Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/367—Software therefor, e.g. for battery testing using modelling or look-up tables
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/3644—Constructional arrangements
  • G01R31/3646—Constructional arrangements for indicating electrical conditions or variables, e.g. visual or audible indicators
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
  • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
  • G01R31/36—Arrangements for testing, measuring or monitoring the electrical condition of accumulators or electric batteries, e.g. capacity or state of charge [SoC]
  • G01R31/385—Arrangements for measuring battery or accumulator variables
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/00032—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries characterised by data exchange
  • H02J7/00045—Authentication, i.e. circuits for checking compatibility between one component, e.g. a battery or a battery charger, and another component, e.g. a power source

Definitions

• the invention generally relates to the field of signal processing and in particular the management of the charging of the battery of an electric or hybrid vehicle. State of the art
• the link between the total stored energy and the input parameters can be represented by a linear model with white additive noise, i.e. Gaussian with a constant variance.
• patent literature in the field of transport includes patent application US2011 / 0254505, which aims to protect (eg monitor) a battery charging system from possible acts of vandalism or theft during the charging process (eg by removing the cable transferring energy from the terminal to the vehicle by a third party for connect it to another vehicle).
• This approach only deals with the "static" case (i.e. during the same recharge cycle) and provides no solution to the problem of detecting atypical recharges over recharges (i.e. "dynamic" case).
• the charging of an electric vehicle is monitored and / or analyzed (eg the total energy stored during reloading an electric vehicle, detecting aberrant refills)
• recursive estimation of the weights associated with the variances of the measurements as well as the coefficients of the model is carried out.
• the recursive characteristic means that the estimate uses in practice only the measurement associated with the current recharge and estimate associated with the previous recharge. Using the only measurement associated with the current recharge is advantageous (in terms of efficiency and speed of calculations).
• the method can exploit the energy measurements over the entire recharge history (thus the past and present measurements).
• the method described is robust to the presence of any outliers among the measurements of the total energy stored.
• the detection of outliers is automated.
• the detection criterion can be based on the comparison of the estimated weights (thus by means of numerical values already available) with respect to a predefined threshold (set beforehand by the user). Some embodiments do not require manual adjustments.
• the method may allow "instant" (ie real-time or quasi-real-time) or at least rapid detection (ie between the detection and the signaling of an anomaly). one or more outliers.
• a detection of this type advantageously allows the specialists to diagnose in time the state of the battery, and to detect the type of anomaly concerned.
• the disclosed solution can be iterated (eg recursively ), leading to an efficiency and speed of the associated calculations.
• the solution can detect the abnormalities of the charging mechanism and not anomalies relating to the battery itself.
• Figure 1 is an overall diagram of the process;
• Figure 2 shows an example of a dynamic model;
• a computer-implemented method for managing the charging of a battery of an electric vehicle comprising the steps of performing a charging cycle of the battery of the electric vehicle; measure the total energy stored by the battery; calculate the variance associated with said total energy; and determining a coefficient associated with said variance.
• the invention can be applied to different types of batteries. For example, car batteries, but also electric bike, electric scooter or other types of vehicles.
• the invention is also applicable to hybrid vehicles (combining engine and thus electric battery and internal combustion engine).
• the invention aims to manage the charging of an electric battery, in the broad sense. In particular, the invention aims to detect a charging anomaly.
• the general scope of the invention is that in which substantially complete recharging cycles are carried out.
• the typical scenario is when charging is done at the workplace parking lot during the day, with the vehicle being loaded at the end of the day.
• the case of incomplete or intermittent refills poses particular technical problems and, with some exceptions, this type of refill does not form part of the invention.
• the scenario of incomplete recharges can be encountered in the recharge of mobile electronic devices (eg smartphones). With electric vehicles, refills are made at low cost and it is therefore not justified to further investigate the situation of short refills and / or incomplete.
