preferably saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and arachidic acid; lipids bearing polymers, such as chitin, hyaluronic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol (PEG), also referred as "pegylated lipids"; lipids bearing sulfonated mono- di-, oligo- or polysaccharides; cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate or cholesterol hemisuccinate; tocopherol hemisuccinate; lipids with ether or ester-linked fatty acids;
  • DDAB dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide
  • CAB hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide
  • tertiary or quaternary ammonium salts comprising one or preferably two (Ci 0 - C 2 o), preferably (Ci 4 -Ci 8 ), acyl chain linked to the N-atom through a (C 3 -C 6 ) alkylene bridge, such as, for instance, l,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DSTAP), l,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DPTAP), l,2-oleoyl-3- trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), l,2-distearoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DSDAP); and mixtures or combinations thereof.
  • DSTAP l,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammoni
  • amphiphilic compounds if present, may be present in variable amounts, for instance up to 25% by moles of the composition forming the stabilizing layer, preferably up to 20%.
  • the formulation for preparing the gas-filled microvesicles comprises at least one fatty acid, preferably palmitic acid, in combination with a phospholipid as above defined, preferably DSPC and DPPE-PEG5000, more preferably in a respective ratio of from 5 % (molar ratio) to 20 %.
  • the targeting ligand is a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from AGPTWCEDDWYYCWLFGTGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 01) or VCWEDSWGGEVCFRYDPGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 02)
  • said peptide is a dimer peptide of formula I
  • the targeting peptide is preferably conjugated with a phospholipid, preferably a pegylated phospholipid and even more preferably DSPE-PEG.
  • said targeting peptide is a lipopeptide of formula II.
  • the amount of lipopeptide in the formulation is preferably from 0.1 % to 5 % by molar ratio with respect to all lipids (phospholipid + fatty acid), more preferably from 0.2 % to 1 %. Details on the preparation of the monomeric peptides, of the dimeric peptide and of the lipopeptide are illustrated in WO 2007/067979, herein incorporated by reference.
  • Histidine preferably L-histidine
  • Histidine can be added either to the dry formulation to be reconstituted or to the carbohydrate solution for reconstitution.
  • histidine is added to the formulation to be lyophilized; this allows the use of conventional redispersing carbohydrate solutions
  • the amount of histidine shall preferably be such that the concentration of histidine in the aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles for injection is from 1.5 mM to 20 mM, preferably from 2.5 mM to 10 mM and even more preferably from 3 mM to 8 mM.
  • the aqueous carrier for preparing the suspension of gas-filled microvesicles is a carbohydrate-containing aqueous solution, preferably iso-osmolar.
  • the carbohydrate is glucose.
  • the concentration of the carbohydrate in the suspension is preferably from 2% to 20% (w/w), more preferably of from 3% to 15%.
  • the concentration in the final suspension is preferably from 3% to 8%, more preferably from 4 to 6 %.
  • the microvesicles according to the invention can be manufactured according to any known method in the art.
  • the manufacturing method involves the preparation of a dried powdered material comprising the composition of the invention, preferably by lyophilization (freeze drying) of an aqueous or organic suspension comprising said composition.
  • the microvesicles can then be obtained by reconstitution of the lyophilized preparation in an aqueous carrier, upon gentle agitation in the presence of a gas.
  • a composition comprising the mixture of phospholipids and fatty acids can be dispersed in an emulsion of water with a water immiscible organic solvent (e.g. branched or linear alkanes, alkenes, cyclo-alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl ethers, ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons, perfluorinated hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof) under agitation, preferably in admixture with a lyoprotecting agent (such as those previously listed, in particular carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, polyglycols,
  • a lyoprotecting agent such as those previously listed, in particular carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, polyglycols,
  • the emulsion can be obtained by submitting the aqueous medium and the solvent in the presence of the phospholipids and fatty acids to any appropriate emulsion-generating technique known in the art, such as, for instance, sonication, shaking, high pressure homogenization, micromixing, membrane emulsification, flow focusing emulsification, high speed stirring or high shear mixing.
  • an organic solution containing a phospholipid and a fatty acid is first prepared; separately, a targeting lipopeptide and optionally a pegylated phospholipid are dissolved in an aqueous solution containing a lyoprotective agent and optionally histidine; the organic and aqueous phases are then admixed and emulsified as described above.
  • the so obtained microemulsion may optionally be diluted with a solution containing a lyoprotective agent and optionally histidine.
  • the microemulsion which contains microdroplets of solvent surrounded and stabilized by phospholipids and fatty acids, is then lyophilized according to conventional techniques to obtain a lyophilized material.
  • the freeze-dried (or lyophilized) product is generally in the form of a powder or a cake, and can be stored (typically in a vial) in contact with the desired gas.
  • the product is readily reconstitutable in a suitable physiologically acceptable aqueous liquid carrier, such a carbohydrate-containing aqueous solution as discussed above.
  • microvesicle-forming gas Any biocompatible gas, gas precursor or mixture thereof may be employed to form the microvesicles of the invention (hereinafter also identified as "microvesicle-forming gas").
  • the gas may comprise, for example, air; nitrogen; oxygen; carbon dioxide;
  • a hydrogen e.g. hydrogen; nitrous oxide; a noble or inert gas such as helium, argon, xenon or krypton; a low molecular weight hydrocarbon (e.g. containing up to 7 carbon atoms), for example an alkane such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, pentane or isopentane, a cycloalkane such as cyclobutane or cyclopentane, an alkene such as propene, butene or isobutene, or an alkyne such as acetylene; an ether; a ketone; an ester; halogenated gases, preferably fluorinated gases, such as or halogenated, fluorinated or perfluorinated low molecular weight hydrocarbons (e.g.
  • halogenated hydrocarbon preferably at least some, more preferably all, of the halogen atoms in said compound are fluorine atoms.
  • Fluorinated gases are preferred, in particular perfluorinated gases.
  • Fluorinated gases include materials which contain at least one fluorine atom such as, for instance fluorinated hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing one or more carbon atoms and fluorine); sulfur hexafluoride; fluorinated, preferably perfluorinated, ketones such as perfluoroacetone; and fluorinated, preferably perfluorinated, ethers such as
  • perfluorodiethyl ether Preferred compounds are perfluorinated gases, such as SF 6 or perfluorocarbons (perfluorinated hydrocarbons), i.e. hydrocarbons where all the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms, which are known to form particularly stable microbubble suspensions, as disclosed, for instance, in EP 0554 213, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • perfluorinated gases such as SF 6 or perfluorocarbons (perfluorinated hydrocarbons), i.e. hydrocarbons where all the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms, which are known to form particularly stable microbubble suspensions, as disclosed, for instance, in EP 0554 213, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • perfluorocarbon includes saturated, unsaturated, and cyclic
  • perfluorocarbons are: perfluoroalkanes, such as perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropanes, perfluorobutanes (e.g. perfluoro-n-butane, optionally in admixture with other isomers such as perfluoro-isobutane), perfluoropentanes, perfluorohexanes or perfluoroheptanes; perfluoroalkenes, such as perfluoropropene, perfluorobutenes (e.g. perfluorobut-2ene) or perfluorobutadiene; perfluoroalkynes (e.g.
  • perfluorobut-2-yne perfluorobut-2-yne
  • perfluorocycloalkanes e.g. perfluorocyclobutane, perfluoromethylcyclobutane, perfluorodimethylcyclobutanes, perfluorotrimethylcyclobutanes, perfluorocyclopentane, perfluoromethylcyclopentane, perfluorodimethylcyclopentanes, perfluorocyclohexane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane and perfluorocycloheptane).
  • perfluorocarbons include, for example, CF 4 , C 2 F 6 , C 3 F 8 , C 4 F 8 , C 4 Fi 0 , C 5 Fi 2 and C 6 Fi 2 .
  • the mixture may comprise a conventional gas, such as nitrogen, air or carbon dioxide and a gas forming a stable microbubble suspension, such as sulfur hexafluoride or a perfluorocarbon as indicated above.
  • suitable gas mixtures can be found, for instance, in WO 94/09829, which is herein incorporated by reference.
  • the following combinations are particularly preferred : a mixture of gases (A) and (B) in which the gas (B) is a fluorinated gas, selected among those previously illustrated, including mixtures thereof, and (A) is selected from air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof.
  • the amount of gas (B) can represent from about 0.5% to about 95% v/v of the total mixture, preferably from about 5% to 80%.
  • Particularly preferred gases are SF 6 , C 3 F 8 , C 4 Fi 0 or mixtures thereof, optionally in admixture with air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof.
  • Particularly preferred is C 4 Fi 0 and even more preferred is a mixture of nitrogen with C 4 Fi 0 , preferably in a 35/65 v/v ratio.
  • a precursor to a gaseous substance i.e. a material that is capable of being converted to a gas in vivo.
  • gaseous precursor and the gas derived therefrom are physiologically acceptable.
  • the gaseous precursor may be pH-activated, photo-activated, temperature activated, etc.
  • certain perfluorocarbons may be used as temperature activated gaseous precursors. These perfluorocarbons, such as perfluoropentane or
  • Microvesicles suspensions according to the invention can be stored as such or preferably in form of freeze dried precursor which can be reconstituted with an aqueous carrier.
  • the precursor of the microvesicles suspension is thus preferably stored in dried powdered form and as such can advantageously be packaged in a two component diagnostic and/or therapeutic kit, preferably for administration by injection.
  • the kit preferably comprises a first container, containing the lyophilized precursor composition in contact with a selected microvesicle-forming gas and a second container, containing a physiologically acceptable aqueous carrier for reconstituting the suspension of microvesicles, in particular a carbohydrate solution as discussed above, preferably a 5% (w/w) glucose solution.
