EP3204031A2 - Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies - Google Patents

Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies

Info

Publication number
EP3204031A2
EP3204031A2 EP15778614.6A EP15778614A EP3204031A2 EP 3204031 A2 EP3204031 A2 EP 3204031A2 EP 15778614 A EP15778614 A EP 15778614A EP 3204031 A2 EP3204031 A2 EP 3204031A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
disease
jnk
surgery
syndrome
diseases
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP15778614.6A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Jean-Marc Combette
Catherine Deloche
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Xigen Inflammation Ltd
Original Assignee
Xigen Inflammation Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority claimed from PCT/EP2014/002724 external-priority patent/WO2015197098A1/fr
Priority claimed from PCT/EP2015/001294 external-priority patent/WO2015197194A2/fr
Application filed by Xigen Inflammation Ltd filed Critical Xigen Inflammation Ltd
Publication of EP3204031A2 publication Critical patent/EP3204031A2/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/16—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/17—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • A61K38/1703—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • A61K38/1709—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/10—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the bladder
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
    • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P41/00—Drugs used in surgical methods, e.g. surgery adjuvants for preventing adhesion or for vitreum substitution
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
    • C07K14/47—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals
    • C07K14/4701—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from mammals not used
    • C07K14/4702—Regulators; Modulating activity
    • C07K14/4703—Inhibitors; Suppressors
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/10—Transferases (2.)
    • C12N9/12—Transferases (2.) transferring phosphorus containing groups, e.g. kinases (2.7)
    • C12N9/1205—Phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor (2.7.1), e.g. protein kinases
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change