• a recharge cycle corresponds to a recharge according to a duration and predetermined or nominal conditions, generally provided by the manufacturer or supplier of the battery.
• the general context of the invention is generally tripartite.
• the battery is operated by one or more charging station operators (who may be competitors) so as to effectively recharge the battery for the customer or driver, also charging operator proper.
• Other entities may intervene for various purposes (certification, quality control, electricity supplier, etc.).
• a service provider may also intervene to optimize the life of the battery (eg by independently measuring battery status, analyzing the type of conduct, making correlations to provide recommendations to drivers etc).
• Telecommunications operators or software publishers (“apps") are also likely to manage the information associated with the batteries.
• One aspect of the invention is to observe (independently) the state of the batteries, ie without necessarily taking into account the supplier's statements as to the characteristics (for example nominal) of these batteries. This observation is done by measurement or direct calculation.
• the history of the battery is advantageously exploited, so as to wedge more precisely the model (predictive load capacity). This consideration of history is however not essential.
• the determination of the total energy stored can be done by different methods.
• the charging station comprises one or more process steps and / or system means for detecting that the load is "complete” (the detection is therefore integrated to evaluate that the battery is "full” or “recharged” or “complete”).
• the charging station can therefore stop charging automatically when the terminal detects that the charge is complete.
• the recharging terminal can therefore provide all the data, for example relating to the end of the charge, or even to a quantity of total energy that has been transferred (for example by integration, ie by integrating the power supplied over time).
• Losses in load can be considered negligible (in theory and in practice).
• the application of the principle of conservation of energy leads in particular to the equality of energies delivered and received (battery and terminal function in "couple", i.e. "mirror").
• the measurement of the total energy stored by the battery is generally carried out after the end of the recharging cycle of said battery (ie concretely as soon as the charging is complete, or "after that" ie shifted in time). Nevertheless, the temporal criterion associated with the completion of a refill must be considered in a nonlimiting manner. Indeed, there are embodiments of the invention according to which the charge may not be completely complete (ie according to thresholds, possibly configurable for example according to the type of battery and / or the charging situation - express, slow, etc. - and / or the wish of the user of the vehicle and / or the statistical confidence thresholds associated with the model of recharging).
• the term "cycle” implicitly implies that recharge is complete or considered complete.
• the determination of the total value stored can be done according to different temporal modalities. It can be done as soon as the charging cycle is complete (depending on the terminal and / or battery). More specifically, it can be performed at a given moment either by the charging station or by the battery itself, or by a logic module managing the battery-terminal pairing and managing any inconsistencies between the two systems. It can be done "once" the value of the total stored energy has been determined or "as soon as” the value is determined or "after” this determination, possibly within a certain time limit after the end of the cycle. The numerical value of the mathematical variance associated with this total stored value is then determined in turn.
• a generally numerical value for example a mathematical variance associated with this total energy.
• the term association implies that the relation can sometimes be indirect (for example certain assumptions of white noise and distribution of this noise according to a law of Student or of the same mathematical class can allow this determination).
• the variance indicates the degree of likelihood of the measurement performed. This likelihood is taken into account for the establishment of the predictive model and the subsequent filtering of the outliers.
• a weight (ie a weighting), also called “coefficient”, is then assigned to this variance thus determined. This coefficient makes it possible to "stall" the model.
• the step of determining the coefficient associated with the variance is recursive.
• the notion of recursion implies the presence of an initialization and a previous state.
• said coefficient is determined recursively.
• the predictive load model is "stalled" by past load values. The higher the number of values passed, the better the reliability of the model. At each iteration (ie recharge) the model becomes “better", that is to say, incorporates all the past recharge operations.
• the model requires two values: the measurement that is performed at the end or after the recharge cycle and (at least) a previous value. This previous value may have different sources (corresponding to several different embodiments). In one embodiment, the previous value can be accessed directly from the battery itself (which therefore stores the different recharge values), either indirectly (distributed or remote storage).