  • Said two component kit can include two separate containers or a dual-chamber container.
  • the container is preferably a conventional septum-sealed vial, wherein the vial containing the lyophilized residue is sealed with a septum through which the carrier liquid may be injected using an optionally prefilled syringe.
  • the syringe used as the container of the second component is also used then for injecting the contrast agent.
  • the dual-chamber container is preferably a dual-chamber syringe and once the lyophilisate has been reconstituted and then suitably mixed or gently shaken, the container can be used directly for injecting the contrast agent.
  • an effective amount of targeted microvesicles is administered to a patient, typically by injection of a suspension thereof.
  • the imaging of the region of interest allegedly comprising a tissue expressing KDR-receptors
  • microvesicles suspension of the present invention can be used in a variety of diagnostic and/or therapeutic techniques, including in particular contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging.
  • imaging techniques which may be employed in ultrasound applications include, for example, fundamental and non-linear (e.g. harmonic) B-mode imaging, pulse or phase inversion imaging and fundamental and non-linear Doppler imaging; if desired three- or four-dimensional imaging techniques may be used.
  • diagnostic techniques entailing the destruction of gas-filled microvesicles (e.g. by means of ultrasound waves at high acoustical pressure) which are highly sensitive detection methods are also contemplated.
  • Microvesicles suspension according to the invention can typically be administered, preferably via iv injection, in a concentration of from about 0.01 to about 1.0 ⁇ _ of gas per kg of patient, depending e.g. on their respective composition, the tissue or organ to be imaged and/or the chosen imaging technique. This general concentration range can of course vary depending on specific imaging applications, e.g. when signals can be observed at very low doses such as in colour Doppler or power pulse inversion.
  • Palmitic Acid Hexadecanoic acid (Fluka)
  • Histidine L-Histidine Size distributions concentrations of microvesicles in the suspension were measured by means of a Coulter counter (Multisizer 3) fitted with a 30 ⁇ aperture (dilution : 50 ⁇ _ in 100 ml. NaCI 0.9 % solution); pH values were measured using a MP230 pH meter (Mettler Toledo) fitted with an Inlab 410 electrode (Mettler Toledo).
  • AGPTWCEDDWYYCWLFGTGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 01) was synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using Fmoc-protected amino acids.
  • SPPS solid phase peptide synthesis
  • the N-terminus was acetylated and Fmoc-Lys (ivDde)-OH (Na-Fmoc-N£-[l-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-l-ylidene)-3- methylbutyl]-L-lysine) was coupled to the side chain of Lys 22 .
  • peptide was cyclized (formation of disulfide bridge).
  • the cyclized peptide was purified by preparative HPLC and lyophilized.
  • Peptide VCWEDSWGGEVCFRYDPGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 02) was also synthesized by SPPS using Fmoc-protected amino acids.
  • the N-terminus was acetylated and two sequential coupling of Fmoc-Adoa-OH (8-(Fmoc-amino)-3,6-dioxa-octanoic acid) were carried out to the side chain of Lys 21 .
  • Fmoc-Adoa-OH 8-(Fmoc-amino)-3,6-dioxa-octanoic acid
  • peptide was cyclized (formation of disulfide bridge).
  • the cyclized peptide was purified by preparative HPLC and lyophilized.
  • a lyophilized precursor for preparing a suspension of gas-filled microvesicles was prepared as follows:
  • Prep-01 above was repeated with various molar ratio of DSPC/Palmitic acid in the organic phase (see Table 1) and with the difference that the amounts of DSPE-PEG 2000 or DPPE-PEG 5000 and of the lipopeptide of formula II were modified in the preparation of the aqueous solution of step (ii), as illustrated in Table 1. Furthermore, Prep-03 and Prep-05 were diluted twice (instead of four times) in step (v) and then sampled in volumes of 1.5 ml in DIN8R vials.
  • Table 1 summarizes the differences in the various preparations of lyophilized precursors.
  • Preparations obtained according Example 1 were redispersed in 1 ml of water or of various solutions of 5% (w/w) glucose at different pH values, namely 3.5, 3.8 and 6.5.
  • Susp-01 to Susp-05 from respective preparations Prep-01 to Prep-05, with the suffixes a to d identifying the reconstitution with (a) distilled water (control), (b) glucose solution pH 3.5, (c) glucose solution pH 3.8 and (d) glucose solution pH 6.5, respectively.
  • Susp.02c identifies a suspension of microvesicles obtained by dispersing Prep.02 above in 1ml of 5% glucose at pH 3.8.
  • the concentration of microvesicles in the obtained suspension substantially decreases with respect to control when glucose solution at pH of 3.5 or 3.9 (columns b and c) are employed for the reconstitution of the freeze-dried preparations, while when glucose solution at pH 6.5 (col. d) is used the concentration is substantially similar to control (col. a).
  • Example 3a Sodium bicarbonate
  • Prep-01 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that various amounts of sodium bicarbonate were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for diluting the emulsion in step (v) , to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations with different amounts of sodium bicarbonate incorporated therein.
  • the amounts of bicarbonate added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of bicarbonate in the emulsion of step (v) of 0.125, 0.31, 0.38, 0.80, 1.20 and 2.0 mM, respectively.
  • the obtained preparations were then redispersed in 1 ml of water or of various solutions of 5% (w/w) glucose at different pH values according to the procedure of Example 2.
  • Table 5 shows the concentration of microvesicles measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing different amounts of sodium bicarbonate.
  • concentrations of sodium bicarbonate of at least 0.38 mM in the diluted emulsion are advisable, in order to obtain an acceptable concentration of microbubbles over the whole range of pH of the glucose solution used for the reconstitution.
  • concentrations of bicarbonate may provide suspensions with undesirably lower concentration of
  • microvesicles particularly when the freeze-dried precursor is reconstituted with a glucose solution at pH of 3.5.
  • Table 6 shows the pH values measured on the suspensions of table 5. TABLE 6 - pH values of suspensions of microvesicles with sodium bicarbonate
  • the pH of intravenously injectable pH-adjusted solutions should preferably be within a pH range of from about 6 to about 8.5, preferably between about 7 and about 8. As inferable from table 6, when the glucose solution for
  • the volumes of the Tris/Hcl buffer solution added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of Tris/HCI in the emulsion of step (v) of 0.125, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mM, respectively.
  • Tris/HCI buffer was selected as comparative pH-adjusting agent in subsequent experiments.
  • the volumes of the phosphate buffer solution added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of phosphate in the emulsion of step (v) of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively.
  • Table 8 and Table 9 show the concentration of microvesicles and the D N values, respectively, measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing different amounts of phosphate buffer.
  • reconstitution of preparations containing phosphate buffer provide relatively lower concentrations of microvesicles in the suspension (as compared with control), in particular when the preparation is reconstituted with low pH glucose solutions.
  • An important decrease of microbubble concentration was in particular observed when higher concentrations of phosphate buffer were used. For this reason, the 2.5 mM phosphate buffer was selected as comparative pH-adjusting agent in subsequent experiments.
  • D N values of the microvesicles suspensions are slightly higher than those of the control, particularly for preparations reconstituted with low pH glucose solutions and at higher concentrations of phosphate buffer.
  • Example 3a was repeated with the difference that sodium bicarbonate was replaced by histidine.
  • the amounts of histidine added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of histidine in the emulsion of step (v) of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively.
  • Table 10 shows the concentration of microvesicles and Table 11 the D N values measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing different amounts of histidine.
  • the concentration of histidine in the final suspension of microvesicles was of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively.
  • D N values of the microvesicles suspensions with histidine are comparable or slightly lower than those of the control, indicating that microvesicles in the histidine-containing suspensions have a comparable sizes than those in the control whatever the pH of the glucose solution and the concentration of the histidine.
  • Example 4a microvesicles suspension with comparative pH adjusting agents
  • Prep-02 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that sodium bicarbonate, Tris/HCI buffer or phosphate buffer were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for dilution of the emulsion in the step v, to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations.
  • the amounts of pH-adjusting agent added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain an optimized concentration (as determined in example 3) of the respective pH-adjusting agent in the diluted emulsion as indicated in tables 12 and 13.
  • the obtained preparations were then redispersed in 1 ml of water or of the various 5% (w/w) glucose solutions at different pH values according to the procedure of Example 2.
  • Tables 12 and 13 show the concentration of microvesicles and the DN values measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing the selected pH-adjusting agent. TABLE 12 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions with different pH-adjusting agents
  • the number of particles in suspensions with different conventional pH-adjusting agents is generally lower than the control, particularly for reconstitution with low pH glucose solutions - 02(b) - while the D N value is generally higher.
  • Example 4b microvesicles suspension with histidine
  • Example 4a was repeated with the difference that the comparative pH-adjusting agents were replaced by histidine at different concentrations, as illustrated in tables 14 and 15. Also in this case the concentration of histidine in the final suspension of microvesicles was of 2.5 mM, 5.0 mM and 10 mM, respectively.
  • the number of particles and the DN values of microvesicles measured in suspensions with histidine are generally comparable to those measured on the control solution, at any pH of the glucose reconstituting solution and at any concentration of histidine.
  • Prep-03 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that phosphate buffer or histidine were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for emulsion dilution (step v) to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations.
  • the amounts of phosphate or of histidine added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a 2.5 mM concentration of phosphate and concentrations of 5 mM, 10 mM and 20 mM of histidine in the diluted emulsion of step (v), as indicated in tables 16 and 17, corresponding to a concentration of histidine in the final suspension of microvesicles of about 3.75 mM, 7.5 mM and 15 mM.
  • Tables 16 and 17 show the concentration and the D N values in the various suspensions with respective preparations containing the selected pH-adjusting agent.
