EP3190592A1 - Zielanordnung zur erzeugung von radioaktiven isotopen - Google Patents

Zielanordnung zur erzeugung von radioaktiven isotopen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3190592A1
EP3190592A1 EP16205827.5A EP16205827A EP3190592A1 EP 3190592 A1 EP3190592 A1 EP 3190592A1 EP 16205827 A EP16205827 A EP 16205827A EP 3190592 A1 EP3190592 A1 EP 3190592A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
target
reservoir
powder
target assembly
tubular portion
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Granted
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EP16205827.5A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3190592B1 (de
Inventor
Lucia POPESCU
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SCK CEN
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SCK CEN
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H6/00—Targets for producing nuclear reactions
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G21—NUCLEAR PHYSICS; NUCLEAR ENGINEERING
    • G21G—CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS; RADIOACTIVE SOURCES
    • G21G1/00—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes
    • G21G1/04—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators
    • G21G1/10—Arrangements for converting chemical elements by electromagnetic radiation, corpuscular radiation or particle bombardment, e.g. producing radioactive isotopes outside nuclear reactors or particle accelerators by bombardment with electrically charged particles

Definitions

  • the invention relates to devices for and methods of producing radio-isotopes, as may be used for example for scientific and medical applications.
  • the present invention is concerned with the development of high-power targets for the production of radio-isotopes by using the Isotope-Separation On-Line (ISOL) technique, which can be used for example for scientific experiments and medical applications.
  • ISOL Isotope-Separation On-Line
  • the production of radioisotopes typically involves irradiating a target material (solid, gas or liquid) maintained within a target assembly with an energetic particle beam.
  • the energetic particle beam may be characterized by one or more parameters such as particles per second, beam current (typically measured in microamps ( ⁇ A) or milliamps (mA)), particle velocity, beam energy (typically measured in kilo electron volts (KeV) or mega electron volts (MeV)), and beam power (typically measured in watts (W)).
  • beam current typically measured in microamps ( ⁇ A) or milliamps (mA)
  • beam energy typically measured in kilo electron volts (KeV) or mega electron volts (MeV)
  • beam power typically measured in watts (W)
  • the probability of a nuclear reaction occurring is expressed by the "cross-section" and is a function of the incoming particle energy and differs for each combination of target nuclei, incoming particle, and leaving particle.
  • the beam current, beam energy, target nuclei and target density may be selected to increase the likelihood of the preferred nuclear reaction and the yield of the desired product.
  • the yield of the desired product can, therefore, be enlarged by increasing the number of incoming energetic particles, i.e., the beam current. Increasing the number of incoming energetic particles, while maintaining the same beam energy, will tend to increase the number of product nuclei generated.
  • the range, or distance travelled through a medium, of a charged particle is a function of the energy of the charged particle and the properties of the medium or media through which it will travel. The range values for a wide range of particles, energies and media are generally known or readily available to those of skill in the art.
  • Radioactive ion beam research is one of the top priorities in nuclear physics. Furthermore, radioactive ion beams (RIBs) create a wide area of research opportunities in other fields of science, like nuclear astrophysics, condensed-matter, atomic physics, fundamental interactions and specific applications in nuclear medicine.
  • FIG. 1 shows the principle of RIB production via the ISOL method.
  • the rare isotopes are being produced during the interaction of a light-particle beam with a thick high-Z target (whereby "Z” stands for the atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons of a nucleus).
  • Z stands for the atomic number, which is equal to the number of protons of a nucleus.
  • FIG. 1 The process, depicted in FIG. 1 , is summarized as follows: Lightweight particles (usually, protons) from a high-energy driver impinge on an ISOL-target material in an enclosed container that is directly connected to an ion source. Nuclear reactions take place in the target with the production of a large variety of isotopes that come to rest embedded in the target material.
  • these isotopes diffuse through the target lattice (move between the atoms of the material) to the surface and then effuse from the target container to the ion source, where they can be ionized.
  • the ions are then extracted, through a potential difference of several tens of kV, in a RIB, which undergoes mass purification in a mass separator. Should a post-accelerator be implemented, the RIBs are accelerated to energies in the range of several MeV/u.
  • the target design and target material should be capable to withstand reliably high beam-power deposition (e.g. 20 kW power deposition in the target or more) for long periods (e.g. for several weeks, preferably for several months).
  • the present invention relates to a target assembly for generation of radio-isotopes, comprising at least a first reservoir and a second reservoir being interconnected with a tubular portion together forming an enclosure for holding a target powder for generating said radio-isotopes when bombarded by an irradiation beam.
  • the first respectively second reservoir each have a window configured for receiving the irradiation beam, the irradiation beam causing nuclear reactions when interacting with said target powder.