• the previous value can be a measured value (ie in reality) or a reference value, for example estimated (eg from an abacus) or calculated or accessed from a network.
• this value can be estimated by knowing the states associated with a fleet of similar vehicles. It is indeed possible, according to one embodiment, to perform calculations without having access to the history of the battery (for example if the previous load value is not accessible or is obviously wrong, etc.) .
• one or more of these stored total energy values can be determined statistical (eg according to the battery model, the general state of the battery bank), according to aggregated data, possibly including data from third parties, etc.
• the two embodiments can also be combined: available statistical data can confirm or even modulate the direct measurements and / or the taking into account of the history.
• the recursive characteristic corresponds to a determination of the weight or coefficient assigned to the variance that uses the measurement associated with the current recharge cycle and a measurement associated with the previous recharge.
• the method further comprises a step of comparing the coefficient as determined at one or more thresholds.
• Different threshold ranges can indeed be defined. Thresholds are usually predefined. In some embodiments, thresholds may be dynamically defined (for example based on economic and / or technical considerations, for example related to battery chemistry).
• the predefined threshold is configurable.
• the economic environment of the invention is complex and is likely to lead to a number of consequences (eg conflicts of interest, competition, secret or declarative or measured information) which may consequently imply technical solutions which may be very difficult. different.
• an operator may have to revise the nominal loading values declared by the manufacturer.
• the user or customer or driver or a service provider working for said customer
• the battery is not the property of the driver, but for example rented, other stakeholders are likely to intervene.
• the information associated with the battery may be of imposed format or, on the contrary, free, be accessible in the clear or be encrypted (eg the discharge profile, if analyzed, may reveal driving styles or even overspeeding).
• the information or data can be hosted in the "cloud”("cloudcomputing") or remain local (eg portable), or even result from a distribution of data between the "cloud” and portable data.
• the method includes a step of emitting an alarm if the measured total stored energy is greater than one or more thresholds.
• the alarm can be sent an alarm signal informing the user or the customer or the driver or the operator of the charging station of the presence of an anomaly.
• the alarm can be "real time” (as long as it is necessary to wait for the end of the current charging cycle to detect an anomaly).
• the calculation of the variance is associated with a white noise distributed according to a law of distribution with heavy tail.
• a white noise hypothesis anisotropic
• a mathematical distribution called "heavy tail” is used to calculate the variance.
• the measurement of the total energy stored by the battery is tainted by a white noise distributed according to a Student's law.
• the step of determining a coefficient associated with the variance of the measurement of the total energy stored by the battery comprises a step of using a Kalman filter.
• the method makes it possible to exploit, on the one hand, the energy measurements made during the recharge history (which includes the past measurements) and, on the other hand, the "present” or “current” or “current” measurement. “or” current ".
• the method may comprise a step of determining a coefficient associated with the variance of the measurement of the total energy stored by the battery, said step comprising a step of using the prediction step the Kalman filter to detect a recharge anomaly, and the Kalman filter correction step to refine (ie to make the model more accurate thus “better") and update (ie to take into account slow changes in the battery which are not considered anomalies)
• the Kalman filter makes it possible to filter (efficiently) the abnormal recharges by relying on two phases.
• the prediction step makes it possible to compare the current measurement with the prediction made by the model under the conditions of the current load. From this comparison results an anomaly according to the threshold defined above.
• the correction phase of the Kalman model updates the model in order to refine its precision and to take into account possible slow drift of the monitored parameters, not considered abnormal ("classical" battery life). .
• said Kalman filter is applied to a plurality of past total energy measurements.
• This aspect of the invention relates to the "prediction" or calibration phase of the model.
• Access to the measurement history makes it possible to improve the predictive reliability of the model by making an accurate estimation of the different parameters of the Kalman filter, intervening in the evolution equations (eg since the model can evolve from one recharge to the next) and observation (eg to quantify the noise present in the data).