Definitions

  • the present invention refers to the use of protein kinase inhibitors and more specifically to the use of inhibitors of the protein kinase c-Jun amino terminal kinase, JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, or of nucleic acids encoding same as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing same, for the treatment of various novel diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling.
  • the c-Jun amino terminal kinase GNK is a member of the stress-activated group of mitogen- activated protein (MAP) kinases. These kinases have been implicated in the control of cell growth and differentiation, and, more generally, in the response of cells to environmental stimuli.
  • MAP mitogen- activated protein
  • the JNK signal transduction pathway is activated in response to environmental stress and by the engagement of several classes of cell surface receptors. These receptors can include cytokine receptors, serpentine receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases. In mammalian cells, JNK has been implicated in biological processes such as oncogenic transformation and mediating adaptive responses to environmental stress.
  • JNK has also been associated with modulating immune responses, including maturation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as effecting programmed cell death in cells identified for destruction by the immune system. This unique property makes JNK signaling a promising target for developing pharmacological intervention. Among several neurological disorders, JNK signaling is particularly implicated in ischemic stroke and Parkinson's disease, but also in other diseases as mentioned further below. Furthermore, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38alpha was shown to negatively regulate the cell proliferation by antagonizing the JNK- cjun-pathway.
  • MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
  • the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) p38alpha therefore appears to be active in suppression of normal and cancer cell proliferation and, as a further, demonstrates the involvement of JNK in cancer diseases (see e.g. Hui eta/., Nature Genetics, Vol 39, No. 6, June 2007).
  • JNK c-Jun N-terminal Kinase
  • JNK signaling pathway Inhibition or interruption of JNK signaling pathway, particularly the provision of inhibitors of the JNK signaling pathway, thus appears to be a promising approach in combating disorders strongly related to JNK signaling. However, there are only a few inhibitors of the JNK signaling pathway known so far.
  • Inhibitors of the JNK signaling pathway as already known in the prior art, particularly include e.g. upstream kinase inhibitors (for example, CEP-1 347), small chemical inhibitors of JNK (SP600125 and AS601245), which directly affect kinase activity e.g. by competing with the ATP-binding site of the protein kinase, and peptide inhibitors of the interaction between JNK and its substrates (D-JNKI and l-JIP) (see e.g. Kuan et al., Current Drug Targets - CNS & Neurological Disorders, February 2005, vol. 4, no. 1 , pp. 63-67(5)).
  • upstream kinase inhibitors for example, CEP-1 347
  • small chemical inhibitors of JNK SP600125 and AS601245
  • D-JNKI and l-JIP peptide inhibitors of the interaction between JNK and its substrates
  • the upstream kinase inhibitor CEP-1347 (KT751 5) is a semisynthetic inhibitor of the mixed lineage kinase family.
  • CEP-1 347 (KT7515) promotes neuronal survival at dosages that inhibit activation of the c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) in primary embryonic cultures and differentiated PC12 cells after trophic withdrawal and in mice treated with 1 -methyl-4-phenyl tetrahydropyridine.
  • JNKs c-Jun amino-terminal kinases
  • CEP-1 347 (KT751 5) can promote long term-survival of cultured chick embryonic dorsal root ganglion, sympathetic, ciliary and motor neurons (see e.g. Borasio eX al., Neuroreport. 9(7): 1435-1439, May 1 1 th 1 998.).
  • JNK inhibitor SP600125 was found to reduce the levels of c-Jun phosphorylation, to protect dopaminergic neurons from apoptosis, and to partly restore the level of dopamine in MPTP-induced PD in C57BL/6N mice (Wang et al., Neurosci Res. 2004 Feb; 48(2); 1 95-202). These results furthermore indicate that JNK pathway is the major mediator of the neurotoxic effects of MPTP in vivo and inhibiting JNK activity may represent a new and effective strategy to treat PD.
  • AS601245 inhibits the JNK signalling pathway and promotes cell survival after cerebral ischemia.
  • AS601245 provided significant protection against the delayed loss of hippocampal CA1 neurons in a gerbil model of transient global ischemia. This effect is mediated by JNK inhibition and therefore by c-Jun expression and phosphorylation (see e.g. Carboni et al., J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2004 Jul; 310(1 ):25-32. Epub 2004 Feb 26 th ).
  • a third class of inhibitors of the JNK signaling pathway represent peptide inhibitors of the interaction between JNK and its substrates, as mentioned above.
  • a sequence alignment of naturally occurring JNK proteins may be used.
  • these proteins comprise JNK binding domains QBDs) and occur in various insulin binding (IB) proteins, such as IB1 or IB2.
  • IB insulin binding
  • the results of such an exemplary sequence alignment is e.g. a sequence alignment between the JNK binding domains of IB1 [SEQ ID NO: 13], IB2 [SEQ ID NO: 14], c-Jun [SEQ ID NO: 1 5] and ATF2 [SEQ ID NO: 1 6] (see e.g. FIGS. 1 A-1 C).
  • Such an alignment reveals a partially conserved 8 amino acid sequence (see e.g. Figure 1 A).
  • a comparison of the JBDs of IB1 and IB2 further reveals two blocks of seven and three amino acids that are highly conserved between the two sequences.
  • WO 2007/031280 and WO 01/27268 disclose small cell permeable fusion peptides, comprising a so-called TAT cell permeation sequence derived from the basic trafficking sequence of the HIV-TAT protein and a minimum 20 amino acid inhibitory sequence of IB1 . Both components are covalently linked to each other.
  • Exemplary (and at present the only) inhibitors of the MAPK-JNK signaling pathway disclosed in both WO 2007/031280 and WO 01/27268 are e.g.
  • JNK-inhibitor peptide composed of non-native D amino acids are specific for JNK (JNK1 , JNK2 and JNK3).
  • the inhibitor sequences in WO 2007/031280 or WO 01 /27268, e.g. JNKI1 rather inhibit the interaction between JNK and its substrate.
  • the trafficking sequence derived from TAT the fusion peptide is efficiently transported into cells. Due to the novel properties obtained by the trafficking component the fusion peptides are actively transported into cells, where they remain effective until proteolytic degradation.
  • peptides according to WO 2007/031280 or WO 01/27268 have only shown to be active in a particularly limited number of diseases, particularly non-malignant or immunological-related cell proliferative diseases.
  • One object of the present invention is thus, to identify further diseases, which can be combated with JNK inhibitor peptides.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide (the use of) new JNK inhibitor peptides and derivatives thereof for the treatment and/or prevention of those diseases and of diseases not yet or already known to be strongly related to JNK signaling.
  • JNK inhibitor sequence preferably as defined herein, typically comprising less than 1 50 amino acids in length for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating and/or preventing various inflammatory or non- inflammatory diseases strongly related to JNK signaling in a subject, wherein the diseases or disorders are selected from the following groups:
  • encephalomyelitis in particular acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, spondylitis, in particular ankylosing spondylitis, antisynthetase syndrome, dermatitis, in particular atopic dermatitis or contact dermatitis, hepatitis, in particular autoimmune hepatitis, autoimmune peripheral neuropathy, pancreatitis, in particular autoimmune pancreatitis, Behget's disease, Bickerstaff's, encephalitis, Blau syndrome, Coeliac disease, Chagas disease, polyneuropathy, in particular chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy, osteomyelitis, in particular chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis, Churg-Strauss syndrome, Cogan syndrome, giant-cell arteritis, CREST syndrome, vasculitis, in particular cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis and urticarial vasculitis, dermatitis herpetiformis, dermatomyos
  • inflammatory and non-inflammatory diseases of the eye in particular selected from uveitis, in particular anterior, intermediate and/or posterior uveitis, sympathetic uveitis and/or panuveitis; scleritis in general, in particular anterior scleritis, brawny scleritis, posterior scleritis, and scleritis with corneal involvement; episcleritis in general, in particular episcleritis periodica fugax and nodular episcleritis; retinitis; corneal surgery; conjunctivitis in general, in particular acute conjunctivitis, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, atopic conjunctivitis, toxic conjunctivitis, pseudomembraneous conjunctivitis, serous conjunctivitis, chronic conjunctivitis, giant pupillary conjunctivitis, follicular conjunctivitis vernal conjunctivitis, blepharoconjun
  • Laser-in-situ-Keratomileusis (LASIK)), glaucoma surgery, refractive surgery, corneal surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, eye muscle surgery, oculoplastic surgery, ocular oncology surgery, conjunctival surgery including pterygium, and surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus, in particular post- surgery intraocular inflammation, preferably post-surgery intraocular inflammation after complex eye surgery and/or after uncomplicated eye surgery, for example inflammation of postprocedural bleb; inflammatory diseases damaging the retina of the eye; retinal vasculitis, in particular Eales disease and retinal perivasculitis; retinopathy in general, in particular diabetic retinopathy, (arterial hypertension induced) hypertensive retinopathy, exudative retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy, sun-induced solar retinopathy, trauma-induced retinopathy, e.g.
  • LASIK Laser-in-situ
  • ROP retinopathy of prematurity
  • hyperviscosity- related retinopathy non-diabetic proliferative retinopathy,
  • arthritis in particular juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriastic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, and arthrosis, and osteoarthritis
  • skin diseases and diseases of the subcutaneous tissue in particular selected from papulosquamous disorders in general, in particular psoriasis in general, for example psoriasis vulgaris, nummular psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis, Von Zumbusch's disease, acrodermatitis continua, guttate psoriasis, arthropathis psoriasis, distal interphalangeal psoriatic arthropathy, psoriatic arthritis mutilans, psoriatic spondylitis, psoriatic juveni le arthropathy, psoriatic arthropathy in general, and/or flexural psoriasis,
  • Stevens-Johnson syndrome-toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap syndrome erythema nodosum, toxic erythema, erythema annulare centrifugum, erythema marginatum and/or other chronic figurate erythema; sunburn and other acute skin changes due to ultraviolet radiation; skin changes due to chronic exposure to nonionizing radiation; radiodermatitis; folliculitis; perifolliculitis; pseudofol I icul itis barbae; hidradenititis suppurativa; sarcoidose; vascularitis; adult linear IgA disease; rosacea, in particular perioral dermatitis, rhinophyma, and other rosacea; and/or follicular cysts of skin and subcutaneous tissue, in particular epidermal cyst, pilar cyst, trichodermal cyst, steatocystoma multiplex, sebaceous cyst and/or other follicular cysts; (f) tauopathies
  • inflammatory diseases of the mouth or the jaw bone in particular selected from pulpitis in general, in particular acute pulpitis, chronic pulpitis, hyperplastic pulpitis, ulcerative pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis and/or reversible pulpitis; periimplantitis; periodontitis in general, in particular chronic periodontitis, complex periodontitis, simplex periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and/or apical periodontitis, e.g.
  • Periodontosis in particular juvenile periodontosis
  • gingivitis in general, in particular acute gingivitis, chronic gingivitis, plaque-induced gingivitis, and/or non- plaque-induced gingivitis
  • pericoronitis in particular acute and chronic pericoronitis
  • sialadenitis sialoadenitis
  • parotitis in particular infectious parotitis and autoimmune parotitis
  • stomatitis in general, in particular aphthous stomatitis (e.g., minor or major)
  • diseases and/or disorders relating to degeneration of macula and/or posterior pole in general in particular age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular the wet or the dry form of age-related macular degeneration, exudative and/or non-exudative age-related macular degeneration, and cataract
  • AMD age-related macular degeneration
  • fibrotic diseases and/or disorders particularly selected from lung, heart, liver, bone marrow, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, skin, intestine, joint, and shoulder fibrosis are diseases and/or disorders particularly selected from lung, heart, liver, bone marrow, mediastinum, retroperitoneum, skin, intestine, joint, and shoulder fibrosis
  • kidney diseases and/or disorders in particular selected from glomerulonephritis in general for example nonproliferative glomerulonephritis, in particular minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental glomerular hyalinosis and/or sclerosis, focal glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and/or thin basement membrane disease, and proliferative glomerulonephritis, in particular membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis, endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, dense deposit disease (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II), extracapillary glomerulonephritis (crescentic glomerulonephritis), rapidly progressive glomerulonephriti
  • diseases and/or disorders of the urinary system in particular selected from ureteritis; urinary tract infection (bladder infection, acute cystitis); cystitis in general, in particular interstitial cystitis, Hunner's ulcer, trigonitis and/or hemorrhagic cystitis; urethritis, in particular nongonococcal urethritis or gonococcal urethritis; urethral syndrome; and/or retroperitoneal fibrosis;
  • transplant rejection reactions in particular selected from kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, liver, blood cell, bone marrow, cornea, accidental severed limb, in particular fingers, hand, foot, face, nose, bone, cardiac valve, blood vessel or intestine transplant rejection reaction,
  • hereditary or non-heriditary metabolic diseases in particular selected from the group of metabolic disorders of the carbohydrate metabolism, e.g., glycogen storage disease, disorders of amino acid metabolism, e.g., phenylketonuria, maple syrup urine disease, glutaric acidemia type 1 , urea Cycle Disorder or urea Cycle Defects, e.g., carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I deficiency, disorders of organic acid metabolism (organic acidurias), e.g., alcaptonuria, disorders of fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial metabolism, e.g., medium-chain acyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency (often shortened to MCADD.), disorders of porphyrin metabolism, e.g.
  • disorders of purine or pyrimidine metabolism e.g., Lesch-Nyhan syndrome
  • disorders of steroid metabolism e.g., lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or congenital adrenal hyperplasia
  • disorders of mitochondrial function e.g., Kearns-Sayre syndrome
  • disorders of peroxisomal function e.g., Zellweger syndrome
  • lysosomal storage disorders e.g., Gaucher's disease or Niemann Pick disease
  • cancer and/or tumor diseases in particular selected from solid tumors in general; hematologic tumors in general, in particular leukemia, for example acute lymphocytic leukemia (LI , L2, L3), acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), promyelocytic leukemia (M3), monocytic leukemia (MS), myeloblastic leukemia (M1 ), myeloblasts leukemia (M2), megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7) and myelomonocytic leukemia (M4); myeloma, for example multiple myeloma; lymphomas, for example non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, Burkitt's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's syndrome; pancreatic cancer, in particular pancreatic cancer, in
  • cancer and/or tumor diseases in particular selected from acusticus neurinoma lung carcinomas; adenocarcinomas; anal carcinoma; bronchial carcinoma; cervix carcinoma; cervical cancer; astrocytoma; basalioma; cancer with Bcr-Abl transformation; bladder cancer; blastomas; bone cancer; brain metastases; brain tumours; breast cancer; carcinoids; cervical cancer; corpus carcinoma; craniopharyngeomas; CUP syndrome; virus-induced tumours; EBV-induced B cell lymphoma; endometrium carcinoma; erytholeukemia (M6); esophagus cancel- gallbladder cancer; gastrointestinal cancer; gastrointestinal stromal tumors; gastrointestinal tumours; genitourinary cancer; glaucoma; gliomas; head/neck tumours; hepatitis B-induced tumours; hepatocell or hepatocellular carcinomas; hepatocarci nomas; hep
  • diseases resulting from bacterial or viral infection in particular selected from inflammatory reactions caused by said infections, for example viral encephalitis, viral induced cancers (e.g. as mentioned above), human immunodeficiency virus dementia, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, tonsillitis, varicella zoster virus infections, (u) diseases of the respiratory system and in particular lung diseases, in particular selected from acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); asthma; chronic illnesses involving the respiratory system; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); cystic fibrosis; inflammatory lung diseases; pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis, and (v) metabolic disorders in particular selected from diabetes mellitus in general, in particular type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition, for example due to congenital rubella, Cushing's syndrome, cystic fibrosis, malignant neoplasm, malnutrition, or pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancre
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a disease and/or disorder relating to the degeneration of the macula, in particular selected from age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular the wet or the dry form of age- related macular degeneration, exudative and/or non-exudative age-related macular degeneration, and cataract.
  • AMD age-related macular degeneration
  • the "dry" form of advanced AMD results from atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelial layer below the retina, which causes vision loss through loss of photoreceptors (rods and cones) in the central part of the eye.
  • Neovascular the "wet" form of advanced AMD, causes vision loss due to abnormal blood vessel growth (choroidal neovascularization) in the choriocapillaris, through Bruch's membrane, ultimately leading to blood and protein leakage below the macula. Bleeding, leaking, and scarring from these blood vessels eventually cause irreversible damage to the photoreceptors and rapid vision loss, if left untreated.
  • inventive molecules are suitable for treating both forms of AMD.
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is retinopathy, in particular selected from diabetic retinopathy, (arterial hypertension induced) hypertensive retinopathy, exudative retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy, sun-induced solar retinopathy, trauma-induced retinopathy, e.g.
  • ROP retinopathy of prematurity
  • Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), previously known as retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is a disease of the eye affecting prematurely-born babies generally having received intensive neonatal care. It is thought to be caused by disorganized growth of retinal blood vessels which may result in scarring and retinal detachment. ROP can be mild and may resolve spontaneously, but it may lead to blindness in serious cases. As such, all preterm babies are at risk for ROP, and very low birth weight is an additional risk factor. Both oxygen toxicity and relative hypoxia can contribute to the development of ROP.
  • the inventive molecules are suitable for treating ROP.
  • inventive molecules are particularly suitable to treat all forms of retinopathy, in particular diabetes mellitus induced retinopathy, arterial hypertension induced hypertensive retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy (due to exposure to ionizing radiation), sun-induced solar retinopathy (exposure to sunlight), trauma-induced retinopathy (e.g. Purtscher's retinopathy) and hyperviscosity-related retinopathy as seen in disorders which cause paraproteinemia).
  • retinopathy in particular diabetes mellitus induced retinopathy, arterial hypertension induced hypertensive retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy (due to exposure to ionizing radiation), sun-induced solar retinopathy (exposure to sunlight), trauma-induced retinopathy (e.g. Purtscher's retinopathy) and hyperviscosity-related retinopathy as seen in disorders which cause paraproteinemia).
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is post-surgery or post-trauma inflammation of the eye, in particular post-surgery intraocular inflammation, preferably intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery.
  • post-surgery intraocular inflammation preferably intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery.
  • intraocular inflammation preferably intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery.
  • the inner of the eye is usually not very prone to infection and (e.g. subsequent) inflammation due to its self-contained and isolated structure
  • inflammation is increasingly likely after surgical treatment of eye tissue and/or after other (e.g. mechanical) injuries (trauma).
  • the physical trauma of this procedure continues to induce post-operative (i.e. post-surgery) ocular inflammation warranting treatment.
  • arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) to prostaglandins (PG) which are the most important lipid-derived mediators of inflammation.
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • PG prostaglandins
  • Surgical trauma causes a trigger of the arachidonic acid cascade which in turn generates PGs by activation of COX-1 and COX-2.
  • Phospholipids in the cell membrane are the substrate for phospholipase A to generate arachidonic acid from which a family of chemically distinct PGs and leukotriens are produced.
  • the conventional 'golden standard' for the treatment of ocular inflammation are topical corticosteroids and/or Non- Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).
  • NSAIDs Non- Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
  • the compounds for use in the present invention may in particular be used for the treatment of intraocular inflammation after eye surgery or trauma and in particular of inflamed wounds and wound edges. Thereby, the ocular surgery may preferably concern the anterior and/or the posterior segment (of the eyeball).
  • the "anterior segment” refers to the front third of the eye. It includes structures in front of the vitreous humour, e.g. the cornea, iris, ciliary body, and lens, whereby within the anterior segment there are two fluid-filled spaces: (i) the anterior chamber between the posterior surface of the cornea (i.e. the corneal endothelium) and the iris, and (ii) the posterior chamber between the iris and the front face of the vitreous.
  • the "posterior segment” in general refers to the back two thirds of the eye. It includes the anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the structures, in particular optical structures, behind it: the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve.
  • Examples of ocular surgery regarding post-surgery intraocular inflammation include (i) anterior and posterior combined surgery, which may include surgery for: cataract and retinal detachment, cataract and epimacular membrane and/or cataract and macular hole; (ii) glaucoma surgery; (iii) posterior segment surgery, in particular complex posterior segment surgery; (iv) complicated intraocular surgery which may include cataract surgery associated with diabetic retinopathy and/or complicated retinal detachment ocular surgery.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention can be used to treat and/or prevent post-surgery intraocular inflammation, whereby the ocular surgery is for example performed due to an indication selected from the following group including cataract, epimacular membrane, epiretinal membrane, foveoschisis, intravitreous haemorrhage, macular hole, neovascular glaucoma, relief of intraocluar, subluxation of lens, in particular of intraocular lens, and vitreomacular traction.
  • eye surgeries include cataract surgery, laser eye surgery (e.g.
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated by the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention is intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery, preferably post-surgery intraocular inflammation after complex eye surgery and/or after uncomplicated eye surgery, e.g. inflammation of postprocedural bleb, or post-traumatic intraocular inflammation (preferably by subconjunctival injection).
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is uveitis, in particular anterior, intermediate and/or posterior uveitis, sympathetic uveitis and/or panuveitis, preferably anterior and/or posterior uveitis.
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is Dry Eye Syndrome.
  • Dry eye syndrome also called keratitis sicca, xerophthalmia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or cornea sicca
  • DES Dry eye syndrome
  • keratitis sicca xerophthalmia
  • KCS keratoconjunctivitis sicca
  • cornea sicca is an eye disease caused by eye dryness, which, in turn, is caused by either decreased tear production or increased tear film evaporation.
  • Typical symptoms of dry eye syndrome are dryness, burning and a sandy- gritty eye irritation. Dry eye syndrome is often associated with ocular surface inflammation. If dry eye syndrome is left untreated or becomes severe, it can produce complications that can cause eye damage, resulting in impaired vision or even in the loss of vision.
  • Untreated dry eye syndrome can in particular lead to pathological cases in the eye epithelium, squamous metaplasia, loss of goblet cells, thickening of the corneal surface, corneal erosion, punctate keratopathy, epithelial defects, corneal ulceration, corneal neovascularization, corneal scarring, corneal thinning, and even corneal perforation.
  • the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention may be utilized in treatment and/or prevention of dry eye syndrome, e.g.
  • the standard treatment of dry eye may involve the administration of artificial tears, cyclosporine (in particular cyclosporine A; e.g. Restasis®); autologous serum eye drops; lubricating tear ointments and/or the administration of (cortico-)steroids, for example in the form of drops or eye ointments.
  • cyclosporine in particular cyclosporine A; e.g. Restasis®
  • autologous serum eye drops lubricating tear ointments and/or the administration of (cortico-)steroids, for example in the form of drops or eye ointments.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of the JNK inhibitor as described herein in a method of treatment of dry eye syndrome, wherein the method comprises the combined administration of the JNK inhibitor as defined herein together with a standard treatment for dry eye, in particular with any one of the above mentioned treatments. Particularly preferred is the combination with cyclosporine A and most preferably with artificial tears.
  • Combined administration comprises the parallel administration and/or subsequent administration (either first the JNK inhibitor described herein and then the (cortico)steroids or vice versa).
  • subsequent and parallel administration may also be combined, e.g. the treatment is started with JNK inhibitors described herein and at a later point in time in the course of the treatment (cortico)steroids are given in parallel, or vice versa.
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a skin disease, in particular papulosquamous disorders, in particular selected from psoriasis in general, for example psoriasis vulgaris, nummular psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis, Von Zumbusch's disease, acrodermatitis continua, guttate psoriasis, arthropathis psoriasis, distal interphalangeal psoriatic arthropathy, psoriatic arthritis mutilans, psoriatic spondylitis, psoriatic juvenile arthropathy, psoriatic arthropathy in general, and/or flexural psoriasis; parapsoriasis in general, for example large-plaque parapsoriasis, small-plaque parapsoriasis,
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is psoriasis, for example psoriasis vulgaris, nummular psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis, Von Zumbusch's disease, acrodermatitis continua, guttate psoriasis, arthropathis psoriasis, distal interphalangeal psoriatic arthropathy, psoriatic arthritis mutilans, psoriatic spondylitis, psoriatic juvenile arthropathy, psoriatic arthropathy in general, and/or flexural psoriasis.
  • psoriasis for example psoriasis vulgaris, nummular psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis,
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a neurodegenerative disease, in particular tauopathies, preferably Alzheimer's disease, for example Alzheimer's disease with early onset, Alzheimer's disease with late onset, Alzheimer's dementia senile and presenile forms.
  • tauopathies preferably Alzheimer's disease, for example Alzheimer's disease with early onset, Alzheimer's disease with late onset, Alzheimer's dementia senile and presenile forms.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • ⁇ -amyloid ⁇ -amyloid
  • NFTs neurofibrillary tangles
  • AD amyloid precursor protein
  • BACE1 beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1
  • presenilin 1 the beta-site APP cleaving enzyme 1
  • ⁇ accumulations can lead to synaptic dysfunction, altered kinase activities resulting in NFTs formation, neuronal loss and dementia (Hardy and Higgins, 1 992, Science 256: 1 84-5).
  • AD pathogenesis is thus believed to be triggered by the accumulation of ⁇ , whereby ⁇ self-aggregates into oligomers, which can be of various sizes, and forms diffuse and neuritic plaques in the parenchyma and blood vessels.
  • ⁇ oligomers and plaques are potent synaptotoxins, block proteasome function, inhibit mitochondrial activity, alter intracellular Ca 2+ levels and stimulate inflammatory processes. Loss of the normal physiological functions of ⁇ is also thought to contribute to neuronal dysfunction.
  • ⁇ interacts with the signalling pathways that regulate the phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau.
  • Hyperphosphorylation of tau disrupts its normal function in regulating axonal transport and leads to the accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and toxic species of soluble tau. Furthermore, degradation of hyperphosphorylated tau by the proteasome is inhibited by the actions of ⁇ . These two proteins and their associated signalling pathways therefore represent important therapeutic targets for AD.
  • JNKs C-Jun N-terminal kinases
  • JNK1 , JNK2, and JNK3 C-Jun N-terminal kinases
  • JNK1 and JNK2 are ubiquitous, JNK3 is mainly expressed in the brain (Kyriakis and Avruch, 2001 , Physiol Rev 81 : 807-69).
  • JNKs are activated by phosphorylation (pJNK) through MAPKinase activation by extracellular stimuli, such as ultraviolet stress, cytokines and ⁇ peptides and they have multiple functions including gene expression regulation, cell proliferation and apoptosis (Dhanasekaran and Reddy, 2008, Oncogene 27: 6245-51 ).
  • the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention reduce tau hyperphosphorylation and, thus, neuronal loss. Therefore, the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention can be useful for treating and/or preventing tauopathies.
  • Tauopathies are a class of neurodegenerative diseases associated with the pathological aggregation of tau protein in the human brain.
  • the best-known tauopathy is Alzheimer's disease (AD), wherein tau protein is deposited within neurons in the form of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which are formed by hyperphosphorylation of tau protein.
  • AD Alzheimer's disease
  • NFTs neurofibrillary tangles
  • the degree of NFT involvement in AD is defined by Braak stages.
  • Braak stages I and II are used when NFT involvement is confined mainly to the transentorhinal region of the brain, stages III and IV when there is also involvement of limbic regions such as the hippocampus, and V and VI when there is extensive neocortical involvement. This should not be confused with the degree of senile plaque involvement, which progresses differently.
  • the JNK inhibitors can be used according to the present invention for treating and/or preventing tauopathies, in particular Alzheimer's disease with NFT involvement, for example AD with Braak stage I, AD with Braak stage II, AD with Braak stage III, AD with Braak stage IV and/or AD with Braak stage V.
  • NFTs neurofibri llary tangles
  • Further tauopathies i.e. conditions in which neurofibri llary tangles (NFTs) are commonly observed, and which can thus be treated and/or prevented by the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, include progressive supranuclear palsy although with straight filament rather than PHF (paired helical filaments) tau; dementia pugilistica (chronic traumatic encephalopathy); frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 1 7, however without detectable ⁇ -amyloid plaques; Lytico-Bodig disease (Parkinson-dementia complex of Guam); tangle-predominant dementia, with NFTs simi lar to AD, but without plaques; ganglioglioma and gangliocytoma; meningioangiomatosis; subacute sclerosing panencephalitis; and/or lead encephalopathy, tuberous sclerosis, Hallervorden-
  • tauopathies which can be treated and/or prevented by the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention, include Pick's disease; corticobasal degeneration; Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD); frontotemporal dementia and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
  • ALD Argyrophilic grain disease
  • tau proteins are deposited in the form of inclusion bodies within swollen or "ballooned" neurons.
  • Argyrophilic grain disease (AGD), another type of dementia, which is sometimes considered as a type of Alzheimer disease and which may co-exist with other tauopathies such as progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration, and also Pick's disease, is marked by the presence of abundant argyrophilic grains and coiled bodies on microscopic examination of brain tissue.
  • the non-Alzheimer's tauopathies are sometimes grouped together as "Pick's complex".
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated by the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention is Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), in particular MCI due to Alzheimer's Disease.
  • MCI Mild Cognitive Impairment
  • MCI is different from Alzheimer's Disease, i.e. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is typically not Alzheimer's Disease, but is a disease on its own classified by ICD-1 0 in F06.7.
  • ICD-10 F06.7, MCI is described as a disorder characterized by impairment of memory, learning difficulties, and reduced ability to concentrate on a task for more than brief periods.
  • the disorder may precede, accompany, or follow a wide variety of infections and physical disorders, both cerebral and systemic, but direct evidence of cerebral involvement is not necessarily present. It can be differentiated from postencephalitic syndrome (F07.1 ) and postconcussional syndrome (F07.2) by its different etiology, more restricted range of generally milder symptoms, and usually shorter duration.
  • MCI Mild cognitive impairment
  • AD Alzheimer's Disease
  • MCI Mild cognitive impairment
  • memory and thinking skills MCI
  • MCI involves the onset and evolution of cognitive impairments whatever type beyond those expected based on the age and education of the individual, but which are not significant enough to interfere with their daily activities.
  • MCI The diagnosis of MCI is described for example by Albert MS, DeKosky ST, Dickson D, Dubois B, Feldman HH, Fox NC, Gamst A, Holtzman DM, Jagust WJ, Petersen RC, Snyder PJ, Carrillo MC, Thies B, Phelps CH (201 1 )
  • the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease; Alzheimers Dement.;7(3):270-9.
  • MCI may be at the onset of whatever type of dementia or represents an ephemeric form of cognitive impairment which may disappear over time without resulting in a clinical manifestation of dementia.
  • a person with MCI is at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's or another dementia, in particular at an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease, without however necessarily developing dementia, in particular Alzheimer's Disease.
  • No medications are currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat Mild Cognitive Impairment. Drugs approved to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease have not shown any lasting benefit in delaying or preventing progression of MCI to dementia.
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is an inflammatory disease of the mouth or the jaw bone, in particular pulpitis, periimplantitis, periodontitis, gingivitis, stomatitis, mucositis, desquamative disorders, and/or temporomandibular joint disorder, preferably periodontitis.
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a graft rejection or transplant rejection reaction, in particular a liver, lung, kidney, pancreas, skin or heart transplant graft rejection, e.g. graft versus host or host versus graft.
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a nephrological disease (kidney disease), in particular selected from glomerulonephritis, for example nonproliferative glomerulonephritis, in particular minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental glomerular hyalinosis and/or sclerosis, focal glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and/or thin basement membrane disease, and proliferative glomerulonephritis, in particular membrano- proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis, endocapil lary proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, dense deposit disease (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II), extracapillary glomerulonephriti
  • kidney disease glomer
  • the kidney disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a nephropathy, in particular selected from membranous nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, hereditary nephropathy, analgesic nephropathy, CFHR5 nephropathy, contrast-induced nephropathy, amyloid nephropathy, reflux nephropathy and/or Mesoamerican nephropathydiabetic nephropathy, preferably the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is diabetic nephropathy.
  • a nephropathy in particular selected from membranous nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, hereditary nephropathy, analgesic nephropathy, CFHR5 nephropathy, contrast-induced nephropathy, amyloid nephropathy, reflux nephropathy and/or Mesoamerican
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a disease and/or disorder of the urinary system, in particular selected from ureteritis; urinary tract infection (bladder infection, acute cystitis); chronic cystitis, cystitis in general, in particular interstitial cystitis (in particular chronic interstitial cystitis), Hunner's ulcer, trigonitis and/or hemorrhagic cystitis; urethritis, in particular nongonococcal urethritis or gonococcal urethritis; painful bladder syndrome; IC/PBS; urethral syndrome; and/or retroperitoneal fibrosis, preferably cystitis in general, in particular interstitial cystitis.
  • urinary tract infection bladedder infection, acute cystitis
  • chronic cystitis cystitis in general, in particular interstitial cystitis (in particular chronic interstitial cystitis), Hunner's ulcer, trigonitis and/or hemorrhagic cystitis
  • interstitial cystitis varies very much in symptoms and severity and, thus, most researchers believe it is not one, but several diseases.
  • BPS bladedder pain syndrome
  • PBS pressureful bladder syndrome
  • IC/PBS includes all cases of urinary pain that can't be attributed to other causes, such as infection or urinary stones.
  • interstitial cystitis, or IC is typically used alone when describing cases that meet all of the IC criteria, for example as established by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK).
  • the disorder/disease to be prevented and/or treated is a cancer and/or tumor disease, in particular selected from solid tumors in general; hematologic tumors in general, in particular leukemia, for example acute lymphocytic leukemia (L1 , L2, L3), acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), promyelocytic leukemia (M3), monocytic leukemia (MS), myeloblasts leukemia (M1 ), myeloblasts leukemia (M2), megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7) and myelomonocytic leukemia (M4); myeloma, for example multiple myeloma; lymphomas, for example non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, mycosis fungoides, Burkitt's lymphom
  • ALL acute lympho
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be used for example for the treatment of inflammatory diseases including for example acute inflammation as well as chronic inflammation.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be used to treat any type of tissue inflammation, e.g. inflammation in the eye, inflammation in the mouth, inflammation of the respiratory system including in particular the lung, inflammation of the skin, inflammation within the cardiovascular system, inflammation of the brain, inflammation in the ear, etc.
  • tissue inflammation e.g. inflammation in the eye, inflammation in the mouth, inflammation of the respiratory system including in particular the lung, inflammation of the skin, inflammation within the cardiovascular system, inflammation of the brain, inflammation in the ear, etc.
  • Some non-limiting examples for such inflammatory disease states are mucositis, stomatitis, peri-implantitis, retinitis, chorioiditis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), uveitis (e.g.
  • anterior uveitis anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis), periodontitis, COPD, asthma, pulpitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, Crohn's disease, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, interstitial cystitis; acute inflammation at a site of infection or wound, meningitis, encephalitis, pneumonia, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, otitis (including otitis media), vasculitis, synovitis, enteritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, graft rejection; post- surgery or post-trauma inflammation, in particular intraocular inflammation following ocular anterior and/or posterior segment surgery, etc.
  • the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein may for example be used in methods of treatment of ear diseases (in particular diseases of the inner ear), hearing loss (in particular acute hearing loss), damaged hair cell stereocilia, hair cell apoptosis, noise trauma, otitis, otitis media etc.
  • Hearing loss and associated hair cell apoptosis are non-limiting examples for disorders resulting from stress situations for cells in which JNK inhibition can modulate the stress response and for example block apoptosis.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may also be used for the treatment of metabolic disorders, for example for the treatment of diabetes in general, in particular type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition, for example due to congenital rubella, Cushing's syndrome, cystic fibrosis, malignant neoplasm, malnutrition, or pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas, drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus, and/or other diabetes mellitus, Fabry disease, Gaucher disease, hypothermia, hyperthermia hypoxia, lipid histiocytosis, lipidoses, metachromatic leukodystrophy, mucopolysaccharidosis, Niemann Pick disease, obesity, and Wolman's disease.
  • hypothermia, hyperthermia and hypoxia are again non-limiting examples for stress situations for cells in which JNK inhibition can modulate the stress response and for example block apoptosis.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be used for the treatment of neural, neuronal and/or neurodegenerative diseases, respectively.
  • Such diseases are for example Alexander disease; tauopathies, in particular Alzheimer's disease, for example Alzheimer's disease with early onset, Alzheimer's disease with late onset, Alzheimer's dementia senile and presenile forms; Mild Cognitive Impairment, in particular Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease; amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), apoplexy, Ataxia Telangiectasia, cut or otherwise disrupted axons, axotomy, brain lesions, CMT (Charcot- Marie-Tooth), corticobasal degeneration, dementia, diseases or disorders of the nervous system, dystonia, epilepsy, Farber's disease, Friedreich ataxia (SCA), gangliosidoses, Guillain- Barre syndrome, hereditary spastic paraplegia, Hirschsprung's disease, human immunodeficiency virus dementia, Huntington's disease, infarct of the brain, ischemic stroke, Krabbe disease, Lennox Gastaut Syndrome
  • the JNK inhibitor peptides of the present invention may for example be used in a method of treatment of autoimmune diseases of the CNS, auto- inflammatory diseases, Celiac disease; Sjogren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus etc.
  • bone diseases which may be treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention are for example arthritis, disc herniation, fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP), osteoarthritis, osteopetrosis, osteoporosis, in particular diabetes induced osteoporosis, Paget's Disease, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.
  • Examples for preferred skin diseases which can be treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention are psoriasis and lupus erythematosus.
  • skin diseases and diseases of the subcutaneous tissue which can preferably be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein are papulosquamous disorders. These include psoriasis, parapsoriasis, pityriasis rosea, lichen planus and other papulosquamous disorders for example pityriasis rubra pilaris, lichen nitidus, lichen striatus, lichen ruber moniliformis, and infantile popular acrodermatitis.
  • the disease to be treated and/or prevented by the JNK inhibitor according to the invention is selected from the group of psoriasis and parapsoriasis, whereby psoriasis is particularly preferred.
  • psoriasis include psoriasis vulgaris, nummular psoriasis, plaque psoriasis, generalized pustular psoriasis, impetigo herpetiformis, Von Zumbusch's disease, acrodermatitis continua, guttate psoriasis, arthropathis psoriasis, distal interphalangeal psoriatic arthropathy, psoriatic arthritis mutilans, psoriatic spondylitis, psoriatic juvenile arthropathy, psoriatic arthropathy in general, and/or flexural psoriasis.
  • parapsoriasis examples include large-plaque parapsoriasis, small-plaque parapsoriasis, retiform parapsoriasis, pityriasis lichenoides and lymphomatoid papulosis.
  • eczema for example Besnier's prurigo, atopic or diffuse neurodermatitis, flexural eczema, infantile eczema, intrinsic eczema, allergic eczema, other atopic dermatitis, seborrheic dermatitis for example seborrhea capitis, seborrheic infantile dermatitis, other seborrheic dermatitis, diaper dermatitis for example diaper erythema, diaper rash and psoriasiform diaper rash, allergic contact dermatitis, in particular due to metals, due to adhesives, due to cosmetics, due to drugs in contact with skin, due to dyes, due to other chemical products, due to food in contact with skin, due to plants except food, due to animal dander, and/or due to other agents,
  • Diseases of the eye which may be treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention involve for example age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular in the wet and dry form; angioid streaks; anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; anterior uveitis; cataract, in particular age related cataract; central exudative chorioretinopathy; central serous chorioretinopathy; chalazion; chorioderemia; chorioiditis; choroidal sclerosis; conjunctivitis; cyclitis; diabetic retinopathy; dry eye syndrome; endophthalmitis; episcleritis; eye infection; fundus albipunctatus; gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina; hordeolum; inflammatory diseases of the blephara; inflammatory diseases of the choroid; inflammatory diseases of the ciliary body; inflammatory diseases of the conjunctiva; inflammatory diseases of the cornea; inflammatory diseases of the iris; inflammatory diseases of the la
  • NMDA induced retinotoxicity non-chronic or chronic inflammatory eye diseases; Oguchi's disease; optic nerve disease; orbital phlegmon; panophtalmitis; panuveitis; post caspule opacification; posterior capsule opacification (PCO) (a cataract after-surgery complication); posterior uveitis; proliferative vitreoretinopathy; retinal artery occlusion; retinal detachment, retinal diseases; retinal injuries; retinal macroaneurysm; retinal pigment epithelium detachment; retinal vein occlusion; retinitis; retinitis pigmentosa; retinitis punctata albescens; retinopathy, in particular retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy; scleritis; Stargardt's disease; treatment of inflamed ocular wounds and
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention can be used to treat and/or prevent inflammatory diseases of the eye, whereby such diseases can relate to the eye as a whole or to different parts of the eye.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention can be used to treat and/or prevent panophthalmitis, which is the inflammation of all coats of the eye including intraocular structures.
  • inflammatory diseases of the eye which can be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention include for example endophthalmitis, for example purulent and parasitic endophthalmitis; blebitis; hordeolum; chalazion; blepharitis; dermatitis and other inflammations of the eyelid; dacryoadenititis; canaliculus, in particular acute and chronic lacrimal canaliculus; dacryocystitis; inflammation of the orbit, in particular cellulitis of orbit, periostitis of orbit, tenonitis of orbit, orbital granuloma (granulomatous inflammation) and orbital myositis.
  • endophthalmitis for example purulent and parasitic endophthalmitis
  • blebitis for example purulent and parasitic endophthalmitis
  • hordeolum hordeolum
  • chalazion blepharitis
  • dermatitis and other inflammations of the eyelid e.g.,
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention can be used to treat and/or prevent inflammatory diseases of the conjunctiva, in particular conjunctivitis, for example acute conjunctivitis, mucopurulent conjunctivitis, atopic conjunctivitis, toxic conjunctivitis, pseudomembraneous conjunctivitis, serous conjunctivitis, chronic conjunctivitis, giant pupillary conjunctivitis, follicular conjunctivitis vernal conjunctivitis, blepharoconjunctivitis, and/or pingueculitis.
  • Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, which is commonly due to an infection or an allergic reaction.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention can be used to treat and/or prevent inflammatory diseases of the sclera, the cornea, the iris, the ciliary body, the retina and/or the choroid of the eye.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention can be used to treat and/or prevent uveitis, i.e. an inflammation of the uvea.
  • the uvea consists of the middle, pigmented vascular structures of the eye and includes the iris, the ciliary body, and the choroid.
  • uveitis is classified as anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, and/or panuveitis, whereby the latter is the inflammation of all the layers of the uvea.
  • uveitis includes sympathetic ophthalmia (sympathetic uveitis), which is a bilateral diffuse granulomatous uveitis of both eyes following trauma to one eye.
  • Anterior uveitis which is particularly preferred to be treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention, includes iridocyclitis and ulceris. Iritis is the inflammation of the anterior chamber and iris. Iridocyclitis presents the same symptoms as ulceris, but also includes inflammation in the vitreous cavity.
  • iridocyclitis to be prevented and/or treated with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention include - but are not limited to - acute iridocyclitis, subacute iridocyclitis and chronic iridocyclitis, primary iridocyclitis, recurrent iridocyclitis and secondary iridocyclitis, lens-induced iridocyclitis, Fuchs' heterochromic cyclitis, and Vogt-Koyanagi syndrome.
  • Intermediate uveitis also known as pars planitis, in particular includes vitritis, which is inflammation of cells in the vitreous cavity, sometimes with "snowbanking" or deposition of inflammatory material on the pars plana.
  • Posterior uveitis includes in particular chorioretinitis, which is the inflammation of the retina and choroid, and chorioditis (choroid only).
  • the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein can be used to treat and/or prevent chorioretinal inflammation in general, for example focal and/or disseminated chorioretinal inflammation, chorioretinitis, chorioditis, retinochoroiditis, posterior cyclitis, Harada's disease, chorioretinal inflammation in infectious and parasitic diseases and/or retinitis, i.e. an inflammation of the retina.
  • Inflammatory diseases damaging the retina of the eye in general are included, in addition to retinitis in particular retinal vasculitis, for example Eales disease and retinal perivasculitis.
  • Further inflammatory diseases of the sclera, the cornea, the iris, the ciliary body, the retina and/or the choroid of the eye to be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein include scleritis, i.e.
  • sclera an inflammation of the sclera, for example anterior scleritis, brawny scleritis, posterior scleritis, scleritis with corneal involvement and scleromalacia perforans; episcleritis, in particular episcleritis periodica fugax and nodular episcleritis; and keratitis, which is an inflammation of the cornea, in particular corneal ulcer, superficial keratitis, macular keratitis, filamentary keratitis, photokeratitis, punctate keratitis, keratoconjunctivitis, for example exposure keratoconjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes), neurotrophic keratoconjunctivitis, ophthalmia nodosa, phlyctenular keratoconjunctivitis, vernal keratoconjunctivitis and other keratocon
  • JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein are particularly useful to treat and/or prevent post-surgery (or "post-procedural") or post-trauma (intraocular) inflammation of the eye.