  • the tubular portion is being configured for allowing passage of the target powder from one of the first respectively the second reservoir towards the other of the second respectively the first reservoir under gravity force, the longitudinal axis of the tubular portion being aligned with each of said windows for allowing the powder moving inside the tubular portion to be irradiated by said irradiation beam through said windows during use.
  • the tubular portion is further adapted for allowing escape of said radio-isotopes outside the enclosure.
  • the target assembly further has a means for rotating the enclosure such that in turn, each of the first respectively second reservoirs can selectively be positioned above the other of the second respectively first reservoir.
  • the target powder may consist of a plurality of individual particles having an average diameter in the range of a few micrometers to 200 ⁇ m, and being made of a refractory metal or carbide powder for generating said radio-isotopes caused by said nuclear reaction.
  • the enclosure/container holding said target powder typically is to be kept under very low pressure (e.g. in the order of 10 -6 mbar), to allow the evaporation of the created radioisotopes and migration towards the ion source.
  • the produced radio-isotopes may e.g. be suitable for scientific research as well as for medical applications.
  • refractory metals have very high melting points and therefore the target can be operated at high temperatures (above 2000 deg C) to enhance the evaporation of radio-isotopes.
  • the longitudinal axis of the tubular portion is aligned (parallel) with the incident irradiation beam rather than being e.g. oriented perpendicular thereto, because it allows that the beam can irradiate the most part of the target material in a continuous manner.
  • This is a major advantage over some prior art devices (such as for example US3094474 ), where the direction of movement of the "pellets" is perpendicular to the irradiation direction, requiring critical timing control.
  • the period for all powder to flow from one reservoir to the other may be for example between 200 and 300 milliseconds. Rotating of the assembly advantageously as short as possible in view of optimization of the beam, and may for example be within a few milliseconds.
  • the tubular portion is also referred to herein as "vertical column”.
  • the particles of the target powder used may be microparticles having an average diameter smaller than 200 ⁇ m, preferably smaller than 100 ⁇ m. It is an advantage of using a target material in the form of microparticles, because it allows fast diffusion of the isotopes to the surface of the particle, where they can be desorbed.
  • the tubular portion may be a cylindrical or elliptical portion according to the transverse shape of the beam spot on target.
  • the tubular portion has a circular cross-section of a constant diameter.
  • the circular cross section offers the advantage of allowing a simpler rastering of the beam at high-power facilities, where the beam power is preferably uniformly distributed over a larger surface area on target.
  • the circular cross section of the tubular portion might not necessarily have a constant diameter for preventing the migration of the falling powder into the transfer line as shown in FIG.9 .
  • the reservoirs 2,3 may consist of two conical segments tapering towards the extremities of the tubular portion in its length direction. It is an advantage of embodiments of the present invention that the powder can be moved also away from the direct irradiation with the beam, thus allowing cooling of the powder. When e.g. two truncated cone volumes are used, this allows ensuring a good flow of powder after rotation of the assembly, with uniform powder density in a plane perpendicular to the beam axis.
  • the target assembly advantageously has a symmetrical shape. It is an advantage that the target assembly has a symmetrical shape, since the entire assembly has to rotate at high speed and the integrity of the system has to be kept during operation of several weeks continuously. An unbalanced design would lead to significant wearing of the bearings.
  • Each of the first and second reservoirs may have a conical or funnel-shaped portion for guiding the powder.
  • the conical or funnel ensures that the powder in the upper reservoir flows towards the entrance of the vertical column.
  • Each of the first and second reservoirs may further comprise a volume portion having a substantially annular cross-section. It is an advantage of the annular portion in that the powder can be faster and more uniformly cooled (as compared to e.g. a simple conical reservoir). An optimization may be performed between the cooling rate on the one hand and the radio-isotopes production rate on the other hand.
  • the window of the first resp. second reservoir may be located in a cavity of said reservoir.
  • the target assembly will be rotated by a motor.
  • a motor that can be used is a pneumatic motor, etc.
  • the motor may be coupled to the target assembly by means of a shaft.
  • the motor typically may be positioned at large distance from the target, e.g. larger than 2,5 m, and behind shielding to avoid radiation damage.
  • the present invention also relates to a radioactive isotope generator comprising the target assembly as described above.
  • the present invention also relates to the use of a target assembly as described for production of radioactive isotopes. Particular and preferred aspects of the invention are set out in the accompanying independent and dependent claims.
  • the term "refractory metal” is used, reference is made to elements such as Nb, Mo, Ta and W.
  • the ISOL targets also can be based on carbide powders, such as for example SiC, TaC, UCx.
  • FIG. 1 shows the principle of RIB (Radioactive Ion Beam) production via the ISOL (Isotope Separation On Line) method, known in the art.