• the method further comprises taking into account the measurement of the total energy associated with said current charging cycle.
• the step may (optionally) include a sub-step of the Expectation-Maximization type.
• the method further comprises a step of storing one or more stored total energy measurement values and one or more coefficients associated with the variances of said measurement values.
• the estimated coefficients can indeed be saved or stored in order to be reused during a future recharge.
• the data can be centralized (central server connected to the charging stations) or even distributed (for example in a memory associated with the vehicle battery and accessible to the charging station).
• the data may be stored in part or in full on a mobile phone and / or in a remote server and / or in the car computer and / or in the charging station and / or in the battery itself or an associated device, for example. Many embodiments are possible (and can be combined with each other).
• the manufacturer of the charging station can include the charging service in its own commercial offer, ensuring the integrity of the data so that a user can have access in "cloud" mode (“cloud computing” ) monitoring (for example the associated model as well as the different measurement data) and thus retain the customer to a terminal manufacturer (or a consortium sharing the data between them).
• the manager of a cluster of charging stations can keep the associated data on its own system, in order to offer users the tracking / diagnostic service when they are reloading on its cluster (for example according to a proprietary model).
• the user having a home charging socket can directly manage the charging service, in which case autonomous operation is possible with data that can for example remain stored in the charging station and / or the charging station.
• the user's computer the ability to share or not share said data remaining open to the user, for example to access additional features or services or data processing, such as comparing similar batteries of different users, etc.
• the method further comprises a step of receiving an initial autonomy value and an ambient temperature value.
• the method may further include a step of receiving input parameters including an initial range value and an ambient temperature value.
• the predicted energy mainly depends on the autonomy a (n) and the temperature t (n) as described in equation 1 described hereinafter).
• these values are not essential, ie essential for carrying out the process according to the invention.
• the temperature can be considered as a constant, an average, to be provided by a third party system (eg telephone, operator, etc.).
• the autonomy value can also be estimated or calculated or provided by a third-party system or in abacuses or databases, etc.
• the fact having real values, with a satisfactory or reasonable degree of accuracy makes it possible to refine the model advantageously.
• the method according to the invention aims to detect outliers of the total electrical energy stored during the loading of an electric or hybrid vehicle (identified by a unique identification code).
• a dynamic linear and robust model is implemented.
• the model associates a weight with the variance of each measure of the total energy stored.
• recursive steps are used to estimate the weights associated with the variances of these measurements. Aberrant measurements can therefore, if necessary, be detected in real time (using said estimated weights).
• Alerts can inform the user or the operator recharging the battery of the presence of an anomaly (and its type). Some embodiments are described in more detail below.
• a dynamic model links, for each recharge cycle, the total energy stored at the input parameters (known at the time of the launch of the recharge) that are the initial autonomy and the ambient temperature.
• the user connects the electric vehicle to the charging station.
• the identification step 120 the identification of the VE by the charging system is carried out by means of a unique identification code at each EV. If the VE has been identified, that is to say if it has been recognized as having already been connected and reloaded by this system, the latter assigns the value 1 to a binary variable # / D initially equal to 0. This step allows, in the case where the VE has been identified, to access the historical data that can be saved during past refills and to use them in the monitoring to see if the current refill is an anomaly.
• the charging system measures, by means of a device (for example integrated), the remaining battery life of the VE and the ambient temperature.
• the charging step 140 after the acquisition of the initial autonomy and the ambient temperature, the charging of the battery of the VE can then start. After recharging, the system measures the amount of total electrical energy stored.
• the acquisition 130 and loading 140 steps do not depend (or not necessarily) on the result of the identification step 120): the value of the variable # / D at the output of step 120 does not intervene in steps 130 and 140. For this reason, the step 120 of identification can also be made, either simultaneously to one of steps 130 and 140, or between them (after 130 and before 140), or after step 140.
• the estimation step is illustrated in blocks 151 and 152. The principle of the estimation step is to go back to the parameters of the model put in place (among other variables, as explained below).