  • the number of particles of microvesicles measured in suspensions with histidine at different concentrations are generally higher than the number measured in the comparative phosphate buffered preparation, particularly at high pH values of the glucose solution and at high concentrations of histidine.
  • the DN values of microvesicles measured in suspensions with histidine at different concentrations are generally lower than the DN values measured in the comparative phosphate buffered preparation.
  • Prep-04 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that comparative pH-adjusting agents (i.e. bicarbonate, Tris/HCI or phosphate) or histidine were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for emulsion dilution (step v), to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations.
  • the amounts of added pH-adjusting agents were such as to obtain the following concentrations in the diluted emulsion, as indicated in tables 18 and 19 : 0.38 mM bicarbonate, 2.5 mM Tris/HCI, 2.5 mM phosphate or 2.5 mM histidine.
  • Tables 18 and 19 show the concentration of microvesicles and the D N values measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing the selected pH-adjusting agent. TABLE 18 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions
  • the number of particles in suspensions with different conventional pH-adjusting agents is generally lower than the number measured in the suspension with histidine, particularly in low pH glucose solutions.
  • the DN values of microvesicles in suspensions with different conventional pH-adjusting agent agents is generally higher than the DN value measured in the suspension with histidine, particularly in low pH glucose solutions.
  • Prep-05 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that phosphate buffer or histidine were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for emulsion dilution (step v), to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations.
  • the amounts of phosphate or of histiding added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a 2.5 mM concentration of phosphate and concentrations of 2.5 mM, 5 mM or 10 mM of histidine in the diluted emulsion as indicated in tables 20 and 21.
  • the number of particles in suspensions with phosphate buffer is generally lower than the number measured in the suspension with histidine at different concentrations, particularly in low pH glucose solutions.
  • microvesicles in suspensions with phosphate buffer is generally higher than the DN value measured in the suspensions with histidine at different concentrations, particularly in low pH glucose solutions.

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Abstract

Suspension of gas-filled microvesicles comprising a targeting ligand for binding to KDR or VEGF/KDR complex. The suspension is obtained by reconstituting a freeze-dried residue with a carbohydrate-containing solution in the presence of a physiologically acceptable gas and is stabilized by the presence of histidine.

Description

TARGETED GAS-FILLED MICROVESICLES FORMULATION
Technical field
The invention relates to a suspension of targeted gas-filled microvesicles, to formulation for the preparation thereof and to its use as diagnostic agent.
Background of the invention
Rapid development of contrast agents in the recent years has generated a number of different compositions and formulations, which are useful in contrast-enhanced imaging of organs and tissues of human or animal body as well as in therapeutic treatments thereof.
A class of contrast agents, particularly useful for ultrasound contrast imaging, includes suspensions of gas bubbles of nano- and/or micro-metric size dispersed in an aqueous medium. The gas is typically entrapped or encapsulated in a stabilizing film layer comprising, for instance, emulsifiers, oils, thickeners or sugars. These stabilized gas bubbles (dispersed in a suitable physiological solution) are generally referred to in the art with various terminologies, depending typically from the stabilizing material employed for their preparation; these terms include, for instance, "microspheres", "microbubbles", "microcapsules" or "microballoons", globally referred to here as "gas- filled microvesicles" (or "microvesicles").
Of particular interest are aqueous suspensions of gas-filled microvesicles where the bubbles of gas are bounded at the gas/liquid interface by a very thin envelope (film) involving a stabilizing amphiphilic material (typically a phospholipid) disposed at the gas to liquid interface. Examples of aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles and preparation thereof are disclosed, for instance, in US 5,271,928, US 5,445,813,
US 5,413,774, US 5,556,610, 5,597,549, US 5,827,504, WO 97/29783 and
WO2004/069284.
More recently, attention has been given to so-called "molecular imaging", where suitable target-specific components are used in the formulation of the contrast agents, for allowing selective contrast-enhanced imaging of organs or tissues. Examples of targeting ligands include, for instance, peptides, proteins, antibodies, aptamers or carbohydrates capable of binding to specific receptors expressed by organs or tissues during pathogenic processes such as, for instance, angiogenesis, inflammation or thrombus formation.
For instance, International Patent applications WO 03/74005, WO 03/084574 and WO 2007/067979 describe suitable peptides which selectively target receptors in vulnerable plaques and tumor specific receptors, such as kinase domain region (KDR) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor)/KDR complex. As described in these patent applications, such peptides are used for formulating target-specific gas-filled microvesicles suitable for binding to KDR or VEGF/KDR complex.
Gas-filled microvesicles are typically prepared by suspending a solid formulation (e.g. in the form of a powdered residue, prepared for instance by freeze-drying) into a physiologically acceptable aqueous solution, in the presence of a physiologically acceptable gas. The obtained suspension of gas-filled microvesicles may then be administered, typically by (intravenous) injection.
As observed by the Applicant, the suspension of the solid formulation in the aqueous solution (also referred to the art as "reconstitution of the dry residue) may represent a critical step of the preparation process of the microvesicles, and many parameters of the suspension step (including for instance the type of isotonic agent and its pH) may affect the characteristics of the microvesicles in the final suspensions. The Applicant has now found that histidine is particularly useful as pH-adjusting agent for preparing suspensions of peptide-containing gas-filled microvesicles in a carbohydrate-containing physiologically acceptable aqueous solution.
Summary of the invention
An aspect of the invention relates to an aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles, said microvesicles comprising a phospholipid and a targeting ligand comprising a peptide having an amino acid sequence selected from
AGPTWCEDDWYYCWLFGTGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 01), VCWEDSWGGEVCFRYDPGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 02) or a combination thereof, said suspension further comprising a carbohydrate and histidine.
Preferably said microvesicle further comprises a fatty acid.
Preferably, the targeting ligand is in the form of a dimeric peptide comprising a combination of both SEQ ID NO. 01 and SEQ ID NO. 02.
More preferably said dimeric peptide has the following formula I :
In a preferred embodiment the targeting ligand is covalently bound to a phospholipid, preferably a pegylated phospholipid.
Particularly preferred is a targeting ligand in the form of a lipopeptide of formula
(II) :
Preferably the carbohydrate is glucose, sucrose or mannitol, more preferably glucose
Another aspect of the invention relates to a freeze-dried precursor formulation for preparing a suspension of gas-filled microvesicles comprising :
a phospholipid, a targeting ligand, histidine, optionally a fatty acid, optionally a pegylated phospholipid and a lyophilizing agent.
Another aspect of the invention relates to a pharmaceutical kit comprising :
(a) a freeze-dried precursor formulation as defined above; and
(b) a carbohydrate-containing aqueous solution, for reconstituting said precursor. Detailed description of the invention
An aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles may typically be prepared by suspending a freeze-dried precursor formulation (containing the relevant component for forming the gas-filled microvesicle) in a physiologically acceptable vehicle in the presence of a suitable gas. In general, it is preferable for the injected solution to be iso- osmolar, such that its osmolality lies within the physiological range of osmolality of blood, typically between 285 and 310 mOsmol per kg. As known in the art, the osmolality of a real solution corresponds to the molality of an ideal solution containing nondissociating solutes and is expressed in osmoles or milliosmoles per kilogram of solvent (Osmol per kg or mOsmol per kg, respectively).
Typically, iso-osmolar saline (e.g. NaCI) solutions are the first choice of aqueous vehicle for reconstituting the dry formulation to obtain the desired suspension of microvesicles for injection. As observed by the Applicant, saline vehicles (or more in general electrolytes-containing vehicles) shall however preferably be avoided for the preparation of microvesicles containing certain targeting peptides, in particular those comprising amino acid sequences illustrated above. Such peptide-containing gas-filled microvesicles, formed upon suspension with a saline vehicle, may in fact tend to aggregate to each other to form more or less stable aggregates which may then reduce the efficacy of the preparation and possibly cause safety issues, e.g. if the size of the aggregates is too large.
To limit such aggregation phenomena, alternative liquids may thus be used for suspending the dry formulations, such as commercially available carbohydrate solutions.
Commercial aqueous carbohydrate solutions for injection (e.g. mannitol, sucrose or glucose solutions) may however show variable pH values. For instance, commercial 5% glucose solutions for injection may have pH values ranging from about 3.2 to about 6.5. In the present description and claims, where not differently specified, the term "glucose" refers to the natural occurring enantiomer "D-glucose", also known as "dextrose".
The Applicant has now observed that formulations containing targeting peptides, and in particular the KDR-binding peptides listed above, show a substantial variability in the final characteristics of the microvesicles suspension when dispersed into
carbohydrate (and particularly glucose) solutions at different pH values. In particular it has been observed that while the reconstitution of dry formulations with solutions at a pH of about 6.5 provides suspensions with a relatively high number of microvesicles, when the same dry formulation is reconstituted with solutions at lower pH the number of microvesicles in the suspension may be reduced. To avoid the negative effects of such low pH values in the final suspension, pH adjusting agents may be used, in order to allow the reconstitution of the dry residue to take place at a suitably pH (typically from about 6 to about 8.5, preferably from about 7 to about 8). The Applicant has however observed that most of the conventional pH adjusting agents show a certain number of drawbacks within the usual ranges of pH of carbohydrate solutions for injection.
For instance, alkalinizing agents, such as sodium bicarbonate, shall be added in relatively high concentration to the suspension when the dispersing solution has a relatively low pH, in order to allow an optimal redispersion of the formed microvesicles. On the other side, if the pH value of the dispersing solution is relatively high, such high concentrations of alkalinizing agent would result in too high pH values in the final suspension which are incompatible with intravenous injection of the suspension.