  • RIB Radioactive Ion Beam
  • FIG. 2 is an example of a high-power target currently being used at the ISAC facility in TRIUMF.
  • ISAC operates at intensities up to 100 ⁇ A with 500 MeV protons, the power deposited into the target usually going up to 9 kW.
  • the ISAC target container shown in FIG. 2 has to be cooled (by means of fins, as shown in FIG. 2 ).
  • Another limitation of conventional ISOL direct targets comes from sintering of target material: Since the grains growth is proportional to temperature, pressure between grains and time, targets under operation show a rapid decrease of the RIB yield. Therefore, the target has to be changed very often,
  • a high-power target assembly for generation of radio-isotopes is disclosed in FIG. 3 .
  • the target assembly comprises at least a first reservoir and a second reservoir being interconnected with a tubular portion forming an enclosure for holding a target powder for generating said radio-isotopes when bombarded by an irradiation beam.
  • the target powder typically the target powder will be present, embodiments of the present invention also encompass the assembly when the target powder is not present in the system, i.e. prior it has been filled with the target powder.
  • reference is made to the target assembly it will be clear that in that case the assembly does not correspond with the target, but only with the hardware wherein the target powder is positioned during use.
  • the first respectively second reservoir each has a window configured for receiving the irradiation beam.
  • the irradiation beam will be selected such that it is adapted, e.g. in energy and type, for causing the desired nuclear reaction when interacting with said target powder.
  • the tubular portion is being configured for allowing passage of the target powder from one of the first respectively the second reservoir towards the other of the second respectively the first reservoir under gravity force, the longitudinal axis of the tubular portion being aligned with each of said windows for allowing the powder moving inside the tubular portion to be irradiated by said irradiation beam through said windows during the fall.
  • the tubular portion is further adapted for allowing escape of said radio-isotopes outside the tubular portion. This opening will further be referred to as the transfer line towards the ion source.
  • the target assembly also has a means for rotating the said enclosure such that in turn, each of the first respectively second reservoir can selectively be positioned above the other of the second respectively first reservoir.
  • FIG. 3 shows (the main components of) an embodiment of a target assembly 1 according to the present invention.
  • the target assembly 1 thus comprises a first reservoir 2 and a second reservoir 3 interconnected by a tubular portion 4.
  • the two reservoirs 2, 3 and the tubular portion 4 together form an enclosure for containing a target powder 9 for generating said radio-isotopes when the powder is bombarded by a suitable high-energy irradiation beam.
  • Each of the first resp. second reservoir 2, 3 has a first window 12, 13 (see FIG. 7 ) configured for receiving an irradiation beam 8 from an external source (not shown), the irradiation beam 8 is configured for causing the desired nuclear reaction when interacting with said powder 9.
  • the target powder 9 consists of a plurality of individual particles having an average diameter in the range 5 micrometer to 200 micrometer.
  • the actual size may be optimized depending on the particular radio isotope that is to be produced.
  • the powder particles can for example be made of pure refractory metals or can be made of carbides.
  • the tubular portion 4 is configured for allowing passage of the target powder 9 from one of the first resp. the second reservoir 2, 3 towards the other of the second resp. the first reservoir under gravity force, in a manner similar to the working of a well-known hourglass.
  • the longitudinal axis of the tubular portion 4 is aligned with each of said first windows 12, 13 for allowing the "falling" powder 9 inside the tubular portion 4 to be irradiated by said irradiation beam 8, during actual use.
  • the tubular portion 4 having an opening for allowing escape of said radio-isotopes towards the ion source via a transfer line 5.
  • the size and geometry of the opening may be adapted to optimize the escape of desired radio isotopes and reduce the risk of powder migration into the transfer line.
  • the target assembly 1 further has means, for example a shaft 6 (see FIG. 7 ), allowing the target enclosure to be rotated such that each of the first resp. second reservoir 2, 3 can selectively be positioned above the other in a manner similar to the classical hourglass.
  • the first windows 12, 13 and the second window can for example be made of a single thin metal foil or a pair of thin metal foils, and is known per se in the art (see for example US2006/0050832A1 paragraph 22).
  • the target material 9 is made of fine solid grains in the form of small spherical particles (also referred to as microparticles), which are in motion (e.g. free fall due to gravity force) when being in front of the high-intensity primary beam 8, forming a substantially continuous flow.
  • the incident beam 8 of lightweight particles (e.g. protons) interacting with said powder produces the radio-isotopes by causing a nuclear reaction.
  • FIG. 4 shows a simplified model of the geometry.
  • a funnel (20-mm diameter at the bottom and a slope of 45°) is filled with perfectly spherical particles, initially organized as a loosely-stacked cube which is allowed to settle in the funnel with the funnel-aperture closed. After the particles have settled down, the funnel aperture is opened and the particles are allowed to exit the funnel freely.
  • the vertical tube has an inner diameter of 20 mm, and a length of 100 mm. After the tube there is no further restriction. Since the final application is in vacuum, no air-resistance was modeled.