  • Post-surgery refers in particular to a surgery performed on and/or in the eye, preferably anterior and/or posterior segment surgery, for example cataract surgery, laser eye surgery, glaucoma surgery, refractive surgery, corneal surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, eye muscle surgery, oculoplastic surgery, ocular oncology surgery, conjunctival surgery including pterygium, and/or surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus.
  • the surgery referred to in "post-surgery” is a complex eye surgery and/or an uncomplicated eye surgery.
  • Particularly preferred is the use of JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein to treat and/or prevent post-surgery or post-trauma intraocular inflammation, in particular intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery.
  • retinopathy Another particularly preferred eye disease to be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitors according to the invention is retinopathy.
  • retinopathy include diabetic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy (e.g., arterial hypertension induced), exudative retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy, sun-induced solar retinopathy, trauma- induced retinopathy, e.g. Purtscher's retinopathy, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and/or hyperviscosity-related retinopathy, non-diabetic proliferative retinopathy, and/or proliferative vitreo-retinopathy.
  • the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein are particularly preferred for the treatment and/or prevention of diabetic retinopathy and retinopathy of prematurity, respectively.
  • the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein are preferably used in the treatment of diseases and/or disorders relating to degeneration of the macula and/or posterior pole in general.
  • the treatment and/or prevention of age-related macular degeneration is preferred, in particular the wet and/or the dry form of age-related macular degeneration, exudative and/or non-exudative age-related macular degeneration.
  • Exemplary diseases of the mouth which may be treated with the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein are periodontitis, in particular chronic periodontitis; mucositis, oral desquamative disorders, oral liquen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, pulpitis; stomatitis; temporomandibular joint disorder, peri-implantitis etc.
  • Preferred diseases of the mouth or the jaw bone to be prevented and/or treated with the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention can be selected from the group consisting of pulpitis in general, in particular acute pulpitis, chronic pulpitis, hyperplastic pulpitis, ulcerative pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis and/or reversible pulpitis; periimplantitis; periodontitis in general, in particular chronic periodontitis, complex periodontitis, simplex periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and/or apical periodontitis, e.g.
  • Periodontosis in particular juvenile periodontosis
  • gingivitis in general, in particular acute gingivitis, chronic gingivitis, plaque-induced gingivitis, and/or non-plaque- induced gingivitis
  • pericoronitis in particular acute and chronic pericoronitis
  • sialadenitis sialadenitis (sialadenitis)
  • parotitis in particular infectious parotitis and autoimmune parotitis
  • stomatitis in general, in particular aphthous stomatitis (e.g., minor or major), Bednar's aphthae, periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens, recurrent aphthous ulcer, stomatitis herpetiformis, gangrenous stomatitis, denture stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis, vesicular stomatitis and/or gingivostomati
  • the present invention is also suitable for use in the treatment of diseases resulting in loss of bladder function (e.g., urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, interstitial cystitis, or bladder cancer).
  • diseases and/or disorders of the urinary system can be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein.
  • Such diseases are in particular selected from ureteritis; urinary tract infection (bladder infection, acute cystitis); chronic cystitis, cystitis in general, in particular interstitial cystitis (in particular chronic interstitial cystitis), Hunner's ulcer, trigonitis and/or hemorrhagic cystitis; urethritis, in particular nongonococcal urethritis or gonococcal urethritis; urethral syndrome; and/or retroperitoneal fibrosis.
  • urinary tract infection bladedder infection, acute cystitis
  • chronic cystitis cystitis in general, in particular interstitial cystitis (in particular chronic interstitial cystitis), Hunner's ulcer, trigonitis and/or hemorrhagic cystitis
  • urethritis in particular nongonococcal urethritis or gonococcal urethritis
  • urethral syndrome and/or retroperitoneal fibrosis.
  • kidney diseases and/or disorders can be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention.
  • Particularly preferred kidney diseases to be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention include glomerulopathies, in particular glomerulonephritis, acute kidney injury and nephropathies.
  • Glomerulonephritis refers to several renal diseases, whereby many of the diseases are characterised by inflammation either of the glomeruli or small blood vessels in the kidneys, but not all diseases necessarily have an inflammatory component.
  • Non-limiting examples of glomerulonephritis diseases to be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention include nonproliferative glomerulonephritis, in particular minimal change disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, focal segmental glomerular hyalinosis and/or sclerosis, focal glomerulonephritis, membranous glomerulonephritis, and/or thin basement membrane disease, and proliferative glomerulonephritis, in particular membrano- proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis, endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangiocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis, dense deposit disease (membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type II), extracapillary glomerulonephritis (crescentic glomerulonephritis), rapidly progressive
  • diseases to be treated and/or prevented with the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention include acute nephritic syndrome; rapidly progressive nephritic syndrome; recurrent and persistent hematuria; chronic nephritic syndrome; nephrotic syndrome; proteinuria with specified morphological lesion; glomerulitis; glomerulopathy; and glomerulosclerosis.
  • Acute kidney injury is an abrupt loss of kidney function, which is often investigated in a renal ischemia/ reperfusion injury model, and which includes for example prerenal AKI, intrinsic AKI, postrenal AKI, AKI with tubular necrosis for example acute tubular necrosis, renal tubular necrosis, AKI with cortical necrosis for example acute cortical necrosis and renal cortical necrosis, AKI with medullary necrosis, for example medullary (papillary) necrosis, acute medullary (papillary) necrosis and chronic medullary (papillary) necrosis, or other AKI.
  • Nephropathies i.e. damage to or disease of a kidney, includes also nephrosis, which is non-inflammatory nephropathy, and nephritis, which is inflammatory kidney disease.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention are preferably used to treat and/or prevent nephropathies, in particular membranous nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, hereditary nephropathy, analgesic nephropathy, CFHR5 nephropathy, contrast-induced nephropathy, amyloid nephropathy, reflux nephropathy and/or Mesoamerican nephropathy; nephritis in general, in particular lupus nephritis, pyelonephritis, interstitial nephritis, tubulointerstitial nephritis, chronic nephritis or acute nephritis
  • a particularly preferred nephropathy to be treated and/or prevented is diabetic nephropathy.
  • Another field of use is the treatment of pain, in particular neuropathic, incident, breakthrough, psychogenic, or phantom pain, all of these types of pain either in the acute or chronic form.
  • JNK inhibitors of the present invention may - as already previously proposed for other JNK inhibitors - be used for the treatment of proliferative diseases like cancer and tumor diseases, such as acusticus neurinoma; lung carcinomas; acute lymphocytic leukemia (L1 , L2, L3); acute lymphoid leukaemia (ALL); acute myelogenous leukemia (AML); adenocarcinomas; anal carcinoma; bronchial carcinoma; cervix carcinoma; cervical cancer; astrocytoma; basalioma; cancer with Bcr-Abl transformation; bladder cancer; blastomas; bone cancer; brain metastases; brain tumours; breast cancer; Burkitt's lymphoma; carcinoids; cervical cancer; chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL); chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML); colon cancer and colon carcinoma in general, in particular cecum carcinoma, appendix carcinoma, ascending colon carcinoma, hepatic flexure carcinoma,
  • JNK inhibitors Since JNK signalling is also involved in many cardiovascular diseases and disorders, the use of JNK inhibitors in the treatment of such diseases has already been suggested in the past.
  • the inhibitors of the present invention may be used accordingly, e.g. for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension; arteriosclerosis; arteriosclerotic lesions;
  • Behcet's syndrome bifurcations of blood vessels; cardiac hypertrophy; cardiavascular hypertrophy; cardiomyopathies, in particular chemotherapy induced cardiomyopathies; cerebral ischemia; coronary heart diseases; dilatation of the abdominal aorta; focal cerebral ischemia; global cerebral ischemia; heart hypertrophy; infrarenal aneurism hypertension; ischemia; myocardial infarct, in particular acute myocardial infarction; myocarditis; reperfusion; restenosis; vasculitis; Wegener's granulomatosis; etc.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may in the context of cardiovascular diseases also be used complementary to coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG surgery); percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA); and/or stent treatment, for example to prevent or treat intimal hyperplasia resulting from said (surgical) treatment.
  • CABG surgery coronary artery bypass graft surgery
  • PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
  • stent treatment for example to prevent or treat intimal hyperplasia resulting from said (surgical) treatment.
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • cystic fibrosis inflammatory lung diseases; pneumonia; pulmonary fibrosis; etc.
  • colitis e.g.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may also serve as therapeutic agent for the treatment of infectious diseases resulting from e.g. bacterial or viral infection.
  • the JNK inhibitors as disclosed herein may for example prevent or ameliorate inflammatory reactions caused by said infections.
  • diseases states which are not considered to be limiting, are viral encephalitis; viral induced cancers (e.g. as mentioned above), human immunodeficiency virus dementia, meningitis, meningoencephalitis, encephalomyelitis, tonsillitis, varicella zoster virus infections, etc.
  • the inventors of the present invention consider temporomandibular joint disorder, mucositis, stomatitis, oral liquen planus (desquamative disorder), Pemphigus vulgaris (desquamative disorder), periodontitis, chronic periodontitis, pulpitis, peri-implantitis, uveitis (anterior uveitis, intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis), keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye syndrome), age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular in the wet and dry form, retinopathy, in particular diabetic retinopathy, post-surgery or post-trauma intraocular inflammation, preferably intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery, glomerulonephritis, nephropathy, in particular diabetic nephropathy, interstitial cystitis, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG surgery), acute myocardial infarction, prevention of intimal hyper
  • the present invention provides a JNK inhibitor sequence comprising less than 1 50 amino acids in length for the (in vitro) treatment of a tissue or organ transplant prior to or after its transplantation.
  • the term "prior to its transplantation” comprises the time of isolation and the time of perfusion/transport.
  • the treatment of a tissue or organ transplant "prior to its transplantation” refers for example to treatment during the isolation and/or during perfusion and/or during transport.
  • a solution used for isolation of of a tissue or organ transplant as well as a solution used for perfusion, transport and/or otherwise treatment of a tissue or organ transplant can preferably contain the JNK inhibitor according to the invention.
  • CIT is the length of time that elapses between an organ being removed from the donor, in particular the time of perfus ion/treatment of an organ by cold solutions, to its transplantation into the recipient.
  • WIT is in general a term used to describe ischemia of cells and tissues under normothermic conditions. In particular WIT refers to the length of time that elapses between a donor's death, in particular from the time of cross- clamping or of asystole in non-heart-beating donors, until cold perfusion is commenced.
  • WIT may also refer to ischemia during implantation, from removal of the organ from ice until reperfusion.
  • a transplant originating from a brain- dead donor is typically not subjected to WIT, but has 8-12 hrs of CIT (time needed for transportation from the procurement hospital to the isolation lab), whereas a transplant from a non-heart beating donor is typically exposed to a longer WIT and also 8-12 hrs of CIT.
  • CIT is usually limited (typically 1 - 2 hrs, for example in islet autotransplantation in patients with chronic pancreatitis).
  • Ischemia is an inevitable event accompanying transplantation, for example kidney transplantation.
  • Ischemic changes start with brain death, which is associated with severe hemodynamic disturbances: increasing intracranial pressure results in bradycardia and decreased cardiac output; the Cushing reflex causes tachycardia and increased blood pressure; and after a short period of stabilization, systemic vascular resistance declines with hypotension leading to cardiac arrest.
  • Free radical- mediated injury releases proinflammatory cytokines and activates innate immunity.
  • transplants may be (pre-)treated by the JNK inhibitors according to the present invention in order to improve their viability and functionality until transplanted to the host.
  • the transplant is a kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), liver, blood cell, bone marrow, cornea, accidental severed limb, in particular fingers, hand, foot, face, nose, bone, cardiac valve, blood vessel or intestine transplant, preferably a kidney, heart, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), or skin transplant.
  • the present invention provides a JNK inhibitor as defined herein for the treatment of a tissue or organ transplant, or an animal or human who received a tissue or organ transplant during or after transplantation.
  • the term "after transplantation” refers in particular to reperfusion of the organ or tissue, for example a kidney, whereby reperfusion begins for example by unclamping the respective blood flow.
  • the treatment with a JNK inhibitor according to the present invention after transplantation refers in particular to the time interval of up to four hours after reperfusion, preferably up to two hours after reperfusion, more preferably up to one hour after reperfusion and/or at the day(s) subsequent to transplantation.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may be administered for example to an animal or human who received a tissue or organ transplant as pharmaceutical composition as described herein, for example systemically, in particular intravenously, in a dose in the range of 0.01 - 10 mg/kg, preferably in the range of 0.1 - 5 mg/kg, more preferably in the range of 0.5 - 2 mg/kg at a single dose or repeated doses.
  • the present invention provides a JNK inhibitor as defined herein for the preventive treatment of a tissue or organ transplant, or an animal or human who receives or donates a tissue or organ transplant.
  • the term "preventive treatment” refers in particular to a treatment of a patient (i.e. donor or recipient) prior to transplantation, in particular prior to reperfusion of the organ or tissue, for example a kidney, whereby reperfusion begins for example by unclamping the respective blood flow.
  • the preventive treatment with a JNK inhibitor according to the present invention refers in particular to the time interval of up to one day prior to reperfusion surgery (i.e.
  • beginning of anesthesia preferably up to twelve hours prior to reperfusion, more preferably up to four hours prior to reperfusion, even more preferably up to two hours prior to reperfusion and most preferably up to one hour prior to reperfusion and/or at the day(s) prior to transplantation.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may be administered for example to an animal or human who receives or donates a tissue or organ transplant as pharmaceutical composition as described herein, for example systemically, in particular intravenously, in a dose in the range of 0.01 - 10 mg/kg, preferably in the range of 0.1 - 5 mg/kg, more preferably in the range of 0.5 - 2 mg/kg at a single dose or repeated doses.
  • the transplant is in particular a kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), liver, blood cell, bone marrow, cornea, accidental severed limb, in particular fingers, hand, foot, face, nose, bone, cardiac valve, blood vessel or intestine transplant, preferably a kidney, heart, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), or skin transplant.
  • pancreatic islets also called islets of Langerhans
  • the transplant is in particular a kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), liver, blood cell, bone marrow, cornea, accidental severed limb, in particular fingers, hand, foot, face, nose, bone, cardiac valve, blood vessel or intestine transplant, preferably a kidney, heart, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), or skin transplant.
  • JNK inhibitor sequences as known in the art only proved usability for a limited number of diseases, it was a surprising finding that JNK inhibitor sequences as defined herein may be used and are suitable for the treatment of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as mentioned above. This was neither obvious nor suggested by the prior art, even though JNK inhibitor sequences in general have been known from the art.
  • a JNK inhibitor sequence as defined above may be derived from a human or rat IB1 sequence, preferably from an amino acid sequence as defined or encoded by any of sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 102 (depicts the IB1 cDNA sequence from rat and its predicted amino acid sequence), SEQ ID NO: 103 (depicts the IB1 protein sequence from rat encoded by the exon-intron boundary of the rlB1 gene - splice donor), SEQ ID NO: 104 (depicts the IB1 protein sequence from Homo sapiens), or SEQ ID NO: 105 (depicts the IB1 cDNA sequence from Homo sapiens), more preferably from an amino acid sequence as defined or encoded by any of sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 104 (depicts the IB1 protein sequence from Homo sapiens), or SEQ ID NO: 105 (depicts the IB1 cDNA sequence from Homo sapiens), or from any fragments
  • the JNK inhibitor sequence comprises a fragment, variant, or variant of such fragment of a human or rat IB1 sequence.
  • Human or rat IB sequences are defined or encoded, respectively, by the sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 102, SEQ ID NO: 103, SEQ ID NO: 104 or SEQ ID NO: 1 05.
  • such a JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein comprises a total length of less than 1 50 amino acid residues, preferably a range of 5 to 1 50 amino acid residues, more preferably 10 to 1 00 amino acid residues, even more preferably 10 to 75 amino acid residues and most preferably a range of 1 0 to 50 amino acid residues, e.g. 1 0 to 30, 10 to 20, or 1 0 to 15 amino acid residues.
  • such a JNK inhibitor sequence and the above ranges may be selected from any of the above mentioned sequences, even more preferably from an amino acid sequence as defined according to SEQ ID NO: 104 or as encoded by SEQ ID NO: 105, even more preferably in the region between nucleotides 420 and 980 of SEQ ID NO: 1 05 or amino acids 105 and 291 of SEQ ID NO: 1 04, and most preferably in the region between nucleotides 561 and 647 of SEQ ID NO: 105 or amino acids 1 52 and 1 80 of SEQ ID NO: 1 04.
  • a JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein typically binds JNK and/or inhibits the activation of at least one JNK activated transcription factor, e.g. c-Jun or ATF2 (see e.g. SEQ ID NOs: 15 and 1 6, respectively) or E I kl .
  • the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein preferably comprises or consists of at least one amino acid sequence according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4, 13 to 20 and 33 to 100, or a fragment, derivative or variant thereof. More preferably, the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein may contain 1 , 2, 3, 4 or even more copies of an amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4, 13 to 20 and 33 to 100, or a variant, fragment or derivative thereof.
  • these amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4, 13 to 20 and 33 to 100, or variants, fragments, or derivatives thereof as used herein may be directly linked with each other without any linker sequence or via a linker sequence comprising 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5 amino acids.
  • Amino acids forming the linker sequence are preferably selected from glycine or proline as amino acid residues. More preferably, these amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4, 1 3 to 20 and 33 to 1 00, or fragments, variants or derivatives thereof, as used herein, may be separated by each other by a hinge of two, three or more proline residues.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may be composed of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or a combination of both.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein comprise at least 1 or even 2, preferably at least 3, 4 or 5, more preferably at least 6, 7, 8 or 9 and even more preferably at least 10 or more D- and/or L-amino acids, wherein the D- and/or L-amino acids may be arranged in the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein in a blockwise, a non-blockwise or in an alternate manner.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may be exclusively composed of L-amino acids.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may then comprise or consist of at least one relaxingnative JNK inhibitor sequence" according to SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3.
  • the term "native” or “native JNK inhibitor sequence(s)” is referred to non-altered JNK inhibitor sequences according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 or 3, as used herein, entirely composed of L-amino acids.
  • JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one (native) amino acid sequence (L-IB
  • each X typically represents an amino acid residue, preferably selected from any (native) amino acid residue.
  • each may be selected from any amino acid residue, wherein n (the number of repetitions of X) is 0-5, 5-10, 10-1 5, 15-20, 20-30 or more, provided that if n (the number of repetitions of X) is 0 for does preferably not comprise a serine or threonine at its C- terminus, in order to avoid a serine or threonine at this position.
  • n the number of repetitions of X
  • represents a contiguous stretch of peptide residues derived from SEQ ID NO: 1 or 3. may represent either D or L amino acids.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one (native) amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising the JNK binding domain of IB1 DTYRPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQDT (L-IB1 ) [SEQ ID NO: 1 7] . More preferably, the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein further may comprise or consist of at least one (native) amino acid sequence NH 2 - RPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQD-COOH (L-IB1 (s)) [SEQ ID NO: 1 ].
  • the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one (native) amino acid sequence selected from the group comprising the (long) JNK binding domain (JBDs) of IB1 PGTGCGDTYRPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQDT (IB1 -long) [SEQ ID NO: 13], the (long) JNK binding domain of IB2 IPSPSVEEPHKHRPTTLRLTTLGAQDS (IB2-long) [SEQ ID NO: 14], the JNK binding domain of c-Jun GAYGYSNPKILKQSMTLNLADPVGNLKPH (c- Jun) [SEQ ID NO: 1 5], the JNK binding domain of ATF2 TNEDHLAVHKHKHEMTLKFGPARNDSVIV (ATF2) [SEQ ID NO: 1 6] (see e.g.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may be composed in part or exclusively of D-amino acids as defined above. More preferably, these JNK inhibitor sequences composed of D-amino acids are non-native D retro-inverso sequences of the above (native) JNK inhibitor sequences.
  • the term "retro-inverso sequences” refers to an isomer of a linear peptide sequence in which the direction of the sequence is reversed and the chirality of each amino acid residue is inverted (see e.g. Jameson et a/., Nature, 368,744-746 (1 994); Brady et a/., Nature, 368, 692-693 (1 994)).
  • the advantage of combining D-enantiomers and reverse synthesis is that the positions of carbonyl and amino groups in each amide bond are exchanged, while the position of the side-chain groups at each alpha carbon is preserved.
  • any given L-amino acid sequence or peptide as used according to the present invention may be converted into an D retro-inverso sequence or peptide by synthesizing a reverse of the sequence or peptide for the corresponding native L-amino acid sequence or peptide.
  • D retro-inverso sequences as used herein and as defined above have a variety of useful properties.
  • D retro-inverso sequences as used herein enter cells as efficiently as L-amino acid sequences as used herein, whereas the D retro-inverso sequences as used herein are more stable than the corresponding L-amino acid sequences.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one D retro-inverso sequence according to the amino acid sequence (D-IB1 generic (s)) [SEQ ID NO: 4] and/or XS/TDQXXXXXXXLXLTTPRX (D-IB (generic)) [SEQ ID NO: 20].
  • D-IB1 generic (s) amino acid sequence
  • XS/TDQXXXXXXXXLXLTTPRX D-IB (generic)
  • X are as defined above (preferably, representing D amino acids), wherein X n b
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one D retro-inverso sequence according to the amino acid sequence comprising the JNK binding domain (JBDs) of IB1 TDQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPRYTD (D-IB1 ) [SEQ ID NO: 1 8].
  • JBDs JNK binding domain
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one D retro-inverso sequence according to the amino acid sequence NH 2 - DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPR-COOH (D-IB1 (s)) [SEQ ID NO:
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one D retro-inverso sequence according to the amino acid sequence comprising the JNK binding domain (JBDs) of IB1 D- IB1 (s1 ) (NH 2 -QPFLNLTTPRKPR-COOH, SEQ ID NO: 67); D-IB1 (s2) (NH 2 -VQPFLNLTTPRKP- COOH, SEQ ID NO: 68); D-IB1 (s3) (NH 2 -PVQPFLNLTTPRK-COOH, SEQ ID NO: 69); D- IB1 (s4) (NH 2 -RPVQPFLNLTTPR-COOH, SEQ ID NO: 70
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein and as disclosed above are presented in Table 1 (SEQ ID NO:s 1 -4, 13-20 and 33-100).
  • the table presents the name of the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein, as well as their sequence identifier number, their length, and amino acid sequence.
  • Table 1 shows sequences as well as their generic formulas, e.g. for SEQ ID NO's: 1 , 2, 5, 6, 9 and 1 1 and SEQ ID NO's: 3, 4, 7, 8, 10 and 12, respectively.
  • Table 1 furthermore discloses the chimeric sequences SEQ ID NOs: 9-12 and 23-32 (see below), L-IB1 sequences SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 66 and D-IB1 sequences SEQ ID NOs: 67 to 100.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein comprises or consists of at least one variant, fragment and/or derivative of the above defined native or non-native amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33- 100.
  • these variants, fragments and/or derivatives retain biological activity of the above disclosed native or non-native JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein, particularly of native or non-native amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33- 100, i.e. binding JNK and/or inhibiting the activation of at least one JNK activated transcription factor, e.g. c-Jun, ATF2 or Elk1 .
  • Functionality may be tested by various tests, e.g. binding tests of the peptide to its target molecule or by biophysical methods, e.g. spectroscopy, computer modeling, structural analysis, etc..
  • an JNK inhibitor sequence or variants, fragments and/or derivatives thereof as defined above may be analyzed by hydrophilicity analysis (see e.g. Hopp and Woods, 1 981 . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 78: 3824-3828) that can be utilized to identify the hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions of the peptides, thus aiding in the design of substrates for experimental manipulation, such as in binding experiments, or for antibody synthesis.
  • Secondary structural analysis may also be performed to identify regions of an JNK inhibitor sequence or of variants, fragments and/or derivatives thereof as used herein that assume specific structural motifs (see e.g. Chou and Fasman, 1 974, Biochem 13: 222-223). Manipulation, translation, secondary structure prediction, hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity profiles, open reading frame prediction and plotting, and determination of sequence homologies can be accomplished using computer software programs available in the art. Other methods of structural analysis include, e.g. X- ray crystallography (see e.g. Engstrom, 1 974. Biochem Exp Biol 1 1 : 7-13), mass spectroscopy and gas chromatography (see e.g.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein may comprise or consist of at least one variant of (native or non-native) amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33-100.
  • a "variant of a (native or non- native) amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33-100" is preferably a sequence derived from any of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33- 100, wherein the variant comprises amino acid alterations of the amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33-100.
  • Such alterations typically comprise 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 10 and more preferably 1 to 5 substitutions, additions and/or deletions of amino acids according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33-100, wherein the variant exhibits a sequence identity with any of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33- 100 of at least about 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98% or even 99%. If variants of (native or non-native) amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13- 20 and 33-100 as defined above and used herein are obtained by substitution of specific amino acids, such substitutions preferably comprise conservative amino acid substitutions.
  • Conservative amino acid substitutions may include synonymous amino acid residues within a group which have sufficiently similar physicochemical properties, so that a substitution between members of the group will preserve the biological activity of the molecule (see e.g. Grantham, R. (1 974), Science 185, 862-864). It is evident to the skilled person that amino acids may also be inserted and/or deleted in the above-defined sequences without altering their function, particularly if the insertions and/or deletions only involve a few amino acids, e.g. less than twenty, and preferably less than ten, and do not remove or displace amino acids which are critical to functional activity.
  • substitutions shall be avoided in variants as used herein, which lead to additional threonines at amino acid positions which are accessible for a phosphorylase, preferably a kinase, in order to avoid inactivation of the JNK- inhibitor sequence as used herein or of the chimeric peptide as used herein in vivo ox in vitro.
  • synonymous amino acid residues which are classified into the same groups and are typically exchangeable by conservative amino acid substitutions, are defined in Table 2.
  • a specific form of a variant of SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33-100 as used herein is a fragment of the (native or non-native) amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 , 1 - 4, 13-20 and 33-1 00" as used herein, which is typically altered by at least one deletion as compared to SEQ ID NOs 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33-100.
  • a fragment comprises at least 4 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33-100, a length typically sufficient to allow for specific recognition of an epitope from any of these sequences.
  • the fragment comprises 4 to 18, 4 to 15, or most preferably 4 to 1 0 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33-100, wherein the lower limit of the range may be 4, or 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10. Deleted amino acids may occur at any position of SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33-100, preferably N- or C-terminally.
  • a fragment of the (native or non-native) amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33-1 00, as described above, may be defined as a sequence sharing a sequence identity with any of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13-20 and 33- 100 as used herein of at least about 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or even 99%.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein may further comprise or consist of at least one derivative of (native or non-native) amino acid sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 1 3- 20 and 33-100 as defined above.
  • a "derivative of an (native or non-native) amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33-100” is preferably an amino acid sequence derived from any of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 1 -4, 13- 20 and 33-100, wherein the derivative comprises at least one modified L- or D-amino acid (forming non-natural amino acid(s)), preferably 1 to 20, more preferably 1 to 10, and even more preferably 1 to 5 modified L- or D-amino acids.
  • a modified amino acid in this respect may be any amino acid which is altered e.g. by different glycosylation in various organisms, by phosphorylation or by labeling specific amino acids. Such a label is then typically selected from the group of labels comprising:
  • radioactive labels i.e. radioactive phosphorylation or a radioactive label with sulphur, hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, etc.
  • colored dyes e.g. digoxygenin, etc.
  • fluorescent groups e.g. fluorescein, etc.
  • (v) groups for immobilization on a solid phase e.g. His-tag, biotin, strep-tag, flag-tag, antibodies, antigen, etc.
  • a solid phase e.g. His-tag, biotin, strep-tag, flag-tag, antibodies, antigen, etc.
  • an amino acid sequence having a sequence "sharing a sequence identity" of at least, for example, 95% to a query amino acid sequence of the present invention is intended to mean that the sequence of the subject amino acid sequence is identical to the query sequence except that the subject amino acid sequence may include up to five amino acid alterations per each 100 amino acids of the query amino acid sequence.
  • up to 5% (5 of 100) of the amino acid residues in the subject sequence may be inserted or substituted with another amino acid or deleted.
  • a "% identity" of a first sequence may be determined with respect to a second sequence.
  • these two sequences to be compared are aligned to give a maximum correlation between the sequences. This may include inserting "gaps" in either one or both sequences, to enhance the degree of alignment.
  • a % identity may then be determined over the whole length of each of the sequences being compared (so-called global alignment), that is particularly suitable for sequences of the same or similar length, or over shorter, defined lengths (so-called local alignment), that is more suitable for sequences of unequal length.
  • JNK-inhibitor sequences as used according to the present invention and as defined above may be obtained or produced by methods well-known in the art, e.g.
  • a peptide corresponding to a portion of an JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein including a desired region of said JNK inhibitor sequence, or that mediates the desired activity in vitroor in vivo may be synthesized by use of a peptide synthesizer.
  • JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein and as defined above may be furthermore be modified by a trafficking sequence, allowing the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein and as defined above to be transported effectively into the cells.
  • modified JNK inhibitor sequence are preferably provided and used as chimeric sequences.
  • the present invention therefore provides the use of a chimeric peptide including at least one first domain and at least one second domain, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined above in a subject, wherein the first domain of the chimeric peptide comprises a trafficking sequence, while the second domain of the chimeric peptide comprises an JNK inhibitor sequence as defined above, preferably of any of sequences according to SEQ ID NO: 1 -4, 1 3-20 and 33-100 or a derivative or a fragment thereof.
  • chimeric peptides as used according to the present invention have a length of at least 25 amino acid residues, e.g.
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein preferably comprises a trafficking sequence, which is typically selected from any sequence of amino acids that directs a peptide (in which it is present) to a desired cellular destination.
  • the trafficking sequence typically directs the peptide across the plasma membrane, e.g. from outside the cell, through the plasma membrane, and into the cytoplasm.
  • the trafficking sequence may direct the peptide to a desired location within the cell, e.g.
  • the trafficking sequence may additionally comprise another component, which is capable of binding a cytoplasmic component or any other component or compartment of the cell (e.g. endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, gloom apparatus, lysosomal vesicles). Accordingly, e.g. the trafficking sequence of the first domain and the JNK inhibitor sequence of the second domain may be localized in the cytoplasm or any other compartment of the cell. This allows to determine localization of the chimeric peptide in the cell upon uptake.
  • the trafficking sequence (being included in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein) has a length of 5 to 1 50 amino acid sequences, more preferably a length of 5 to 1 00 and most preferably a length of from 5 to 50, 5 to 30 or even 5 to 1 5 amino acids.
  • the trafficking sequence (contained in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein) may occur as a continuous amino acid sequence stretch in the first domain.
  • the trafficking sequence in the first domain may be splitted into two or more fragments, wherein all of these fragments resemble the entire trafficking sequence and may be separated from each other by 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5 amino acids, provided that the trafficking sequence as such retains its carrier properties as disclosed above.
  • These amino acids separating the fragments of the trafficking sequence may e.g. be selected from amino acid sequences differing from the trafficking sequence.
  • the first domain may contain a trafficking sequence composed of more than one component, each component with its own function for the transport of the cargo JNK inhibitor sequence of the second domain to e.g. a specific cell compartment.
  • the trafficking sequence as defined above may be composed of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or a combination of both.
  • the trafficking sequence (being included in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein) may comprise at least 1 or even 2, preferably at least 3, 4 or 5, more preferably at least 6, 7, 8 or 9 and even more preferably at least 1 0 or more D- and/or L-amino acids, wherein the D- and/or L-amino acids may be arranged in the JNK trafficking sequences in a blockwise, a non-blockwise or in an alternate manner.
  • the trafficking sequence of the chimeric peptide as used herein may be exclusively composed of L-amino acids. More preferably, the trafficking sequence of the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of at least one treatingnative" trafficking sequence as defined above. In this context, the term "native" is referred to non-altered trafficking sequences, entirely composed of L-amino acids. According to another alternative embodiment the trafficking sequence of the chimeric peptide as used herein may be exclusively composed of D-amino acids. More preferably, the trafficking sequence of the chimeric peptide as used herein may comprise a D retro-inverso peptide of the sequences as presented above.
  • the trafficking sequence of the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein may be obtained from naturally occurring sources or can be produced by using genetic engineering techniques or chemical synthesis (see e.g. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. (1989) Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2nd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.).
  • Sources for the trafficking sequence of the first domain may be employed including, e.g. native proteins such as e.g. the TAT protein (e.g. as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each of these references being incorporated herein by reference), VP22 (described in e.g. WO 97/05265; Elliott and O'Hare, Cell 88 : 223-233 (1997)), non-viral proteins (Jackson et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89 : 10691 -10695 (1 992)), trafficking sequences derived from Antennapedia (e.g. the antennapedia carrier sequence) or from basic peptides, e.g.
  • native proteins such as e.g. the TAT protein (e.g. as described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,804,604 and 5,674,980, each of these references being incorporated herein by reference)
  • VP22 described in
  • peptides having a length of 5 to 1 5 amino acids, preferably 10 to 12 amino acids and comprising at least 80 %, more preferably 85 % or even 90 % basic amino acids, such as e.g. arginine, lysine and/or histidine.
  • variants, fragments and derivatives of one of the native proteins used as trafficking sequences are disclosed herewith. With regard to variants, fragments and derivatives it is referred to the definition given above for JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein. Variants, fragments as well as derivatives are correspondingly defined as set forth above for JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein.
  • a variant or fragment or derivative may be defined as a sequence sharing a sequence identity with one of the native proteins used as trafficking sequences as defined above of at least about 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, 98%, or even 99%.
  • the trafficking sequence of the first domain comprises or consists of a sequence derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)1 TAT protein, particularly some or all of the 86 amino acids that make up the TAT protein.
  • HAV human immunodeficiency virus
  • partial sequences of the full-length TAT protein may be used forming a functionally effective fragment of a TAT protein, i.e. a TAT peptide that includes the region that mediates entry and uptake into cells.
  • a functionally effective fragment of the TAT protein can be determined using known techniques (see e.g. Franked et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci, USA 86 : 7397-7401 (1 989)).
  • the trafficking sequence in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein may be derived from a functionally effective fragment or portion of a TAT protein sequence that comprises less than 86 amino acids, and which exhibits uptake into cells, and optionally the uptake into the cell nucleus. More preferably, partial sequences (fragments) of TAT to be used as carrier to mediate permeation of the chimeric peptide across the cell membrane, are intended to comprise the basic region (amino acids 48 to 57 or 49 to 57) of full-length TAT.
  • the trafficking sequence (being included in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein) may comprise or consist of an amino acid sequence containing TAT residues 48-57 or 49 to 57, and most preferably a generic TAT sequence (L-generic-TAT (s)) [SEQ ID NO: 7] and/or XXXXRKKRRQ RRRXXX (L-generic-TAT) [SEQ ID NO: 21 ], wherein X or is as defined above.
  • the number of residues in SEQ ID NOs :8 is not limited to the one
  • the trafficking sequence being included in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein may comprise or consist of a peptide containing e.g. the amino acid sequence NH 2 -GRKKRRQRRR-COOH (L-TAT) [SEQ ID NO: 5] .
  • the trafficking sequence (being included in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein) may comprise a D retro-inverso peptide of the sequences as presented above, i.e. the D retro-inverso sequence of the generic TAT sequence having the sequence (D-generic-TAT (s))
  • SEQ ID NO : 8 and/or XXXXRRRQRRKKRXXX (D-generic-TAT) [SEQ ID NO: 22] . Also here, is as defined above (preferably representing D amino acids). Furthermore, the number of residues in SEQ ID NOs :8 is not limited to the one depicted, and may vary
  • the trafficking sequence as used herein may comprise the D retro-inverso sequence NH 2 -RRRQRRKKRG-COOH (D-TAT) [SEQ ID NO: 6] .
  • the trafficking sequence being included in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein may comprise or consist of variants of the trafficking sequences as defined above.
  • a "variant of a trafficking sequence” is preferably a sequence derived from a trafficking sequence as defined above, wherein the variant comprises a modification, for example, addition, (internal) deletion (leading to fragments) and/or substitution of at least one amino acid present in the trafficking sequence as defined above.
  • modification(s) typically comprise(s) 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 1 0 and more preferably 1 to 5 substitutions, additions and/or deletions of amino acids.
  • the variant preferably exhibits a sequence identity with the trafficking sequence as defined above, more preferably with any of SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 or 21 -22, of at least about 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%,90%, 95%, 98% or even 99%.
  • variants of the trafficking sequence can be designed to modulate intracellular localization of the chimeric peptide as used herein.
  • such variants as defined above are typically designed such that the ability of the trafficking sequence to enter cells is retained (i.e. the uptake of the variant of the trafficking sequence into the cell is substantially similar to that of the native protein used a trafficking sequence). For example, alteration of the basic region thought to be important for nuclear localization (see e.g. Dang and Lee, J. Biol. Chem.
  • Hauber et a/., J. Virol. 63 : 1 1 81 -1 1 87 (1 989) ; et a/., J. Virol. 63 : 1 -8 (1 989)) can result in a cytoplasmic location or partially cytoplasmic location of the trafficking sequence, and therefore, of the JNK inhibitor sequence as component of the chimeric peptide as used herein. Additional to the above, further modifications may be introduced into the variant, e.g. by linking e.g. cholesterol or other lipid moieties to the trafficking sequence to produce a trafficking sequence having increased membrane solubility.
  • any of the above disclosed variants of the trafficking sequences being included in the first domain of the chimeric peptide as used herein can be produced using techniques typically known to a skilled person (see e.g. Sambrook, J., Fritsch, E. F., Maniatis, T. (1 989) Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. 2nd edition. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein typically comprises an JNK inhibitor sequence, selected from any of the JNK inhibitor sequences as defined above, including variants, fragments and/or derivatives of these JNK inhibitor sequences.
  • Both domains i.e. the first and the second domain(s), of the chimeric peptide as used herein, may be linked such as to form a functional unit. Any method for linking the first and second domain(s) as generally known in the art may be applied.
  • the first and the second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as used herein are preferably linked by a covalent bond.
  • a covalent bond as defined herein, may be e.g. a peptide bond, which may be obtained by expressing the chimeric peptide as defined above as a fusion protein. Fusion proteins, as described herein, can be formed and used in ways analogous to or readily adaptable from standard recombinant DNA techniques, as described below. However, both domains may also be linked via side chains or may be linked by a chemical linker moiety.
  • the first and/or second domains of the chimeric peptide as used herein may occur in one or more copies in said chimeric peptide.
  • the first domain may be linked either to the N-terminal or the C-terminal end of the second domain. If present in multiple copies, the first and second domain(s) may be arranged in any possible order.
  • the first domain can be present in the chimeric peptide as used herein in a multiple copy number, e.g. in two, three or more copies, which are preferably arranged in consecutive order.
  • the second domain may be present in a single copy occurring at the N- or C- terminus of the sequence comprising the first domain.
  • the second domain may be present in a multiple copy number, e.g. in two, three or more copies, and the first domain may be present in a single copy.
  • first and second domain(s) can take any place in a consecutive arrangement. Exemplary arrangements are shown in the following: e.g. first domain - first domain - first domain - second domain; first domain - first domain - second domain - first domain; first domain - second domain - first domain - first domain; or e.g. second domain - first domain - first domain. It is well understood for a skilled person that these examples are for illustration purposes only and shall not limit the scope of the invention thereto. Thus, the number of copies and the arrangement may be varied as defined initially.
  • the first and second domain(s) may be directly linked with each other without any linker. Alternatively, they may be linked with each other via a linker sequence comprising 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 5 amino acids. Amino acids forming the linker sequence are preferably selected from glycine or proline as amino acid residues. More preferably, the first and second domain(s) may be separated by each other by a hinge of two, three or more proline residues between the first and second domain(s).
  • the chimeric peptide as defined above and as used herein, comprising at least one first and at least one second domain, may be composed of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or a combination of both.
  • each domain (as well as the linkers used) may be composed of L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or a combination of both (e.g. D-TAT and L-IB1 (s) or L-TAT and D-IB1 (s), etc.).
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein may comprise at least 1 or even 2, preferably at least 3, 4 or 5, more preferably at least 6, 7, 8 or 9 and even more preferably at least 10 or more D- and/or L-amino acids, wherein the D- and/or L-amino acids may be arranged in the chimeric peptide as used herein in a blockwise, a non-blockwise or in an alternate manner.
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of the L-amino acid chimeric peptide (L-TAT-IB 1 (s)) [SEQ ID NO: 10] [SEQ ID NO: 10]
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of the L-amino acid chimeric peptide sequence GRKKRRQRRR PPDTYRPKRP TTLNLFPQVP RSQDT (L-TAT-IB1 ) [SEQ ID NO: 23], or XXXXXXRKK RRQRRRXXX XXXRPTTLX LXXXXXXQD S/TX (L-TAT-IB generic) [SEQ ID NO: 24], wherein X is preferably also as defined above, or the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of the L-amino acid chimeric peptide sequence RKKRRQRRRPPRPKRPTTLNLFPQVPRSQD (L-TAT-IBKsl )) [SEQ ID NO: 27], D (L-TAT- IB1 (s2)) [SEQ ID NO: 28], or D (L-TAT-TA
  • each X typically represents an amino acid residue as defined above, more preferably represents a contiguous stretch of peptide residues, each X independently selected from each other from glycine or proline, e.g. a monotonic glycine stretch or a monotonic proline stretch, wherein n (the number of repetitions of ) is typically 0-5, 5-1 0, 10-1 5, 1 5-20, 20-30 or even more, preferably 0-5 or 5-10. may represent either D or L amino acids.
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of D-amino acid chimeric peptides of the above disclosed L-amino acid chimeric peptides.
  • exemplary D retro-inverso chimeric peptides according to the present invention are e.g. the generic D -TAT- IB peptide
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of D-amino acid chimeric peptides according to the TAT-IB1 peptide NH 2 -DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPRPPRRRQRRKKRG-COOH (D-TAT-IB1 (s)) [SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ].
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of the D-amino acid chimeric peptide sequence
  • X is preferably also as defined above, or the chimeric peptide as used herein comprises or consists of the D-amino acid chimeric peptide sequence DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPRPPRRRQRRKKR (D-TAT-IB1 (s1 )) [SEQ ID NO: 30], (D-TAT-IB1 (s2)) [SEQ ID NO: 31 ], or
  • the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above may be linked to each other by chemical or biochemical coupling carried out in any suitable manner known in the art, e.g. by establishing a peptide bond between the first and the second domain(s) e.g. by expressing the first and second domain(s) as a fusion protein, or e.g. by crosslinking the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above.
  • one way to increasing coupling specificity is a direct chemical coupling to a functional group present only once or a few times in one or both of the first and second domain(s) to be crosslinked.
  • cysteine which is the only protein amino acid containing a thiol group, occurs in many proteins only a few times.
  • a crosslinking reagent specific for primary amines will be selective for the amino terminus of that polypeptide.
  • Successful uti lization of this approach to increase coupling specificity requires that the polypeptide have the suitably rare and reactive residues in areas of the molecule that may be altered without loss of the molecule's biological activity.