• the estimated weight is used in a detection criterion to show whether the value of the total energy stored is aberrant (or not).
• the detection criterion is described in detail below.
• an alarm signal is sent immediately by the system if the detecting step has revealed that the total stored energy is an outlier. This will allow the user to have the battery diagnosed in time in such a case to suffer from an anomaly (caused for example by the aging of the battery).
• the total energy stored in the battery as well as the estimated model coefficients are saved by the recharge system to be used in the estimation step associated with the future recharge if any.
• Figure 2 schematizes the underlying dynamic model used by the method.
• the model chosen for the implementation of the method is a dynamic state model for which the measurements of the total energy stored are tainted by a white noise distributed according to a Student's law, which is a so-called "heavy tail” law. .
• each stored total energy measurement can be associated with an artificially introduced variable modeling the weight of the variance associated with that same measure.
• the selected model assigns a different weight to each of the variances of the measures to make them variable (so that the lowest weights are associated with measurements with a fixed variance). tendency to be aberrant and / or extreme).
• recursively calculated calculations based on the use of a Kalman filter make it possible to estimate, at the end of each recharge cycle, the weight associated with the variance of the measurement of the total energy stored ( among other estimated variables).
• the estimated weights are particularly advantageous during the detection step since using a threshold set by the user, the measurements are considered to be aberrant or not depending on whether the associated weights are below or above the set threshold.
• the detection step currently disclosed is based only on the comparison of the weights (ie already calculated) with respect to a predefined threshold, without any other calculation or additional hypothesis.
• the detection is done automatically and without any manual adjustment.
• Equation 2 ensure that the noise% associated with the observation (or measurement of energy)% follows a Student's law, which we note, is a heavy-tailed law which allows the outliers of the energy to be better represented by the model.
• the parameters "and ⁇ of the Gamma law p (w3 ⁇ 4) are supposed to be known and fixed by the user.
• FIG. 3 schematizes examples of steps for estimating coefficient coefficients x and weight.
• the transition parameters of the model F and Q are used in order to calculate the prediction estimate 3 ⁇ 4 n _i and its associated covariance matrix n- from the filtering associated with the previous recharge * " And its associated covariance matrix P n - i ' n -i -
• the calculation is done iteratively.
• the step is a correction step since the prediction estimate ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ - ⁇ , 3 ⁇ 4 "- ⁇ ) is corrected by integrating the current measurement au into the measured measurements, which leads to the estimation of filtering ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , 3 ⁇ 4 ").
• An estimate w ni "of weight w" is also provided.
• the prediction step disappears and only the filtering equations remain valid to calculate a estimate of ⁇ ⁇ and w i from e i; in these equations the prediction parameters are replaced by, ⁇ respectively.
• the detection step 161 is described below.
• the threshold value is chosen between 0 and 1 (usually very small). This criterion is based on the fact that refills with a low weight w "
• a system for detecting an abnormality of charging a battery of an electric vehicle comprising means for implementing one or more steps of the method.
• a computer program product comprising code instructions for performing one or more steps of the method, when said program is run on a computer.
• a data carrier comprising code instructions for performing one or more steps of the method, when said code is executed on a computer.
• the present invention can be implemented from hardware and / or software elements. It may be available as a computer program product on a computer readable medium.
• the support can be electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or be an infrared type of diffusion medium.

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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Secondary Cells (AREA)
• Tests Of Electric Status Of Batteries (AREA)

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• 2014
  • 2014-09-12 FR FR1458563A patent/FR3025889B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2015
  • 2015-09-04 WO PCT/EP2015/070197 patent/WO2016037929A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2015-09-04 EP EP15759770.9A patent/EP3191860A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2015-09-04 JP JP2017513768A patent/JP2017530353A/ja active Pending
  • 2015-09-04 US US15/503,002 patent/US20170227610A1/en not_active Abandoned

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