  • the particle diameter was chosen as 0.8 mm, and the particle density was chosen as 16 kg/l.
  • the resulting packing factor plot is shown in FIG. 4 (right).
  • the uncertainty ranges given in FIG. 4 are not reflecting a simulation uncertainty; they are calculated from the density distributions at different times. In a fully steady-state system, with a constant particle flow rate, the uncertainty range would be zero. This effectively means that there are slight density fluctuations during the emptying of the funnel. These decrease with decreasing particle diameter, as the particle behavior becomes more "fluid” like. The decreasing density with increasing height can be explained with the conservation of mass law and the fact that the particles accelerate as the fall down. These curves were subsequently used in further simulations.
  • variable density is that on the one hand faster effusion of isotopes to the transfer line can be obtained since there is at least temporarily a situation of low density, while at other points in space there is also a high density of the powder which allows for high radioisotopes production rates.
  • FIG. 5 shows an example of a simulation of a power-deposition profile in the vertical column of powder material.
  • Tantalum-carbide powder was considered with a density of 14.2 kg/l in the grain.
  • the geometry as shown in FIG. 4 (left) was modeled and the funnel was filled with TaC particles over a height of 4 cm (above the entrance of the tubular cylindrical portion 4).
  • the proton beam was assumed to rotate continuously on the target (describing a path around the center of the tubular portion), with high frequency.
  • a Gaussian beam of FWHM 3 mm and 5 mm sweeping radius was modeled.
  • the simulations have been repeated for proton energies of 600 MeV and 1 GeV.
  • FIG. 5 presents the half-symmetry plot of the obtained profile of the power-deposition in the target. This result corresponds to a proton beam of 1 mA and 600 MeV respectively.
  • the power distribution was further used to roughly estimate the temperature profile, which shows a circular warm region at the position of the Gaussian centroid of the beam spot.
  • a maximum ⁇ T of about 300 °C for a 0.2 mA, 600 MeV proton beam is obtained.
  • a ⁇ T of about 370 °C is obtained when repeating the calculations for 0.2 mA 1 GeV protons.
  • the powder mixes, and the temperature becomes uniform almost immediately.
  • FIG. 6 shows a simulated 149 Tb production rate along the target length z.
  • the horizontal axis represents the position in the vertical powder column 4, when the funnel is filled with TaC particles for its entire height of 4 cm. The end of the funnel is therefore at 4 cm on the horizontal axis in this plot.
  • the target assembly was divided onto 12 zones of variable density which models the spatial behavior of packing factor for the tantalum carbide powder. In this rough estimation, the densities of each axial bin have been calculated assuming a 14.2 Kg/l TaC-grain density with similar packing factors as those calculated for the tungsten powder in FIG. 4 (right).
  • FIG. 7 shows an example of the target assembly for a system according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • the actuator moving the target container can be put at a distance behind shielding to avoid radiation damage.
  • actuating can be done by a motor 7 via a shaft 6.
  • the actuation could for example be performed using a pneumatic system, but is not limited thereto and can be any system allowing rotation of the container, whereby the actuation system can be positioned at a distance from the target container and behind shielding.
  • the system may be provided with a cooling means, such as for example with cooling fins, using radiative cooling, or using water cooling channels around the target container.
  • a cooling means such as for example with cooling fins, using radiative cooling, or using water cooling channels around the target container.
  • the motor When the powder has moved to the lower reservoir, the motor is typically driven such that the target assembly 1 is rotated over 180° for placing the "full” reservoir on top, and the "empty" reservoir below.
  • FIG. 8 shows part of a variant of the target assembly 1 according to an embodiment of the present invention, whereby a specific shape of the reservoirs is disclosed.
  • each of the reservoirs 2, 3 (only one being shown) comprises or consists of a conical segment 16 and an annular segment 17.
  • the width dimensions of the target assembly 1 can be reduced, and the target assembly 1 can be made more compact.
  • the window (or port) 12, 13 may be located in a cavity 19, e.g. a cylindrical cavity with diameter d1 and height d5, such that the window is located closer to the entrance 18 of the tubular section 4.
  • a cavity 19 e.g. a cylindrical cavity with diameter d1 and height d5
  • the window is located closer to the entrance 18 of the tubular section 4.
  • the skilled person can choose suitable dimensions for diameter d2 and distance d5 by geometrical constraints, and timing considerations (in particular the time required for the powder to flow from one reservoir to the other), and thus the time period during which radio-isotopes can be produced, before the target assembly is to be rotated over 180°.
  • FIG. 9 shows part of a variant of the target assembly (1) according to an embodiment of the present invention, whereby a specific shape of the connection between the tubular section (4) and the transfer line (5) is disclosed. In particular it shows an adapted geometry of the connection with enlarged entry of the transfer line (5) to reduce the risk of powder (9) migration into the transfer line (5).
  • the skilled person can choose suitable dimensions to optimize the escape of desired radio isotopes without allowing powder (9) migration into the transfer line (5).