  • Cysteine residues may be replaced when they occur in parts of a polypeptide sequence where their participation in a crosslinking reaction would otherwise likely interfere with biological activity.
  • a cysteine residue is replaced, it is typically desirable to minimize resulting changes in polypeptide folding. Changes in polypeptide folding are minimized when the replacement is chemically and sterically similar to cysteine. For these reasons, serine is preferred as a replacement for cysteine.
  • a cysteine residue may be introduced into a polypeptide's amino acid sequence for crosslinking purposes. When a cysteine residue is introduced, introduction at or near the amino or carboxy terminus is preferred. Conventional methods are available for such amino acid sequence modifications, wherein the polypeptide of interest is produced by chemical synthesis or via expression of recombinant DNA.
  • Coupling of the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above and used herein can also be accomplished via a coupling or conjugating agent.
  • a coupling or conjugating agent There are several intermolecular crosslinking reagents which can be uti lized (see for example, Means and Feeney, CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF PROTEINS, Holden-Day, 1974, pp. 39-43).
  • reagents for example, N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate (SPDP) or ⁇ , ⁇ '-0 ,3-phenylene) bismaleimide (both of which are highly specific for sulfhydryl groups and form irreversible linkages); N, N'-ethylene-bis-(iodoacetamide) or other such reagent having 6 to 1 1 carbon methylene bridges (which are relatively specific for sulfhydryl groups); and 1 ,5-difluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (which forms irreversible linkages with amino and tyrosine groups).
  • SPDP N-succinimidyl 3-(2-pyridyldithio) propionate
  • ⁇ , ⁇ '-0 ,3-phenylene) bismaleimide both of which are highly specific for sulfhydryl groups and form irreversible linkages
  • crosslinking reagents useful for this purpose include: ⁇ , ⁇ '-difluoro-m, m'-dinitrodiphenylsulfone which forms irreversible crosslinkages with amino and phenolic groups); dimethyl adipimidate (which is specific for amino groups); phenol- 1 ,4 disulfonylchloride (which reacts principally with amino groups); hexamethylenediisocyanate or diisothiocyanate, or azophenyl-p-diisocyanate (which reacts principally with amino groups); glutaraldehyde (which reacts with several different side chains) and disdiazobenzidine (which reacts primarily with tyrosine and histidine).
  • Crosslinking reagents used for crosslinking the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above may be homobifunctional, i.e. having two functional groups that undergo the same reaction.
  • a preferred homobifunctional crosslinking reagent is bismaleimidohexane ("BMH").
  • BMH contains two maleimide functional groups, which react specifically with sulfhydryl-containing compounds under mild conditions (pH 6.5-7.7). The two maleimide groups are connected by a hydrocarbon chain. Therefore, BMH is useful for irreversible crosslinking of polypeptides that contain cysteine residues.
  • Crosslinking reagents used for crosslinking the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above may also be heterobifunctional.
  • Heterobifunctional crosslinking agents have two different functional groups, for example an amine-reactive group and a thiol- reactive group, that will crosslink two proteins having free amines and thiols, respectively.
  • heterobifunctional crosslinking agents are succinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1 -carboxylate (“SMCC”), m-maleimidobenzoyl-N- hydroxysuccinimide ester (“MBS”), and succinimide 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate (“SMPB”), an extended chain analog of MBS.
  • SMCC succinimidyl 4-(N- maleimidomethyl)cyclohexane-1 -carboxylate
  • MBS m-maleimidobenzoyl-N- hydroxysuccinimide ester
  • SMPB succinimide 4-(p-maleimidophenyl)butyrate
  • Crosslinking reagents suitable for crosslinking the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above often have low solubility in water.
  • a hydrophilic moiety, such as a sulfonate group, may thus be added to the crosslinking reagent to improve its water solubility.
  • Sulfo-MBS and Sulfo-SMCC are examples of crosslinking reagents modified for water solubility, which may be used according to the present invention.
  • crosslinking reagents yield a conjugate that is essentially non-cleavable under cellular conditions.
  • some crosslinking reagents particularly suitable for crosslinking the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above contain a covalent bond, such as a disulfide, that is cleavable under cellular conditions.
  • a covalent bond such as a disulfide
  • DSP dithiobis(succinimidylpropionate)
  • SPDP N-succinimidyl 3-(2- pyridyldithio)propionate
  • the use of a cleavable crosslinking reagent permits the cargo moiety to separate from the transport polypeptide after delivery into the target cell. Direct disulfide linkage may also be useful.
  • crosslinking reagents including the ones discussed above, are commercially available. Detailed instructions for their use are readily available from the commercial suppliers.
  • a general reference on protein crosslinking and conjugate preparation is: Wong, CHEMISTRY OF PROTEIN CONJUGATION AND CROSSLINKING, CRC Press (1 991 ).
  • Chemical crosslinking of the first and second domain(s) of the chimeric peptide as defined above may include the use of spacer arms.
  • Spacer arms provide intramolecular flexibility or adjust intramolecular distances between conjugated moieties and thereby may help preserve biological activity.
  • a spacer arm may be in the form of a polypeptide moiety that includes spacer amino acids, e.g. proline.
  • a spacer arm may be part of the crosslinking reagent, such as in "long-chain SPDP" (Pierce Chem. Co., Rockford, IL., cat. No. 21 651 H).
  • any of the peptides disclosed herein, in particular the JNK inhibitor, the trafficking sequence and the chimeric peptide as disclosed herein, preferably the JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 may have a modification at one or both of their termini, i.e. either at the C- or at the N-terminus or at both.
  • the C-Terminus may preferably be modified by an amide modification
  • the N-terminus may be modified by any suitable NH2-protection group, such as e.g. acylation.
  • the JNK inhibitor and the chimeric peptide as disclosed herein, preferably the JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 is modified by an amide modification at the C-terminus.
  • any of the peptides disclosed herein, in particular the JNK inhibitor, the trafficking sequence (e.g. of the chimeric peptide) and the chimeric peptide as disclosed herein, preferably the JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 may be deleted at their N- and/or C-terminus by 1 , 2 or 3 amino acids.
  • each domain i.e.
  • the JNK-inhibitor and the trafficking sequence domain may be deleted at their N- and/or C-terminus by 1 , 2 or 3 amino acids and/or the chimeric peptide according to the present invention may be deleted at its N- and/or C- terminus by 1 , 2 or 3 amino acids.
  • the inventive chimeric peptide comprises or consists of a D-amino acid chimeric peptide according to the ⁇ - ⁇ peptide [NH 2 - DQSRPVQPFLNLTTPRKPRPPRRRQRRKKRG-COOH, SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ] and the linking portion of the first and second domain (instead of PP) may be composed of which
  • the second domain(s) of SEQ ID NO: 1 1 may be deleted at their N- and/or C-terminus by 1 , 2 or 3 amino
  • the first domain of SEQ ID NO: 1 1 may be deleted at its N- and or C-terminus by 1 , 2 or 3 amino acids. This/these deletion/s may be combined with the deletion/s disclosed for the amino acid residues of the termini of the second domain.
  • the peptides must retain their biological function, i.e. their cell membrane permeability (first domain) and their JNK inhibitory function (second domain).
  • variants, fragments or derivatives of one of the above disclosed chimeric peptides may be used herein.
  • fragments and variants it is generally referred to the definition given above for JNK inhibitor sequences.
  • a "variant of a chimeric peptide” is preferably a sequence derived from any of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, wherein the chimeric variant comprises amino acid alterations of the chimeric peptides according to SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32 as used herein.
  • Such alterations typically comprise 1 to 20, preferably 1 to 1 0 and more preferably 1 to 5 substitutions, additions and/or deletions (leading to fragments) of amino acids according to SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, wherein the altered chimeric peptide as used herein exhibits a sequence identity with any of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 9-12 and 23 to 32 of at least about 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, or 95%, 98%, or even 99%.
  • these variants retain the biological activity of the first and the second domain as contained in the chimeric peptide as used herein, i.e. the trafficking activity of the first domain as disclosed above and the activity of the second domain for binding JNK and/or inhibiting the activation of at least one JNK activated transcription factor.
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein also comprises fragments of the afore disclosed chimeric peptides, particularly of the chimeric peptide sequences according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32.
  • a "fragment of the chimeric peptide" is preferably a sequence derived any of the sequences according to SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, wherein the fragment comprises at least 4 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32.
  • This fragment preferably comprises a length which is sufficient to allow specific recognition of an epitope from any of these sequences and to transport the sequence into the cells, the nucleus or a further preferred location.
  • the fragment comprises 4 to 1 8, 4 to 15, or most preferably 4 to 10 contiguous amino acids of any of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32.
  • Fragments of the chimeric peptide as used herein further may be defined as a sequence sharing a sequence identity with any of the sequences according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32 of at least about 30%, 50%, 70%, 80%, or 95%, 98%, or even 99%.
  • the chimeric peptide as used herein also comprises derivatives of the afore disclosed chimeric peptides, particularly of the chimeric peptide sequences according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32.
  • the present invention additionally refers to the use of nucleic acid sequences encoding JNK inhibitor sequences as defined above, chimeric peptides or their fragments, variants or derivatives, all as defined above, for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition for treating diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined above in a subject.
  • a preferable suitable nucleic acid encoding an JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein is typically chosen from human IB1 nucleic acid (GenBank Accession No. (AF074091 ), rat IB1 nucleic acid (GenBank Accession No. AF 1 08959), or human IB2 (GenBank Accession No AF21 8778) or from any nucleic acid sequence encoding any of the sequences as defined above, i.e.
  • Nucleic acids encoding the JNK inhibitor sequences as used herein or chimeric peptides as used herein may be obtained by any method known in the art (e.g. by PCR amplification using synthetic primers hybridizable to the 3 '- and 5'-termini of the sequence and/or by cloning from a cDNA or genomic library using an oligonucleotide sequence specific for the given gene sequence).
  • nucleic acid sequences are disclosed herein as well, which hybridize under stringent conditions with the appropriate strand coding for a (native) JNK inhibitor sequence or chimeric peptide as defined above.
  • such nucleic acid sequences comprise at least 6 (contiguous) nucleic acids, which have a length sufficient to allow for specific hybridization. More preferably, such nucleic acid sequences comprise 6 to 38, even more preferably 6 to 30, and most preferably 6 to 20 or 6 to 10 (contiguous) nucleic acids.
  • Stringent conditions are sequence dependent and will be different under different circumstances. Generally, stringent conditions can be selected to be about 5°C lower than the thermal melting point (TM) for the specific sequence at a defined ionic strength and pH.
  • the TM is the temperature (under defined ionic strength and pH) at which 50% of the target sequence hybridizes to a perfectly matched probe.
  • stringent conditions will be those in which the salt concentration is at least about 0.02 molar at pH 7 and the temperature is at least about 60°C.
  • the combination of parameters is more important than the absolute measure of any one.
  • High stringency conditions may comprise the following, e.g. Step 1 : Filters containing DNA are pretreated for 8 hours to overnight at 65°C in buffer composed of 6*SSC, 50 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.02% BSA, and 500 ⁇ g/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. Step 2: Filters are hybridized for 48 hours at 65°C. in the above prehybridization mixture to which is added 1 00 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA and 5- 20*1 0 6 cpm of 32 P-labeled probe.
  • Step 3 Filters are washed for 1 hour at 37°C in a solution containing 2*SSC, 0.01 % PVP, 0.01 % Ficoll, and 0.01 % BSA. This is followed by a wash in 0.1 *SSC at 50°C for 45 minutes.
  • Step 4 Filters are autoradiographed. Other conditions of high stringency that may be used are well known in the art (see e.g. Ausubel et al., (eds.), 1993, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, NY; and Kriegler, 1 990, Gene Transfer and Expression, a Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY).
  • Moderate stringency conditions can include the following: Step 1 : Filters containing DNA are pretreated for 6 hours at 55°C. in a solution containing 6*SSC, 5*Denhardt's solution, 0.5% SDS and 100 mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA. Step 2: Fi lters are hybridized for 1 8-20 hours at 55°C in the same solution with 5-20*10 6 cpm 32 P-labeled probe added. Step 3: Filters are washed at 37°C for 1 hour in a solution containing 2*SSC, 0.1 % SDS, then washed twice for 30 minutes at 60°C in a solution containing 1 *SSC and 0.1 % SDS.
  • Step 4 Filters are blotted dry and exposed for autoradiography.
  • Other conditions of moderate stringency that may be used are well-known in the art (see e.g. Ausubel et al., (eds.), 1 993, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, NY; and Kriegler, 1990, Gene Transfer and Expression, a Laboratory Manual, Stockton Press, NY).
  • low stringency conditions can include: Step 1 : Filters containing DNA are pretreated for 6 hours at 40°C in a solution containing 35% formamide, 5X SSC, 50 mM Tris- HCI (pH 7.5), 5 mM EDTA, 0.1 % PVP, 0.1 % Ficoll, 1 % BSA, and 500 Mg/ml denatured salmon sperm DNA.
  • Step 2 Filters are hybridized for 18-20 hours at 40°C in the same solution with the addition of 0.02% PVP, 0.02% Ficoll, 0.2% BSA, 1 00 ⁇ g/ml salmon sperm DNA, 1 0% (wt/vol) dextran sulfate, and 5-20 x 106 cpm 32 P-labeled probe.
  • Step 3 Filters are washed for 1 .5 hours at 55 C in a solution containing 2X SSC, 25 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.4), 5 mM EDTA, and 0.1 % SDS. The wash solution is replaced with fresh solution and incubated an additional 1 .5 hours at 60°C.
  • Step 4 Filters are blotted dry and exposed for autoradiography. If necessary, filters are washed for a third time at 65-68°C and reexposed to film.
  • Other conditions of low stringency that may be used are well known in the art (e.g. as employed for cross-species hybridizations). See e.g. Ausubel et a/., (eds.), 1 993, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley and Sons, NY; and Kriegler, 1990, GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION, A LABORATORY MANUAL, Stockton Press, NY.
  • nucleic acid sequences as defined above according to the present invention can be used to express peptides, i.e. an JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein or an chimeric peptide as used herein for analysis, characterization or therapeutic use; as markers for tissues in which the corresponding peptides (as used herein) are preferentially expressed (either constitutively or at a particular stage of tissue differentiation or development or in disease states).
  • Other uses for these nucleic acids include, e.g. molecular weight markers in gel electrophoresis-based analysis of nucleic acids.
  • expression vectors may be used for the above purposes for recombinant expression of one or more JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as defined above.
  • expression vector is used herein to designate either circular or linear DNA or RNA, which is either double-stranded or single- stranded. It further comprises at least one nucleic acid as defined above to be transferred into a host cell or into a unicellular or multicellular host organism.
  • the expression vector as used herein preferably comprises a nucleic acid as defined above encoding the JNK inhibitor sequence as used herein or a fragment or a variant thereof, or the chimeric peptide as used herein, or a fragment or a variant thereof.
  • an expression vector according to the present invention preferably comprises appropriate elements for supporting expression including various regulatory elements, such as enhancers/promoters from viral, bacterial, plant, mammalian, and other eukaryotic sources that drive expression of the inserted polynucleotide in host cells, such as insulators, boundary elements, LCRs (e.g. described by Blackwood and Kadonaga (1 998), Science 281, 61 -63) or matrix/scaffold attachment regions (e.g. described by Li, Harju and Peterson, (1 999), Trends Genet. 15, 403-408).
  • the regulatory elements are heterologous (i.e. not the native gene promoter).
  • the necessary transcriptional and translational signals may also be supplied by the native promoter for the genes and/or their flanking regions.
  • promoter refers to a region of DNA that functions to control the transcription of one or more nucleic acid sequences as defined above, and that is structurally identified by the presence of a binding site for DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and of other DNA sequences, which interact to regulate promoter function.
  • a functional expression promoting fragment of a promoter is a shortened or truncated promoter sequence retaining the activity as a promoter.
  • Promoter activity may be measured by any assay known in the art (see e.g. Wood, de Wet, Dewji, and DeLuca, (1984), Biochem Biophys. Res. Commun. 124, 592-596; Seliger and McElroy, (1960), Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 88, 1 36-141 ) or commercially available from Promega ® ).
  • an “enhancer region” to be used in the expression vector as defined herein typically refers to a region of DNA that functions to increase the transcription of one or more genes. More specifically, the term “enhancer”, as used herein, is a DNA regulatory element that enhances, augments, improves, or ameliorates expression of a gene irrespective of its location and orientation vis-a-vis the gene to be expressed, and may be enhancing, augmenting, improving, or ameliorating expression of more than one promoter.
  • promoter/enhancer sequences to be used in the expression vector as defined herein may utilize plant, animal, insect, or fungus regulatory sequences.
  • promoter/enhancer elements can be used from yeast and other fungi (e.g. the GAL4 promoter, the alcohol dehydrogenase promoter, the phosphoglycerol kinase promoter, the alkaline phosphatase promoter).
  • yeast and other fungi e.g. the GAL4 promoter, the alcohol dehydrogenase promoter, the phosphoglycerol kinase promoter, the alkaline phosphatase promoter.
  • they may include animal transcriptional control regions, e.g. (i) the insulin gene control region active within pancreatic beta-cells (see e.g. Hanahan, et al., 1985.
  • the expression vector as defined herein may comprise an amplification marker.
  • This amplification marker may be selected from the group consisting of, e.g. adenosine deaminase (ADA), dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), multiple drug resistance gene (MDR), ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate resistance (CAD).
  • Exemplary expression vectors or their derivatives suitable for the present invention particularly include, e.g. human or animal viruses (e.g. vaccinia virus or adenovirus); insect viruses (e.g. baculovirus); yeast vectors; bacteriophage vectors (e.g. lambda phage); plasmid vectors and cosmid vectors.
  • the present invention additionally may utilize a variety of host-vector systems, which are capable of expressing the peptide coding sequence(s) of nucleic acids as defined above.
  • mammalian cell systems that are infected with vaccinia virus, adenovirus, and the like;
  • insect cell systems infected with baculovirus and the like;
  • yeast containing yeast vectors or
  • any one of a number of suitable transcription and translation elements may be used.
  • a host cell strain suitable for such a host-vector system, may be selected that modulates the expression of inserted sequences of interest, or modifies or processes expressed peptides encoded by the sequences in the specific manner desired.
  • expression from certain promoters may be enhanced in the presence of certain inducers in a selected host strain; thus facilitating control of the expression of a genetically-engineered peptide.
  • different host cells possess characteristic and specific mechanisms for the translational and post-translational processing and modification (e.g. glycosylation, phosphorylation, and the like) of expressed peptides. Appropriate cell lines or host systems may thus be chosen to ensure the desired modification and processing of the foreign peptide is achieved. For example, peptide expression within a bacterial system can be used to produce an non-glycosylated core peptide; whereas expression within mammalian cells ensures "native" glycosylation of a heterologous peptide.
  • the present invention further provides the use of antibodies directed against the JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as described above, for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined herein. Furthermore, efficient means for production of antibodies specific for JNK inhibitor sequences according to the present invention, or for chimeric peptides containing such an inhibitor sequence, are described and may be utilized for this purpose.
  • JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as defined herein, as well as, fragments, variants or derivatives thereof, may be utilized as immunogens to generate antibodies that immunospecifically bind these peptide components.
  • Such antibodies include, e.g. polyclonal, monoclonal, chimeric, single chain, Fab fragments and a Fab expression library.
  • the present invention provides antibodies to chimeric peptides or to JNK inhibitor sequences as defined above. Various procedures known within the art may be used for the production of these antibodies.
  • various host animals may be immunized for production of polyclonal antibodies by injection with any chimeric peptide or JNK inhibitor sequence as defined above.
  • Various adjuvants may be used thereby to increase the immunological response which include, but are not limited to, Freund's (complete and incomplete) adjuvant, mineral gels (e.g. aluminum hydroxide), surface active substances (e.g. lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, dinitrophenol, etc.), CpG, polymers, Pluronics, and human adjuvants such as Bacille Calmette-Guerin and Corynebacterium parvum.
  • any technique may be utilized that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell line culture.
  • Such techniques include, but are not limited to, the hybridoma technique (see Kohler and Milstein, 1 975. Nature 256: 495-497); the trioma technique; the human B-cell hybridoma technique (see Kozbor, et a/., 1983, Immunol Today 4: 72) and the EBV hybridoma technique to produce human monoclonal antibodies (see Cole, et a/., 1985. In: Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).
  • Human monoclonal antibodies may be utilized in the practice of the present invention and may be produced by the use of human hybridomas (see Cote, et al., 1983. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80: 2026-2030) or by transforming human B-cells with Epstein Barr Virus in vitro (see Cole, et a/., 1985. In: Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy (Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96).
  • techniques can be adapted for the production of single-chain antibodies specific to the JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides (see e.g. U. S. Patent No. 4,946,778) as defined herein.
  • methods can be adapted for the construction of Fab expression libraries (see e.g. Huse et a/., 1989. Science 246: 1275-1281 ) to allow rapid and effective identification of monoclonal Fab fragments with the desired specificity for these JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides.
  • Non-human antibodies can be "humanized" by techniques well known in the art (see e.g. U. S. Patent No. 5,225,539).
  • Antibody fragments that contain the idiotypes to a JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptide as defined herein may be produced by techniques known in the art including, e.g. (i) a F(ab') 2 fragment produced by pepsin digestion of an antibody molecule; (ii) a Fab fragment generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of an F(ab' )2 fragment ; (iii) a Fab fragment generated by the treatment of the antibody molecule with papain and a reducing agent and (iv) Fv fragments.
  • ELISA enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay
  • selection of antibodies that are specific to a particular epitope of an JNK inhibitor sequence and/or an chimeric peptide as defined herein is facilitated by generation of hybridomas that bind to the fragment of an JNK inhibitor sequence and/or an chimeric peptide, as defined herein, possessing such an epitope.
  • antibodies that are specific for an epitope as defined above are also provided herein.
  • the antibodies as defined herein may be used in methods known within the art referring to the localization and/or quantification of an JNK inhibitor sequence (and/or correspondingly to a chimeric peptide as defined above), e.g. for use in measuring levels of the peptide within appropriate physiological samples, for use in diagnostic methods, or for use in imaging the peptide, and the like.
  • JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, nucleic acids, vectors, host cells and/or antibodies as defined according to the invention can be formulated in a pharmaceutical composition, which may be applied in the prevention or treatment of any of the diseases as defined herein, particularly in the prevention or treatment of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined herein.
  • such a pharmaceutical composition used according to the present invention includes as an active component, e.g.: (i) any one or more of the JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as defined above, and/or variants, fragments or derivatives thereof, particularly JNK inhibitor sequences according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 13 to 20 and 33-100 and/or chimeric peptides according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, and/or JNK inhibitor sequences according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 13 to 20 and 33-1 00 comprising a trafficking sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 21 to 22, or variants or fragments thereof within the above definitions; and/or (ii) nucleic acids encoding an JNK inhibitor sequence and/or an chimeric peptide as defined above and/or variants or fragments thereof, and/or (iii) cells comprising any one or more active component
  • such a pharmaceutical composition as used according to the present invention typically comprises a safe and effective amount of a component as defined above, preferably of at least one JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 1 3 to 20 and 33-100 and/or at least one chimeric peptide according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, and/or at least one JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 1 3 to
  • a pharmaceutical composition as used according to the present invention comprises as an active component a chimeric peptide comprising or consisting of the sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 .
  • the pharmaceutical composition as used according to the present invention may additionally - i.e. in addition to any one or more of the JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as defined above, and/or variants, fragments or derivatives thereof - also comprise optionally a further "active component", which is also useful in the respective disease.
  • the pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also combined in the therapy of the diseases according to the present invention with a further pharmaceutical composition comprising a further "active component".
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a JNK inhibitor and/or chimeric peptide according to the present invention may be used in post-surgery intraocular inflammation as stand-alone therapy or in combination with corticosteroids, preferably glucocorticoids, e.g. dexamethasone.
  • corticosteroids preferably glucocorticoids, e.g. dexamethasone.
  • glucocorticoids e.g. dexamethasone
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprising a JNK inhibitor and/or chimeric peptide according to the present invention may preferably be used in the prevention and/or treatment of Alzheimer's Disease and/or Mild Cognitive Impairment, in particular MCI due to Alzheimer's disease, as stand-alone therapy or in combination with PKR inhibitors and, optionally, in addition to the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention and the PKR inhibitor with a amyloid lowering agent.
  • PKR inhibitors are in particular peptides, e.g. "SO 481 " by Polypeptide Group.
  • Amyloid lowering agents include ⁇ -secretase (BACE1 ) inhibitors, ⁇ -secretase inhibitors (GSI) and modulators (GSM).
  • amyloid lowering agents which are currently in clinical trials may be retrieved from Vassar R. (2014) BACE1 inhibitor drugs in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther.;6(9):89 or from Jia Q, Deng Y, Qing H (2014) Potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting or beyond ⁇ -amyloid: insights from clinical trials. Biomed Res Int.
  • compositions for the active components to be combined are preferred for better individual dosing, however for convenience also a single pharmaceutical composition comprising the active components to be combined is conceivable.
  • administration of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention may be before, during (concomitant or overlapping administration) or after the administration of the other active component comprised in a separate pharmaceutical composition, for example the PKR inhibitor, the amyloid lowering agent or the glucocorticoid.
  • Administration "before” the administration of the JNK inhibitor preferably means within 24 h, more preferably within 12 h, even more preferably within 3 h, particularly preferably within 1 h and most preferably within 30 min before the administration of the JNK inhibitor starts.
  • Administration "after” the administration of the JNK inhibitor preferably means within 24 h, more preferably within 12 h, even more preferably within 3 h, particularly preferably within 1 h and most preferably within 30 min after the administration of the JNK inhibitor is finished.
  • the inventors of the present invention additionally found, that the JNK-inhibitor sequence and the chimeric peptide, respectively, as defined herein, exhibit a particular well uptake rate into cells involved in the diseases of the present invention. Therefore, the amount of a JNK- inhibitor sequence and chimeric peptide, respectively, in the pharmaceutical composition to be administered to a subject, may -without being limited thereto - have a very low dose. Thus, the dose may be much lower than for peptide drugs known in the art, such as DTS-108 (Florence Meyer-Losic et al., Clin Cancer Res., 2008, 2145-53). This has several positive aspects, for example a reduction of potential side reactions and a reduction in costs.
  • the dose (per kg bodyweight) is in the range of up to 1 0 mmol/kg, preferably up to 1 mmol/kg, more preferably up to 100 ⁇ mol/kg, even more preferably up to 1 0 ⁇ mol/kg, even more preferably up to 1 ⁇ mol/kg, even more preferably up to 100 nmol/kg, most preferably up to 50 nmol/kg.
  • the dose range may preferably be from about 0,01 pmol/kg to about 1 mmol/kg, from about 0, 1 pmol/kg to about 0, 1 mmol/kg, from about 1 ,0 pmol/kg to about 0,01 mmol/kg, from about 10 pmol/kg to about 1 ⁇ /kg, from about 50 pmol/kg to about 500 nmol/kg, from about 100 pmol/kg to about 300 nmol/kg, from about 200 pmol/kg to about 1 00 nmol/kg, from about 300 pmol/kg to about 50 nmol/kg, from about 500 pmol/kg to about 30 nmol/kg, from about 250 pmol/kg to about 5 nmol/kg, from about 750 pmol/kg to about 10 nmol/kg, from about 1 nmol/kg to about 50 nmol/kg, or a combination of any two of said values.
  • a "safe and effective amount" as defined above for components of the pharmaceutical compositions as used according to the present invention means an amount of each or all of these components, that is sufficient to significantly induce a positive modification of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined herein.
  • a "safe and effective amount” is small enough to avoid serious side- effects, that is to say to permit a sensible relationship between advantage and risk. The determination of these limits typically lies within the scope of sensible medical judgment.
  • a "safe and effective amount” of such a component will vary in connection with the particular condition to be treated and also with the age and physical condition of the patient to be treated, the severity of the condition, the duration of the treatment, the nature of the accompanying therapy, of the particular pharmaceutically acceptable carrier used, and similar factors, within the knowledge and experience of the accompanying doctor.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be used according to the invention for human and also for veterinary medical purposes.
  • the pharmaceutical composition as used according to the present invention may furthermore comprise, in addition to one of these substances, a (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient, buffer, stabilizer or other materials well known to those skilled in the art.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier preferably includes the liquid or non-liquid basis of the composition.
  • compatible means that the constituents of the pharmaceutical composition as used herein are capable of being mixed with the pharmaceutically active component as defined above and with one another component in such a manner that no interaction occurs which would substantially reduce the pharmaceutical effectiveness of the composition under usual use conditions.
  • Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers must, of course, have sufficiently high purity and sufficiently low toxicity to make them suitable for administration to a person to be treated.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will typically comprise one or more (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers.
  • the composition may comprise as (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable liquid carriers e.g. pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline, i.e. a solution of 0.9 % NaCI, or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g. phosphate, citrate etc.
  • a buffered solution vegetable oils, such as, for example, groundnut oil, cottonseed oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and oil from theobroma; polyols, such as, for example, polypropylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; alginic acid, etc.
  • a buffer preferably an aqueous buffer, and/or 0.9 % NaCI may be used.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carrier will typically comprise one or more (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers.
  • the composition may comprise as (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers e.g. one or more compatible solid or liquid fillers or diluents or encapsulating compounds may be used as well, which are suitable for administration to a person.
  • suitable pharmaceutically acceptable solid carriers are e.g.
  • sugars such as, for example, lactose, glucose and sucrose
  • starches such as, for example, corn starch or potato starch
  • cellulose and its derivatives such as, for example, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethylcellulose, cellulose acetate
  • powdered tragacanth malt
  • gelatin gelatin
  • tallow solid glidants, such as, for example, stearic acid, magnesium stearate; calcium sulphate, etc.
  • the precise nature of the (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or other material may depend on the route of administration.
  • the choice of a (compatible) pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may thus be determined in principle by the manner in which the pharmaceutical composition as used according to the invention is administered.
  • Various possible routes of administration are listed in the list "Route of Administration” of the FDA (cf. FDA: Data Standards Manual - Drug Nomenclature Monographs - Monograph Number: C-DRG-00301 ; Version Number 004), which is incorporated by reference herein. Further guidance for selecting an appropriate route of administration, in particular for non-human animals, can be found in Turner PV et al. (201 1 ) Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, Vol. 50, No 5, p.
  • routes for administration include parenteral routes (e.g. via injection), such as intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal routes, etc., enteral routes, such as oral, or rectal routes, etc., topical routes, such as nasal, or intranasal routes, etc., or other routes, such as epidermal routes or patch delivery.
  • parenteral routes e.g. via injection
  • enteral routes such as oral, or rectal routes, etc.
  • topical routes such as nasal, or intranasal routes, etc.
  • other routes such as epidermal routes or patch delivery.
  • routes for administration include parenteral routes (e.g. via injection), such as intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, or transdermal routes, etc., enteral routes, such as oral, or rectal routes, etc., topical routes, such as nasal, or intranasal routes, etc., or other routes, such as epidermal routes or patch delivery.
  • routes for systemic administration include, for example, parenteral routes (e.g. via injection and/or infusion), such as intravenous, intra-arterial, intraosseous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, -transdermal, or transmucosal routes, etc., and enteral routes (e.g. as tablets, capsules, suppositories, via feeding tubes, gastrostomy), such as oral, gastrointestinal or rectal routes, etc.
  • systemic administration a system-wide action can be achieved and systemic administration is often very convenient, however, depending on the circumstances it may also trigger unwanted "side-effects" and/or higher concentrations of the JNK inhibitor according to the invention may be necessary as compared to local administration.
  • Systemic administration is in general applicable for the prevention and/or treatment of the diseases/disorders mentioned above due to its system-wide action.
  • Preferred routes of systemic administration are intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, oral and rectal administration, whereby intravenous and oral administration are particularly preferred.
  • Topical administration typically refers to application to body surfaces such as the skin or mucous membranes, whereas the more general term “ratiolocal administration" additionally comprises application in and/or into specific parts of the body. Topical application is particularly preferred for the treatment and/or prevention of diseases and/or disorders of the skin and/or subcutaneous tissue as defined herein as well as for certain diseases of the mouth and/or diseases relating to or are accessible by mucous membranes.
  • Routes for local administration include, for example, inhalational routes, such as nasal, or intranasal routes, ophtalamic and otic drugs, e.g. eye drops and ear drops, administration through the mucous membranes in the body, etc., or other routes, such as epidermal routes, epicutaneous routes (application to the skin) or patch delivery and other local application, e.g. injection and/or infusion, into the organ or tissue to be treated etc..
  • routes for administration may provide both, a local and a systemic effect, for example inhalation.
  • Routes for administration for the pharmaceutical composition as used according to the invention can be chosen according to the desired location of the application depending on the disorder/disease to be prevented or treated.
  • an enteral administration refers to the gastrointestinal tract as application location and includes oral (p.o.), gastroinstestinal and rectal administration, whereby these are typically systemic administration routes, which are applicable to the prevention/treatment of the diseases mentioned above in general.
  • enteral administration is preferred to prevent and/or treat diseases/disorders of the gastrointestinal tract as mentioned above, for example inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, metabolic diseases, cancer and tumor diseases, in particular of the gastrointestinal tract etc.
  • the oral route is usually the most convenient for a patient and carries the lowest cost. Therefore, oral administration is preferred for convenient systemic administration, if applicable.
  • Pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration may be in tablet, capsule, powder or liquid form.
  • a tablet may include a solid carrier as defined above, such as gelatin, and optionally an adjuvant.
  • Liquid pharmaceutical compositions for oral administration generally may include a liquid carrier as defined above, such as water, petroleum, animal or vegetable oils, mineral oil or synthetic oil. Physiological saline solution, dextrose or other saccharide solution or glycols such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol may be included.
  • enteral administration also includes application locations in the proximal gastrointestinal tract without reaching the intestines, for example sublingual, sublabial, buccal or intragingival application. Such routes of administration are preferred for applications in stomatology, i.e.
  • pulpitis in general, in particular acute pulpitis, chronic pulpitis, hyperplastic pulpitis, ulcerative pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis and/or reversible pulpitis
  • periimplantitis for example pulpitis in general, in particular acute pulpitis, chronic pulpitis, hyperplastic pulpitis, ulcerative pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis and/or reversible pulpitis; periimplantitis; periodontitis in general, in particular chronic periodontitis, complex periodontitis, simplex periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and/or apical periodontitis, e.g.
  • Periodontosis in particular juvenile periodontosis
  • gingivitis in general, in particular acute gingivitis, chronic gingivitis, plaque-induced gingivitis, and/or non-plaque-induced gingivitis
  • pericoronitis in particular acute and chronic pericoronitis
  • sialadenitis sialadenitis (sialadenitis)
  • parotitis in particular infectious parotitis and autoimmune parotitis
  • stomatitis in general, in particular aphthous stomatitis (e.g., minor or major), Bednar's aphthae, periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens, recurrent aphthous ulcer, stomatitis herpetiformis, gangrenous stomatitis, denture stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis, vesicular stomatitis and/or gingivostomatit
  • Particularly preferred diseases to be treated and/or prevented according to the invention by these routes of administration are selected from periodontitis, in particular chronic periodontitis, mucositis, oral desquamative disorders, oral liquen planus, pemphigus vulgaris, pulpitis, stomatitis, temporomandibular joint disorder, and peri-implantitis.
  • intragingival administration e.g. by injection into the gums (gingiva) is preferred in stomatology applications, for example for preventing and/or treating periodontitis.
  • disorders/diseases of the mouth, in particular periodontitis may be prevented or treated by sublingual, sublabial, buccal or intragingival application, in particular intragingival application, of the pharmaceutical composition as defined above comprising a dose (per kg body weight) of 100 ng/kg to 100 mg/kg, preferably 10 ⁇ g/kg to 10 mg/kg of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention, whereby the chimeric peptide according to a sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 1 is particularly preferred.
  • the diseases of the mouth mentioned above may also be treated and/or prevented by systemic and, preferably, topical administration of the JNK inhibitor as disclosed herein or the respective pharmaceutical composition.
  • enteral administration also includes strictly enteral administration, i.e. directly into the intestines, which can be used for systemic as well as for local administration.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention used in the preventention and/or treatment of diseases and/or disorders according to the present invention may be administered to the central nervous system (CNS).
  • CNS central nervous system
  • routes of administration include in particular epidural (peridural), intra-CSF (intra-cerebrospinal fluid), intracerebroventricular (intraventricular), intrathecal and intracerebral administration, for example administration into specific brain regions, whereby problems relating to the blood-brain-barrier can be avoided.
  • CNS routes of administration are preferred if the disease/disorder to be treated is a neural, a neurological and/or a neurodegenerative disease as specified above.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention used in the preventention and/or treatment of diseases and/or disorders according to the present invention may be administered at, in or onto the eye.
  • routes of administration include instillation, e.g. eye drops applied topically, for example onto the conjunctiva, and, in particular, intravitreous (IVT), subconjunctival, and posterior juxtascleral administration, e.g. by injection, infusion and/or instillation and/or localized, sustained-release drug delivery (for example in case of the subconjunctival route), whereby eyedrops (for topical application), intravitreous (IVT) and subconjunctival routes of administration are particularly preferred.
  • the subconjunctival route is safer and less invasive than the intravitreal route, however, the intravitreal route involves less systemic exposure than the subconjunctival route due to the presence of conjunctival and orbital blood vessels and tissue.
  • Eye-related diseases/disorders to be treated and/or prevented as disclosed herein, for example age-related macular degeneration (AMD), in particular in the wet and dry form; angioid streaks; anterior ischemic optic neuropathy; anterior uveitis; cataract, in particular age related cataract; central exudative chorioretinopathy; central serous chorioretinopathy; chalazion; chorioderemia; chorioiditis; choroidal sclerosis; conjunctivitis; cyclitis; diabetic retinopathy; dry eye syndrome; endophthalmitis; episcleritis; eye infection; fundus albipunctatus; gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina; hordeolum; inflammatory diseases of the blephara; inflammatory diseases of the choroid; inflammatory diseases of the ciliary body; inflammatory diseases of the conjunctiva; inflammatory diseases of the cornea; inflammatory diseases
  • NMDA induced retinotoxicity non-chronic or chronic inflammatory eye diseases; Oguchi's disease; optic nerve disease; orbital phlegmon; panophtalmitis; panuveitis; post caspule opacification; posterior capsule opacification (PCO) (a cataract after-surgery complication); posterior uveitis; intraocular inflammation, in particular post-surgery or post-trauma intraocular inflammation, preferably intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery; proliferative vitreoretinopathy; retinal artery occlusion; retinal detachment, retinal diseases; retinal injuries; retinal macroaneurysm; retinal pigment epithelium detachment; retinal vein occlusion; retinitis; retinitis pigmentosa; retinitis punctata albescens; retinopathy, in particular retinopathy
  • age-related macular degeneration in particular the wet and the dry form of AMD
  • uveitis in particular anterior and/or posterior uveitis
  • retinopathy in particular retinopathy of prematurity and diabetic retinopathy
  • post-surgery or post-trauma eye inflammation in particular post-surgery or intraocular inflammation preferably intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery
  • JNK inhibitor used according to the present invention by local administration in and/or onto the eye, preferably by instillation, e.g. eye drops, and/or intravitreal and/or subconjunctival administration, e.g. by injection or instillation.
  • instillation e.g.
  • the respective pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention preferably comprises a dose per eye in the range of 100 ng to 1 0 mg, more preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ g to 5 mg, even more preferably in the range of 50 ⁇ g to 1 mg of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention, preferably of the chimeric peptide according to a sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 1 (i.e.
  • One single administration or more administrations, in particular two, three, four or five, administrations of such dose(s) may be performed, whereby a single administration is preferred, however, also subsequent dose(s) may be administered, for example on different days of the treatment schedule.
  • a single dose (per eye) of the JNK inhibitor is preferably in the range of 1 ⁇ g to 5 mg, preferably 50 ⁇ g to 1 ,5 mg, more preferably 500 ⁇ g to 1 mg, most preferably 800 ⁇ g to 1 mg.
  • the injection volume, in particular for subconjunctival injection may be for example 100 ⁇ to 500 ⁇ , e.g. 250 ⁇ .
  • a single subconjuctival injection of such a dose is for example particularly useful to treat and/or prevent post-surgery intraocular inflammation in humans, preferably intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the JNK inhibitor according to the invention is typically a solution, preferably an ophthalamic solution, e.g. comprising (sterile) 0.9 % NaCI.
  • a pharmaceutical composition comprises in particular 0.001 % - 10 % of the JNK inhibitor as described herein, preferably 0.01 % - 5 % of the JNK inhibitor as described herein, more preferably 0.05 % - 2 % of the JNK inhibitor as described herein, even more preferably 0.1 % - 1 % of the JNK inhibitor as described herein.
  • the eyedrops may be administered once or repeatedly, whereby repeated administration is preferred.
  • the administration depends on the need and may for example be on demand.
  • subsequent dose(s) may be administered on the same and/or different days of the treatment schedule, whereby on the same day a single dose or more than one single doses, in particular two, three, four or five, preferably two to four doses may be administered, whereby such repeated administration is preferably spaced by intervals of one or more hour(s), e.g. two, three, four, five, six, seven or eight hours.
  • eye drops may be administered three or four times per day for several, e.g. two, three, four, five or six weeks.
  • eye diseases as described herein may of course also be treated and/or prevented by systemic application of the JNK inhibitor according to the invention (which also applies to the other diseases/disorders as described herein).
  • the dose for systemic administration in eye diseases ranges preferably from 0.001 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, more preferably from 0.01 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg, even more preferably from 0.1 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg.
  • Such doses are for example particularly useful to treat and/or prevent uveitis, whereby the treatment schedule may comprises a single dose or repeated doses, whereby subsequent dose(s) may be administered on different days of the treatment schedule.
  • a single dose or repeated doses of the JNK inhibitor according to the invention are administered subconjunctival ⁇ .
  • a single dose is administered.
  • repeated doses are administered, preferably weekly or every second week.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the invention preferably the JNK inhibitor according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 , is applied in doses, e.g.
  • the doses are typically spaced by intervals of at least one day, preferably by intervals of at least two days, more preferably by intervals of at least three days, even more preferably by intervals of at least four days, at least five days, or at least six days, particularly preferably by intervals of at least a week, most preferably by intervals of at least ten days.
  • Other routes of administration for the use of the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention include - but are not limited to - epicutaneous application (onto the skin) and/or intralesional application (into a skin lesion), for example for skin diseases as defined herein (mentioned above), in particular selected from psoriasis, eczema, dermatitis, acne, mouth ulcers, erythema, lichen plan, sarcoidose, vascularitis, and adult linear IgA disease; nasal administration, for example for diseases of the respiratory system and in particular lung diseases, for example acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), asthma, chronic i llnesses involving the respiratory system, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis, inflammatory lung diseases, pneumonia, and pulmonary fibrosis; intraarticular administration (into a joint space), for example in arthritis, in particular juvenile idi
  • ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
  • COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  • the method of administration depends on various factors as mentioned above, for example the selected pharmaceutical carrier and the nature of the pharmaceutical preparation (e.g. as a liquid, tablet etc.) as well as the route of administration.
  • the pharmaceutical composition comprising the JNK inhibitor according to the invention may be prepared as a liquid, for example as a solution of the JNK inhibitor according to the invention, preferably of the chimeric peptide according to a sequence of SEQ ID NO. 1 1 , in 0.9 % NaCI.
  • a liquid pharmaceutical composition can be administered by various methods, for example as a spray (e.g., for inhalational, intranasal etc.