Conventional buffering agents, such as Tris/HCI buffer or phosphate buffer shall be added at relatively high concentrations to obtain the desired pH adjusting effect in the whole range of microvesicles preparations; however it has been observed that such high concentrations may determine undesirable drawbacks in the preparation process of the microvesicles, with consequent possible negative effects on the characteristics of the microvesicles in the final suspension.
Contrary to the negative effects of the above pH adjusting agents, the Applicant has now found that histidine provides acceptable suspensions of gas-filled microvesicles upon redispersion of different dry residues having variable formulations (in particular with different amounts of targeting peptides) within the typical range of pH values of commercially available carbohydrate dispersing solutions. In addition, it has been observed that histidine may be used within a relatively large concentration range, without negatively affecting the properties of the final suspension of microvesicles.
The liquid suspension of gas-filled microvesicles according to the invention may typically be prepared by dissolving a phospholipid-containing formulation in an aqueous carrier. The formulation thus comprises a phospholipid optionally in combination with additional amphiphilic materials (e.g. fatty acids); the targeting peptide is preferably present in the formulation as a lipopeptide (i.e. a peptide covalently bound to a phospholipid). The formulation is typically in the form of a freeze-dried (lyophilized) formulation, preferably comprising lyophilization additives. The gas-filled microvesicles of the invention can be prepared by admixing (or reconstituting) said formulation with the physiologically acceptable liquid carrier in the presence of a physiologically acceptable gas. Phospholipids
As used herein, the term "phospholipid" is intended to encompass amphiphilic compounds containing at least one phosphate group and at least one, preferably two, (C12-C24) hydrocarbon chain, capable of forming a stabilizing film-layer (typically in the form of a mono-molecular layer) at the gas-water boundary interface in the final microbubbles suspension. Accordingly, these materials are also referred to in the art as "film-forming phospholipids".
The term phospholipids includes naturally occurring, semisynthetic or synthetic products, which can be employed either singularly or as mixtures.
Examples of suitable phospholipids include esters of glycerol with one or preferably two (equal or different) residues of fatty acids and with phosphoric acid, wherein the phosphoric acid residue is in turn bound to a hydrophilic group such as, for instance, choline (phosphatidylcholines - PC), serine (phosphatidylserines - PS), glycerol
(phosphatidylglycerols - PG), ethanolamine (phosphatidylethanolamines - PE), inositol (phosphatidylinositol). Esters of phospholipids with only one residue of fatty acid are generally referred to in the art as the "lyso" forms of the phospholipid or
"lysophospholipids". Fatty acids residues present in the phospholipids are in general long chain aliphatic acids, typically containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms, preferably from 14 to 22; the aliphatic chain may contain one or more unsaturations or is preferably completely saturated. Examples of suitable fatty acids included in the phospholipids are, for instance, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and linolenic acid. Preferably, saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and arachidic acid are employed.
Further examples of phospholipid are phosphatidic acids, i.e. the diesters of glycerol-phosphoric acid with fatty acids; sphingolipids such as sphingomyelins, i.e.
those phosphatidylcholine analogs where the residue of glycerol diester with fatty acids is replaced by a ceramide chain; cardioiipins, i.e. the esters of 1,3-diphosphatidylglycerol with a fatty acid; glycolipids such as gangliosides GM 1 (or GM2) or cerebrosides;
glucolipids; sulfatides and glycosphingolipids.
Examples of naturally occurring phospholipids are natural lecithins
(phosphatidylcholine (PC) derivatives) such as, typically, soya bean or egg yolk lecithins.
Examples of semisynthetic phospholipids are the partially or fully hydrogenated derivatives of the naturally occurring lecithins. Preferred phospholipids are fatty acids diesters of phosphatidylcholine, ethylphosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol,
phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol or of sphingomyelin. Specific examples of phospholipids are, for instance, dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DLPC), dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DPPC), diarachidoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DAPC), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DSPC), dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), 1,2 Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3- ethylphosphocholine (Ethyl-DSPC), dipentadecanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPDPC), 1- myristoyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (MPPC), l-palmitoyl-2-myristoyl- phosphatidylcholine (PMPC), l-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-phosphatidylcholine (PSPC), 1- stearoyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (SPPC), l-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-phosphatidyl- choline (POPC), l-oleyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (OPPC), dilauroyl- phosphatidylglycerol (DLPG) and its alkali metal salts, diarachidoylphosphatidyl-glycerol (DAPG) and its alkali metal salts, dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol (DMPG) and its alkali metal salts, dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) and its alkali metal salts,
distearoylphosphatidylglycerol (DSPG) and its alkali metal salts, dioleoyl- phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) and its alkali metal salts, dilauroyl phosphatidic acid (DLPA), dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA) and its alkali metal salts, dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid (DPPA) and its alkali metal salts, distearoyl phosphatidic acid (DSPA), diarachidoylphosphatidic acid (DAPA) and its alkali metal salts, dilauroyl- phosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE), dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), dipalmitoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DPPE), distearoyl phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DSPE), dioleylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DOPE), diarachidoylphosphatidyl- ethanolamine (DAPE), dilinoleylphosphatidylethanolamine, dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-serine (DLPS), dimyristoyl phosphatidylserine (DMPS), diarachidoyl-phosphatidyl-serine
(DAPS), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine (DPPS), distearoylphosphatidylserine (DSPS), dioleoylphosphatidylserine (DOPS), dipalmitoyl sphingomyelin (DPSP),
distearoylsphingomyelin (DSSP), dilauroyl-phosphatidylinositol (DLPI),
diarachidoylphosphatidylinositol (DAPI), dimyristoylphosphatidylinositol (DMPI), dipalmitoylphosphatidylinositol (DPPI), distearoylphosphatidylinositol (DSPI), dioleoyl- phosphatidylinositol (DOPI).
Suitable phospholipids further include phospholipids modified by linking a hydrophilic polymer, such as polyethyleneglycol (PEG) or polypropyleneglycol (PPG), thereto. Preferred polymer-modified phospholipids include "pegylated phospholipids", i.e. phospholipids bound to a PEG polymer. Examples of pegylated phospholipids are pegylated phosphatidylethanolamines ("PE-PEGs" in brief) i.e.
phosphatidylethanolamines where the hydrophilic ethanolamine moiety is linked to a PEG molecule of variable molecular weight (e.g. from 300 to 20000 daltons, preferably from 500 to 5000 daltons), such as DPPE-PEG (or DSPE-PEG, DMPE-PEG, DAPE-PEG or DOPE- PEG). For example, DPPE-PEG2000 refers to DPPE having attached thereto a PEG polymer having a mean average molecular weight of about 2000.
Particularly preferred phospholipids are DAPC, DSPC, DPPC, DM PA, DPPA, DSPA, DMPG, DPPG, DSPG, DMPS, DPPS, DSPS, DPPE, DSPE, DMPE, DAPE, Ethyl-DSPC and mixtures thereof. Most preferred are DSPG, DSPS, DSPE, DSPC, DAPC and mixtures thereof. Mixtures of phospholipids can also be used, such as, for instance, mixtures of DPPE and/or DSPE (including pegylated derivates), DPPC, DSPC and/or DAPC with DSPS, DPPS, DSPA, DPPA, DSPG, DPPG, Ethyl-DSPC and/or Ethyl-DPPC.
According to a preferred embodiment the formulation comprises at least DSPC, preferably in combination with DSPE-PEG2000 or DPPE-PEG5000.
Other amphiphilic materials
The composition forming the stabilizing layer of the gas-filled microvesicles may optionally comprise further amphiphilic components which may also contribute to the formation of the stabilizing layer such as, for instance, fatty acids such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid, preferably saturated fatty acids such as myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid and arachidic acid; lipids bearing polymers, such as chitin, hyaluronic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol (PEG), also referred as "pegylated lipids"; lipids bearing sulfonated mono- di-, oligo- or polysaccharides; cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate or cholesterol hemisuccinate; tocopherol hemisuccinate; lipids with ether or ester-linked fatty acids; polymerized lipids; diacetyl phosphate; dicetyl phosphate; ceramides; polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters (such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid stearates), polyoxyethylene fatty alcohols, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, polyoxyethylated sorbitan fatty acid esters, glycerol polyethylene glycol ricinoleate, ethoxylated soybean sterols, ethoxylated castor oil or ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) block copolymers; sterol aliphatic acid esters including, cholesterol butyrate, cholesterol iso-butyrate, cholesterol palmitate, cholesterol stearate, lanosterol acetate, ergosterol palmitate, or phytosterol n-butyrate; sterol esters of sugar acids including cholesterol glucuronides, lanosterol glucuronides, 7-dehydrocholesterol glucuronide, ergosterol glucuronide, cholesterol gluconate, lanosterol gluconate, or ergosterol gluconate; esters of sugar acids and alcohols including lauryl glucuronide, stearoyl glucuronide, myristoyl glucuronide, lauryl gluconate, myristoyl gluconate, or stearoyl gluconate; esters of sugars with aliphatic acids including sucrose laurate, fructose laurate, sucrose palmitate, sucrose stearate; saponins including sarsasapogenin, smilagenin, hederagenin, or digitoxigenin; glycerol or glycerol esters including glycerol tripalmitate, glycerol distearate, glycerol tristearate, glycerol dimyristate, glycerol trimyristate, glycerol dilaurate, glycerol trilaurate, glycerol dipalmitate,; long chain alcohols including n-decyl alcohol, lauryl alcohol, myristyl alcohol, cetyl alcohol, or n- octadecyl alcohol; 6-(5-cholesten-3p-yloxy)-l-thio- β -D-galactopyranoside;
digalactosyldiglyceride; 6-(5-cholesten-3 β -yloxy)hexyl-6-amino-6-deoxy-l-thio- β -D- galactopyranoside; 6-(5-cholesten-3 β -yloxy)hexyl-6-amino-6-deoxyl-l-thio- β -D- mannopyranoside; 1,2-dioleyl-sn-glycerol; l,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-3-succinylglycerol; 1,3- dipalmitoyl-2-succinylglycerol; palmitoylhomocysteine; alkylamines or alkylammonium salts, comprising at least one (Ci0-C2o), preferably (Ci4-Ci8), alkyl chain, such as, for instance, N-stearylamine, Ν,Ν'-distearylamine, N-hexadecylamine, Ν,Ν'- dihexadecylamine, N-stearylammonium chloride, Ν,Ν'-distearylammonium chloride, N- hexadecylammonium chloride, Ν,Ν'-dihexadecylammonium chloride,
dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide (DDAB), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB); tertiary or quaternary ammonium salts comprising one or preferably two (Ci0- C2o), preferably (Ci4-Ci8), acyl chain linked to the N-atom through a (C3-C6) alkylene bridge, such as, for instance, l,2-distearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DSTAP), l,2-dipalmitoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DPTAP), l,2-oleoyl-3- trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP), l,2-distearoyl-3-dimethylammonium-propane (DSDAP); and mixtures or combinations thereof.