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • High Energy & Nuclear Physics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
EP16205827.5A 2015-12-22 2016-12-21 Zielanordnung zur erzeugung von radioaktiven isotopen Active EP3190592B1 (de)

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GBGB1522590.7A GB201522590D0 (en) 2015-12-22 2015-12-22 Target assembly for generation of radioactive isotopes

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EP3190592A1 true EP3190592A1 (de) 2017-07-12
EP3190592B1 EP3190592B1 (de) 2018-08-22

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US20240087766A1 (en) * 2021-09-09 2024-03-14 Nu Planet Pharmaceutical Radioisotopes, Inc Radioisotope generator, apparatus, system and method

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001031678A1 (en) * 1999-10-27 2001-05-03 Jmar Research, Inc. Method and radiation generating system using microtargets
US20080157010A1 (en) * 2004-08-27 2008-07-03 Michel Bougeard Method and Apparatus For Generating Radiation or Particles By Interaction Between a Laser Beam and a Target
WO2015175116A1 (en) * 2014-05-16 2015-11-19 ISO Evolutions, LLC Methods and apparatus for the production of isotopes

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2001031678A1 (en) * 1999-10-27 2001-05-03 Jmar Research, Inc. Method and radiation generating system using microtargets
US20080157010A1 (en) * 2004-08-27 2008-07-03 Michel Bougeard Method and Apparatus For Generating Radiation or Particles By Interaction Between a Laser Beam and a Target
WO2015175116A1 (en) * 2014-05-16 2015-11-19 ISO Evolutions, LLC Methods and apparatus for the production of isotopes

Non-Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
SERVOL ET AL.: "Génération d'impulsions X par interaction laser / poudre", RAPPORT SCIENTIFIQUE 2003, 2003, pages 98 - 100, XP002770530, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:http://www.iaea.org/inis/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/37/064/37064861.pdf#page=98> [retrieved on 20170524] *

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