  • a syringe including a pre-fi I led syringe
  • an injection device e.g. the INJECT-EASETTM and GENJECTTTM device
  • an infusion pump such as e.g. Accu-ChekTM
  • an injector pen such as the GENPENTTM
  • a needleless device e.g. MEDDECTORTM and BIOJECTORTM
  • autoinjector e.g. MEDDECTORTM and BIOJECTORTM
  • the suitable amount of the pharmaceutical composition to be used can be determined by routine experiments with animal models. Such models include, without implying any limitation, for example rabbit, sheep, mouse, rat, gerbil, dog, pig and non-human primate models.
  • Preferred unit dose forms for administration, in particular for injection and/or infusion include sterile solutions of water, physiological saline or mixtures thereof. The pH of such solutions should be adjusted to about 7.4.
  • Suitable carriers for administration, in particular for injection and/or infusion include hydrogels, devices for controlled or delayed release, polylactic acid and collagen matrices.
  • Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for topical application include those, which are suitable for use in lotions, creams, gels and the like.
  • tablets, capsules and the like are the preferred unit dose form.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for the preparation of unit dose forms, which can be used for oral administration are well known in the prior art. The choice thereof will depend on secondary considerations such as taste, costs and storability, which are not critical for the purposes of the present invention, and can be made without difficulty by a person skilled in the art.
  • the active ingredient will be in the form of a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability.
  • a parenterally acceptable aqueous solution which is pyrogen-free and has suitable pH, isotonicity and stability.
  • isotonic vehicles such as Sodium Chloride Injection, in particular 0.9 % NaCI, Ringer's Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection.
  • Preservatives, stabilizers, buffers, antioxidants and/or other additives may be included, as required.
  • administration is preferably in a "prophylactically effective amount or a "therapeutically effective amount” (as the case may be), this being sufficient to show benefit to the individual.
  • a proliferatively effective amount or a "therapeutically effective amount” (as the case may be)
  • the actual amount administered, and rate and time-course of administration will depend on the nature and severity of what is being treated. For example, for i.v.
  • single doses of up to 1 mg per kg body weight are preferred, more preferably up to 500 ⁇ g per kg body weight, even more preferably up to 100 ⁇ g per kg body weight, for example in the range of 100 ng to 1 mg per kg body weight, more specifically in the range of 1 ⁇ g to 500 ⁇ g per kg body weight, even more specifically in the range of 5 ⁇ g to 1 00 ⁇ g per kg body weight.
  • Such doses may be administered for example as injection and/or infusion, in particular as infusion, whereby the duration of the infusion varies for example between 1 to 90 min, preferably 10 to 70 min, more preferably 30 to 60 min.
  • JNK inhibitor for example the chimeric peptide having a sequence according to SEQ ID NO. 1 1 , articular in a pharmaceutical composition as defined herein, include - but are not limited the prevention and/or treatment of the following diseases/disorders:
  • respiratory diseases in particular lung inflammation and fibrosis, specifically COPD
  • the JNK inhibitor is preferably applied in doses (per kg body weight) in the range of 1 ng/kg to 10 mg/kg, more preferably 10 ng/kg to 1 mg/kg, even more preferably 1 ⁇ g/kg to 0.1 mg/kg, whereby such a single dose may be repeated one, two, three or four times, and which is preferably applied systemically, e.g. i.v. or s.c, or intranasal ly;
  • metabolic diseases and disorders for example diabetes in general, in particular type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus due to underlying condition, for example due to congenital rubella, Cushing's syndrome, cystic fibrosis, malignant neoplasm, malnutrition, or pancreatitis and other diseases of the pancreas, drug or chemical induced diabetes mellitus, and/or other diabetes mellitus, wherein for the treatment and/or prevention of the metabolic diseases the JNK inhibitor is preferably applied in doses (per kg body weight) in the range of 100 ⁇ g/kg to 1 00 mg/kg, more preferably 1 mg/kg to 50 mg/kg, even more preferably 5 mg/kg to 1 5 mg/kg, whereby such a single dose may be repeated dai ly for one to several, e.g. four, weeks, and which is preferably applied systemically, e.g. i.v. or s.c;
  • diseases of the mouth and/or the jaw bone in particular inflammatory diseases of the mouth and/or the jaw bone selected from (i) pulpitis in general, in particular acute pulpitis, chronic pulpitis, hyperplastic pulpitis, ulcerative pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis and/or reversible pulpitis; (ii) periimplantitis; (iii) periodontitis in general, in particular chronic periodontitis, complex periodontitis, simplex periodontitis, aggressive periodontitis, and/or apical periodontitis, e.g.
  • gingivitis in general, in particular acute gingivitis, chronic gingivitis, plaque-induced gingivitis, and/or non-plaque-induced gingivitis;
  • pericoronitis in particular acute and chronic pericoronitis; sialadenitis (sialoadenitis); parotitis, in particular infectious parotitis and autoimmune parotitis;
  • stomatitis in general, in particular aphthous stomatitis (e.g., minor or major), Bednar's aphthae, periadenitis mucosa necrotica recurrens, recurrent aphthous ulcer, stomatitis herpetiformis, gangrenous stomatitis, denture stomatitis, ulcerative stomatitis, vesicular stomatitis and/or
  • 1 1 is preferably adminsistered, if applicable, once or repeatedly, preferably weekly (once per week) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more weeks, every second week (once per two weeks) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more weeks, monthly (once per month) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more months, every sixth week (once per every six weeks) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more months, every second month (once per two months) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 1 0, or more months or every third month (once per three months) for several, e.g.
  • 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more weeks more preferably weekly (once per week) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 1 0, or more weeks, every second week (once per two weeks) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more weeks, monthly (once per month) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 1 0, or more months, even more preferably monthly (once per month) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more months, and which is preferably applied systemically, e.g. i.v.
  • cancer and tumor diseases in particular selected from (i) liver cancer and liver carcinoma in general, in particular liver metastases, liver cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepatoma, intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatoblastoma, angiosarcoma (of liver), and other specified or unspecified sarcomas and carcinomas of the liver; (ii) prostate cancer and/or prostate carcinoma; and/or (iii) colon cancer and colon carcinoma in general, in particular cecum carcinoma, appendix carcinoma, ascending colon carcinoma, hepatic flexure carcinoma, transverse colon carcinoma, splenic flexure carcinoma, descending colon carcinoma, sigmoid colon carcinoma, carcinoma of overlapping sites of colon and/or malignant carcinoid tumors of the colon, wherein for the treatment and/or prevention of the cancer and tumor diseases the JNK inhibitor is preferably applied in doses (per kg body weight) in the range of 1 ⁇ g/kg to 100 mg
  • diseases of the eye in particular (i) age-related macular degeneration (AMD), including exudative and/or non-exudative age-related macular degeneration, preferably the wet or the dry form of age-related macular degeneration; (ii) retinopathy, in particular selected from diabetic retinopathy, (arterial hypertension induced) hypertensive retinopathy, exudative retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy, sun-induced solar retinopathy, trauma-induced retinopathy, e.g.
  • AMD age-related macular degeneration
  • retinopathy in particular selected from diabetic retinopathy, (arterial hypertension induced) hypertensive retinopathy, exudative retinopathy, radiation induced retinopathy, sun-induced solar retinopathy, trauma-induced retinopathy, e.g.
  • LASIK Laser-in-situ-Keratomileusis
  • glaucoma surgery refractive surgery
  • corneal surgery vitreo-retinal surgery
  • eye muscle surgery oculoplastic surgery
  • ocular oncology surgery conjunctival surgery including pterygium, and/or surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus, in particular after complex eye surgery and/or after uncomplicated eye surgery
  • uveitis in particular anterior, intermediate and/or posterior uveitis, sympathetic uveitis and/or panuveitis, preferably anterior and/or posterior uveitis
  • the JNK inhibitor is preferably applied in doses, e.g.
  • ⁇ g/eye for injection, in the range of 0.01 ⁇ g/eye to 10 mg/eye, more preferably 0.1 ⁇ g/eye to 5 mg/eye, even more preferably 1 ⁇ g/eye to 2 mg/eye, particularly preferably 100 ⁇ g/eye to 1 .5 mg/eye, most preferably 500 ⁇ g/eye to 1 mg/eye, e.g. 900 ⁇ g/eye, preferably by a single injection, however, if necessary repeatedly, for example daily, every 2 or 3 days or weekly, for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, weeks, or once every 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, or more weeks, preferably once every 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 weeks, and which is preferably applied i.v.
  • intraocular inflammation in particular intraocular inflammation following anterior and/or posterior segment surgery, for example after cataract surgery, laser eye surgery (e.g.
  • Laser-in-situ-Keratomileusis (LASIK)), glaucoma surgery, refractive surgery, corneal surgery, vitreo-retinal surgery, eye muscle surgery, oculoplastic surgery, ocular oncology surgery, conjunctival surgery including pterygium, and/or surgery involving the lacrimal apparatus, in particular after complex eye surgery and/or after uncomplicated eye surgery, subconjunctival administration and/or instillation, e.g. eye drops, are particularly preferred.
  • subconjunctival administration a single injection after the surgery, preferably within three hours after surgery, for example just after the end of the surgical procedure when the patient is still in the operating room, is particularly preferred.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be administered as stand-alone therapy, however, the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may also be administered in combination with other medications, e.g. with corticosteroids, preferably glucocorticoids, for example dexamethasone, in particular if the inflammation persists over a predetermined period.
  • other medications e.g. with corticosteroids, preferably glucocorticoids, for example dexamethasone, in particular if the inflammation persists over a predetermined period.
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may first be used alone and, if the inflammation persists may be combined with corticosteroids or, if corticosteroids were used alone first, they may be combined with the JNK inhibitors of the present invention if the inflammation persists; diseases and/or disorders of the urinary system, in particular ureteritis; urinary tract infection (bladder infection, acute cystitis); chronic cystitis, cystitis in general, in particular interstitial cystitis (in particular chronic interstitial cystitis), Hunner's ulcer, trigonitis and/or hemorrhagic cystitis; urethritis, in particular nongonococcal urethritis or gonococcal urethritis; painful bladder syndrome; IC/PBS; urethral syndrome; and/or retroperitoneal fibrosis; preferably IC/PBS; wherein for the treatment and/or prevention of the diseases and/or disorders of the urinary system, preferably for the treatment and/or prevention of
  • the JNK inhibitor is also preferably applied (ii) intravesically, more preferably by intravesical infusion, preferably at a concentration of 1 0 ⁇ g/ml - 1000 mg/ml, more prefarbly 50 ⁇ g/ml - 500 mg/ml, even more preferably 100 ⁇ g/ml - 100 mg/ml, and particularly preferably 0.5 mg/ml - 50 mg/ml, preferably in single doses of 0.1 - 1 000 mg, more preferably 0.5 - 500 mg, even more preferably 1 - 1 00 mg, and particularly preferably 2 - 10 mg, preferably administered in one single dose, however, if applicable also preferably administered repeatedly, for example daily, every 2 or 3 days or weekly, for several, e.g.
  • neural, neuronal or neurodegenerative disorders in particular neurodegenerative disease, preferably Alzheimer's disease, for example Alzheimer's disease with early onset, Alzheimer's disease with late onset, Alzheimer's dementia senile and presenile forms, and/or Mild Cognitive Impairment, in particular Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease, wherein for the treatment and/or prevention of the neural, neuronal or neurodegenerative disorders the JNK inhibitor is preferably applied in doses (per kg body weight) in the range of 1 ⁇ g/kg to 100 mg/kg, more preferably 10 ⁇ g/kg to 50 mg/kg, even more preferably 100 ⁇ g/kg to 1 0 mg/kg, and particularly preferably 500 ⁇ g/kg to 1 mg/kg, whereby the JNK inhibitor is preferably adminsistered, if applicable, once or repeatedly, preferably weekly (once per week) for several, e.g.
  • the JNK inhibitor is preferably adminsistered, if applicable, once or repeatedly, preferably weekly (once per week)
  • every second week (once per two weeks) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 1 0, or more weeks, monthly (once per month) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more months, every sixth week (once per every six weeks) for several, e.g. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, or more months, every second month
  • the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may be administered as stand-alone therapy, however, the JNK inhibitors of the present invention may also be administered in combination with other medications, e.g.
  • amyloid lowering agents include ⁇ -secretase (BACE1 ) inhibitors, ⁇ -secretase inhibitors (CSI) and modulators (GSM) and examples of such inhibitors, which are currently in clinical trials may be retrieved from Vassar R. (2014) BACE1 inhibitor drugs in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther.;6(9):89 or from Jia Q, Deng Y, Qing H (2014) Potential therapeutic strategies for Alzheimer's disease targeting or beyond ⁇ -amyloid: insights from clinical trials. Biomed Res Int. 2014,2014:837157.
  • BACE1 ⁇ -secretase
  • CSI ⁇ -secretase inhibitors
  • GSM modulators
  • Prevention and/or treatment of a disease as defined herein typically includes administration of a pharmaceutical composition as defined above.
  • the term "modulate” includes the suppression of expression of JNK when it is over-expressed in any of the above diseases. It also includes suppression of phosphorylation of c-jun, ATF2 or NFAT4 in any of the above diseases, for example, by using at least one JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 1 3 to 20 and 33-1 00 and/or at least one chimeric peptide according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, whereby SEQ ID NO: 1 1 is particularly preferred, and/or at least one JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 1 3 to 20 and 33-100 comprising a trafficking sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 21 to 22, or variants or fragments thereof within the above definitions, as a competitive inhibitor of the natural c-jun,
  • modulate also includes suppression of hetero- and homomeric complexes of transcription factors made up of, without being limited thereto, c- jun, ATF2, or NFAT4 and their related partners, such as for example the AP-1 complex that is made up of c-jun, AFT2 and c-fos.
  • suppressive JNK inhibitor sequences can be introduced to a cell.
  • modulate may then include the increase of JNK expression, for example by use of an IB peptide-specific antibody that blocks the binding of an IB-peptide to JNK, thus preventing JNK inhibition by the IB-related peptide.
  • Prevention and/or treatment of a subject with the pharmaceutical composition as disclosed above may be typically accomplished by administering ⁇ in vivo) an ("therapeutically effective") amount of said pharmaceutical composition to a subject, wherein the subject may be e.g. any mammal, e.g. a human, a primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, cow, horse or pig, whereby a human is particularly preferred.
  • a human e.g. any mammal, e.g. a human, a primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, cow, horse or pig, whereby a human is particularly preferred.
  • the term "therapeutically effective" means that the active component of the pharmaceutical composition is of sufficient quantity to ameliorate the disease or disorder strongly related to JNK signaling as defined above.
  • any peptide as defined above e.g. at least one JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 1 3 to 20 and 33-1 00 and/or at least one chimeric peptide according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, preferably SEQ ID NO: 1 1 , and/or at least one JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 13 to 20 and 33-100 comprising a trafficking sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 21 to 22, or variants or fragments thereof within the above definitions, may be utilized in a specific embodiment of the present invention to treat diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined above, e.g. by modulating activated JNK signaling pathways.
  • gene therapy refers to therapy that is performed by administration of a specific nucleic acid as defined above to a subject, e.g. by way of a pharmaceutical composition as defined above, wherein the nucleic acid(s) exclusively comprise(s) L-amino acids.
  • the nucleic acid produces its encoded peptide(s), which then serve(s) to exert a therapeutic effect by modulating function of the disease or disorder.
  • Any of the methods relating to gene therapy available within the art may be used in the practice of the present invention (see e.g. Goldspiel, et a/., 1 993. Clin Pharm 12: 488-505).
  • the nucleic acid as defined above and as used for gene therapy is part of an expression vector encoding and expressing any one or more of the IB-related peptides as defined above within a suitable host, i.e. an JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 13 to 20 and 33-100 and/or a chimeric peptide according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, and/or an JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 13 to 20 and 33-100 comprising a trafficking sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 21 to 22, or variants or fragments thereof within the above definitions.
  • a suitable host i.e. an JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 13 to 20 and 33-100 and/or a chimeric peptide according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to
  • such an expression vector possesses a promoter that is operably-linked to coding region(s) of a JNK inhibitor sequence.
  • the promoter may be defined as above, e.g. inducible or constitutive, and, optionally, tissue-specific.
  • a nucleic acid molecule as defined above is used for gene therapy, in which the coding sequences of the nucleic acid molecule (and any other desired sequences thereof) as defined above are flanked by regions that promote homologous recombination at a desired site within the genome, thus providing for intra-chromosomal expression of these nucleic acids (see e.g. Koller and Smithies, 1 989. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86; 8932-8935).
  • Delivery of the nucleic acid as defined above according to the invention into a patient for the purpose of gene therapy may be either direct (i.e. the patient is directly exposed to the nucleic acid or nucleic acid-containing vector) or indirect (i.e. cells are first transformed with the nucleic acid in vitro, then transplanted into the patient), whereby in general the routes of administration as mentioned above for the pharmaceutical composition apply as well, however, a local administration for example by local injection into the tissue or organ to be treated is preferred.
  • direct i.e. the patient is directly exposed to the nucleic acid or nucleic acid-containing vector
  • indirect i.e. cells are first transformed with the nucleic acid in vitro, then transplanted into the patient
  • a local administration for example by local injection into the tissue or organ to be treated is preferred.
  • a nucleic acid is directly administered in vivo, where it is expressed to produce the encoded product.
  • This may be accomplished by any of numerous methods known in the art including, e.g. constructing the nucleic acid as part of an appropriate nucleic acid expression vector and administering the same in a manner such that it becomes intracellular (e.g. by infection using a defective or attenuated retroviral, adeno-associated viral or other viral vector; see U. S. Patent No. 4,980,286); directly injecting naked DNA; using microparticle bombardment (e.g.
  • An additional approach to gene therapy in the practice of the present invention involves transferring a gene (comprising a nucleic acid as defined above) into cells in in vitro tissue culture by such methods as electroporation, lipofection, calcium phosphate-mediated transfection, viral infection, or the like.
  • the method of transfer includes the concomitant transfer of a selectable marker to the cells.
  • the cells are then placed under selection pressure (e.g. antibiotic resistance) so as to facilitate the isolation of those cells that have taken up, and are expressing, the transferred gene. Those cells are then delivered to a patient.
  • the nucleic acid prior to the in vivo administration of the resulting recombinant cell, is introduced into a cell by any method known within the art including e.g. transfection, electroporation, microinjection, infection with a viral or bacteriophage vector containing the nucleic acid sequences of interest, cell fusion, chromosome-mediated gene transfer, microcell-mediated gene transfer, spheroplast fusion, and similar methods that ensure that the necessary developmental and physiological functions of the recipient cells are not disrupted by the transfer. See e.g. Loeffler and Behr, 1 993. Meth Enzymol 21 7 : 599-61 8.
  • the chosen technique should provide for the stable transfer of the nucleic acid to the cell, such that the nucleic acid is expressible by the cell.
  • the transferred nucleic acid is heritable and expressible by the cell progeny.
  • the resulting recombinant cells may be delivered to a patient by various methods known within the art including, e.g. injection of epithelial cells (e.g. subcutaneously), application of recombinant skin cells as a skin graft onto the patient, and intravenous injection of recombinant blood cells (e.g. hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells).
  • Cells into which a nucleic acid can be introduced for purposes of gene therapy encompass any desired, available cell type, and may be xenogeneic, heterogeneic, syngeneic, or autogeneic.
  • Cell types include, but are not limited to, differentiated cells such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, muscle cells, hepatocytes and blood cells, or various stem or progenitor cells, in particular embryonic heart muscle cells, liver stem cells (International Patent Publication WO 94/08598), neural stem cells (Stemple and Anderson, 1 992, Cell 71 : 973-985), hematopoietic stem or progenitor cells, e.g. as obtained from bone marrow, umbilical cord blood, peripheral blood, fetal liver, and the like.
  • the cells utilized for gene therapy are autologous to the patient.
  • targeting therapies may be used to deliver the JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, and/or nucleic acids as defined above more specifically to certain types of cell, by the use of targeting systems such as (a targeting) antibody or cell specific ligands.
  • targeting systems such as (a targeting) antibody or cell specific ligands.
  • Antibodies used for targeting are typically specific for cell surface proteins of cells associated with any of the diseases as defined below.
  • these antibodies may be directed to cell surface antibodies such as e.g. B cell-associated surface proteins such as MHC class II DR protein, CD1 8 (LFA-1 beta chain), CD45RO, CD40 or Bgp95, or cell surface proteins selected from e.g.
  • Targeting constructs may be typically prepared by covalently binding the JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, and nucleic acids as defined herein according to the invention to an antibody specific for a cell surface protein or by binding to a cell specific ligand. Proteins may e.g. be bound to such an antibody or may be attached thereto by a peptide bond or by chemical coupling, crossl inking, etc..
  • the targeting therapy may then be carried out by administering the targeting construct in a pharmaceutically efficient amount to a patient by any of the administration routes as defined below, e.g. intraperitoneal, nasal, intravenous, oral and patch delivery routes.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, or nucleic acids as defined herein according to the invention, being attached to the targeting antibodies or cell specific ligands as defined above may be released in vitro or in vivo, e.g. by hydrolysis of the covalent bond, by peptidases or by any other suitable method.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, or nucleic acids as defined herein according to the invention are attached to a small cell specific ligand, release of the ligand may not be carried out. If present at the cell surface, the chimeric peptides may enter the cell upon the activity of its trafficking sequence. Targeting may be desirable for a variety of reasons; for example if the JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, and nucleic acids as defined herein according to the invention are unacceptably toxic or if it would otherwise require a too high dosage.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as defined herein according to the invention could be produced in the target cells by expression from an encoding gene introduced into the cells, e.g. from a viral vector to be administered.
  • the viral vector typically encodes the JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as defined herein according to the invention.
  • the vector could be targeted to the specific cells to be treated.
  • the vector could contain regulatory elements, which are switched on more or less selectively by the target cells upon defined regulation.
  • This technique represents a variant of the VDEPT technique (virus-directed enzyme prodrug therapy), which utilizes mature proteins instead of their precursor forms.
  • the JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides as defined herein could be administered in a precursor form by use of an antibody or a virus. These JNK inhibitor sequences and/or chimeric peptides may then be converted into the active form by an activating agent produced in, or targeted to, the cells to be treated.
  • an activating agent produced in, or targeted to, the cells to be treated.
  • This type of approach is sometimes known as ADEPT (antibody-directed enzyme prodrug therapy) or VDEPT (virus- directed enzyme prodrug therapy); the former involving targeting the activating agent to the cells by conjugation to a cell-specific antibody, while the latter involves producing the activating agent, e.g. a JNK inhibitor sequence or the chimeric peptide, in a vector by expression from encoding DNA in a viral vector (see for example, EP-A-41 5731 and WO 90/07936).
  • a solution for the isolation, transport, perfusion, implantation or the like of an organ and/or tissue to be transplanted comprises the JNK inhibitor according to the present invention, preferably in a concentration in the range of 1 to 1000 ⁇ , more preferably in the range of 10 to 500 ⁇ , even more preferably in the range of 50 to 1 50 ⁇ .
  • the transplant is a kidney, heart, lung, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), liver, blood cell, bone marrow, cornea, accidental severed limb, in particular fingers, hand, foot, face, nose, bone, cardiac valve, blood vessel or intestine transplant, preferably a kidney, heart, pancreas, in particular pancreatic islets (also called islets of Langerhans), or skin transplant.
  • the JNK inhibitor according to the invention may be contained in the solution for the isolation of pancreatic islets. Such a solution may be for example injected into the pancreatic duct prior to isolation.
  • a solution containing the JNK inhibitor according to the invention is applied in isolation, transport, perfusion, transplantation or the like of an organ and/or tissue, in particular if the time of ischemia exceeds 1 5 min, more preferably, if the time of ischemia exceeds 20 min, even more preferably if the time of ischemia is at least 30 min.
  • ischemia times may apply to warm and/or cold ischemia time, however, it is particularly preferred if they apply exclusively to warm ischemia time (WIT), whereby WIT refers to the length of time that elapses between a donor's death, in particular from the time of cross-clamping or of asystole in non-heart- beating donors, until cold perfusion is commenced and to ischemia during implantation, from removal of the organ from ice until reperfusion.
  • WIT warm ischemia time
  • immunoassays to detect, prognose, diagnose, or monitor various conditions and disease states selected from diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined above, or monitor the treatment thereof.
  • the immunoassay may be performed by a method comprising contacting a sample derived from a patient with an antibody to an JNK inhibitor sequence, a chimeric peptide, or a nucleic acid sequence, as defined above, under conditions such that immunospecific-binding may occur, and subsequently detecting or measuring the amount of any immunospecific-binding by the antibody.
  • an antibody specific for an JNK inhibitor sequence, a chimeric peptide or a nucleic acid sequence may be used to analyze a tissue or serum sample from a patient for the presence of JNK or a JNK inhibitor sequence; wherein an aberrant level of JNK is indicative of a diseased condition.
  • the immunoassays include, but are not limited to, competitive and non-competitive assay systems using techniques such as Western Blots, radioimmunoassays (RIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), "sandwich” immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, precipitin reactions, gel diffusion precipitin reactions, immunodiffusion assays, agglutination assays, fluorescent immunoassays, complement-fixation assays, immunoradiometric assays, and protein-A immunoassays, etc..
  • (in vitro) assays may be performed by delivering the JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, nucleic acid sequences or antibodies to JNK inhibitor sequences or to chimeric peptides, as defined above, to target cells typically selected from e.g. cultured animal cells, human cells or micro-organisms, and to monitor the cell response by biophysical methods typically known to a skilled person.
  • the target cells typically used therein may be cultured cells (in vitro) or in vivo cells, i.e. cells composing the organs or tissues of living animals or humans, or microorganisms found in living animals or humans.
  • kits for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes particular for the treatment, prevention or monitoring of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined above
  • the kit includes-'one or more containers containing JNK inhibitor sequences, chimeric peptides, nucleic acid sequences and/or antibodies to these JNK inhibitor sequences or to chimeric peptides as defined above, e.g.
  • an anti-JNK inhibitor sequence antibody to an JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 1 3 to 20 and 33-100, to a chimeric peptide according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 9 to 12 and 23 to 32, to an JNK inhibitor sequence according to any of sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 4 and 1 3 to 20 and 33-100 comprising a trafficking sequence according to any of SEQ ID NOs: 5 to 8 and 21 to 22, or to or variants or fragments thereof within the above definitions, or such an anti-JNK inhibitor sequence antibody and, optionally, a labeled binding partner to the antibody.
  • kits for diagnostic use in the treatment, prevention or monitoring of diseases or disorders strongly related to JNK signaling as defined above comprise one or more containers containing nucleic acids that encode, or alternatively, that are the complement to, an JNK inhibitor sequence and/or a chimeric peptide as defined above, optionally, a labeled binding partner to these nucleic acids, are also provided.
  • the kit may be used for the above purposes as a kit, comprising one or more containers, a pair of oligonucleotide primers (e.g.
  • kits may, optionally, further comprise a predetermined amount of a purified JNK inhibitor sequence as defined above, a chimeric peptide as defined above, or nucleic acids encoding these, for use as a diagnostic, standard, or control in the assays for the above purposes.
  • Figure 1 are diagrams showing alignments of conserved JBD domain regions in the indicated transcription factors. JNK inhibitor sequences used herein were identified by carrying out sequence alignments. The results of this alignment are exemplarily shown in Figures 1 A-1 C.
  • Figure 1 A depicts the region of highest homology between the JBDs of IB1 , IB2, c-Jun and ATF2.
  • Panel B depicts the amino acid sequence of the JBDs of L-IB1 (s) and L-IB1 for comparative reasons. Fully conserved residues are indicated by asterisks, while residues changed to Ala in the GFP-JBD vector are indicated by open circles.
  • Figure 1 C shows the amino acid sequences of chimeric proteins that include a JNK inhibitor sequence and a trafficking sequence.
  • the trafficking sequence is derived from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) TAT polypeptide
  • the JNK inhibitor sequence is derived from an IB1 (s) polypeptide.
  • Human, mouse, and rat sequences are identical in Panels B and C.
  • Figure 2 is a diagram showing sequences of generic TAT-IB fusion peptides from human, mouse and rat.
  • Figure 3 depicts the results of the inhibition of endogeneous JNK-activity in HepG2 cells using fusion peptides according to SEQ ID NOs: 9 and 1 1 in an one-well approach.
  • D- TAT-IB1 (s) according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 (here abbreviated as D-JNKI) effectively inhibits JNK activity, even better than L-TAT-IBI (s) according to SEQ ID NO: 9 (here abbreviated as L-JNKI).
  • Figure 4 shows the result of the cytotoxicity assay with a chimeric JNK inhibitor sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 , also termed XG-102 (see Example 12).
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • HFFs were seeded in 96-well tissue culture plates. Medium containing DMSO (same level as the 5 ⁇ drug), or XG-1 02 at 1 , 2, and 5 ⁇ was added for 24 h. Neutral Red was briefly added, the cells were fixed, then the dye was extracted. Absorbance was measured at 540nm. No difference was observed between DMSO and 1 ⁇ XG-102.
  • Figure 5 depicts the results of the plaque reduction assay carried out for testing activity of a chimeric JNK inhibitor sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 , also termed
  • XG-102 against Varizella Zoster Virus (see Example 12).
  • XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) is a potent inhibitor of Varizella Zoster Virus (VZV), particularly at concentrations of 0.5 ⁇ and 1 ⁇
  • Figure 6 shows the results of the inhibition of Varizella Zoster Virus (VZV) in cultured human fibroblasts using a chimeric JNK inhibitor sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 , also termed XG-1 02 (see Example 12).
  • VZV shows a significant sensitivity to XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ).
  • VZV replication was normal in the presence of the negative control (XG-100, the Tat peptide alone).
  • XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) thus prevented VZV replication already at the lowest concentration tested of 0.25 ⁇ .
  • Figure 7 depicts the activity of XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) on cell recruitment in lung using MPO in lung homogenization in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) using an animal model of Bleomycin induced acute lung inflammation.
  • MPO was not significantly induced after bleomycin administration.
  • XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) had thus only little effect on the MPO levels in the lung.
  • Figure 8 depicts the activity of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) on TNF levels in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) using an animal model of Bleomycin induced acute lung fibrosis.
  • COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • Figure 9 depicts the activity of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) on cell recruitment in bronchoalveolar lavage space in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) using an animal model of Bleomycin induced acute lung fibrosis.
  • COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • XG-1 02 reduces significantly the lymphocyte recruitment and the number of total cells recruited during the inflammatory stage characterised at this point by the lymphocytes recruitment.
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • n 5 mice per group; *, p ⁇ 0.05; **, p ⁇ 0.001 ).
  • Figure 1 0 describes the results of the histology in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive
  • Pulmonary Disease using an animal model of Bleomycin induced acute lung fibrosis. 3 ⁇ m sections of lungs were stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Inflammatory cells accumulation, fibrotic areas, loss of lung architecture were observed 1 0 days after BLM administration. As can be seen, a decrease of these parameters is observed after administration of XG-102 at the low dose (0.001 mg/kg) but not with the high dose (0.1 mg/kg).
  • Figure 1 1 shows the effects of a treatment with XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) on brain ⁇ 1-40 and ⁇ 1-42 levels determined by ELISA.
  • the Graphs represent the ⁇ 1-40 (left) and ⁇ 1-42 (right) levels determined by ELISA in different brain homogenate fractions with Triton 40 and Triton 42. Data are represented as scattered dot plot with individual values (black) and group mean + SEM. Significant differences are marked with asterisks (* p ⁇ 0.05; ** p ⁇ 0.01 ). Significant group differences were observed only in Triton X-1 00 fraction for ⁇ 1-42 .
  • Figure 12 depicts the effects of a treatment with XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) on CSF ⁇ 1-40 and ⁇ 1-42 levels determined by ELISA.
  • the Graphs represent the ⁇ 1-40 (left) and ⁇ 1-42 (right) levels determined by ELISA in CSF. Data are represented as scattered dot plot with individual values (black) and group mean ⁇ SEM. Significant differences are marked with asterisks (* p ⁇ 0.05; ** p ⁇ 0.01 ).
  • Figure 14 depicts the treatment effects on the ThioflavinS visualized plaque area [%] in the hAPP Tg mice: The Graphs represent the plaque area [%] of ThioflavinS positive plaques in the cortex and the hippocampus.
  • Figure 15 describes the results of the administration of XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) on fasting blood glucose levels (absolute and relative) in the animal model for diabetes type 2. Fasting blood glucose was measured every third day until day 68 and on a regular basis until termination at day 1 1 1 in groups A and C. We observed a clear and significant (p ⁇ 0.001 ) decrease in the level of fasting blood glucose of the diabetic db/db mice treated with XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (10 mg/kg) as compared to vehicle control.
  • Figure 1 6 describes the results of the administration of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ), 10 mg/kg on body weight in the animal model for diabetes type 2.
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • Figure 1 6 describes the results of the administration of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ), 10 mg/kg on body weight in the animal model for diabetes type 2.
  • Figure 1 7, 1 8 describe the effect of vehicle or XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (1 0 mg/kg) in the animal model for diabetes type 2 on 24 hour food and water intake, and urine and faeces production as measured in metabolic cages on study day 68 in Figures 1 7 (g) and 1 8 (normalized to g of body weight).
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • Figures 1 7 (g) and 1 8 normalized to g of body weight
  • Figure 1 9, 20 describe the effect of vehicle or XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (10 mg/kg) in the animal model for diabetes type 2 as measured on day 57, 77 and 1 08 on plasma levels of insulin, MCP-1 and IL-6 in Figure 1 9; on plasma levels of tPAI-1 , TNF and resistin in Figure 20; We observed no significant effects of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (10 mg/kg) on any of the measured parameters as compared to vehicle control except the levels of plasma resistin, which was significantly higher in XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) treated animals at day 77 and 108.
  • Figure 21 shows the effect of vehicle or XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (10 mg/kg) in the animal model for diabetes type 2 on tissue weight of epididymal, inguinal subcutaneous, and retroperitoneal fat pads.
  • vehicle or XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • Figure 22 depicts the effect of vehicle or XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (1 0 mg/kg) in the animal model for diabetes type 2 on tissue weight of brain, spleen and heart.
  • Figure 23 describes the effect of vehicle or XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (1 0 mg/kg) in the animal model for diabetes type 2 on tissue weight of kidney and liver.
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • Figure 23 describes the effect of vehicle or XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) (1 0 mg/kg) in the animal model for diabetes type 2 on tissue weight of kidney and liver.
  • kidney p ⁇ 0.05
  • liver p ⁇ 0.01
  • Figure 24 Primary cultured macrophages were incubated with XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) and extensively washed. Presence of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) was revealed using a specific antibody against XG-102. XG-102 is strongly incorporated into primary macrophages.
  • Figure 25 Mice were treated via three different routes of administration (s.c, i.v., i.p.) with radiolabeled peptides with C 14 (1 mg/kg). Animals were sacrificed 72 hours after injection and processed for immunoradiography. Sagital sections were exposed and revealed the accumulation XG-102 peptides in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow predominantly (XG-102: SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ).
  • Figure 26 shows an immunostaining against XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) in the liver of rats injected with 1 mg/kg of XG-1 02 i.v. Animals were sacrificed 24 hours after injection. Revelation was done using DAB substrate. This figure shows again the pronounced accumulation of XG-102 in the liver, and especially, in the Kupffer cells (macrophages).
  • Figure 27 shows the inhibition of Cytokine & Chemokine Release in two cell lines.
  • XG- 102 (SEQ ID NO:1 1 ) inhibits cytokine release in both myeloid and lymphoid cell lines, reducing LPS-induced TNFa, IL-6 and MCP-1 release in THP-1 cells (Panels A-C) and PMA & ionomycin-induced IFNg, IL-6 and IL-2 production in Jurkat cells (Panels D- F).
  • the control (XG-1 01 ) is less effective due to its lesser stability.
  • Figure 28 shows the inhibition of cytokine release in primary cells.
  • NO:1 1 also inhibits cytokine release in primary lymphoid and myeloid cells, reducing LPS-induced TNFa, IL-6 and Rantes release in murine macrophages (Panels A-C) and PMA & ionomycin-induced TNFa and IFNg production in murine T cells (Panels D-E). Effects occur at non-cytotoxic concentrations of
  • Figure 29 shows the IB1 cDNA sequence from rat and its predicted amino acid sequence (SEQ ID NO:1 02)
  • Figure 30 shows the IB1 protein sequence from rat encoded by the exon-intron boundary of the rlB1 gene - splice donor (SEQ ID NO:103)
  • Figure 31 shows the IB1 protein sequence from Homo sapiens (SEQ ID NO:104)
  • Figure 32 shows the IB1 cDNA sequence from Homo sapiens (SEQ ID NO:105)
  • Figure 33 Effect on islet Isolation on JNK/p38 activation. That experiment was designed to identify any effect evoked by the isolation process as such on JNK or p38.
  • Figure 38 shows that XG-103 increases significantly islet viability (OCR/DNA) as measured after 7 days of culturing
  • Figure 41 (A): Fluorescein angiography evaluation (mean score) ten minutes after fluorescein injection. The mean score is presented for day 14 and day 21 for five groups (XG-102 300 microgramm/ml, XG-102 3mg/ml, Kencort retard, 0,9 % NaCI solution, untreated)
  • Fig 41 Proportion of fluorescein angiography evaluation (mean score) ten minutes after fluorescein injection, for five groups (XG-102 300 microgramm/ml, XG-1 02 3mg/ml, Kencort retard, 0,9 % NaCI solution, untreated) at day 14 and day 21 .
  • Figure 41 Incidence of ChNV formation ten minutes after fluorescein injection at day 14 and 21 , for five groups (XG-102 300 microgramm/ml, XG- 102 3mg/ml, Kencort retard, 0,9 % NaCI solution, untreated).
  • Figure 41 Incidence of fluorescein leakage extend at day 1 4 and day 21 ; for five groups (XG-102 300 microgramm/ml, XG-102 3 mg/ml, Kencort retard, 0,9 % NaCI solution, untreated)
  • Figure 40 The design of the experiment for assessing XG-102's effect on kidney tissue upon adriamycin-induced induction of nephropathy is shown. The rat groups and the and their treatment regimen is shown.
  • the ELISA assay was used to dertmine the albumin concentration for group 1 , group 4 and group 5 as a function of the observation period (day 5, 8, 1 1 , 14, 1 7, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 25, 38, 41 )
  • Figure 42 Histological analysis 8 days after the onset of the experiment.
  • Figure 43 Histological analysis 14 days after the onset of the experiment.
  • Figure 44 Histological analysis 1 9 days after the onset of the experiment.
  • Figure 47 Histological analysis (staining) of c-jun expression 14 days after onset of the experiment. Left hand Adriamycin treated histological preparation, in the middle: Adriamycin and XG-102 treated (resulting in a significant reduction of c-jun expression in the interstitium) and control on the right.
  • Figure 48 shows the renal function assessed by protidemia (A) and urea level (B) of rats in an Adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy model on Days 8, 14, 29, 41 and 56 after ADR administration.
  • Croups No. 1 (“ADR") and No. 2 (“ADR + XG-1 02") have been treated on Day 0 with ADR to induce necropathy, whereas groups No. 3 (“NaCI”) and No. 4 (“XG-102”) received 0.9% NaCL.
  • groups Nos. 2 and 4 have been treated on Day 0 with XG-102, whereas groups Nos. 1 and 3 received vehicle (0.9% NaCI).
  • Figure 49 shows kidney sections of the rats in the Adriamycin (ADR)-induced nephropathy model stained with periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) (original magnification x40).
  • ADR has been administered only to the groups “ADR” and “ADR + XG102", whereas the group “NaCI” received 0.9% NaCL only.
  • the group “ADR + XG102” has been treated on Day 0 with XG-102, whereas the other groups (“ADR" and "NaCI”) received vehicle (0.9% NaCI).
  • Figure 50 shows the kidney fibrosis in ADR nephropathy evaluated with Masson's trichrome (blue) on Days 8 (left four panels) and 56 (right four panels) following ADR administration for the group "ADR" (upper panel), which has been treated with ADR and vehicle at Day 0 and for the group "ADR + XG102" (lower panel), which has been treated with ADR and XG-102 at Day 0.
  • the original magnification x10 is depicted in the left panels for the respective day and the original magnification x40 is depicted in the right panels for the respective day.
  • Figure 51 The study design of the experiment investigating the effects of XG-1 02 on puromycine aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephropathy.
  • PAN puromycine aminonucleoside
  • PAN puromycine aminonucleoside
  • PAN puromycine aminonucleoside
  • PAN puromycine aminonucleoside
  • XG-102 From day 0 to day 42 XG-102 or its vehicle have been administered once a week by i. v. route as described above.
  • animals On day 56 animals have been sacrificed and samples (blood and kidneys) have been collected.
  • Figure 52 shows the effects of XG-102 on the glomerulosclerosis injury in puromycine aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephropathy.
  • XG-102 has been administered to Groups 3 to 6 (labelled as "cpd” in the legend).
  • the Group 2 and the Group 6 are different in term of number of iv injections as stated in the study plan of Example 20. Note that the score for Group 2 is very similar to the one reported by Najakima et al. (201 0) using the same experimental protocol. ***P ⁇ 0.001 versus Group 1 using unpaired Student t-test; # P ⁇ 0.05; ### P ⁇ 0.001 versus Group 2 using one-way ANOVA followed by followed by Newman-Keuls test; ⁇ P ⁇ 0.001 versus Group 2 using unpaired Student t-test.
  • Figure 53 shows the effects of XG-1 02 on the glomerular damage in puromycine aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephropathy.
  • XG-1 02 has been administered to Groups 3 to 6 (labelled as “cpd” in the legend).
  • the Group 2 and the Group 6 are different in term of number of iv injections as stated in the study plan of Example 20.
  • Figure 54 shows the study schedule of Example 21 investigating the effects of chronic administration of XG-102 in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Animals were placed on high fat diet immediately after arrival. Animals in groups E and
  • F are dosed daily each day from baseline phase onwards.
  • Figure 55 shows the effects of chronic administration of XG-102 in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy on the body weight of the rats. Only non-STZ treated rats showed an increase in body weight. Rats treated with XG-102 showed no differences in body weight compared to vehicle-treated rats in the STZ model. The body weight of rats treated with the positive reference (Losartan), however, was significantly lower.
  • Figure 56 shows that XG-1 02 dose-dependently decreased JNK (A) and PAF2 (B) phosphorylation induced by 1 5-min ischemia in an experiment evaluating the dose-response to XG-102 in islet isolation/transplantation (Example 22).
  • FIG. 57 shows the effects of XG-102 on function and viability of rat pancreatic islets, whereby the islets have been isolated islets from 15 min ischemia rat and from no ischemia rat.
  • a static insulin secretion test (basal or stimulated using glucose) has been performed directly after islet isolation and 1 8 h after culture at 37°C.
  • Isolation affected islet function, whereby basal insulin secretion was higher in islets used directly after isolation compared to islets incubated during 1 8h whatever the conditions. However after culture, ischemia and inhibitor XG-102 had no impact on islet function in this experiment.
  • Figure 58 shows another experiment wherein ischemia was pushed unti l 30 min and
  • XG-1 02 was used at 100 microM. Still, a high basal secretion is observed when insulin secretion test was performed directly after isolation. Moreover, 30 min ischemia had a negative impact on islet function. These preliminary results suggested that 30 min ischemia seems to be a better model than 1 5 min to induce JNK activation. When islets from ischemic rats were isolated and incubated with XG-1 02, glucose-induced insulin secretion was higher as compared to ischemic rats.
  • Figure 59 The disposition of patients included in the study of Example 27, i.e.
  • Figure 60 shows for the study of Example 27 the mean anterior chamber cell grade up to 28 days after the administration of the sub-conjunctival injection of study treatment for the PP analysis population for the three treatment groups XG-102 90 ⁇ g, XG-102 900 ⁇ g and the dexamethasone.
  • the vertical lines represents the standard deviations (SD).
  • Figure 61 shows for the study of Example 27 the results of the primary outcome in addition to the first secondary outcome for both the PP and FAS data sets regarding anterior chamber cell grade at day 28: Confidence Intervals and the Non-inferiority margin.
  • Figure 62 shows for the study of Example 27 the anterior chamber flare grade (for the
  • Figure 63 shows for the study of Example 27 the LFM (Laser Flare Meter) measurements which were obtained at the defined time points throughout the study up to day 28 for the FAS.
  • the vertical lines represents the standard deviations (SD).
  • Figure 65 shows for the study of Example 27 the summary of the AEs (sorted by MedDRA
  • Figure 66 shows for the study of Example 27 the overview of the reported serious adverse events (SAEs).
  • Figure 67 shows for Example 28 the proliferation of hepatocytes in XG-102 (in the figure referred to as "D-JNKI 1 ”) or PBS treated p p mice (left panel) and in XG-1 02 (i.e. "D-JNKI1 ”) treated p mice (right panel).
  • Mice were injected with either XG-102 (20 mg per kg body weight) or PBS, if applicable, before DEN treatment.
  • the proliferation of hepatocytes was analyzed by Ki67 staining 48 h after DEN treatment. Quantification of Ki67-positive cells is shown.
  • Figure 68 3X1 0 6 Huh7 human liver cancer cells were injected subcutaneously to both flank area of nude mice at 4 weeks of age (Example 29).
  • MBWC% corresponds to variation of mean body weight between the considered day and day of first treatment (D1 0).
  • Statistical analysis was performed with the Bonferroni-Dunn test, taking vehicle treated group as reference. shows for Example 30 the mice long survival curves, whereby proportion of surviving mice per group until sacrifice day (D1 85) is depicted. Mice were treated with XG-102 at the indicated doses following the Q4Dx4 treatment schedule repeated two times, at D10 and D41 . shows for Example 31 the tolerance ofmice to XG-102 and XG-414 treatments, alone or in combination. Mean body weights and mean body weight changes ⁇ SD are indicated.
  • MBWC% corresponds to variation ofmean body weight between the considered day and day offirst treatment (DIO).
  • Figure 73 shows for Example 31 the mice long survival curves, whereby proportion of surviving mice per group until sacrifice day (D1 71 ) is depicted. Mice sacrificed at D67 for autopsy were excluded from calculation. Mice were treated with XG-102 at the indicated doses following the Q4Dx4 treatment schedule repeated two timed, at Dl 0 and D41 .