These further amphiphilic compounds, if present, may be present in variable amounts, for instance up to 25% by moles of the composition forming the stabilizing layer, preferably up to 20%.
According to a preferred embodiment, the formulation for preparing the gas-filled microvesicles comprises at least one fatty acid, preferably palmitic acid, in combination with a phospholipid as above defined, preferably DSPC and DPPE-PEG5000, more preferably in a respective ratio of from 5 % (molar ratio) to 20 %.
Targeting ligand
The targeting ligand is a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from AGPTWCEDDWYYCWLFGTGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 01) or VCWEDSWGGEVCFRYDPGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 02)
More preferably, said peptide is a dimer peptide of formula I
The targeting peptide is preferably conjugated with a phospholipid, preferably a pegylated phospholipid and even more preferably DSPE-PEG. Preferably, said targeting peptide is a lipopeptide of formula II. The amount of lipopeptide in the formulation is preferably from 0.1 % to 5 % by molar ratio with respect to all lipids (phospholipid + fatty acid), more preferably from 0.2 % to 1 %. Details on the preparation of the monomeric peptides, of the dimeric peptide and of the lipopeptide are illustrated in WO 2007/067979, herein incorporated by reference.
Histidine
Histidine, preferably L-histidine, can be added either to the dry formulation to be reconstituted or to the carbohydrate solution for reconstitution. Preferably histidine is added to the formulation to be lyophilized; this allows the use of conventional redispersing carbohydrate solutions
The amount of histidine shall preferably be such that the concentration of histidine in the aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles for injection is from 1.5 mM to 20 mM, preferably from 2.5 mM to 10 mM and even more preferably from 3 mM to 8 mM.
Aqueous carrier
The aqueous carrier for preparing the suspension of gas-filled microvesicles is a carbohydrate-containing aqueous solution, preferably iso-osmolar. Preferably the carbohydrate is glucose. The concentration of the carbohydrate in the suspension is preferably from 2% to 20% (w/w), more preferably of from 3% to 15%. Particularly for glucose, the concentration in the final suspension is preferably from 3% to 8%, more preferably from 4 to 6 %.
Preparation of microvesicles
The microvesicles according to the invention can be manufactured according to any known method in the art. Typically, the manufacturing method involves the preparation of a dried powdered material comprising the composition of the invention, preferably by lyophilization (freeze drying) of an aqueous or organic suspension comprising said composition. The microvesicles can then be obtained by reconstitution of the lyophilized preparation in an aqueous carrier, upon gentle agitation in the presence of a gas.
Preferably, as disclosed for instance in International patent application
WO2004/069284, a composition comprising the mixture of phospholipids and fatty acids can be dispersed in an emulsion of water with a water immiscible organic solvent (e.g. branched or linear alkanes, alkenes, cyclo-alkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl ethers, ketones, halogenated hydrocarbons, perfluorinated hydrocarbons or mixtures thereof) under agitation, preferably in admixture with a lyoprotecting agent (such as those previously listed, in particular carbohydrates, sugar alcohols, polyglycols,
polyoxyalkylene glycols and mixtures thereof). The emulsion can be obtained by submitting the aqueous medium and the solvent in the presence of the phospholipids and fatty acids to any appropriate emulsion-generating technique known in the art, such as, for instance, sonication, shaking, high pressure homogenization, micromixing, membrane emulsification, flow focusing emulsification, high speed stirring or high shear mixing. Preferably, an organic solution containing a phospholipid and a fatty acid is first prepared; separately, a targeting lipopeptide and optionally a pegylated phospholipid are dissolved in an aqueous solution containing a lyoprotective agent and optionally histidine; the organic and aqueous phases are then admixed and emulsified as described above. The so obtained microemulsion may optionally be diluted with a solution containing a lyoprotective agent and optionally histidine. The microemulsion, which contains microdroplets of solvent surrounded and stabilized by phospholipids and fatty acids, is then lyophilized according to conventional techniques to obtain a lyophilized material.
The freeze-dried (or lyophilized) product is generally in the form of a powder or a cake, and can be stored (typically in a vial) in contact with the desired gas. The product is readily reconstitutable in a suitable physiologically acceptable aqueous liquid carrier, such a carbohydrate-containing aqueous solution as discussed above.
Gas
Any biocompatible gas, gas precursor or mixture thereof may be employed to form the microvesicles of the invention (hereinafter also identified as "microvesicle-forming gas").
The gas may comprise, for example, air; nitrogen; oxygen; carbon dioxide;
hydrogen; nitrous oxide; a noble or inert gas such as helium, argon, xenon or krypton; a low molecular weight hydrocarbon (e.g. containing up to 7 carbon atoms), for example an alkane such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, isobutane, pentane or isopentane, a cycloalkane such as cyclobutane or cyclopentane, an alkene such as propene, butene or isobutene, or an alkyne such as acetylene; an ether; a ketone; an ester; halogenated gases, preferably fluorinated gases, such as or halogenated, fluorinated or perfluorinated low molecular weight hydrocarbons (e.g. containing up to 7 carbon atoms); or a mixture of any of the foregoing. Where a halogenated hydrocarbon is used, preferably at least some, more preferably all, of the halogen atoms in said compound are fluorine atoms.
Fluorinated gases are preferred, in particular perfluorinated gases. Fluorinated gases include materials which contain at least one fluorine atom such as, for instance fluorinated hydrocarbons (organic compounds containing one or more carbon atoms and fluorine); sulfur hexafluoride; fluorinated, preferably perfluorinated, ketones such as perfluoroacetone; and fluorinated, preferably perfluorinated, ethers such as
perfluorodiethyl ether. Preferred compounds are perfluorinated gases, such as SF6 or perfluorocarbons (perfluorinated hydrocarbons), i.e. hydrocarbons where all the hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine atoms, which are known to form particularly stable microbubble suspensions, as disclosed, for instance, in EP 0554 213, which is herein incorporated by reference.
The term perfluorocarbon includes saturated, unsaturated, and cyclic
perfluorocarbons. Examples of biocompatible, physiologically acceptable
perfluorocarbons are: perfluoroalkanes, such as perfluoromethane, perfluoroethane, perfluoropropanes, perfluorobutanes (e.g. perfluoro-n-butane, optionally in admixture with other isomers such as perfluoro-isobutane), perfluoropentanes, perfluorohexanes or perfluoroheptanes; perfluoroalkenes, such as perfluoropropene, perfluorobutenes (e.g. perfluorobut-2ene) or perfluorobutadiene; perfluoroalkynes (e.g. perfluorobut-2-yne); and perfluorocycloalkanes (e.g. perfluorocyclobutane, perfluoromethylcyclobutane, perfluorodimethylcyclobutanes, perfluorotrimethylcyclobutanes, perfluorocyclopentane, perfluoromethylcyclopentane, perfluorodimethylcyclopentanes, perfluorocyclohexane, perfluoromethylcyclohexane and perfluorocycloheptane). Preferred saturated
perfluorocarbons include, for example, CF4, C2F6, C3F8, C4F8, C4Fi0, C5Fi2 and C6Fi2.
It may also be advantageous to use a mixture of any of the above gases in any ratio. For instance, the mixture may comprise a conventional gas, such as nitrogen, air or carbon dioxide and a gas forming a stable microbubble suspension, such as sulfur hexafluoride or a perfluorocarbon as indicated above. Examples of suitable gas mixtures can be found, for instance, in WO 94/09829, which is herein incorporated by reference. The following combinations are particularly preferred : a mixture of gases (A) and (B) in which the gas (B) is a fluorinated gas, selected among those previously illustrated, including mixtures thereof, and (A) is selected from air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof. The amount of gas (B) can represent from about 0.5% to about 95% v/v of the total mixture, preferably from about 5% to 80%.
Particularly preferred gases are SF6, C3F8, C4Fi0 or mixtures thereof, optionally in admixture with air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide or mixtures thereof. Particularly preferred is C4Fi0 and even more preferred is a mixture of nitrogen with C4Fi0, preferably in a 35/65 v/v ratio.
In certain circumstances it may be desirable to include a precursor to a gaseous substance (i.e. a material that is capable of being converted to a gas in vivo). Preferably the gaseous precursor and the gas derived therefrom are physiologically acceptable. The gaseous precursor may be pH-activated, photo-activated, temperature activated, etc. For example, certain perfluorocarbons may be used as temperature activated gaseous precursors. These perfluorocarbons, such as perfluoropentane or
perfluorohexane, have a liquid/gas phase transition temperature above room
temperature (or the temperature at which the agents are produced and/or stored) but below body temperature; thus, they undergo a liquid/gas phase transition and are converted to a gas within the human body.
