Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/02—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape
  • B23K35/0255—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by mechanical features, e.g. shape for use in welding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
  • B23K35/28—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 950 degrees C
  • B23K35/286—Al as the principal constituent
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
  • B23K35/3602—Carbonates, basic oxides or hydroxides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
  • B23K35/3603—Halide salts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
  • B23K35/3603—Halide salts
  • B23K35/3605—Fluorides
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
  • B23K35/3607—Silica or silicates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/3601—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with inorganic compounds as principal constituents
  • B23K35/361—Alumina or aluminates
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/362—Selection of compositions of fluxes

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to the field of materials technology, and more particularly to laser processing of metal surfaces, and specifically to flux sheets for use during laser processing of high-temperature superalloy components.
• Superalloy components such as gas turbine blades can develop operational defects including cracks and surface wear. Often such wear is repairable by removal of some volume of defective material and filling the removed volume with replacement metal using cladding techniques.
• airfoils and other complex shapes are difficult to clad because the repair requires controlling the delivery of process energy and filler material onto a three-dimensional curved surface.
• Advanced laser scanning optics such as galvanometer driven mirrors and other optical tools, can rapidly scan a laser beam in three dimensions.
• delivering the cladding filler material in three dimensions is difficult. Feeding of filler or flux in the form of powder is inefficient. Even flat horizontal surfaces allow particulate scattering losses on the order of 40%. Surfaces inclined to the powder delivery direction cause even higher powder scattering losses.
• Filler material may be delivered by feeding a solid wire to such inclined surfaces.
• the wire tip position must be precisely coordinated with the laser beam spot.
• a laser beam can move much more rapidly and precisely than a wire tip (e.g. 3 meter per second versus 0.03 meter per second), so the use of wire slows processing and reduces precision.
• Superalloy materials are among the most difficult materials to fabricate and repair due to their susceptibility to melt solidification cracking and strain age cracking.
• the term "superalloy” is used herein as it is commonly used in the art -- a highly corrosion and oxidation resistant alloy with excellent mechanical strength and
• Superalloys typically include high nickel or cobalt content. Examples of superalloys include alloys sold under the trademarks and brand names Hastelloy, Inconel alloys (e.g. IN 738, IN 792, IN 939), Rene alloys (e.g.
• the term "metal" as used herein is meant to include pure metals as well as alloys of metal.
• FIG. 1 is a chart illustrating the relative weldability of various alloys as a function of their aluminum and titanium content. Alloys such as Inconel ® 718 which have relatively lower concentrations of these elements, and consequentially relatively lower gamma prime content, are considered relatively weldable. Alloys such as Inconel ® 939 which have relatively higher concentrations of these elements are generally considered to be difficult to weld and require special procedures which minimize the heat input of the process.
• the dashed line 20 indicates a border between a zone of weldability below the line 20 and a zone of non-weldability above the line 20. The line 20 intersects 3 wt% aluminum on the vertical axis and 6 wt% titanium on the horizontal axis. Within the zone of non-weldability, the alloys with the highest aluminum content are generally found to be the most difficult to weld.
• Powder sizes used in typical powder based processes are shown in FIG. 2 for plasma spray, high velocity oxygen fuel spray
• HVOF high pressure plasma spray
• LPPS low pressure plasma spray
• SLM selective laser melting
• combustion spray plasma transferred arc spray
• laser cladding The usable powder size distribution differs with process, and constitutes a limitation on each of these processes in terms of powder feeding mass delivery rate and efficiency of powder usage .
• a disadvantage of loose powder used as a metal filler and/or flux feed material for laser processing is that it can scatter when fed or placed in a bed ahead of a laser beam, and it can slide or shift on non-horizontal surfaces.
• FIG. 1 illustrates relative weldability of various superalloys.
• FIG. 2 illustrates ranges of particle sizes for existing additive processes.
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a fabric flux sheet.
• FIG. 4 is a sectional view of a flux sheet placed over defects on a substrate.