  • Figure 74 shows for Example 31 the tumor invasion observed by microscopic evaluation of mice sacrificed at D67 or between D67 and final sacrifice as histogram representations. The level of tumor take was classified in 4 different categories specified in the figure legend.
  • Figure 75 shows for Example 32 the mean tumor volume of PC-3 tumor bearing mice during the antitumor activity experiment.
  • Figure 76 shows for Example 33 a histogram representation of metastatic tumor invasion observed within liver or at its periphery (hilus) twenty-six days after HCT 1 1 6 tumor xenografting on mice caecum, in the different groups, PO or SC treated with vehicle or X0-1 02 at 0.1 and 1 mgl/kg/adm. following the Q1 Dx14 treatment schedule. The classification of microscopic observations was performed as described within the legend.
  • Figure 77 shows for Example 34 the electroretinography (ERG) measurements in right eyes of albino rats.
  • Figure 78 Renal ischemia was induced in rats of group G2 and group G3 by clamping both renal pedicles with atraumatic clamp for 40 min, whereas in group G1 rats no ischemia was induced.
  • Rats of group G3 received a single dose of 2 mg/kg XG-102 (in 0.9% NaCI as vehicle) and rats of groups G1 and G2 received vehicle, respectively, by IV injection in the tail vein on Day 0, one hour after clamping period (after reperfusion) both renal pedicles with atraumatic clamp.
  • Serum creatinine (Fig. 78A) and urea (Fig. 78B) were increased in vehicle-treated ischemic rats (G2) 24h following ischemia, as compared to vehicle-treated controls rats without ischemia (G1 ).
  • hypoxia As expected, hypoxia (“H4") induces JNK and JUN phosphorylation as compared to islets maintained in normoxia conditions (“N4").
  • the JNK inhibitor XG-1 02 did not inhibit phosphorylation of JNK and JUN induced by hypoxia (cf. Fig. 80 "H4 + XG1 02").
  • Figure 81 shows for Example 40 the islet viablitity in the hypoxia experiment. Hypoxia increased apoptosis and necrosis (H4 vs. N4). However, when islets were treated with XG-102, apoptosis and necrosis were decreased either in normoxia and hypoxia conditions. In conclusion XG1 02 had also a beneficial effect on islet viability in this hypoxia model.
  • Figure 82 shows the study design for Example 41 .
  • Figure 83 shows for Example 41 the effects of vehicle and XG-1 02 (4 mg/kg, i. v.) on glomerular injury index at day 49 (Groups 1 -5) and at day 77 (Groups 6-8) in a rat model of PAN-induced nephropathy.
  • ***P ⁇ 0.001 group 2 and group 7 (PAN/vehicle) versus group 1 and group 6 (Saline/vehicle) using unpaired Student t-test (n 12-1 5/group).
  • Figure 84 shows for Example 41 the effects of vehicle and XG-102 (4 mg/kg, i.v.) on the percentage of injured glomeruli at day 49 (Groups 1 -5) and at day 77 (Groups 6-8) in a rat model of PAN-induced nephropathy.
  • ***P ⁇ 0.001 group 2 and group 7 (PAN/vehicle) versus group 1 and group 6 (Saline/vehicle) using unpaired Student t-test (n 12-1 5/group).
  • ### P ⁇ 0.001 groups from 3 to 5 (PAN/XG-102) versus group 2 (PAN/vehicle) using one-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test (n 1 5/group).
  • ⁇ P ⁇ 0.001 group 8 (PAN/XG-102) versus group 7 (PAN/vehicle) using unpaired Student t-test (n 12-14/group).
  • Figure 85 shows for Example 41 representative images of glomerulosclerosis injury from kidney at day 49 (groups 1 -5; PAS, 40x) for exemplary animals 3 (A-C), 8 (D- F), 1 3 (G-l), 57 (J-L), and 63 (M-O).
  • Group 3 Grade 0 glomerulus (G), Grade 1 glomerulus (H) and Grade 1 glomerulus (I). Matrix deposition and hypercellularity are noted (arrows).
  • Group 4 G-L Grade 1 glomerulus 0), Grade 1 glomerulus (K) and Grade 2 glomerulus (L). Matrix deposition and hypercellularity are noted (arrows).
  • Group 5 M-O: Grade 1 glomerulus (D), Grade 2 glomerulus (E) and Grade 3 glomerulus (F). Matrix deposition and hypercellularity are noted (arrows and circle).
  • Figure 86 shows for Example 41 representative images of glomerulosclerosis injury from kidney at day 77 (groups 6-8; PAS, 40x) for exemplary animals 28 (A-C), 34 (D-F), and 37 (G-l).
  • Matrix deposition and hypercellularity are noted (arrows and circle).
  • Group 8 (G-l) Grade 0 glomerulus (G), Grade 1 glomerulus (H) and Grade 1 glomerulus (I). Matrix deposition and hypercellularity are noted (arrows).
  • Figure 87 shows for Example 42 the impact of hypxia and XG-102 on viability of human islets.
  • Fig. 87A shows that XG-102 decreased necrosis either in normoxic and hypoxic conditions.
  • Fig. 87B shows that XG-102 also decreases apoptosis induced by hypoxia. These results show that XG-1 02 has a beneficial effect on islet viability in the hypoxia model.
  • Figure 88 shows for Example 43 the results of ocular evaluation (A) and cellular infiltration in aqueous humor (B).
  • Fig. 88A shows median values of ocular evaluation 24 h after induction.
  • Fig. 88B shows leucocyte counts (eel ls/ ⁇ ) in aqueous humor 24 h after induction.
  • Figure 89 shows for Example 39 SFT values (visual acuity) at Day 71 (A), Day 85 (B),
  • Figure 90 shows for Example 39 Contrast Threshold values at Day 71 (A), Day 85 (B),
  • Figure 91 shows for Example 39 the results of Multiplex cytokine analysis of 23 unique cytokines of the retinal tissue. STZ-induced diabetes raised retinal levels in vehicle treated animals for 1 3 of the 23 cytokines observed. Seven of the 13 elevated cytokines were reduced in STZ-diabetic animals treated with 2 ⁇ g/eye XG-102. All cytokines were BLQ in the retinal tissue collected from the groups of rats receiving either 20 ⁇ g/eye, or 200 ⁇ g/eye XG-102.
  • Figure 92 shows for Example 24 the treatment effects on the clinical parameters Gl
  • Figure 93 shows for Example 24 the effects of placebo and XG-102 administration on total bacterial flora.
  • Group 3 (XG-102) reduced significantly total bacterial flora at day 1 7 compared to day 10.
  • Results are expressed as Mean+SEM.
  • n 10 rats per group. *p ⁇ 0.05 day 1 7 vs day 10.
  • Figure 94 shows for Example 24 IL1 - ⁇ quantification using ELISA assay. IL1 - ⁇ was lower in group 3 than in placebo group. "SDD-1 002" refers to XG-102. Experiments were done in duplicate. *p ⁇ 0.05 ligated groups vs unligated group. ⁇ p ⁇ 0.05 placebo group vs group 3.
  • Figure 95 shows for Example 24 the effects of placebo and XC-102 administration on
  • Figure 96 shows for Example 45 the study design.
  • Figure 97 shows for Example 45 the effects of vehicle and XG-102 (2 mg/kg, i. v.) on tubular damages in a rat model of bilateral IR. ***P ⁇ 0.001 versus Croup 1 (Sham/Vehicle) by a Student t-test ns; +P ⁇ 0.05 versus Croup 2 (IR/Vehicle) by a one way ANOVA followed by a Bonferroni's post test.
  • Figure 98 shows for Example 45 the effects of of vehicle and XG-102 (2 mg/kg, i. v.) on total tubular histological scores in a rat model of bi lateral IR.
  • Total tubular score represents all tubular changes including degeneration and necrosis, tubular cast, tubular epithelial vacuolation and regeneration (basophil tubules).
  • Figure 99 shows for Example 45 representative images of hematoxylin/eosin stained kidney sections: comparison between Groups 2 (IR/Vehicle) and 3 (IR/XG- 102). Animal 53 (Top Left), Animal 1 5 (Top Right), Animal 1 7 (Bottom left), and Animal 33 (Bottom right): 10x. Representative photomicrographs of tubular degeneration/necrosis and tubular casts in Group 2 and 3. Animals having scores from 1 to 4 are represented. The main difference between groups is that the severity of tubular necrosis and cast in Group 2 is generally higher than that observed in Group 3. In Group 2, lesions are extended partially or to the majority of the cortex. Comparatively, in Group 3 lesions are limited to the cortico-medullary junction.
  • Figure 100 shows for Example 46 the study design (A) and the AUCs method to assess allodynia and hyperalgesia (B).
  • Figure 101 shows for Example 46 the effect of XG-1 02 (50 mg/mL, i.ves.) and ibuprofen
  • nociceptive threshold A
  • nociceptive scores B
  • AUC 1 -8 g C
  • AUC 8-60 g D
  • Figure 102 shows for Example 46 the effect of XG-102 (50 mg/mL, i.ves.) and ibuprofen
  • Urinary bladder wall thickness 50 mg/mL, i.ves.
  • Figure 103 shows for Example 47 the effect of XG-1 02 (2 mg/kg, i.v.) and ibuprofen (10 mg/kg, i.v.) treatments on nociceptive parameters 24h post-CYP injection.
  • Figure 104 shows for Example 48 the study design (A) and the cystometric parameters analysed (B).
  • Figure 105 shows for Example 48 the effects of vehicle (i.v.) on cystometric parameters in conscious female rats treated with CYP. Not significant versus basal values with a one way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by a Dunnett's post-test.
  • Figure 106 shows for Example 48 the effects of XG-1 02 (2 mg/kg, i.v.) on cystometric parameters in conscious female rats treated with CYP. ** P ⁇ 0.01 versus basal values with a one way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by a Dunnett's post-test.
  • Figure 107 shows for Example 37 the results of the determination of of the cytotoxic activity of XG-102 against HepG2 (A) and PLC/PRF/5 (B) tumour cell lines using MTS assay.
  • Figure 108 shows for Example 49 the effect of JNK inhibitor XG-102 on JNK activation.
  • A Immunoblot analysis of primary mouse cortical neuron cultures exposed to 1 mM of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) during 1 5 minutes. Neurons were pre- treated or not with 5 ⁇ or 10 ⁇ of the specific inhibitor of JNK, XG-102.
  • B Corresponding histogram showing an increase of 34% of JNK activity, measured by the ratio of phosphorylated JNK on total JNK (pJNK/JNK), after induction of the oxidative stress. Pre-treatment of cortical neurons with the inhibitor XG-102 prevented JNK activity when used at 5 ⁇ and decreased by
  • Figure 1 09 shows for Example 49 the effect of JNK inhibition on neuronal apoptosis.
  • A Immunoblot results of the levels of JNK and c-Jun activation, caspase 3 and PARP cleaved activated fragments in primary neuronal cultures of WT and " mice, treated by 2 ⁇ of ⁇ 42 after or not pre-inhibition of JNK with 10 ⁇ XG-102.
  • B-D Corresponding histograms of JNK activity (B), phospho c-Jun (C), and total c- Jun (D).
  • E-G Apoptosis is measured by the level of cleaved caspase 3 (E), caspase 3 activity measured in the cell culture supernatant (F) and cleaved PARP (G). Data are means ⁇ SEM
  • Figure 111 shows for Example 52 the study design.
  • Figure 112 shows for Example 52 plasma creatinine levels at 24 and 48 hours after reperfusion.
  • figure 113 shows for Example 52 urinary creatinine and urea levels at 48 hours after reperfusion.
  • Figure 114 shows for Example 52 the effects of vehicle and XG-102 (8 mg/kg, i. v.) on tubular damages in a rat model of bilateral IR.
  • Figure 115 shows for Example 52 the effects of of vehicle and XG-102 (8 mg/kg, i. v) on total tubular histological scores in a rat model of bilateral IR.
  • Total tubular score represents all tubular changes including degeneration and necrosis, tubular cast, tubular epithelial vacuolation and regeneration (basophil tubules).
  • Figure 1 1 6 shows for Example 52 representative images of hematoxylin/eosin stained kidney sections: comparison between Groups 1 (Sham/Vehicle - in Figure 1 1 6 labelled as "Group 4"), 2 (IR/Vehicle - in Figure 1 1 6 labelled as "Group 5") and 3 (IR/XG-102 - in Figure 1 1 6 labelled as "Group 6").
  • Animal 49 Top Left (2,5x) and Right (20x).
  • Figure 1 1 8 shows for Example 53 the effect of CYP administration in the chronic cystitis model on nociceptive parameters until D12 (experimental Groups 1 and 2). Nociceptive threshold, allodynia are shown in the vehicle groups 1 and 2 until D12 (experimental Groups 1 and 2).
  • Figure 1 1 9 shows for Example 53 the effect of different doses of XG-102 on CYP-induced chronic visceral pain (experimental Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5). Nociceptive threshold, allodynia are shown in groups 2 - 5 until D1 2. *p ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.01 ,
  • Figure 120 shows for Example 53 the effect of CYP administration in the chronic cystitis model on nociceptive scores until D12 (experimental Groups 1 and 2).
  • *** p ⁇ 0.001 vs Saline (Group 1 ), two-way RM ANOVA.
  • Figure 121 shows for Example 53 the effect of different doses of XG-102 on CYP-induced chronic visceral pain (nociceptive scores; experimental Groups 2, 3, 4 and 5).
  • *p ⁇ 0.05, **p ⁇ 0.01 , *** p ⁇ 0.001 vs Vehicle (Group 2), two-way RM ANOVA.
  • Figure 122 shows for Example 53 the effect of XG-102 (50 mg/mL, i.ves.) on urinary bladder wall thickness as well as edema scores at D7. *p ⁇ 0.05 vs Vehicle- treated group, Mann Whitney test or Unpaired t-test.
  • Figure 123 shows for Example 53 the effect of CYP administration in the chronic cystitis model (upper panels) and the effect of different doses of XG-102 in the CYP- chronic cystitis model (lower panels) on urinary bladder wall thickness as well as edema scores at D12. *p ⁇ 0.05 vs Vehicle-treated group, Mann Whitney test or Unpaired t-test.
  • Example 1 Identification of INK Inhibitor sequences Amino acid sequences important for efficient interaction with JNK were identified by sequence alignments between known JNK binding domain JBDs. A sequence comparison between the JBDs of IB1 [SEQ ID NO: 1 3], IB2 [SEQ ID NO: 14], c-Jun [SEQ ID NO: 1 5] and ATF2 [SEQ ID NO: 1 6] defined a weakly conserved 8 amino acid sequence (see Figure 1 A). Since the JBDs of IB1 and IB2 are approximately 1 00 fold as efficient as c-Jun or ATF2 in binding JNK (Dickens etal.
  • JNK inhibitor fusion proteins according to SEQ ID NO: 9 were synthesized by covalently linking the C-terminal end of SEQ ID NO: 1 to a N-terminal 1 0 amino acid long carrier peptide derived from the HIV-TAT4g 57 (Vives et a/., J Biol. Chem. 272: 1 6010 (1 997)) according to SEQ ID NO: 5 via a linker consisting of two proline residues. This linker was used to allow for maximal flexibility and prevent unwanted secondary structural changes.
  • the basic constructs were also prepared and designated L-IB1 (s) (SEQ ID NO: 1 ) and L-TAT [SEQ ID NO: 5], respectively.
  • All-D retro-inverso peptides according to SEQ ID NO: 1 1 were synthesized accordingly.
  • the basic constructs were also prepared and designated D-IB1 (s) [SEQ ID NO: 2] and D-TAT [SEQ ID NO: 6], respectively.
  • All D and L fusion peptides according to SEQ ID NOs: 9, 10, 1 1 and 12 were produced by classical Fmock synthesis and further analysed by Mass Spectrometry. They were finally purified by HPLC.
  • two types of TAT peptide were produced one with and one without two prolines. The addition of the two prolines did not appear to modify the entry or the localization of the TAT peptide inside cells.
  • Generic peptides showing the conserved amino acid residues are given in Figure 2.
  • Example 3 Inhibition of Cell Death By IBD19 Effects of the 1 9 aa long JBD sequence of IB1 (s) on JNK biological activities were studied.
  • the 1 9 aa sequence was linked N-terminal to the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP JBD1 9 construct), and the effect of this construct on pancreatic beta-cell apoptosis induced by IL1 was evaluated.
  • GFP JBD1 9 construct Green Fluorescent Protein
  • Oligonucleotides corresponding to JBD19 and comprising a conserved sequence of 19 amino acids as well as a sequence mutated at the fully conserved regions were synthesized and directional ly inserted into the EcoRI and Sail sites of the pEGFP-N1 vector encoding the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) (from Clontech).
  • GFP Green Fluorescent Protein
  • Insulin producing TC-3 cells were cultured in RPMI 1 640 medium supplemented with 1 0% Fetal Calf Serum, 100 ⁇ g/mL Streptomycin, 100 units/mL Penici llin and 2 mM Glutamine.
  • Insulin producing TC-3 cells were transfected with the indicated vectors and IL-1 (10 ng/mL) was added to the cell culture medium.
  • the number of apoptotic cells was counted at 48 hours after the addition of IL-1 using an inverted fluorescence microscope. Apoptotic cells were discriminated from normal cells by the characteristic "blebbing out" of the cytoplasm and were counted after two days.
  • GFP Green Fluorescent protein expression vector used as a control
  • JBD19 is the vector expressing a chimeric GFP linked to the 1 9 aa sequence derived from the JBD of IB1
  • JBD1 9Mut is the same vector as GFP-JBD1 9, but with a JBD mutated at four conserved residues shown as Figure 1 B
  • JBD 1-280 is the GFP vector linked to the entire JBD (aa 1 - 280).
  • the GFP-JBD1 9 expressing construct prevented IL-1 induced pancreatic -cell apoptosis as efficiently as the entire JBD 1-280 .
  • sequences mutated at fully conserved I B 1 (s) residues had greatly decreased ability to prevent apoptosis.
  • TAT-IB peptides L-TAT, D-TAT, L-TAT-IBI (s), and D-TAT-IBI (s) peptides [SEQ ID NOs: 5, 6, 9 and 12, respectively] were labeled by N-terminal addition of a glycine residue conjugated to fluorescein. Labeled peptides (1 ⁇ ) were added to TC-3 cell cultures, which were maintained as described in Example 3.
  • JNKs-mediated phosphorylation of their target transcription factors were investigated in vitro.
  • Recombinant and non activated JNK1 , JNK2 and JNK3 were produced using a TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION rabbit reticulocyte lysate kit (Promega) and used in solid phase kinase assays with c-Jun, ATF2 and Elk1 , either alone or fused to glutathione-S-transferase (GST), as substrates.
  • GST glutathione-S-transferase
  • L-TAT or L-TAT-IBI (s) peptides (0-25 ⁇ ) were mixed with the recombinant JNK1 , JNK2, or JNK3 kinases in reaction buffer (20 mM Tris-acetate,1 mM EGTA, 10 mM p- nitrophenyl-phosphate (pNPP), 5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 10 mM p-glycerophosphate,1 mM dithiothreitol) for 20 minutes.
  • reaction buffer (20 mM Tris-acetate,1 mM EGTA, 10 mM p- nitrophenyl-phosphate (pNPP), 5 mM sodium pyrophosphate, 10 mM p-glycerophosphate,1 mM dithiothreitol
  • the kinase reactions were then initiated by the addition of 10 mM MgCI 2 and 5 pCi 33 P-gamma-dATP and 1 ⁇ g of either GST-Jun (aa 1 -89), GST-AFT2 (aa 1 -96) or GST-ELK1 (aa 307-428).
  • GST-fusion proteins were purchased from Stratagene (La Jolla, CA).
  • TAT-IB(s) peptide showed superior effects in inhibiting JNK family phosphorylation of their target transcription factors.
  • D-TAT, D-TAT- IB1 (s) and L-TAT-IBI (s) peptides (0-250 ⁇ dosage study) to inhibit GST-Jun (aa 1 -73) phosphorylation by recombinant JNK1 , JNK2, and JNK3 by were analyzed as described above.
  • D-TAT-IB1 (s) peptide decreased JNK-mediated phosphorylation of c-Jun, but at levels approximately 10-20 fold less efficiently than L-TAT-IB1 (s).
  • Example 6 Inhibition of c-lUN Phosphorylation by activated INKs
  • L-TAT or L-TAT-IBI (s) peptides as defined herein on JNKs activated by stressful stimuli were evaluated using GST-Jun to pull down JNKs from UV-light irradiated HeLa cells or IL-1 treated PTC cells.
  • PTC cells were cultured as described above.
  • HeLa cells were cultured in DMEM medium supplemented with 10 % Fetal Calf Serum, 100 ⁇ g/mL Streptomycin, 100 units/ml Penici llin and 2 mM Glutamine.
  • Example 7 In vivo inhibition of c-JUN phosphorylation by TAT-IB(s) peptides as defined herein
  • HeLa cells cultured as described above, were co-transfected with the 5xGAL-LUC reporter vector together with the GAL-Jun expression construct (Stratagene) comprising the activation domain of c-Jun (amino acids 1 - 89) linked to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain.
  • GAL-Jun expression construct (Stratagene) comprising the activation domain of c-Jun (amino acids 1 - 89) linked to the GAL4 DNA-binding domain.
  • Activation of JNK was achieved by the co- transfection of vectors expressing the directly upstream kinases MKK4 and MKK7 (see Whitmarsh et al., Science 285: 1 573 (1 999)).
  • 3x10 5 cells were transfected with the plasmids in 3.5-cm dishes using DOTAP (Boehringer Mannheim) following instructions from the manufacturer.
  • 20 ng of the plasmid was transfected withl ⁇ g of the reporter plasmid pFR-Luc (Stratagene) and 0.5 ⁇ g of either MKK4 or MKK7 expressing plasmids.
  • cell media were changed and TAT and TAT-IB1 (s) peptides (1 ⁇ ) were added.
  • the luciferase activities were measured 1 6 hours later using the "Dual Reporter System" from Promega after normalization to protein content.
  • TAT-IB1 (s) peptide blocked activation of c-Jun following MKK4 and MKK7 mediated activation of JNK. Because HeLa cells express JNK1 and JNK2 isoforms but not JNK3, we transfected cells with JNK3. Again, the TAT-IB(s) peptide inhibited JNK2 mediated activation of c-Jun.
  • Peptides of the invention may be all-D amino acid peptides synthesized in reverse to prevent natural proteolysis (i.e. all-D retro-inverso peptides).
  • An all-D retro-inverso peptide of the invention would provide a peptide with functional properties similar to the native peptide, wherein the side groups of the component amino acids would correspond to the native peptide alignment, but would retain a protease resistant backbone.
  • Retro-inverso peptides of the invention are analogs synthesized using D-amino acids by attaching the amino acids in a peptide chain such that the sequence of amino acids in the retro-inverso peptide analog is exactly opposite of that in the selected peptide which serves as the model.
  • TAT protein formed of L-amino acids
  • GRKKRRQRRR sequence GRKKRRQRRR [SEQ ID NO: 5]
  • the retro-inverso peptide analog of this peptide formed of D-amino acids
  • heterobivalent or heteromultivalent compounds of this invention will be prepared to include the "retro-inverso isomer" of the desired peptide.
  • Protecting the peptide from natural proteolysis should therefore increase the effectiveness of the specific heterobivalent or heteromultivalent compound, both by prolonging half-life and decreasing the extent of the immune response aimed at actively destroying the peptides.
  • TC-3 cells were incubated as above for 30 minutes with one single addition of the indicated peptides (1 ⁇ ), then IL-1 (10 ng/ml) was added, followed by addition of the cytokine every two days. Apoptotic cells were then counted after 1 5 days of incubation with IL-1 by use of propidium iodide and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining. Note that one single addition of the TAT-IB1 peptide does not confer long-term protection. A minimum of 1 .000 cells were counted for each experiment. As a result, D-TAT-IB1 (s), but not L-TAT-IB1 (s), was able to confer long term (1 5 day) protection.
  • Example 10 Suppression of INK Transcription Factors by L-TAT-IB1(s) peptides as used according to the present invention
  • L-TAT-IBI (s) peptides as used according to the present invention decrease the formation of the AP-1 DNA binding complex in the presence of TNF-alpha.
  • Example 1 1 Inhibition of endogenous INK activity in HepG2 cells using an all-in one well approach (see Figure 3).
  • IL-1 beta v interleukin-1
  • TNFalpha tumor necrosis factor
  • AlphaScreen is a non-radioactive bead-based technology used to study biomolecular interactions in a microplate format.
  • ALPHA Amplified Luminescence Proximity Homogenous Assay. It involves a biological interaction that brings a "donor” and an “acceptor” beads in close proximity, then a cascade of chemical reactions acts to produce an amplified signal. Upon laser excitation at 680 nm, a photosensitizer (phthalocyanine) in the "donor" bead converts ambient oxygen to an excited singlet state.
  • the singlet oxygen molecule can diffuse up to approximately 200 nm in solution and if an acceptor bead is within that proximity, the singlet oxygen reacts with a thioxene derivative in the "acceptor" bead, generating chemiluminescence at 370 nm that further activates fluorophores contained in the same "acceptor” bead. The excited fluorophores subsequently emit light at 520-620 nm. In the absence of an acceptor bead, singlet oxygen falls to ground state and no signal is produced.
  • kinase reagents (B-GST-cJun, anti P-cJun antibody and active JNK3) were first diluted in kinase buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 1 0 mM MgCI 2 , 1 mM DTT, 100 ⁇ Na 3 VO 4 , 0.01 % Tween-20) and added to wells (15 ⁇ ). Reactions were then incubated in presence of 10 ⁇ of ATP for 1 h at 23°C.
  • Detection was performed by an addition of 10 ⁇ of beads mix (Protein A acceptor 20 ⁇ g/ml and Streptavidin donor 20 ⁇ g/ml), diluted in detection buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 20 mM NaCI, 80 mM EDTA, 0.3% BSA), followed by an another one-hour incubation at 23°C in the dark.
  • detection buffer 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.4, 20 mM NaCI, 80 mM EDTA, 0.3% BSA
  • kinase assays were performed as described above except active JNK3 was replaced by cells lysates and reaction kinase components were added after the cells lysis.
  • B-GST-cjun and P-cJun antibody were used at the same concentrations whereas ATP was used at 50 ⁇ instead of 1 0 ⁇ .
  • IB(s) peptides and all-D retro-inverso IB(s) peptides as used according to the present invention were tested using the JNK inhibitor peptide XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) as a test compound in cultured host cells (human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs)).
  • HFFs human foreskin fibroblasts
  • Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that require a functional cell environment to complete their lifecycle; dying cells do not support virus replication. Additionally, inhibitors of cell functions may be toxic to cells, which could non-specifically prevent virus growth. Thus, sick or dying host cells could exhibit nonspecifically reduced virus titers.
  • a cytotoxicity assay was carried out first, determining the tolerance of the cultured cells to the test compound. Subsequently, a plaque reduction assay was carried out and then activity of the JNK inhibitor peptide XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) was tested with repect to Viral Zoster Virus (VZV) in infected cells.
  • VZV Viral Zoster Virus
  • HFFs human foreskin fibroblasts
  • HFFs human foreskin fibroblasts
  • the excess virus was washed out, and medium containing 0 (DMSO only), 0.5, 1 , or 2 ⁇ XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) was added.
  • XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) had thus a strong antiviral effect at all the concentrations tested, with VZV yields near 200-300 pfu.
  • VZV yields near 200-300 pfu.
  • XG-102 that prevents varicella-zoster virus (VZV) replication in human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs) with XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) confluent monolayers of HFFs were inoculated with VZV-BAC-Luc strain for 2h, then treated for 24h with XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, or 1 .0 ⁇ or with the negative control (XG-100, 1 .0 ⁇ ). Virus yield was measured by luciferase assay. Samples were in triplicate and the average luminescence is shown; error bars represent the standard deviation of the mean.
  • Example 13 Determining the activity of all-D retro-inverso IB(s) Peptides and variants thereof in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
  • COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
  • XG- 102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • the protocol of bleomycin induced inflammation and fibrosis has been described before in the literature.
  • the aim of the Experiment was to investigate the effect of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) by subcutaneous (s.c.) route on neutrophil recruitment in broncho alveolar lavage (BAL) and lung in bleomycin induced inflammation and fibrosis:
  • test compound XC-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) at two doses and vehicle control were given s.c. with a single intranasal administration of bleomycin and mice were analyzed after 1 and 1 0 days.
  • the animals used in the model were 10 C57BL/6 mice
  • the experimental groups included vehicle, 0.001 mg/kg XG- 1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) and 0.1 mg/kg XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ), and the treatment consisted of repeated sub-cutaneous administration of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ), prior to bleomycin administration then every 3 days.
  • Acute lung inflammation at 24h was monitored by BAL lavage, cytology, cell counts, and lung myeloperoxidase activity.
  • Bleomycin sulfate in saline (1 0 mg/kg body weight) from Bellon Laboratories (Montrouge, France) or saline were given through the airways by nasal instillation in a volume of 40 ⁇ L under light ketamine-xylasine anesthesia.
  • the route for bleomycin induced inflammation was subcutaneous (s.c.) route, and administration occurred as a single dose.
  • the route for bleomycin induced fibrosis was subcutaneous (s.c.) route, and administration occurred 3 times in 10 days.
  • BALF Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
  • Total cell count was determined in BAL fluid using a Malassez hemocytometer.
  • TNF level in BALF was determined using ELISA assay kits (Mouse DuoSet, R&D system, Minneapolis, USA) according to manufacturer's instructions. Results are reported as ⁇ g/ml. 1.6) MPO-measurement
  • MPO-levels were measured upon administration of XG-102. MPO was not significantly induced after bleomycin in this experiment. Furthermore, XG-102 had no effect on MPO levels in the lung. 1.7) Histology
  • XG-102 reduces significantly the neutrophil recruitment and the number of total cells recruited during the inflammatory stage.
  • XG-102 reduces significantly the neutrophil recruitment and the number of total cells recruited during the inflammatory stage.
  • MPO Myeloperoxidase plays an important role in host defense systems. This 140 kDa protein, composed of two heavy chains of 53kDa and two light chains of 1 5 kDa, was first discovered in the 1 960s. The release of MPO from the granules of neutrophils and monocytes in response to the activation of leukocytes allows the conversion of hydrogen peroxide and chloride ions into hypochlorous acid (HOCI), a strong oxidizing agent.
  • HOCI hypochlorous acid
  • MPO serves an important purpose in the defense system
  • various studies show that MPO also plays a role in several inflammatory conditions, wherein an elevated MPO level e.g. has been linked to coronary artery diseases. Furthermore, tissue MPO levels reflect the state of activation of neutrophils and gives an indication on neutrophil tissue infiltration.
  • XG-1 02 decreases the neutrophil and total cell recruitment into the bronchoalveolar space and induces a trend to decrease the TNF level.
  • the study of the histological slides showed a decrease of the inflammatory cell accumulation in the peribronchial space. It can thus be concluded that XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) reduces the Bleomycin-induced inflammation. According to the acquired results, the experiment was additionally performed in a fibrosis model.
  • XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) reduced significantly the lymphocyte recruitment and the number of total cells recruited during the inflammatory stage characterised at this point by the lymphocytes recruitment.
  • XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) administered 3 times at the low dose of 0,001 mg/kg decreases the Bleomycin-induced later inflammation, in particular the lymphocytes recruitment observed at this time. Moreover, the test substance administered 3 times at this dose attenuates the Bleomycin-induced fibrosis. Less extended fibrotic areas with a more conserved lung structure could be observed.
  • Example 14 Determining the activity of all-D retro-inverso IB(s) Peptides and variants thereof in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • mice were treated every two or three weeks up to 4 months and in the end of the treatment period behavior was evaluated in the Morris Water Maze.
  • CSF and blood were collected.
  • ⁇ 40 and ⁇ 42 levels were determined in four different brain homogenate fractions as well as in CSF of Tg mice. Plaque load was quantified in the cortex and the hippocampus of 8 Tg animals per treatment group.
  • Animals were subjected to administration of vehicle or XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) in two different concentrations beginning at 5 months of age and continued for up to 4 months with subcutaneous (s.c.) applications every second or third week.
  • All animals which were used for the present study had dark eyes and were likely to perceive the landmarks outside the MWM pool. However, it had to be excluded that seeing abilities of an animal were poor, which was controlled in the visible platform training, the so called pretest, before treatment start for all animals including reserves enclosed to the study. In case a seeing handicap for a specific animal would have been affirmed, the mouse would have been excluded from the study.
  • mice were individually identified by ear markings. They were housed in individual ventilated cages (IVCs) on standardized rodent bedding supplied by Rettenmaier®. Each cage contained a maximum of five mice. Mice were kept according to the JSW Standard Operating Procedures ⁇ SOP GEN017) written on the basis of international standards. Each cage was identified by a colored card indicating the study number, sex, the individual registration numbers (IRN) of the animals, date of birth, as well as the screening date and the treatment group allocation. The temperature during the study was maintained at approximately 24°C and the relative humidity was maintained at approximately 40 - 70 %. Animals were housed under a constant light-cycle (12 hours light/dark). Normal tap water was available to the animals ad libitum. iv) Treatment
  • XG-1 02 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • the Morris Water Maze (MWM) task was conducted in a black circular pool of a diameter of 1 00 cm. Tap water was filled in with a temperature of 22+1 °C and the pool was virtually divided into four sectors. A transparent platform (8 cm diameter) was placed about 0.5 cm beneath the water surface. During the whole test session, except the pretest, the platform was located in the southwest quadrant of the pool. One day before the 4 days lasting training session animals had to perform a so called "pre-test" (two 60 sec lasting trials) to ensure that the seeing abilities of each animal were normal. Only animals that fulfi lled this task were enclosed to the MWM testing. In the MWM task each mouse had to perform three trials on four consecutive days. A single trial lasted for a maximum of maximum one minute.
  • mice had the chance to find the hidden, diaphanous target. If the animal could not find a "way" out of the water, the investigator guided to or placed the mouse on the platform. After each trial mice were allowed to rest on the platform for 10-1 5 sec. During this time, the mice had the possibility to orientate in the surrounding. Investigations took place under dimmed light conditions, to prevent the tracking system from negative influences (Kaminski; PCS, Biomedical Research Systems). On the walls surrounding the pool, posters with black, bold geometric symbols (e.g. a circle and a square) were fixed which the mice could use the symbols as landmarks for their orientation.
  • One swimming group per trial consisted of five to six mice, so that an intertrial time of about five to ten minutes was ensured.
  • Isofluran, Baxter Standard inhalation anesthesia
  • each mouse was placed in dorsal recumbence, thorax was opened and a 26-gauge needle attached to a 1 cc syringe was inserted into the right cardiac ventricular chamber. Light suction was applied to the needle and blood was collected into EDTA and consequently used to obtain plasma.
  • blood samples from each mouse were spun at 1 ,750 rpm (700g) for 10 minutes in a centrifuge (GS - 6R Beckman) using a rotor with swing buckets (GH - 3.8 Beckman). Plasma was frozen and stored at -20°C until further analysis. After blood sampling transgenic mice were intracardially perfused with 0.9% sodium chloride. Brains were rapidly removed the cerebellum was cut off.
  • mice The right hemispheres of all mice were immersion fixed in freshly produced 4% Paraformaldehyde/PBS (pH 7.4) for one hour at room temperature. Thereafter brains were transferred to a 1 5% sucrose PBS solution for 24 hours to ensure cryoprotection. On the next day brains were frozen in isopentane and stored at -80°C until used for histological investigations (SOP MET042). The left hemispheres were weighed and frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C for biochemical analysis. vii) Determination of ⁇ 1-40 and ⁇ 1-42
  • SDS Triton X-100
  • Brain tissues of all Tg animals investigated were handled in exactly the same way to avoid bias due to variation of this procedure. From brain halves of 24 Tg mice (8 of each group) 20 cryo-sections per layer (altogether 5 layers), each 1 0 ⁇ m thick (Leica CM 3050S) were sagittal ly cut and 5 (one from each layer) were processed and evaluated for quantification of plaque load. The five sagittal layers corresponded with the Figures 104 to 105, 107 to108, 1 1 1 to 1 12, 1 1 5 to 1 1 6 and 1 18 to 1 19 according to the morphology atlas "The Mouse Brain" from Paxinos and Franklin (2nd edition).
  • the first layer was specified by the requirement to include the whole hippocampus with it's regions CA1 , CA2, CA3, CDlb and GDmb. Immunoreactivity was quantitatively evaluated in the hippocampus and in the cortex using the monoclonal human ⁇ -specific antibody 6E10 (Signet) as well as ThioflavinS staining. Remaining brain hemispheres or tissue not used were saved and stored at JSW CNS until the end of the project. b) EVALUA TION
  • gg Automated data export into an Excel spread sheet, including the parameters "image title, region area, number of plaques, sum of plaque area, relative plaque number, relative plaque area and mean plaque size.
  • a field for remarks was used to record image quality and exclusion criteria, respectively. Exclusion criteria were missing parts of the slice, many wrinkles, dominant flaws or staining inconsistencies (e.g. due to bulges, which can impede the full reaction of the blocking reagent).
  • mice were enclosed to study. From these mice 12 animals died due to unknown reason before the treatment period was finished. ii) Behavioral Results
  • test compound XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • mice treated with the low dose of the test compound XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1 (0.1 mg/kg) featured a significant reduction compared to the vehicle group (p ⁇ 0.05) as well as compared to the high dose group (p ⁇ 0.01 ).
  • CSF ⁇ Levels SEQ ID NO: 1 1
  • Amyloid Depositions and Plaque Load Plaque load was quantified with two different methods. On the one hand an IHC staining with 6E10 primary directed against AA1 -1 7 of the human amyloid peptide was performed, on the other hand a ThioflavinS staining marking beta-sheet structures and cores of mature, neuritic plaques was carried out. First of all, measured region areas, cortex and hippocampus, were highly constant throughout all groups, indicating that problems in the cutting and IHC procedures can be excluded and to a certain degree also a treatment induced atrophy (changes of >5% would be detectable with this method).
  • Figures 1 3 and 14 show, in contrast to 6E10 IHC, that XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) treatment led to a negatively dose dependent reduction of the number of hippocampal ThioflavinS positive plaques, as well as area percentage (number of plaques: p ⁇ 0.05 for 1 0mg/kg, p ⁇ 0.01 for 0.1 mg/kg XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 )).
  • Example 15 Determining the activity of all-D retro-inverso IB(s) Peptides and variants thereof in the treatment of Diabetes Type 2
  • Example 1 5 is designed to determine the activity of IB(s) peptides and all-D retro-inverso I B(s) peptides and variants thereof in the treatment of Diabetes Type 2, particularly to determine the effect of chronic treatment with XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) in the db/db mice model of type 2 diabetes by evaluating fasting blood glucose levels every third day (28 days) a) Materials and methods
  • XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) was dissolved in the vehicle.
  • the formulations (concentrations of 0.33 and 3.3 mg/ml, corresponding to the doses of 1 and 1 0 mg/kg, respectively) were prepared according to the procedure detailed below. Concentrations were calculated and expressed taking into account test items purity and peptide content (multiplier coefficient was 1 .346).
  • the powder Prior to solubilisation, the powder was stored at -20°C.
  • the stability of the stock solution is 3 months at approximately -80°C; the stability of the diluted formulations for animal dosing is 24 hours at room temperature. Unused diluted material could be stored for up to 7 days if kept at 4-8°C
  • mice Following 8 days of acclimatization the mice were treated daily at 08.00 AM for 21 days by SC dosing 8 hours prior to lights out at 04.00 PM according to the outline groups. Then, on study day 21 dosing of the highest concentration of XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 2) (1 0 mg/kg) was stopped, whereas daily dosing of vehicle control and XG- 102 (SEQ ID NO: 2) (1 mg/kg) were continued until day study 28.
  • Groups 1 +3 (day 1 1 1 ): The following organs were excised and weighed: inguinal subcutaneous fat, epididymal fat, retroperitoneal fat, brain, liver, kidney, spleen and heart. All organs described above were samples in 4% PFA for possible future histo-pathological examination. Also, pancreas (en b/oc) was sampled for possible stereological and imunohistochemical analysis, and eyes were sampled for possible later analysis of retinopathy. Group 2 (day 28): No tissues or plasma were collected. c) Results
  • XG-102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ), 10 mg/kg, appears to lead to a significant decrease in blood glucose levels and therefore, XG- 102 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) appears to be a promising new tool for treating diabetes and elevated blood glucose levels.
  • Example 16 Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of a single intravenous infusion of
  • the primary objective of the study was to assess the safety and tolerability of XG-102 following intravenous (iv) infusion of single escalating doses of XG-102 to healthy male volunteers.
  • the secondary objective of the study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of XG- 1 02 following iv infusion of single escalating doses of XG-102 to healthy male volunteers. Doses were administered as a 60 minute iv infusion. For control purposes, placebo iv infusion was administered to control subjects.
  • a total of 24 subjects (healthy male subjects in the age of 18 to 45), in 3 groups of 8. 24 subjects entered and completed the study. Data for all subjects were included in the safety analyses; data for all subjects who received XG-102 were included in the pharmacokinetic analyses.
  • the increase with dose of AUC 0- last is clearly more than linearly proportional from 40 to 80 ⁇ g/kg as the 90% confidence intervals for its geometric mean dose normalized value does not overlap with those after the other tested doses; whereas when comparing values after ⁇ 0 and 40 ⁇ g/kg the 90% confidence intervals overlap, but its geometric mean dose normalized value after the 10 ⁇ g/kg dose is lower than all values in the corresponding 90% confidence interval after the 40 ⁇ g/kg dose.
  • XG-1 02 was safe and well tolerated when administered as single iv doses of 10, 40 or 80 ⁇ g/kg to healthy male subjects.
  • the incidence of adverse events in subjects who received XG- 102 was similar to the incidence in subjects who received placebo. There were no clinically significant findings in clinical laboratory data, vital signs, ECGs, physical examinations or ocular examinations (fundus and IOP).
  • XG-102 intravenous infusion After the end of XG-102 intravenous infusion, its plasma concentrations quickly decreased, leading to values below the lower limit of quantification by at most 2 hours after the start of 10 ⁇ g/kg XG-102 iv infusions, 3 hours after the start of 40 ⁇ g/kg XG-1 02 iv infusions and by at most 7 hours after the start of 80 ⁇ g/kg XG-102 intravenous infusions.
  • the measured ha and MRT values are short, with geometric mean values per dose level ranging from 0.36 to 0.65 hours and from 0.76 to 1 .02 hours, respectively.
  • the AUC 0-last of XG-102 increases in a more than linear proportion with dose in the tested dose range, with non-overlapping 90% confidence intervals for its geometric mean dose normalized values between the 40 ⁇ g/kg and the 80 ⁇ g/kg dose and only limited overlap between the 90% confidence intervals for its geometric mean dose normalized values between the 10 ⁇ g/kg and the 40 ⁇ g/kg.
  • the C max of XG-102 appears to increase in a more than linear proportion with dose from 40 to 80 ⁇ g/kg.
  • the geometric mean dose normalized C max in the 80 ⁇ g/kg dose group is higher than and outside the 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean dose normalized C max in the other dose groups, but the 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean dose normalized C max overlap among all dose levels.
  • the intersubject variability of XG-102 pharmacokinetic parameters was moderate in subjects treated with 10 and 40 ⁇ g/kg doses (CV% of the geometric mean for most parameters approximately in the 1 5-30% range, exception was t 1/2 and total V ss at the 10 ⁇ g/kg dose group), but higher in the 80 ⁇ g/kg dose group, in the approximately 29-44% range, other than for MRT (14.7%).
  • This higher variability may be either an effect of the low sample size or a consequence of the observed non-linearities which are clearer at this dose.
  • Example 1 7 Use of XG-102 (SEQ ID No.: 1 1 ) to improve porcine islet isolation outcomes
  • the object was to evaluate the ability of XG-102 to (a) block the massive activation of JNK that occurs during islet isolation leading to cell stress and death; (b) reduce islet death, resulting to improvements in islet viability post-isolation, using the porcine model.
  • Porcine islet isolation results in a dramatic activation of JNK first observed in tissue samples ⁇ 20 min after the initiation of the islet isolation procedure (Figure 33).
  • the porcine model is relevant for the following reasons: (1 ) The size of the porcine pancreas is closer to that of a human pancreas than a rat or canine pancreas; (2) Porcine islets are considered a viable option for future clinical islet xenotransplantation - therefore improvements in porcine islet isolation, which are critically needed can ultimately be clinically relevant.
  • Human pancreata for clinical islet allo-transplantation originating from brain-dead donors are typically not subjected to WIT but have 8-12 hrs of CIT (time needed for transportation from the procurement hospital to the isolation lab).
  • the aim of this example was to determine whether two intravitreous administrations of XG-1 02 at two doses resulted in a decrease of choroidal neovascularization in a rat model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (ChNV). That model allows to make predections on the potential use of a test compound for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration.
  • ChNV laser-induced choroidal neovascularization
  • XG-1 02 3 000 ⁇ g/ml (equivalent to 1 5 ⁇ g/eye) and 300 ⁇ g/ml (equivalent to 1 .5 ⁇ g/eye).
  • Kenacort ® Retard 4% triamcinolone acetonide as control reference.
  • Control Vehicle Saline (0.9% NaCI).
  • Rat Rat. This is the species most commonly used in this experimental model
  • Weight 1 75 - 200 g (on ordering).
  • Test item (two doses, groups 1 -2), vehicle and reference (5 ⁇ ) were administered by intravitreous injection in right eyes at Day 0 (after induction of neovascularization under the same anesthesia) and Day 7. Fundus neovessels were evaluated on Day 0 (after induction of neovascularization under the same anesthesia) and Day 7. Fundus neovessels were evaluated on Day 0 (after induction of neovascularization under the same anesthesia) and Day 7. Fundus neovessels were evaluated on
  • Test item, reference and vehicle (5 ⁇ ) were intravitreously injected in the right eyes dose regimen was on Day 0 and Day 7. The injection was performed under an operating microscope.
  • the intravitreal injections scheduled on Day 0 were done following the induction of neovascularization, under the same anesthesia.
  • the intravitreal injection was located in the supratemporal area at pars plana and performed using a 30G-needle mounted on a 10 ⁇ Hamilton. The filled syringe was then mounted into the UltraMicroPump III to achieve accurate injection in microliter range.
  • the body weight of all animals was recorded before the start of study then once a week.
  • Day 21 no relevant difference between test item, vehicle and untreated groups was observed.
  • the animals gained: + 53 g (+ 29%) and + 62 g (+ 34%) for XG-102 at 300 ⁇ g/ml and 3000 ⁇ g/ml, respectively, versus + 56 g (+ 31 %) and + 59 g (+ 34%) for the vehicle group and untreated group, respectively.
  • Fluorescein angiography was performed on Days 14 and 21 using an HRA. After anesthesia by an intramuscular injection of a mix xylazine/ketamine and pupillary dilation, 250 ⁇ /100 g (body weight) of a 10% sodium fluorescein was injected subcutaneously using a 26G insulin syringe, and fluorescein photos were recorded
  • ChNV ChNV was evaluated by fluorescein angiography (FA). Treatments (test, reference and control items) were made by intravitreous administration on Days 0 and 7 after induction. Angiography was performed 1 0 min after fluorescein (tracer) injection, on Days 14 and 21 after induction. The grading was based on the highest intensity of fluorescein in each lesion and it was not determined by the size of the leakage area.
  • Results were expressed as the group mean score per time-point and by incidence of the number of spots at a given intensity score for each treatment and at each of both time-points.
  • the Mann and Whitney test was used to determine if there was a statistically significant difference in the FA score between treated and control group. The statistical significance was attributed when p ⁇ 0.05 was obtained with Mann and Whitney-U test.
  • Figure 39 A shows the intensity of fluorescein leakage (mean score ⁇ SD). and Figure 39 B illustrates the proportion of leaking spots in test item-treated eyes at both time-points. Figures 39 C and 39 D illustrate the percentage of leaking spots (score > 0) and of maximum leaking spot (score of 3) respectively
  • the leakage of fluorescein on the angiograms was evaluated by two examiners in a masked fashion and graded as follows: Score 0, no leakage; Score 1 , slightly stained; Score 2, moderate stained; Score 3, strongly stained. If the two scores assigned to a particular lesion did not coincide, the higher score was used for analysis.
  • the proportion of leaking spots compared to vehicle group at Day 21 was unchanged as shown by 31 % of leaking spots for Kenacort ® retard versus 94% for vehicle.
  • the induced eyes showed consistent fluorescein leakage 14 and 21 Days after laser injury.
  • XG-102 at both doses did not show a relevant reduction of the vascular leakage compared to vehicle.
  • a reduction of the proportion of spots with a score 3 was recorded for 300 ⁇ g/ml and 3000 ⁇ g/ml XG-102 groups on Day 14 as shown by 66% and 12% of score 3 for low and high XG-102 concentration respectively, compared to 90% of spots scored by 3 for vehicle group.
  • XG-102 intravitreously administered at 300 and 3000 ⁇ g/ml inhibited the vascular leakage 7 days (Day 14 of the study) after the last administration.
  • Example 19 Effects of XG-102 on Adriamycin-induced nephropathy
  • the object of that example was to study the effects of XG-102 on inflammatory kidney disease, nephropathy.
  • Adriamycin treatment induces glomerular disease in rat and mice mimicking human focal segmental and glomerular sclerosis (FSGS).
  • FSGS focal segmental and glomerular sclerosis
  • tubular and interstitial inflammatory lesions occur during the disease course, partly due to heavy proteinuria.
  • kidney disease progresses to terminal renal failure within eight weeks.
  • Podocyte injury is one of the initial steps in the sequences leading to glomerulosclerosis.
  • the aim of the study was to investigate whether XG-1 02 could prevent the development of renal lesions and the renal failure.
  • XG-1 02 control NaCI 0,9%
  • rats i.v.. In total 50 rats were treated, whereby 3 groups (of 1 0 rats) received XG-102 (low dose (20 ⁇ g/kg), medium dose (200 ⁇ g/kg) and high dose (2000 ⁇ g/kg). All of these three groups (and the placebo group) were treated with 10 mg/kg Adriamycin on day 0. A fifth group of 10 animals did not receive any adriamycin and was treted by the NaCI control. Histological preparations were provided at day 8, 1 4, 29 and 41 .
  • XG-1 02 has - over the entire observation period - a significantly positive effect on adriamycin-induced nephropathy.
  • the nephrological tissue is significantly rescued from cell loss, see Figures 42 to 45).
  • the effect on c-jun expression without treatment by XG-102 or with treatment by XG-1 02 is provided in Figures 46 and 47, respectively.
  • 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats (Charles River) were used (divided into 4 groups of ten rats).
  • Nephropathy has been induced by a single intravenous injection of Adriamycin 1 0 mg/kg on Day 0.
  • XG-102 SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ; 2 mg/kg; in NaCI 0.9%) was administered intravenously in the tail vein on Day 0.
  • the administration volume has been 0.2 ml.
  • Results were expressed in the form of individual and summarized data tables using Microsoft Excel® Software. Numerical results were expressed as mean ⁇ standard error of the mean (SEM). Due to the small number of animal tested, no statistical analyses was performed. Effect of XG-102 on renal function during the progression of the disease:
  • XG-102 -treated rats exhibited an urea serum level below 1 0 mmol/l throughout the course of the disease (Figure 48 B).
  • the renal function of rats treated with XG- 102 alone was similar to 0.9% NaCI-treated rats.
  • ADR-induced structural changes were evaluated under light microscope. Saline-treated control rats showed morphologically normal glomeruli and tubules. On Day 8, light microscopic examination showed some areas with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and proteinaceous casts in the ADR nephrosis group. In contrast, although some tubules were filled with proteins in XG-102 -treated rats, glomeruli exhibited a normal architecture with absence or discrete mesangial hypercellularity, while the tubular structures and interstitium did not display pathological changes (Figure 49). By Day 14, ADR treated rats exhibited progressive glomerulosclerosis, hyaline deposits, tubular dilation and cast formation.
  • XG-102 prevents the progression of glomerular and tubulointerstitial injuries induced by ADR. Moreover, this molecule preserves renal function.
  • Example 20 Effects of XG-102 on puromycine aminonucleoside (PAN)-induced nephropathy
  • PAN Puromycin aminonucleoside
  • MCD minimal change disease
  • FSGS focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
  • Intraperitoneal administration of PAN in rats results in a rapid development of nephritic syndrome, characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia (acute phase).