Pharmaceutical kit and administration
Microvesicles suspensions according to the invention can be stored as such or preferably in form of freeze dried precursor which can be reconstituted with an aqueous carrier. According to the invention, the precursor of the microvesicles suspension is thus preferably stored in dried powdered form and as such can advantageously be packaged in a two component diagnostic and/or therapeutic kit, preferably for administration by injection. The kit preferably comprises a first container, containing the lyophilized precursor composition in contact with a selected microvesicle-forming gas and a second container, containing a physiologically acceptable aqueous carrier for reconstituting the suspension of microvesicles, in particular a carbohydrate solution as discussed above, preferably a 5% (w/w) glucose solution. Said two component kit can include two separate containers or a dual-chamber container. In the former case the container is preferably a conventional septum-sealed vial, wherein the vial containing the lyophilized residue is sealed with a septum through which the carrier liquid may be injected using an optionally prefilled syringe. In such a case the syringe used as the container of the second component is also used then for injecting the contrast agent. In the latter case, the dual-chamber container is preferably a dual-chamber syringe and once the lyophilisate has been reconstituted and then suitably mixed or gently shaken, the container can be used directly for injecting the contrast agent.
According to a preferred embodiment, an effective amount of targeted microvesicles is administered to a patient, typically by injection of a suspension thereof. The imaging of the region of interest (allegedly comprising a tissue expressing KDR-receptors) will thus be enhanced by the presence of the microvesicles bound to the receptor (if any) in the region of interest.
The microvesicles suspension of the present invention can be used in a variety of diagnostic and/or therapeutic techniques, including in particular contrast enhanced ultrasound imaging.
Examples of imaging techniques which may be employed in ultrasound applications include, for example, fundamental and non-linear (e.g. harmonic) B-mode imaging, pulse or phase inversion imaging and fundamental and non-linear Doppler imaging; if desired three- or four-dimensional imaging techniques may be used. Furthermore, diagnostic techniques entailing the destruction of gas-filled microvesicles (e.g. by means of ultrasound waves at high acoustical pressure) which are highly sensitive detection methods are also contemplated.
Typically, once the subject (e.g. a mammal) undergoing the desired ultrasound imaging technique has been administered with an effective amount of the microvesicles suspension, a selected region of interest is submitted to ultrasound irradiation and the resulting echo signal is collected. The collected signal may thus be used, for instance, for displaying a contrast enhanced image of the region of interest; alternatively the signal may be used for computing parametric maps of the region of interest. Microvesicles suspension according to the invention can typically be administered, preferably via iv injection, in a concentration of from about 0.01 to about 1.0 μΙ_ of gas per kg of patient, depending e.g. on their respective composition, the tissue or organ to be imaged and/or the chosen imaging technique. This general concentration range can of course vary depending on specific imaging applications, e.g. when signals can be observed at very low doses such as in colour Doppler or power pulse inversion.
The following examples will help to further illustrate the invention.
EXAMPLES
Materials and Methods
The following materials are employed in the subsequent examples
DSPC l,2-Distearoyl-S/V-glycero-3-Phosphocholine (Genzyme
pharmaceuticals)
Palmitic Acid Hexadecanoic acid (Fluka)
DSPE-PEG 2000 l,2-Distearoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- [Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)-2000)] (Genzyme pharmaceuticals)
DPPE-PEG 5000 l,2-Dipalmitoyl-SN-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N- [Methoxy(Polyethylene glycol)-5000)] (Genzyme pharmaceuticals)
PEG4000 Polyethyleneglycol (MW=4000) (Fluka)
Cyclooctane (Fluka)
Bicarbonate Sodium hydrogenocarbonate (Fluka)
Na2HP04 di-sodium hydrogen phosphate dodecahydrate (Fluka)
NaH2P04 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate (Fluka)
Tris Trizma base (Fluka)
Histidine L-Histidine (Fluka) Size distributions concentrations of microvesicles in the suspension were measured by means of a Coulter counter (Multisizer 3) fitted with a 30 μιτι aperture (dilution : 50 μΙ_ in 100 ml. NaCI 0.9 % solution); pH values were measured using a MP230 pH meter (Mettler Toledo) fitted with an Inlab 410 electrode (Mettler Toledo).
Example 1
Preparation of lyophilized precursors of gas-filled microvesicles without pH-adjusting additives
Preparation of lipopeptide of formula II
The lipopeptide of formula II was prepared as described in detail in the working examples of PCT patent application WO 2007/067979, herein incorporated by reference. Briefly, as explained in more detail in the above PCT application, peptide
AGPTWCEDDWYYCWLFGTGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 01) was synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) using Fmoc-protected amino acids. The N-terminus was acetylated and Fmoc-Lys (ivDde)-OH (Na-Fmoc-N£-[l-(4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohex-l-ylidene)-3- methylbutyl]-L-lysine) was coupled to the side chain of Lys22. After Fmoc deprotection, cleavage from the resin and cleavage of the other protecting groups (with the exception of ivDde group), peptide was cyclized (formation of disulfide bridge). The cyclized peptide was purified by preparative HPLC and lyophilized.
Peptide VCWEDSWGGEVCFRYDPGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 02) was also synthesized by SPPS using Fmoc-protected amino acids. The N-terminus was acetylated and two sequential coupling of Fmoc-Adoa-OH (8-(Fmoc-amino)-3,6-dioxa-octanoic acid) were carried out to the side chain of Lys21. After Fmoc deprotection, cleavage from the resin and cleavage of the other protecting groups, peptide was cyclized (formation of disulfide bridge). The cyclized peptide was purified by preparative HPLC and lyophilized.
Preparation of the dimeric peptide (Formula I) : Disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG) was coupled to the a-amino function of the lysine linked to the ε-amino function of Lys22 of the peptide (SEQ ID NO. 01). After purification, the product was then reacted with the amino function of the Adoa moiety linked to the Lys21 of the peptide (SEQ ID NO. 02). The crude heterodimer was purified by preparative HPLC and lyophilized. The remaining ivDde-protecting group was then cleaved and the final product was again purified by preparative HPLC and the acetate salt was formed by ion exchange. The product solution was lyophilized to yield dimeric peptide (formula I).
Preparation of the lipopeptide (formula II) : Disuccinimidyl glutarate (DSG) was coupled to the previously synthesized dimeric peptide (formula I). After purification, the product was reacted with DSPE-PEG2000-amine. The product was purified by preparative HPLC and lyophilized.
Prep-Ol
A lyophilized precursor for preparing a suspension of gas-filled microvesicles was prepared as follows:
(i) 60 mg of a lipid mixture (DSPC and palmitic acid, in a molar ratio of 80/20) were dissolved in cyclooctane (4.8 ml) at 70°C.
(ii) Separately, DSPE-PEG 2000 (3% w/w) and the lipopeptide of formula II (0.2% w/w) were dispersed in 1 ml of a Tris buffer 20 mM (pH 7.6); the dispersion was then admixed with 60 ml of a 10% PEG4000 solution.
(iii) The cyclooctane preparation (i) was emulsified in the PEG4000 aqueous solution (ii) using an in-line high speed homogenizer (Megatron MT3000) for 5 min at 12Ό00 rpm.
(iv) The resulting emulsion was heated at 80 °C for 1 hour under agitation. After cooling to room temperature (~ 1 hour),
(v) The emulsion was diluted four times with 10% PEG4000 aqueous solution and sampled in volumes of 1 ml in DIN8R vials.
(vi) The vials were inserted into a lyophilizator (TELSTAR Lyobeta-35 freeze dryer ), cooled to -50 °C for 2 hours and then freeze-dried at -25 °C and 0.2 mBar during 12 hours, with a final drying step at 30°C and 0.1 mBar for further 6 hours.
A 35/65 (by volume) mixture of C4Fi0/N2 was added to the headspace of the vials, which were then stoppered and sealed. Prep-02 to Prep-05
The preparation of Prep-01 above was repeated with various molar ratio of DSPC/Palmitic acid in the organic phase (see Table 1) and with the difference that the amounts of DSPE-PEG 2000 or DPPE-PEG 5000 and of the lipopeptide of formula II were modified in the preparation of the aqueous solution of step (ii), as illustrated in Table 1. Furthermore, Prep-03 and Prep-05 were diluted twice (instead of four times) in step (v) and then sampled in volumes of 1.5 ml in DIN8R vials.
Table 1 below summarizes the differences in the various preparations of lyophilized precursors.
Table 1 Preparation of lyophilized precursors
DSPC/ PA DSPE- DPPE- Dilution of
Lipopeptide
molar PEG2000 PEG5000 emulsion (ml in
(molar %)
ratio (molar %) (molar vial)
Example 2
Effect of the pH of dispersing saccharide solutions on microvesicles aggregation
Preparations obtained according Example 1 were redispersed in 1 ml of water or of various solutions of 5% (w/w) glucose at different pH values, namely 3.5, 3.8 and 6.5.
To obtain a glucose 5 % solution with a pH of 6.5, 30 to 34 μΙ_ of NaOH 0.1 N were added in 20 mL of glucose 5 % solution (- 0.15 to 0.17 mM NaOH). To obtain a glucose 5 % solution with a pH of 3.5, 32 to 40 μΐ of HCI 0.1 N were added in 20 mL glucose 5% solution
The suspension obtained are identified as Susp-01 to Susp-05 (from respective preparations Prep-01 to Prep-05, with the suffixes a to d identifying the reconstitution with (a) distilled water (control), (b) glucose solution pH 3.5, (c) glucose solution pH 3.8 and (d) glucose solution pH 6.5, respectively. Thus, for instance, Susp.02c identifies a suspension of microvesicles obtained by dispersing Prep.02 above in 1ml of 5% glucose at pH 3.8.