  • This is a well-established animal model of human MCD.
  • the pathological lesions of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis have been observed in chronic PAN nephrosis induced by repeated intraperitoneal PAN injections (Nakajima, T. ; Kanozawa, K., & Mitarai, T. (2010). Effects of edaravone against glomerular injury in rats with chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis.
  • PAN causes direct DNA damage via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tissue damages, including glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis (Hewitson TD, 2012) in the chronic phase.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • tissue damages including glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis (Hewitson TD, 2012) in the chronic phase.
  • Control rats received an equal amount of saline i.p at day 0 and at day 14.
  • XG-1 02 or its vehicle (NaCI 0.9%) were administered into the tail vein (i. v.) once a week (Groups 1 to 5) starting from first PAN injection at day 0 for a total of 7 injections at day 0, 7, 14, 21 , 28, 35 and 42.
  • XG-102 was administered into the tail vein (i. v.) once a week starting from day 21 for a total of 4 injections at day 21 , 28, 35 and 42 after PAN injection at day 0.
  • XG-1 02 powder has been dissolved in the vehicle NaCI 0.9% at the highest concentration to be tested. The highest concentration then represented the stock solution for the lower concentrations. Each stock solution has been filter (0.2 ⁇ ) sterilized. The lower concentration solutions to be administered were prepared by diluting the filtered stock solution in saline (0.9% NaCI) depending on the volume for i. v. injection.
  • Plasma LDL levels were quantified using an ABX Pentra 400 Clinical Chemistry analyzer (HORIBA) by the Phenotypage platform of Cenotoul (Rangueil Hospital, Toulouse, France).
  • Kidneys have been removed, cleaned from all connective tissue and capsule and weighted on an electronic microbalance (Mettler, Toledo). Kidney samples have been fixed in formalin solution 10% (Sigma Aldrich, France) for 24-72 h, in particular 48 h, then embedded in paraffin. Three sections (3 to 5 ⁇ m) were made per block. The slides were stained by hematoxylin/eosin (HE), PAS-methenamine silver and Sirius Red for histological evaluation of morphological alterations, glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis quantification, respectively. All the slides were digitalized at X20 using Nanozoomer 2.0 HT from Hamamatsu (Japan). Histological preparation and imaging has been performed by Histalim (Montpellier, France). Plasma creatinine and urea have been quantified using an ABX Pentra 400 Clinical Chemistry analyzer (HORIBA) by the Phenotypage platform of Genotoul (Rangueil Hospital,ière, France).
  • HORIBA Clinical Chemistry analyzer
  • Results are expressed by semi-quantitative scoring following to expert histopathologist evaluation.
  • For the histological examination of glomerulosclerosis glomerular changes have been evaluated using a semi quantitative scoring system as described by Nakajima, T., Kanozawa, K., & Mitarai, T. (2010). Effects of edaravone against glomerular injury in rats with chronic puromycin aminonucleoside nephrosis. J Saitama medical university, 37(1 ), which is hereby incorporated by reference.
  • the degree of glomerular injury was assessed in 25 glomeruli per kidney section (2 sections per animal) for a total of 50 glomeruli per animal.
  • Degree of injury in individual glomeruli was graded using a scale from 0 to 4, based on the percentage of glomerular involvement. Score 0: normal,
  • Score 1 lesions in up to 25% of the glomerulus
  • Score 3 lesions between 50-75% of the glomerulus
  • XG-102 has (i) a preventive effect in that 7 iv injections at the dose of 2 and 4 mg/kg significantly reduced PAN-induced glomerulosclerosis in term of severity of lesions (glomerular injury score) but also significantly decreased glomerular damage incidence (percentage of injured glomeruli) and that (ii) XG- 102 has a curative effect in that 4 /V injections of XG-102 at the dose of 4 mg/kg, starting from day 21 post-PAN administration lead to a strong effect on glomerulosclerosis in term of both severity of lesions (glomerular injury score) and of glomerular damage incidence (percentage of injured glomeruli).
  • XG-102 showed a dose-response effect on glomerulosclerosis injury, namely a preventive and a curative effect on the severity of lesions and glomerular damage incidence.
  • serum LDL represents a good marker of the progression of FSGS and oxidative stress in this model.
  • Serum levels of LDL increase and peak between day 21 and day 28 after PAN injection, remaining still high in the chronic phases (cf. Nakajima et al., 201 0). Accordingly, in the present study PAN-treated animals showed a significant increase of LDL plasma levels compared to Saline-treated animals (Group 1 ).
  • XC-102 tends to decrease oxidative stress as shown by the decreases in serum LDL and by decreases in major lipid peroxidation product (4-HNE: 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal).
  • results obtained regarding the biomarkers ED-1 (rat CD-68) with Anti-CD68 showed that XC-102 also tends to decrease infiltrating macrophages.
  • Example 21 Effects of chronic administration of XG-102 in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy
  • the aim of this study has been to evaluate the effects of chronic administration of the JNK inhibitor peptide, XG-102 (1 , 2, 4 mg/kg, weekly intravenous administration for 9 weeks), in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy.
  • Losartan has been used as a positive control.
  • Seventy-four male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250g; including 4 spare animals) from Charles River (Margate, Kent) were used. Rats were housed in pairs in polypropylene cages with free access to a high fat diet (D12492 60% of kcal derived from fat) and tap water at all times. The diet has been purchased from Research Diets, New Jersey, USA. All animals have been maintained at 21 ⁇ 4°C and 55+20% humidity on a normal light (lights on: 07:00 - 1 9:00).
  • the study schedule is shown in Figure 54.
  • Animals have been housed in pairs throughout the study. For a 3-week period, during which time they have been weighed weekly (food and water will be weighed twice during the third week only (i.e. the week prior to STZ dosing on a Monday and a Thursday).
  • Each pair of animals has been administered the same treatment (i.e. both vehicle-treated or both will be STZ-treated).
  • animals For the 7-day period post STZ dose, animals have been weighed daily and food and water intake determined twice weekly.
  • animals For the remaining study duration, animals have been weighed and water and food intake assessed twice weekly (always on the day of intravenous dosing and typically on water refill day(s)).
  • animals based on body weight and available food and water intake post STZ, animals have been allocated in groups B-F as detailed below in light of differences in dosing regimen.
  • Dosing has been for 9 weeks in duration (9 administrations in total, see Figure 54). Animals in groups F and G have been weighed and dosed daily at approximately 09:00. Animals in groups A-E have been dosed once weekly by the intravenous route (as detailed on Figure 54). In all groups, food and water intake have been determined twice weekly (on the day of iv dosing and on water refill days. Blood glucose has been determined monthly. Samples were collected as detailed previously by glucometer (One Touch Ultra2). Blood samples have been taken in the freely fed state (beginning at approx. 09:00). Animals have been dosed immediately afterwards by the respective route to a timed schedule.
  • each animal has been placed in a metabolism cage with free access to food and water for a 24h period.
  • the glass urine collectors have been placed in a polystyrene container (Sca- online, UK) which was filled with ice. Due to the anticipated increase in daily urine volume with STZ, urine has been collected (and stored refrigerated) at intervals (e.g. 8 hourly) to ensure that twenty four hours total urine volume for each metabolic cage can be recorded. The aliquots at each time point have been pooled so that a single 24h sample per animal is collected. Ten aliquots of 300 ⁇ of pooled 24h urine have been taken and frozen at -80°C.
  • the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of the animals has been assessed using the FITC-inulin method. This was performed based on the method of Stridh, S., Sallstrom, J. et al (2009): "C-Peptide Normalizes Glomerular Filtration Rate in Hyperfiltrating Conscious Diabetic Rats" Oxygen Transport to tissue XXX. Advances in experimental medicical and biology. 645:219-25, which is hereby incorporated by reference. Specifically, FITC-inulin (1 .5%) has been dissolved in saline and filtered through a 0.45 ⁇ m syringe filter.
  • the solution has been dialysed in 2000 ml of saline at 4 °C overnight using a 1000 Da cut-off dialysis membrane (Spectra Por 6 from Fisher UK) and protected from light.
  • the dialysed inulin has been filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m syringe filter before use.
  • Each animal has been dosed with 1 ml (1 5 mg) of FITC-inulin via the tail vein (i.e. intravenously).
  • a blood sample 80 ⁇
  • a blood sample 80 ⁇
  • Each blood sample underwent centrifugation in a cooled centrifuge and the plasma sample dispensed into a clean aliquot vial for subsequent determination of fluorescence at 496 nm excitation and 520 nm emission.
  • kidney tissues were sectioned at approximately 4-5 ⁇ m and stained using methods for Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and periodic acid Schiff (PAS). Subsequently, slides will be sent for assessment by a pathologist (e.g. to Harlan Laboratories Ltd. UK). The pathologist evaluated all slides stained by H&E and PAS for glomerular sclerosis, tubule atrophy and interstitial expansion semi-quantitatively using a "+, ++, +++" system (or similar).
  • H&E Haematoxylin and Eosin
  • PAS periodic acid Schiff
  • XG-102 has been dosed in the volume 1 ml/kg in commercially avai lable sterile saline.
  • XC-102 has been formulated prior to the first dosing by the addition of sterile saline, whereby the highest dose has been formulated (4 mg/ml) and the lower doses were prepared by dilution of this 4 mg/ml stock. Aliquots were then prepared for each dosing session and stored frozen (-80 °C, stability 3 months at -80°C) until use. On the morning of dosing each aliquot has been removed from the freezer and allowed to thaw at room temperature prior to dosing (e.g. 30 minutes).
  • the thawed solution has been mixed by inversion prior to dosing. All dosing was completed as soon as possible after thawing but in all cases within 8 hours since the test item is stable in saline at room temperature at concentrations of 10 ⁇ g/ml - 50 mg/ml for 8 hours. Sterile polypropylene plastics (including pipette tips) have been used. The stock solution will be filter sterilised (0.2 ⁇ m) prior to use and prior to dilution to lower doses. Losartan potassium has been purchased from a Chemical supplier (e.g. Tocris UK) and prepared for dosing each morning in a vehicle of 1 % methyl cellulose at a volume of 5 ml/kg. Dosing factors have been applied where appropriate.
  • results have been expressed as body weights, change in body weight per week for the first 4 weeks and per 4 weeks thereafter, and over the entire drug administration period, % reduction in body weight at the end of the study and drug treatment compared to the control group, food and water intakes, cumulative food intake and average food and water intakes per week for the first 4 weeks and per 4 weeks thereafter and over the duration of the feeding study.
  • Urine creatinine, glucose, urea, total protein and electrolytes have been expressed as treatment group means ⁇ SEM. Analysis has been by general linear model with treatment and cohort as factors. Appropriate transformations and/or robust regression techniques may have been used to reduce the influence of outliers. Suitable multiple comparison tests (two-tailed) have been used to compare each group to the appropriate STZ vehicle group. Kidney weights have been analysed by general linear model with treatment and cohort as factors and Day 1 body weight as a covariate. To determine effects in addition to effects caused by changes in body weight, analysis has been by general linear model with treatment and cohort as factors and terminal body weight as a covariate. A log transformation and/or robust regression techniques has been used if appropriate. Appropriate multiple comparison techniques has been used to compare each group to the appropriate STZ vehicle group. For the pathology assessment, each treatment has been compared to the appropriate STZ vehicle group by exact Wilcoxon rank sum tests.
  • GFR has been calculated as Dose of FITC inulin / AUC 0- ⁇ .
  • the AUC (of FITC inulin concentration) has been calculated by the log-linear trapezoidal rule (Stridh) with extrapolation of the 2 to 5 min line to 0 min and linear regression of log-transformed data during a terminal phase from 24 to 80 min. Calculated GFR values were analysed by two- way analysis of variance with treatment and cohort as factors. A log transformation and/or robust regression techniques has been used if appropriate.
  • mice dosed iv have been analysed separately from animals dosed po, as dosing by different routes during the baseline week may affect the baseline values used as covariates.
  • the non-STZ group has been excluded from all analyses described above. Separate analyses have been performed for comparisons to the non-STZ group, including all groups in the analysis, but using baseline covariates before treatment with STZ, rather than those during the week before dosing. In all analyses, a p value of less than 0.05 will be considered to be statistically significant.
  • Example 22 Evaluation of the dose-response to XG-102 in islet isolation/transplantation
  • Example 1 7 it has shown that intravascular addition of XG-102 (10 ⁇ ) to the preservation solution flushed into the porcine pancreas at the time of procurement has a significant impact on islet cell viability and functionality, assessed by oxygen consumption rate (OCR), and ATP concentration, and correlates with a decrease in JNK activation and c- fos gene expression.
  • OCR oxygen consumption rate
  • ATP ATP
  • Noguchi et al have used a different inhibitor and added it at the same molar concentration into the pancreatic duct immediately after procurement. Porcine and human pancreases were used. They showed a similar effect on islet viability assessed by ATP concentration, but also an impact in vivo on diabetes reversal after transplantation under the kidney capsule of diabetic mice.
  • the purpose of the present set of experiments has been to determine the dose-response curve of XG-102 and the optimal concentration at which to utilize it in islet isolation.
  • a rodent model has been utilized. While differences between human and rodent pancreas and islets are acknowledged, this model was selected because of its straightforwardness and high cost-efficiency.
  • the purpose of these experiments being solely the determination of the optimal dose of XG-102 required, the rat model appears as valid. Since the major purpose is JNK inhibition in human pancreases for the improvement of clinical allogeneic islet transplantation outcome, intraductal injection of the inhibitor has been done in these experiments. This is in effect the most likely way that the compound will be used in the clinical setting.
  • Isolation has been carried out using XG-1 02 at a set concentration or vehicle, diluted in the collagenase solution and injected into the pancreatic duct prior to enzymatic digestion of the pancreas.
  • XG-102 at the same molar concentration or vehicle has been used throughout the isolation procedure in the various washing or purification solutions utilized, and in the culture medium. Isolated islets have been cultured overnight in RPMI-based culture medium.
  • pancreatic islets As shown in Figure 57, to study the effects of XG-1 02 on function and viability of rat pancreatic islets have been isolated islets from 1 5 min ischemia rat and from no ischemia rat.
  • a static insulin secretion test (basal or stimulated using glucose) has been performed directly after islet isolation and 1 8 h after culture at 37°C. It can be observed that isolation affects islet function. Indeed basal insulin secretion was higher in islets used directly after isolation compared to islets incubated during 1 8h whatever the conditions. These high basal levels reflect a distress of islet. However after culture, ischemia and inhibitor XG-102 had no impact on islet function in this experiment.
  • Example 23 Efficacy of XG-102 (SEQ ID No. 1 1 ) in a Rat Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV) Model following subconjunctival Injections
  • the objectives of this study were to determine the efficacy of XG-102, a JNK-inhibitor, when administered by subconjunctival injections to rats in a model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV).
  • CNV laser-induced choroidal neovascularization
  • this model allows predictions about a potential use of a compound for the treatment of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).
  • AMD age-related macular degeneration
  • the subconjunctival route of administration has been selected for the present study, because it is another preferred route for the administration in humans.
  • the following experimental groups have been assi
  • the vehicle control 0.9% NaCI
  • Triamcinolone acetonide 4% serves as "Reference Item 2" and has also been administered as received.
  • a stock solution equal to the highest dose level has been prepared in vehicle, 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection, and sterile filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride
  • the lower dose levels have been prepared by directly diluting the stock solution.
  • Dose formulations have been prepared once at appropriate concentrations to meet dosage level requirements. All dilutions have been prepared by directly diluting the stock solution with vehicle.
  • Two dosing aliquots (Days 1 and 8) have been prepared and stored in a freezer set to maintain -20°C. Aliquot(s) of each dose level have been thawed at ambient temperature on each day of dosing and the solution maintained at room temperature for no longer than 6 hours.
  • the alternate animals have been used as replacements on the study within 3 days. On arrival, animals have been individually housed until randomization. Following randomization, animals have been group housed (up to 3 animals of the same dosing group together) in stainless steel perforated floor cages equipped with an automatic watering valve. Animals have been separated during designated procedures/activities. PMI Nutrition International Certified Rodent Chow No. 5CR4 (14% protein) has been provided ad libitum throughout the study, except during designated procedures. Municipal tap water after treatment by reverse osmosis and ultraviolet irradiation has been freely available to each animal via an automatic watering system (except during designated procedures). Animals have been socially housed for psychological/environmental enrichment and provided with items such as a hiding tube and a chewing object, except during study procedures/activities.
  • CNV Laser-Induced Choroidal Neovascularization
  • Vehicle control, test item or reference item will be administered by subconjunctival injection to the left and right eyes of each animal on Days 1 and 8 as indicated in the Experimental Design above.
  • the animals have been anesthetized (isoflurane) for the dose administration, which has been performed by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist.
  • Topical antibiotics gentamicin ophthalmic solution
  • mydriatic drops (1 % tropicamide and/or 2.5% phenylephrine
  • mydriatic drops (1 % tropicamide and/or 2.5% phenylephrine
  • Fluorescein Angiography has been performed, whereby mydriatic drops (1 % tropicamide) have been applied to each eye at least 1 0 minutes prior to the test (further applications may be administered if considered necessary). Hydration of the eyes has been maintained by frequent irrigation with saline solution. The animals have been maintained under isoflurane/oxygen mix and/or with a sedative cocktail (ketamine 75 mg/kg; xylazine 7.5 g/kg), as necessary. Single and/or ART fundus images in infrared and/or red free modes have been obtained to serve as reference images for the angiographies.
  • Angiography images OPEG or BMP have been exported from the HRA2 and copied on a CD or other appropriate medium and reviewed on a suitable computer.
  • Grading Procedure the Images have been selected at an appropriate focus level for grading. (More than 1 image/eye may be needed in order to grade all laser spots.)
  • the angiograms have been graded independently by 2 scientific personnel and the grade for each of the laser spots has been recorded. Following completion of the grading by each person, the grades have been compared and any discrepancy has been reviewed by both parties, and a grade agreed upon and documented.
  • the grading scale will be from 0-4 as indicated below:
  • 0 no leakage (only laser scar or very diffuse small hyper-fluorescent area visible).
  • Example 24 Inhibitory effects of the INK inhibitor XG-102 on the inflammatory response in a rat periodontitis model
  • the aim of this study is to investigate the influence of XG-1 02 (SEQ ID NO: 1 1 ) on inflammation induced in a periodontitis model in the rat.
  • Wistar rats male, 6-8 weeks old are used in this study (divided into 3 groups of ten rats).
  • One dose of 1 mg/kg XG-102 (dissolved in 0.9% NaCI as vehicle) is administered intragingivally (IGV) on day 10.
  • IGV intragingivally
  • vehicle was administered IGV on day 10.
  • the administration volume is 1 0 ⁇ .
  • Administrations are performed IGV in the attached gingiva surrounding the first molar, whereby a fine hypodermic needle (Terumo, Myjector) was inserted in the buccal attached gingiva of the first molar. The total volume of injection was successfully introduced in gingival tissue.
  • Periodontitis inflammation aspect are analyzed by macroscopic observation of gingival tissue on days 0, 10 and 1 7, whereby the gingival inflammation (Gl), periodontal depth pocket (PP) and dental plaque index (IP) were noted blindly by an experimented dentist on days 0, 10 and 1 7 as periodontal clinical indices.
  • Periodontitis inflammation was assessed by means of macroscopic observation of gingival index using a clinical scoring: 0) no gingival inflammation, 1 ) slight inflammation, 2) moderate inflammation, 3) severe inflammation.
  • the depth pocket was estimated using a graduated probe (HU-Friedy, USA).
  • dental plaque index was estimated using a 0 to 3 score grade 0) no plaque formation, 1 ) thin biofilm dental plaque 2) visible dental plaque, 3) thick dental plaque.
  • bacterial population in dental pockets are identified by DNA probes (real time PCR) on 9 periodontopathogens (Aa : Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan, Pg : Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tf : Tannerella forsythensis, Td : Treponema denticola, Pi : Prevotella intermedia, Pm : Peptostreptococcus micros, Fn : Fusobacterium nucleatum, Cr : Campylobacter rectus, Ec : Eikenella corrodens) on days 0, 1 0 and 1 7 as well as total bacterial flora (Perio-analyses, Institut Clinident).
  • Aa Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitan
  • Pg Porphyromonas gingivalis
  • Tf Tannerella forsythensis
  • Td Treponema denticola
  • Pi Prevotella intermedia
  • Score 1 minimal cellular infiltration (inflammatory cellular infiltration present all over the insert gingival).
  • Score 2 moderate cellular infiltration (inflammatory cellular infiltration present in both gingival and periodontal ligament).
  • Score 3 accentuated cellular infiltrate.
  • the level of inflammatory proteins are measured from gingival tissue homogenates by by ELISA using commercially available kits (Biorad, Bioplex Pro Cytokine Assays, France for TNF- ⁇ , IL- 1 ⁇ , IL-10; Uscn Life Science, USA for MMP-8, MMP-9, and Novateinbio, USA for JNK), according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • bone microarchitecture bone trabecular measurements (thickness, separation) are evaluated by radiological analysis (micro-CT) on 3 animals per group on days 0, 10 and 1 7.
  • ABHL periodontal bone loss / Alveolar bone height loss
  • Example 25 Effects of XG-102 (SEP ID No. 1 1 ) in a Diabetic Retinopathy Prevention Study in the Streptozotocin Treated Rat (IVT)
  • the objective of this study was to determine the ability of XG-1 02 to prevent diabetic retinopathy when administered by intravitreal injections to streptozotocin (STZ)-treated (hyperglycemic) rats.
  • Steri le vials containing 0.0412 g of inducing agent (STZ) were pre-weighed, sealed and transferred to the dosing room for administration to Groups 2 to 4 animals and Spares on Day -7. A duplicate set of empty, appropriately labeled sterile vials were provided. The reconstituted STZ solution was filtered into these vials for dosing. The Reference Item, 0.9% NaCI, was administered as received. XG-102 was prepared using the correction factor 1 .383. A stock solution equal to the highest dose level was prepared in vehicle, 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection, and sterile filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride
  • the lower dose levels were prepared by directly diluting the stock solution. Dose formulations were prepared once at appropriate concentrations to meet dosage level requirements. All dilutions were prepared by directly diluting the stock solution with vehicle. Three dosing aliquots (Days 1 , 8 and 15) were prepared and stored in a freezer set to maintain -20°C. Aliquot(s) of each dose level were thawed at ambient temperature on each day of dosing and the solution maintained at room temperature for no longer than 6 hours.
  • Brown Norway rats 60 male Brown Norway rats were received from Charles River Labs, Inc., Portage, II. The animals were approximately 8 weeks old and weighed between 1 66 and 228 g. The Brown Norway rat was chosen as the animal model for this study as it is an accepted species for use in the STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy model. The total number of animals used in this study was considered to be the minimum required to properly characterize the effects of the Test Items. This study has been designed such that it didnot require an unnecessary number of animals to accomplish its objectives. A minimum acclimation period of 20 days was allowed between animal receipt and the start of treatment in order to accustom the animals to the laboratory environment. Animals were assigned to groups by a stratified randomization scheme designed to achieve similar group mean body weights.
  • Inducing Agent Groups 2 to 4, Day -7
  • one vial of STZ per animal was reconstituted within 3 minutes of injection with 1 .5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, (JSP, to provide a concentration of 27.5 mg/mL
  • JSP Sterile Water for Injection
  • the vial was inverted or swirled to dissolve STZ.
  • the resultant solution was filtered via a 0.22 ⁇ m Millex-GV filter into a empty sterile appropriately labeled vial.
  • the STZ 55 mg/kg was administered by intravenous injection on Day -7, within 3 minutes of formulation via a syringe.
  • the dose volume was 2 mL/kg and the actual dose administration was based on the most recent practical body weight of each animal.
  • Test items or reference item were administered by intravitreal injection to the left and right eyes of each animal on Days 1 , 8 and 1 5 as indicated in the Experimental Design table.
  • the animals were anesthetized (isoflurane) for the dose administration, which was performed by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist.
  • Topical antibiotics gentamicin ophthalmic solution
  • mydriatic drops (1 % tropicamide and/or 2.5% phenylephrine
  • Streptozotocin was administered by intravenous injection to induce diabetic retinopathy in the rat.
  • the intravitreal injection route was selected for the Test Items because this is the intended route of administration in humans.
  • the dose levels were selected based on information obtained with previous proof of concept studies as well as MTD and toxicity studies using the IVT route of administration.
  • Intraocular pressure was measured following each ophthalmology examination, once prestudy and on Day 22, using a TonoVetTM rebound tonometer. The pre-treatment tonometry readings were performed at the same times as anticipated for the final measurements to reduce diurnal variability.
  • Electroretinogram evaluations were performed once pretreatment and on Days 6, 13, and 20, prior to fluorescein angiography Animals were dark-adapted overnight prior to ERG recording and then anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of 75 mg/kg ketamine and 7.5 mg/kg xylazine. Tropicamide (1 %) was applied to each eye prior to the test (further applications were administered if considered necessary). The eyelids were retracted by means of a lid speculum, and a contact lens or gold loop electrode was placed on the surface of each eye. A needle electrode was placed cutaneously under each eye (reference) and on the head, posterior to the brow or at the base of the tail (ground). Carboxymethylcellulose (1 %) drops were applied to the interior surface of the contact lens electrodes prior to placing them on the eyes. Each ERG occasion consisted of the following series of scotopic single flash stimuli:
  • Fluorescein angiography evaluations were performed once pretreatment and on Days 7, 14, and 21 , following electroretinography. An isoflurane/oxygen mix was used prior to and during the procedure as the anesthesia. The mydriatic agent, 1 % tropicamide, was used as necessary. Hydration of the eyes was maintained by irrigation with saline solution, as needed. 0.2 mL of 10% Sodium Fluorescein Injection U.S. P. was administered via rapid tail vein injection, followed by a 0.5 mL saline flush. Still images of the fundus were recorded from both eyes between 10-1 5 minutes following the fluorescein injection. Images were taken from the right eye first, followed by the left.
  • a topical bland ophthalmic ointment was administered to the eyes following the angiographies. Images were evaluated qualitatively for vascular integrity/diffuse leakage. Blood Glucose Level Determination were once pre-STZ treatment, Day -6 (the day following STZ administration) and three times per week thereafter (all animals). Additional blood glucose measurements may have been performed as required to monitor animal health status. Levels were determined by glucometer using blood drops taken from the tail vein. Values were measured in mmol/L and converted into mg/dL by multiplying by 1 8 for reporting purposes. Urine Glucose Level Determination was weekly, beginning Week -1 , following overnight collection. Animals had access to food and water during the collection period.
  • Urine glucose was measured by the Clinical Laboratory department using the P800 analyzer, from the abdominal aorta after isoflurane anesthesia. When possible, the animals were euthanized rotating across dose groups such that similar numbers of animals from each group, including controls were necropsied at similar times throughout the day.
  • necropsy examination included evaluation of the carcass and musculoskeletal system; all external surfaces and orifices; cranial cavity and external surfaces of the brain; and thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities with their associated organs and tissues.
  • Necropsy procedures were performed by qualified personnel with appropriate training and experience in animal anatomy and gross pathology. A veterinary pathologist, or other suitably qualified person, was available. Representative samples of the tissues identified below were collected from all animals and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin, unless otherwise indicated.
  • the following Table includes a summary of amplitudes for all ERG stimuli by occasion (pretreatment, and Days 6, 1 3 and 20, respectively). The values represent the group mean and standard deviation (below):
  • Example 26 Effects of XG-102 (SEP ID No. 1 1 ) in a Diabetic Retinopathy Prevention Study in the Streptozotocin Treated Albino Rat (subconjunctival)
  • the objective of this study was determine the ability of XG-102 to prevent diabetic retinopathy when administered by weekly subconjunctival injection to streptozotocin (STZ)- treated (hyperglycemic) rats for 3 weeks.
  • Naive Long Evans rats were used (42 male animals; 10 weeks of age, at time of dosing; Charles River, St. Constant, QC).
  • the Long Evans rat was chosen as the animal model for this study as it is an accepted species for use in the STZ-induced diabetic retinopathy model.
  • the total number of animals to be used in this study is considered to be the minimum required to properly characterize the effects of the test item and has been designed such that it does not require an unnecessary number of animals to accomplish its objectives.
  • studies in laboratory animals provide the best available basis for extrapolation to humans. Acceptable models which do not use live animals currently do not exist. Projected release of alternates will be Day 4. Animals will be housed in stainless-steel cages.
  • 5CR4 (14% protein) was provided daily in amounts appropriate for the size and age of the animals.
  • Municipal tap water processed through a reverse osmosis filter and passed through UV light treatment, was freely available to each animal.
  • Animals were socially housed (up to 3 animals/cage) for psychological/environmental enrichment and were provided with items such as a hiding tube and a chewing object, except during study procedures/activities. Only animals that are determined to be suitable for use on study were assigned. On arrival, animals were individually housed until randomization. Following randomization, animals will be socialized.
  • Sterile vials containing 0.0412 g of inducing agent (STZ) will be pre-weighed, sealed and transferred to the dosing room for administration to Groups 2 to 5 animals and selected spares on Day -7.
  • a duplicate set of empty, appropriately labeled sterile vials will be provided.
  • the reconstituted STZ solution will be filtered into these vials for dosing.
  • the Test Item, XG-102 was prepared using the provided correction factor.
  • a stock solution equal to the highest dose level was prepared in vehicle, 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection, and sterile filtered through a 0.22 ⁇ m polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) filter.
  • PVDF polyvinylidene difluoride
  • Dosing aliquots were prepared and stored in a freezer set to maintain -20°C. Aliquot(s) of each dose level were thawed at ambient temperature on each day of dosing and the solutions maintained at room temperature for no longer than 6 hours.
  • the vehicle, 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection was administered as received.
  • One vial of STZ per animal (including spares) was reconstituted within 3 minutes of injection with 1 .5 mL of Sterile Water for Injection, USP, to provide a concentration of 27.5 mg/mL. The vial was inverted or swirled to dissolve the STZ.
  • the reconstituted STZ solution was filtered via a 0.22 ⁇ m Millex-GV filter into empty sterile vials for dosing.
  • STZ was administered by intravenous injection on Day -7, within 3 minutes of formulation via a syringe.
  • the dose volume was 2 mL/kg and the actual dose administration was based on the most recent practical body weight of each animal. The animals will be restrained during the injection.
  • STZ-treated animals were considered diabetic if the blood glucose level is > 250 mg/dL.
  • Test item or vehicle were administered by subconjunctival injection to the left and right eyes of each animal on Days 1 , 8 and 1 5 and again on Day 24 (Rep 1 ), Day 23 (Rep 2 and 3), Day 22 (Rep 4) and Day 34 (Rep 1 ) Day 33 (Rep 2 and 3) and Day 32 (Rep 4).
  • the animals were anesthetized (isoflurane) for the dose administration, which was performed by a board-certified veterinary ophthalmologist.
  • Topical antibiotics (0.3% tobramycin ointment) was applied to both eyes twice on the day before treatment, following the injection and at least once on the day following the injection.
  • mydriatic drops (1 % tropicamide and/or 2.5% phenylephrine) were applied to each eye (further applications may be performed as considered appropriate by the veterinary ophthalmologist).
  • animals were maintained under anesthesia with isoflurane/oxygen gas. The conjunctivae were flushed with 0.9% Sodium Chloride for Injection USP.
  • test items or reference item were administered into the eyes of each animal at a dose volume of 50 ⁇ L/eye. Both eyes were examined immediately following each treatment to document any abnormalities caused by the administration procedure. Streptozotocin is being administered IV to induce diabetic retinopathy in the rat.
  • the subconjunctival route has been selected for the Test Item because this is the intended route of administration in humans. The dose levels were selected based on information obtained with previous proof of concept studies as well as MTD and toxicity studies using the subconjunctival route of administration.
  • Morbidity/mortality checks were performed at least twice daily (AM and PM). Cage side observations were performed once daily. Detailed clinical examinations were performed weekly. Quantitative food consumption were performed weekly. Body weights were recorded twice weekly. Ophthalmic examinations were performed once prestudy and again on Day 37 (Rep 1 ), Day 36 (Rep 2 and 3) and Day 35 (Rep 4). All animals were subjected to funduscopic (indirect ophthalmoscopy) and biomicroscopic (slit lamp) examinations. The mydriatic used will be 1 % tropicamide. Intra- ocular pressure was measured once prestudy and on Day 37 (Rep 1 ), Day 36 (Rep 2 and 3) and Day 35 (Rep 4). The pre-treatment tonometry readings were performed at the same times as anticipated for the final measurements to reduce diurnal variability. Intraocular pressure was measured following the ophthalmology examinations, using a TonoVetTM rebound tonometer.
  • Electroretinogram evaluations were performed once pretreatment and on Days 7, 14, 21 , and Day 36 (Rep 1 ), Day 35 (Rep 2 and 3) and Day 34 (Rep 4). Animals were dark-adapted overnight prior to ERG recording and then anesthetized with an intramuscular injection of 75 mg/kg ketamine and 7.5 mg/kg xylazine. Tropicamide (1 %) was applied to each eye prior to the test (further applications may be administered if considered necessary). The eyelids were retracted by means of a lid speculum, and a contact lens or gold loop electrode was placed on the surface of each eye. A needle electrode was placed cutaneously under each eye (reference) and on the head posterior to the brow or at the base of the tail (ground). Carboxymethylcellulose (1 %) drops were applied to the interior surface of the contact lens electrodes prior to placing them on the eyes.
  • the animals were adapted to background light at approximately 25 to 30 cd/m 2 for a period of approximately 5 minutes (a longer time period is acceptable), followed by an average of 20 sweeps of photopic white flicker at 1 Hz, then 20 sweeps of photopic flicker at 29 Hz.
  • Waveforms were analyzed for a- and b-wave amplitudes and latency and oscillatory potentials 1 through 4 from the 0 dB scotopic stimulus will be filtered and analyzed for amplitude and latency.
  • Indocyanin Green angiography evaluations were performed once pretreatment (Day -2 or -1 ) and on Days 8, 1 5, 22, and Day 35 (Rep 1 ), Day 34 (Rep 2 and 3) and Day 33 (Rep 4).
  • An isoflurane/oxygen mix was used prior to and during the procedure as the anesthesia.
  • the mydriatic agent used was 1 % tropicamide as necessary. Hydration of the eyes was maintained by irrigation with saline solution, as needed.
  • 0.2 mL of 0.5% Indocyanin Green was administered via rapid tail vein injection, followed by a 0.5 mL saline flush. Still images of the fundus were recorded from both eyes between 10-1 5 minutes following the ICG injection. Images were taken from the right eye first, followed by the left.
  • a topical bland ophthalmic ointment was administered to the eyes following the angiographies. Images were evaluated qualitatively for vascular integrity/diffuse leakage. Blood glucose level were measured once pre-STZ treatment, on Day -6 (the day following STZ administration) and again on Day -1 . Additional blood glucose measurements may be performed as required to monitor animal health status. Levels were determined by glucometer using blood drops taken in the tail vein. Values were measured in mmol/L and converted into mg/dL by multiplying by 18 for reporting purposes.
  • Example 27 A randomized, double-blind, parallel group, controlled, multicentre trial to assess the efficacy and safety of a single sub-conjunctival injection of XG-102, compared to dexamethasone eye drops in post-surgery intraocular inflammation (Clinical Phase II)
  • arachidonic acid is metabolized by cyclooxygenase (COX) to prostaglandins (PG) which are the most important lipid-derived mediators of inflammation.
  • COX cyclooxygenase
  • PG prostaglandins
  • Surgical trauma causes a trigger of the arachidonic acid cascade which in turn generates PGs by activation of COX-1 and COX-2.
  • Phospholipids in the cell membrane are the substrate for phospholipase A to generate arachidonic acid from which a family of chemically distinct PGs and leukotriens are produced.
  • the 'golden standard' for the treatment of ocular inflammation are topical corticosteroids and/or Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs).
  • Side effects reported with (short-term) corticosteroid use include cataract formation, increased Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP), increased susceptibility to viral infections and retardation of the corneal epithelial and stromal wound healing.
  • IOP Intra Ocular Pressure
  • prolonged treatment with corticosteroids have been known to induce systemic side effects such as glucose impairment, hypertension, development of glaucoma, visual acuity defects, loss of visual field, and posterior subcapsular cataract formation.
  • XG- 102 - is a protease-resistant peptide that selectively inhibits c-Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK) activity in a non-Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) competitive manner.
  • XG-1 02 is a 31 D-amino acids JNK inhibitor peptide with all amino acids except glycine (which is achiral) in the D- configuration. This choice was made to increase the resistance of the compound to proteases, which usually degrade peptides soon after their administration.
  • the previous trial was an open label, single-center, dose escalation / dose finding study which was designed to assess the safety and tolerability of a single sub-conjunctival injection of XG- 102, administered in addition to the 'usual' post-op anti-inflammatory therapy in patients with post-surgery or post-traumatic intraocular inflammation.
  • the XG-102 doses which were investigated were 45, 90, 450 and 900 ⁇ g. In total, 20 patients (5 patients in each dose group) were enrolled in this study.
  • the conclusion of the previous study was that XG-102, administered as a sub-conjunctival injection in patients with recent post-surgery or trauma intraocular inflammation was safe and well tolerated.
  • the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a single subconjunctival injection of XG-1 02 90 or 900 ⁇ g administered within maximally 3 hours after the end of the surgical procedure compared to dexamethasone eye drops administered 4 times/day for 21 days in post-operative intraocular inflammation.
  • the primary objective of the present study was to evaluate if a single sub-conjunctival injection of 900 ⁇ g XG-1 02 is non-inferior to treatment with dexamethasone eye drops administered 4 times/day for 21 days in the evolution of post-operative intraocular inflammation.
  • the primary outcome was evaluated by the mean anterior chamber cells grade at day 28 post-administration of the subconjunctival injection of study treatment comparing XG-102 900 ⁇ g with dexamethasone eye drops.
  • the secondary objectives were to evaluate the effect of a single sub-conjunctival injection of either 90 ⁇ g or 900 ⁇ g XG-1 02 compared to dexamethasone eye drops (4 times/day, administered for 21 days) on:
  • the present trial was a randomized (1 :1 :1 ), controlled, double-blind, multicenter non- inferiority clinical trial with three parallel groups of equal size. Randomization, which was blocked by center, was performed using a web-based, secure, randomization system.
  • Eligible patients were male or female (post-menopausal, or sterile by tubal ligation or hysterectomy), who were > 18 years of age and who had undergone one of the following ocular surgeries: (a) anterior and posterior segment combined surgery which may include surgery for: cataract and retinal detachment, cataract and epimacular membrane and/or cataract and macular hole or (b) glaucoma surgery or (c) complex posterior segment surgery or (d) complicated intraocular surgery which may include cataract surgery associated with diabetic retinopathy and/or complicated retinal detachment ocular surgery. Patients were not eligible to participate if any of the following exclusion criteria was present at the moment of randomization:
  • Presence of a corneal ulcer, corneal perforation or lesion associated with an incomplete re-epithelialization Presence of a corneal ulcer, corneal perforation or lesion associated with an incomplete re-epithelialization.
  • patients randomized to the XG-102 group received eye drops containing a NaCl 0.9% solution and patients randomized to the dexamethasone group were administered a sub-conjunctival injection containing NaCl 0.9%.
  • Patients were followed for, in total, 28 ( ⁇ 5) days after administration of the sub-conjunctival injection of study treatment. They returned to the out-patient clinic to perform the visits/investigations as required by the study protocol.
  • the below table shows planned visit schedule in addition to the procedures/investigations carried out at each visit.
  • the study protocol planned that the data safety and monitoring board (DSMB) would be responsible to oversee patient safety. This was to be achieved by reviewing Serious Adverse Events (SAE) as they occurred in addition to reviewing the cumulative patient data during the study. Details concerning the timing of the data reviews were detailed in the DSMB charter.
  • SAE Serious Adverse Events
  • Randomization which was blocked by center, was done centrally using a web-based (i.e. e- SOCDATTM) randomization system.
  • XG-102 was used at doses 90 and 900 ⁇ g (single administration of 250 ⁇ ). Mode of administration was a single sub-conjunctival injection. Duration of treatment was one single administration (sub-conjunctival injection).
  • the Reference product Dexamethasone (Dexafree ®) was used at a dose of 1 mg/ml. Mode of administration was eye drop (4 times / day, 21 days). Duration of treatment was 21 days - 4 times / day. The Placebo NaCI was used at a dose of 0.9%. Mode of administration was a single subconjunctival injection (250 pL) or eye drop (4 times / day, 21 days). Duration of treatment was one single administration (sub-conjunctival injection) and for the eye drops, 21 days - 4 times / day.
  • the XG-102 doses selected for this study were on the one hand, considered not to compromise patient safety while on the other hand, were sufficiently high to provide meaningful data for the objectives of the study.
  • the sub-conjunctival route of administration is one of the intended routes of administration for patients with the diagnosis under investigation as both safety and efficacy has been shown in animals and in humans using this route of administration.
  • the dexamethasone dose i.e. 1 mg/ml / 0.4 ml eye drops
  • the frequency i.e. 4 drops per day
  • duration i.e. 21 days
  • the study protocol stipulated that the sub-conjunctival injection of study treatment was to be administered within maximally 3 hours at the end of the eye surgery and that this was to be followed within maximally 1 5 minutes by the instillation of the first study treatment eye drop.
  • the administration of the study treatments at the end of the ocular surgery followed the standard routine for the administration of anti-inflammatory treatments following the eye surgery procedures which were part of the study inclusion. Neither the Investigator, the patient, the operational team at the CC (Coordinating Center) nor the Sponsor personnel (other than pharmacovigilance staff) had access to the randomization plan.
  • the study treatment vials containing the XG-1 02 solution or placebo i.e. NaCI 0.9% solution
  • the eye drop solutions in single dose containers containing either dexamethasone solution or NaCI 0.9% were identical in appearance and consistency.
  • the packaging and labeling of study treatment was performed according to GMP (Good Manufacturing Practice) and GCP (Good Clinical Practice).
  • the content of the labels affixed on the study treatment packs was in accordance with local regulations for clinical trials. For each patient two identically numbered study treatment packs were supplied.
  • One study treatment 'pack' contained 1 vial of XG-102 solution (90 or 900 ⁇ g) or 1 vial of placebo (NaCI 0.9%) - depending on the treatment group to which the patient was randomized - and the second 'pack' contained the eye drop solution in single dose containers containing either dexamethasone or placebo (NaCI 0.9%) with sufficient supplies to enable treatment for 4 times/day for 21 days.
  • a study treatment pack number was not allocated to another patient.
  • the patient's study identification number i.e. patient identification number
  • the size and shape of the outer study treatment boxes were identical for the XG-1 02 and placebo solutions.
  • the blinded Investigator or the Sponsor delegated pharmacovigilance officer had the user access rights to the study treatment code for the patient concerned via the secure, web-based trial-specific treatment allocation system within e-SOCDATTM. If the treatment code was accessed for any one patient, all information (i.e. the name of the person who accessed the treatment code, the reason, date and time and patient for whom the code was accessed) concerning study treatment code access, would be tracked and stored in the web- based system if the study treatment code was accessed.
  • the primary objective was evaluated by the mean anterior chamber cells grade at day 28 post-administration of the sub-conjunctival administration of study treatment. The criteria for evaluation of the primary objective was
  • Anterior chamber cells grade at day 28 (XG-102 900 ⁇ g vs dexamethasone). The criteria for evaluation of the secondary objectives were
  • Anterior chamber cells grade at day 28 (XG-102 90 ⁇ g vs dexamethasone
  • Anterior chamber cells grade at day 7 and day 14 (XG-1 02 900 ⁇ g vs dexamethasone) c. Anterior chamber cells grade at day 7 and day 14 (XG-102 90 ⁇ g vs dexamethasone) d. Anterior chamber flare grade at day 7, 14 and day 28 (XG-1 02 900 ⁇ g vs dexamethasone) e. Anterior chamber flare grade at day 7, 14 and day 28 (XG-1 02 90 ⁇ g vs dexamethasone) f. Rescue medication use
  • the ophthalmology examinations were performed at baseline (i.e. either on the day of surgery, but before the surgery was performed). Thereafter, patients were seen at 21 ( ⁇ 3) hours after the sub-conjunctival injection was administered, and then at 7 ( ⁇ 1 ), 14 ( ⁇ 2) and 28 ( ⁇ 5) days. In order to reduce operator variability, the sites were instructed that, where possible, the same operator should perform all ophthalmology examinations for the same patient throughout the trial. The ophthalmology measurements were performed in accordance with the study-specific instructions. The latter were reviewed and discussed with the site teams during the initiation visit and during each monitoring visit.
  • IOP Intra Ocular Pressure
  • Presence (or not) of XG-102 in plasma 1 hour after the administration of study treatment in a subset of patients (approximately 30).
  • the definitions for an adverse event were:
  • An Adverse Event is defined as 'any untoward medical occurrence in a patient administered a medicinal product and which does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment'.
  • An AE is therefore any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product.
  • the exact time when the sample was performed was entered in the space provided on the e-CRF.
  • the blood sample was centrifuged for 10 minutes at 2,500 RPM at room temperature. After centrifugation, using a pipette, the plasma was transferred to two 1 .5 ml cryotubes. The cryotubes were then placed in a freezer at -80°C and were then subsequently sent in dry ice with a temperature data logger to the central laboratory responsible for the analysis. Upon receipt at the central laboratory, the samples were stored at -80°C until analyzed.
  • the primary objective was a non in-inferiority comparison between XG- 102 900 yg and dexamethasone eye drops on anterior chamber cell grade at day 28 following the sub-conjunctival injection of study treatment.
  • the primary outcome was analyzed for the Per-Protocol (PP) population and repeated for sensitivity reasons on the Full Analysis Set (FAS).
  • PP Per-Protocol
  • FAS Full Analysis Set
  • the first secondary end-point - anterior chamber cell grade at day 28 comparing XG- 102 90 ⁇ g and dexamethasone was analyzed in the same manner as for the primary outcome. All other secondary outcomes were evaluated by superiority testing on the FAS using a two- sided alpha value of 0.005. The safety analyses were performed on the FAS group by treatment received.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Zoology (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Diabetes (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
  • Neurology (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Emergency Medicine (AREA)
  • Obesity (AREA)
  • Psychiatry (AREA)
  • Endocrinology (AREA)
  • Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne l'utilisation d'inhibiteurs de protéine kinases et en particulier l'utilisation d'inhibiteurs de la protéine kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase, de séquences inhibitrices de JNK, de peptides chimères ou d'acides nucléiques codant pour ceux-ci, ainsi que des compositions pharmaceutiques contenant ceux-ci, pour le traitement de divers troubles ou maladies fortement liés à la signalisation JNK.
EP15778614.6A 2014-10-08 2015-10-08 Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies Pending EP3204031A2 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2014/002724 WO2015197098A1 (fr) 2014-06-26 2014-10-08 Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies
PCT/EP2015/001294 WO2015197194A2 (fr) 2014-06-26 2015-06-26 Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies
PCT/EP2015/001974 WO2016055160A2 (fr) 2014-10-08 2015-10-08 Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3204031A2 true EP3204031A2 (fr) 2017-08-16

Family

ID=54292770

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP15778614.6A Pending EP3204031A2 (fr) 2014-10-08 2015-10-08 Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies

Country Status (2)

Country Link
EP (1) EP3204031A2 (fr)
WO (1) WO2016055160A2 (fr)

Family Cites Families (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4980286A (en) 1985-07-05 1990-12-25 Whitehead Institute For Biomedical Research In vivo introduction and expression of foreign genetic material in epithelial cells
US5225539A (en) 1986-03-27 1993-07-06 Medical Research Council Recombinant altered antibodies and methods of making altered antibodies
US4946778A (en) 1987-09-21 1990-08-07 Genex Corporation Single polypeptide chain binding molecules
WO1990007936A1 (fr) 1989-01-23 1990-07-26 Chiron Corporation Therapies de recombinaison pour infections et troubles hyperproliferatifs
GB8919607D0 (en) 1989-08-30 1989-10-11 Wellcome Found Novel entities for cancer therapy
US5652122A (en) 1989-12-21 1997-07-29 Frankel; Alan Nucleic acids encoding and methods of making tat-derived transport polypeptides
US5804604A (en) 1989-12-21 1998-09-08 Biogen, Inc. Tat-derived transport polypeptides and fusion proteins
JP3789930B2 (ja) 1992-10-09 2006-06-28 アドバンスド ティシュー サイエンシズ，インコーポレーテッド 肝予備細胞
US6184038B1 (en) 1995-07-28 2001-02-06 Marie Curie Cancer Care Transport proteins and their uses
US6043083A (en) * 1997-04-28 2000-03-28 Davis; Roger J. Inhibitors of the JNK signal transduction pathway and methods of use
US6610820B1 (en) 1999-10-12 2003-08-26 University Of Lausanne Cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of the JNK signal transduction pathway
AU2003286611A1 (en) * 2002-10-24 2004-05-13 Sangstat Medical Corporation Cytomodulating peptides and methods for treating neurological disorders
WO2007031098A1 (fr) 2005-09-12 2007-03-22 Xigen S.A. Inhibiteurs peptidiques permeables aux cellules de la voie de transduction de signal jnk
WO2009143865A1 (fr) * 2008-05-30 2009-12-03 Xigen S.A. Utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques des voies de traduction du signal jnk perméables aux cellules pour le traitement de diverses maladies
WO2010065850A2 (fr) * 2008-12-04 2010-06-10 University Of Massachusetts Interleukine 6 et facteur de nécrose tumoral alpha en tant que biomarqueurs d'inhibition de jnk
US20120101046A1 (en) * 2009-03-30 2012-04-26 Santen Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Prophylactic or therapeutic agent for retinal disease and method for prophylaxis or therapy of retinal disease using jnk (c-jun amino-terminal kinase) - inhibitory peptide, and use of the peptide
WO2013091670A1 (fr) * 2011-12-21 2013-06-27 Xigen S.A. Nouvelles molécules inhibitrices de jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies
WO2014206426A1 (fr) * 2013-06-26 2014-12-31 Xigen Inflammation Ltd. Nouvelle utilisation des molécules inhibitrices de la jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies

Non-Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
None *
See also references of WO2016055160A2 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO2016055160A3 (fr) 2016-06-30
WO2016055160A2 (fr) 2016-04-14

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US10624948B2 (en) Use of cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of the JNK signal transduction pathway for the treatment of various diseases
US11779628B2 (en) Use of cell-permeable peptide inhibitors of the JNK signal transduction pathway for the treatment of various diseases
US20220280591A1 (en) Use For JNK Inhibitor Molecules For Treatment Of Various Diseases
JP7165693B2 (ja) 様々な疾患の処置のためのｊｎｋシグナル伝達経路の細胞透過性ペプチド阻害剤の新規使用
JP5824085B2 (ja) Ｊｎｋシグナル伝達経路に対する、細胞透過性のペプチド性阻害剤の種々の、疾病を治療するための使用
EP3160989A2 (fr) Nouvelle utilisation de molécules inhibitrices de jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies
US20180170983A1 (en) New Use of Cell-Permeable Peptide Inhibitors of the JNK Signal Transduction Pathway for the Treatment of Mild Cognitive Impairment
US11331364B2 (en) Use for JNK inhibitor molecules for treatment of various diseases
WO2015197098A1 (fr) Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies
US20230017675A1 (en) Composition for treating synucleinopathies
EP3204031A2 (fr) Nouvelle utilisation d'inhibiteurs peptidiques perméables aux cellules de la voie de transduction du signal jnk pour le traitement de diverses maladies
WO2018195491A1 (fr) Compositions et méthodes destinées au traitement de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique

Legal Events

Date Code Title Description
STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: THE INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATION HAS BEEN MADE

PUAI Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION WAS MADE

17P Request for examination filed

Effective date: 20170508

AK Designated contracting states

Kind code of ref document: A2

Designated state(s): AL AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HR HU IE IS IT LI LT LU LV MC MK MT NL NO PL PT RO RS SE SI SK SM TR

AX Request for extension of the european patent

Extension state: BA ME

DAV Request for validation of the european patent (deleted)
DAX Request for extension of the european patent (deleted)
STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS

17Q First examination report despatched

Effective date: 20210514

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: EXAMINATION IS IN PROGRESS

GRAP Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent

Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1

STAA Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent

Free format text: STATUS: GRANT OF PATENT IS INTENDED

INTG Intention to grant announced

Effective date: 20240409