The obtained suspensions of gas-filled microvesicles were characterized with Coulter counter to determine the microvesicles concentration and the mean particle size by number (DN) of microvesicles in the suspensions. The results are illustrated in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively (in these and in the following tables, the values indicate either the actual value referred to a single suspension or to an average value in case of multiple preparations of the same suspension). The pH of the prepared suspension was also measured and is reported in the following table 4. TABLE 2: concentration of microvesicles upon reconstitution with different solutions
*=control
TABLE 3: DN of microvesicles suspensions upon reconstitution with different solutions
*=control
TABLE 4: pH of microvesicles suspensions upon reconstitution with different solutions
*=control
As inferable from the values in the table 2, the concentration of microvesicles in the obtained suspension substantially decreases with respect to control when glucose solution at pH of 3.5 or 3.9 (columns b and c) are employed for the reconstitution of the freeze-dried preparations, while when glucose solution at pH 6.5 (col. d) is used the concentration is substantially similar to control (col. a).
As inferable from table 3, reconstitution of the lyophilized preparations with low pH glucose solutions provide an undesirable increase in the DN value of the microvesicles. Example 3
Effect on microvesicles aggregation of various pH-adjusting agents in the reconstitution of Prep-01 with saccharide solutions at different pH values
Example 3a : Sodium bicarbonate
The preparation of Prep-01 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that various amounts of sodium bicarbonate were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for diluting the emulsion in step (v) , to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations with different amounts of sodium bicarbonate incorporated therein. The amounts of bicarbonate added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of bicarbonate in the emulsion of step (v) of 0.125, 0.31, 0.38, 0.80, 1.20 and 2.0 mM, respectively.
The obtained preparations were then redispersed in 1 ml of water or of various solutions of 5% (w/w) glucose at different pH values according to the procedure of Example 2.
Table 5 shows the concentration of microvesicles measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing different amounts of sodium bicarbonate.
TABLE 5 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions with sodium bicarbonate
*=control
As inferable from the data illustrated in above table, concentrations of sodium bicarbonate of at least 0.38 mM in the diluted emulsion are advisable, in order to obtain an acceptable concentration of microbubbles over the whole range of pH of the glucose solution used for the reconstitution. On the other side, lower concentrations of bicarbonate may provide suspensions with undesirably lower concentration of
microvesicles, particularly when the freeze-dried precursor is reconstituted with a glucose solution at pH of 3.5.
Table 6 shows the pH values measured on the suspensions of table 5. TABLE 6 - pH values of suspensions of microvesicles with sodium bicarbonate
*=control
As known in the art, the pH of intravenously injectable pH-adjusted solutions should preferably be within a pH range of from about 6 to about 8.5, preferably between about 7 and about 8. As inferable from table 6, when the glucose solution for
reconstitution is at the higher end of the pH range (solution d, pH=6.5), relatively low concentrations of bicarbonate may already increase the pH of the final suspension of microvesicles above acceptable values for injection. Thus, by reading tables 5 and 6 in combination, it appears that relatively high concentrations of sodium bicarbonate (which are necessary for providing the desired concentration of microvesicles in glucose solution at relatively low pH) may excessively increase the pH of the injectable solution. On the other side, relatively low concentrations of bicarbonate may not provide the desired concentration of microvesicles in the reconstituted suspension (particularly when using low pH glucose solutions).
Ex. 3b: Tris/HCI buffer
Example 3a was repeated with the difference the sodium bicarbonate was replaced by Tris/HCI buffer solution (pH=8.0), prepared by dissolving Tris base (121. lg - 1 mole) in distilled water (750 ml_), adding HCI (about 40 ml) and then completing the volume to 1 L with distilled water. The volumes of the Tris/Hcl buffer solution added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of Tris/HCI in the emulsion of step (v) of 0.125, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0 mM, respectively.
Table 7 shows the concentration of microvesicles measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing different amounts of Tris/HCI buffer. TABLE 7 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions with Tris/HCI buffer (pH=8.0)
*=control
As inferable from the data in the above table, reconstitution of preparations containing Tris/HCI buffer provide relatively lower concentrations of microvesicles in the suspension (as compared with control), in particular when the preparation is
reconstituted with low pH glucose solutions. An important decrease of microbubble concentration was in particular observed when high concentrations of Tris/HCI buffer were used, particularly 5.0 mM or higher. For this reason, the 2.5 mM Tris/HCI buffer was selected as comparative pH-adjusting agent in subsequent experiments.
Ex. 3c: Phosphate buffer
Example 3a was repeated with the difference the sodium bicarbonate was replaced by phosphate buffer (pH=7.6) prepared by admixing 43.5 ml. of a Na2HP04 solution (0.2 M) with 6.5 ml. NaH2P04 solution (0.2 M). The volumes of the phosphate buffer solution added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of phosphate in the emulsion of step (v) of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively.
Table 8 and Table 9 show the concentration of microvesicles and the DN values, respectively, measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing different amounts of phosphate buffer.
TABLE 8 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions with phosphate buffer (pH=7.6)
*=control
As for example 3b, reconstitution of preparations containing phosphate buffer provide relatively lower concentrations of microvesicles in the suspension (as compared with control), in particular when the preparation is reconstituted with low pH glucose solutions. An important decrease of microbubble concentration was in particular observed when higher concentrations of phosphate buffer were used. For this reason, the 2.5 mM phosphate buffer was selected as comparative pH-adjusting agent in subsequent experiments.
TABLE 9 - DN values of microvesicles is suspensions with phosphate buffer (pH=7.6)
*=control
As observable from the above table, DN values of the microvesicles suspensions are slightly higher than those of the control, particularly for preparations reconstituted with low pH glucose solutions and at higher concentrations of phosphate buffer.,
Ex. 3d : Histidine
Example 3a was repeated with the difference that sodium bicarbonate was replaced by histidine. The amounts of histidine added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a concentration of histidine in the emulsion of step (v) of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively.
Table 10 shows the concentration of microvesicles and Table 11 the DN values measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing different amounts of histidine. The concentration of histidine in the final suspension of microvesicles was of 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, respectively.
TABLE 10 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions with histidine at different concentrations
*=control TABLE 11 - DN of microvesicles is suspensions with histidine at different concentrations
*=control
As observable from the above table, DN values of the microvesicles suspensions with histidine are comparable or slightly lower than those of the control, indicating that microvesicles in the histidine-containing suspensions have a comparable sizes than those in the control whatever the pH of the glucose solution and the concentration of the histidine.
Example 4
Effect on microvesicles aggregation of various pH-adjusting agents in the reconstitution of Prep-02 with saccharide solutions at different pH values
Example 4a : microvesicles suspension with comparative pH adjusting agents
The preparation of Prep-02 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that sodium bicarbonate, Tris/HCI buffer or phosphate buffer were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for dilution of the emulsion in the step v, to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations. The amounts of pH-adjusting agent added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain an optimized concentration (as determined in example 3) of the respective pH-adjusting agent in the diluted emulsion as indicated in tables 12 and 13.
The obtained preparations were then redispersed in 1 ml of water or of the various 5% (w/w) glucose solutions at different pH values according to the procedure of Example 2.
Tables 12 and 13 show the concentration of microvesicles and the DN values measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing the selected pH-adjusting agent. TABLE 12 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions with different pH-adjusting agents
*=control
TABLE 13 - DN value of microvesicles in suspensions with different pH-adjusting agents
*=control
As inferable from the data illustrated in tables 12 and 13, the number of particles in suspensions with different conventional pH-adjusting agents is generally lower than the control, particularly for reconstitution with low pH glucose solutions - 02(b) - while the DN value is generally higher.
Example 4b: microvesicles suspension with histidine
Example 4a was repeated with the difference that the comparative pH-adjusting agents were replaced by histidine at different concentrations, as illustrated in tables 14 and 15. Also in this case the concentration of histidine in the final suspension of microvesicles was of 2.5 mM, 5.0 mM and 10 mM, respectively.
TABLE 14 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions with histidine
*=control TABLE 15 - DN value of microvesicles in suspensions with histidine
*=control
As inferable from the data illustrated in tables 14 and 15, the number of particles and the DN values of microvesicles measured in suspensions with histidine are generally comparable to those measured on the control solution, at any pH of the glucose reconstituting solution and at any concentration of histidine.
Example 5
Effect on microvesicles aggregation of phosphate buffer and histidine in the
reconstitution of Prep-03 with saccharide solutions at different pH values
The preparation of Prep-03 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that phosphate buffer or histidine were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for emulsion dilution (step v) to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations. The amounts of phosphate or of histidine added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a 2.5 mM concentration of phosphate and concentrations of 5 mM, 10 mM and 20 mM of histidine in the diluted emulsion of step (v), as indicated in tables 16 and 17, corresponding to a concentration of histidine in the final suspension of microvesicles of about 3.75 mM, 7.5 mM and 15 mM.
The obtained preparations were then redispersed in 2 ml of the various 5% (w/w) glucose solutions at different pH values according to the procedure of Example 2.
Tables 16 and 17 show the concentration and the DN values in the various suspensions with respective preparations containing the selected pH-adjusting agent.
TABLE 16 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions
109 particle is/ml in the susp( snsion (concer tration of pH- adju sting agentin em jlsion before c ilution)
Phosphate Hist Hist Hist
Susp- 2.5 mM 5.0 mM 10 mM 20 mM
03(a) 1.09 2.51 2.59 2.86
03(b) 0.72 2.08 2.55 2.32
03(c) 0.92 2.37 2.55 2.62
03(d) 0.90 2.23 2.54 2.70 TABLE 17 - DN value of microvesicles in suspensions with different pH-adjusters
As inferable from the data in table 16, the number of particles of microvesicles measured in suspensions with histidine at different concentrations are generally higher than the number measured in the comparative phosphate buffered preparation, particularly at high pH values of the glucose solution and at high concentrations of histidine. As inferable from the data in Table 17, the DN values of microvesicles measured in suspensions with histidine at different concentrations are generally lower than the DN values measured in the comparative phosphate buffered preparation.
Example 5
Effect on microvesicles aggregation of phosphate buffer and histidine in the
reconstitution of Prep-04 with saccharide solutions at different pH values
The preparation of Prep-04 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that comparative pH-adjusting agents (i.e. bicarbonate, Tris/HCI or phosphate) or histidine were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for emulsion dilution (step v), to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations. The amounts of added pH-adjusting agents were such as to obtain the following concentrations in the diluted emulsion, as indicated in tables 18 and 19 : 0.38 mM bicarbonate, 2.5 mM Tris/HCI, 2.5 mM phosphate or 2.5 mM histidine.
The obtained preparations were then redispersed in 1 ml of the various 5% (w/w) glucose solutions at different pH values according to the procedure of Example 2.
Tables 18 and 19 show the concentration of microvesicles and the DN values measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing the selected pH-adjusting agent. TABLE 18 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions
*=control
TABLE 19 - DN value of microvesicles in suspensions with different pH-adjusters
As inferable from the data in table 18, the number of particles in suspensions with different conventional pH-adjusting agents is generally lower than the number measured in the suspension with histidine, particularly in low pH glucose solutions. As inferable from the data in table 19, the DN values of microvesicles in suspensions with different conventional pH-adjusting agent agents is generally higher than the DN value measured in the suspension with histidine, particularly in low pH glucose solutions.
Example 7
Effect on microvesicles aggregation of phosphate buffer and histidine in the
reconstitution of Prep-05 with saccharide solutions at different pH values
The preparation of Prep-05 lyophilized precursor was repeated according to the procedure of Example 1, with the difference that phosphate buffer or histidine were added to the 10% PEG4000 solution used for emulsion dilution (step v), to obtain respective lyophilized precursor preparations. The amounts of phosphate or of histiding added to the PEG4000 solution were such to obtain a 2.5 mM concentration of phosphate and concentrations of 2.5 mM, 5 mM or 10 mM of histidine in the diluted emulsion as indicated in tables 20 and 21.
The obtained preparations were then redispersed in 2 ml of water or of the various 5% glucose solutions at different pH values according to the procedure of Example 2. Tables 20 and 21 show the concentration of microvesicles and the DN values measured in the various suspensions obtained from respective preparations containing the selected pH-adjusting agent. TABLE 20 - Microvesicles concentration in suspensions
TABLE 21 - DN value of microvesicles in suspensions
As inferable from the data illustrated in table 20, the number of particles in suspensions with phosphate buffer is generally lower than the number measured in the suspension with histidine at different concentrations, particularly in low pH glucose solutions. As inferable from the data illustrated in table 21, the DN values of
microvesicles in suspensions with phosphate buffer is generally higher than the DN value measured in the suspensions with histidine at different concentrations, particularly in low pH glucose solutions.

Claims

1. An aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles, said microvesicles
comprising a phospholipid and a targeting ligand comprising a peptide having an amino acid sequence selected from AGPTWCEDDWYYCWLFGTGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 01), VCWEDSWGGEVCFRYDPGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 02) or a combination thereof, said suspension further comprising a carbohydrate and histidine.
2. The aqueous suspension according to claim 1 wherein said targeting ligand is in the form of a dimeric peptide comprising a combination of SEQ ID NO. 01 and SEQ ID NO. 02.
3. The aqueous suspension according to any of the preceding claims wherein said carbohydrate is glucose.
4. The aqueous suspension according to any of the preceding claims wherein said microvesicles comprise a phospholipid selected from the group consisting of dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DLPC), dimyristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DPPC), diarachidoyl-phosphatidylcholine
(DAPC), distearoyl-phosphatidyl-choline (DSPC), dioleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), 1,2 Distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-ethylphosphocholine (Ethyl-DSPC), dipentadecanoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPDPC), l-myristoyl-2-palmitoyl- phosphatidylcholine (MPPC), l-palmitoyl-2-myristoyl-phosphatidylcholine (PMPC), l-palmitoyl-2-stearoyl-phosphatidylcholine (PSPC), l-stearoyl-2-palmitoyl- phosphatidylcholine (SPPC), l-palmitoyl-2-oleyl-phosphatidyl-choline (POPC), 1- oleyl-2-palmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (OPPC), dilauroyl-phosphatidylglycerol
(DLPG) and its alkali metal salts, diarachidoylphosphatidyl-glycerol (DAPG) and its alkali metal salts, dimyristoyl-phosphatidyl-glycerol (DMPG) and its alkali metal salts, dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-glycerol (DPPG) and its alkali metal salts, distearoyl-phosphatidyl-glycerol (DSPG) and its alkali metal salts, dioleoyl- phosphatidylglycerol (DOPG) and its alkali metal salts, dilauroyl phosphatidic acid (DLPA), dimyristoyl phosphatidic acid (DMPA) and its alkali metal salts, dipalmitoyl phosphatidic acid (DPPA) and its alkali metal salts, distearoyl phosphatidic acid (DSPA), diarachidoyl-phosphatidic acid (DAPA) and its alkali metal salts, dilauroyl- phosphatidylethanolamine (DLPE), dimyristoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (DMPE), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DPPE), distearoyl-phosphatidyl- ethanolamine (DSPE), dioleoyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DOPE), diarachidoyl- phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (DAPE), dilinoleyl-phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, dilauroyl-phosphatidyl-serine (DLPS), dimyristoyl phosphatidylserine (DMPS), diarachidoyl-phosphatidyl-serine (DAPS), dipalmitoyl phosphatidylserine (DPPS), distearoyl-phosphatidylserine (DSPS), dioleoyl-phosphatidylserine (DOPS), dipalmitoyl sphingomyelin (DPSP), distearoyl-sphingomyelin (DSSP), dilauroyl- phosphatidylinositol (DLPI), diarachidoyl-phosphatidylinositol (DAPI), dimyristoyl- phosphatidylinositol (DMPI), dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylinositol (DPPI), distearoyl- phosphatidylinositol (DSPI), dioleoyl-phosphatidylinositol (DOPI).
5. The aqueous suspension according to claim 4 wherein said microvesicles further comprise a pegylated phospholipid.
6. The aqueous suspension according to claim 4 or 5 wherein said microvesicles further comprise a fatty acid selected the group consisting of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid,
7. The aqueous suspension according to claim 6 wherein said microvesicles comprise a mixture of DSPC, palmitic acid and DSPE-PEG2000 or DPPE-PEG5000.
8. The aqueous suspension according to claim 7 wherein palmitic acid is
present in a molar amount of from 5% to 20%.
9. The aqueous suspension according to any of the preceding claims wherein the peptide is conjugated with a phospholipid to form a lipopeptide.
10. The aqueous suspension according to claim 9 wherein said lipopeptide is present in a molar amount of from 0.1 % to 5 % by molar ratio with respect to the other components of the microvesicles.
11. The aqueous suspension according to any of the preceding claims wherein said targeting ligand is a lipopeptide of formula II:
12. The aqueous suspension according to any of the preceding claims wherein said gas-filled microvesicles comprise a fluorinated physiologically acceptable gas.
13. The aqueous suspension according to any of the preceding claims wherein the concentration of histidine in the suspension is from 1.5 mM to 20 mM,
14. The aqueous suspension according to claim 13 wherein the concentration of histidine in the suspension is from 2.5 mM to 10 mM.
15. A pharmaceutical kit comprising :
(a) A first container comprising a physiologically acceptable gas in contact with a freeze-dried formulation comprising (i) a phospholipid, (ii) a targeting ligand comprising an amino acid sequence selected from AGPTWCEDDWYYCWLFGTGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 01), VCWEDSWGGEVCFRYDPGGGK (SEQ ID NO. 02) or a
combination thereof, and (iii) histidine; and
(b) a second container comprising a carbohydrate-containing physiologically acceptable solution for reconstituting the freeze-dried formulation into a suspension of gas-filled microvesicles.
16. The pharmaceutical kit according to claim 15 wherein said targeting ligand is in the form of a dimeric peptide comprising a combination of SEQ ID NO. 01 and SEQ ID NO. 02.
17. The pharmaceutical kit according to any of the preceding claims 15 or 16 wherein said second container comprises a glucose solution.
18. The pharmaceutical kit according to any of the preceding claims 15 to 17 wherein the amount of histidine in the first container is such that the
concentration of histidine in the reconstituted aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles from 1.5 mM to 20 mM.
19. The pharmaceutical kit according to claim 18 wherein the amount of histidine is such that the concentration of histidine in the reconstituted aqueous suspension of gas-filled microvesicles is from 2.5 mM to 10 mM.
20. A method for imaging a region of interest in a subject which has been previously administered with an effective amount of a suspension of gas-filled microvesicles according to any of claims 1 to 14, which comprises submitting said region of interest to ultrasound irradiation and collecting respective echo signals from said region of interest.
21. A method for imaging a region of interest in a subject, which comprises administering an effective amount of a suspension of gas-filled microvesicles according to any of claims 1 to 14 to the subject, submitting said region of interest to ultrasound irradiation and collecting respective echo signals from said region of interest.
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WO2021160659A1 (en) * 2020-02-11 2021-08-19 Bracco Suisse Sa Gas-filled microvesicles for therapeutic use

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