• FIG. 5 illustrates an apparatus and process of restoring the substrate of FIG 4.
• FIG. 6 illustrates forming a flux sheet on a surface by applying a liquefied film of a flux composition.
• FIG. 7 illustrates an apparatus and process of restoring a surface with flux tape fed from a roll.
• the inventors have developed a conformable flux sheet, meaning a coherent and flexible sheet or film made of flux, and a process of melting metal surfaces together with the flux sheet for repair and joining thereof.
• the sheet is placed over a metal surface, and a laser beam is directed onto the sheet.
• the flux provides beam energy
• the flux sheet may be attached or adhered to curved and non- horizontal surfaces.
• FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a flux sheet 20A embodied as a fabric containing fibers 22 of flux compositions described herein and in the parent application.
• the fabric may be woven or non-woven.
• the flux fibers may be fixed in a desired shape for example by spark plasma sintering in a mold.
• the degree of sintering may be limited to preserve flexibility and a predetermined void fraction.
• the resulting sheet may have a void fraction of at least 40%, allowing laser energy to penetrate between the fibers.
• non-woven fibers may be formed into a sheet by using a binder such as a polymer, latex, vermiculite, or ceramic cements such as phosphate, silicate (e.g., ethyl silicate), and magnesium oxysulfate to bind the fibers sufficiently to hold a shape.
• a binder such as a polymer, latex, vermiculite, or ceramic cements such as phosphate, silicate (e.g., ethyl silicate), and magnesium oxysulfate to bind the fibers sufficiently to hold a shape.
• a predetermined void fraction such as at least 40% void fraction may be provided in the resulting sheet.
• the sheet thickness may be uniform or it may be contoured to fit a surface.
• a woven or non-woven sheet may be formed as a tape that can be fed from a roll ahead of laser processing on a surface.
• FIG. 4 shows a surface 24 on a substrate 26 of an article such as a superalloy turbine component with defects 28 such as cracks.
• a flux sheet 20A is placed on the surface 24 over the defects.
• the sheet may be adhered to the surface with an adhesive such as zirconia silica adhesive or alumina silica adhesive, which are commercially available. Alternately, the sheet may be held in place by mechanical means such as silica thread or rope, also commercially available.
• FIG. 5 shows laser processing with a laser emitter 30 that directs a laser beam 32 onto the flux sheet 20A over the surface defect 28. This re-melts a portion of the substrate surface, forming a melt pool 34 to a depth of the defect or at least to a depth sufficient to seal the defect.
• a slag blanket 36 covers the melt pool and a solidified repair volume 38. The slag blanket 36 shields the melt pool 34 and the solidified, but still hot, repair volume 38 from the atmosphere, without the need for expensive inert gas.
• the flux may transmit the laser energy to facilitate heating of the underlying substrate. It also provides energy absorption and trapping to effectively convert the laser beam into heat energy, thus facilitating a precise control of heat input.
• the flux sheet 20A may be constituted primarily or totally of flux constituents, for example alumina, silica, and/or zirconia, which provide the above functions.
• Flux materials of the present disclosure may be formulated to contain at least one of the following components: (i) an optically transmissive vehicle; (ii) a
• viscosity/fluidity enhancer (iii) a shielding agent; (iv) a scavenging agent; and (v) a vectoring agent.
• Optically transmissive constituents include metal oxides, metal salts and metal silicates such as alumina (AI 2 O 3 ), silica (SiO 2 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ), potassium silicate (K 2 SiO 3 ), and other compounds capable of optically transmitting laser energy (e.g., as generated from NdYAG and Yt fiber lasers).
• metal oxides, metal salts and metal silicates such as alumina (AI 2 O 3 ), silica (SiO 2 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), sodium silicate (Na 2 SiO 3 ), potassium silicate (K 2 SiO 3 ), and other compounds capable of optically transmitting laser energy (e.g., as generated from NdYAG and Yt fiber lasers).
• Viscosity/fluidity enhancers include metal fluorides such as calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), cryolite (Na 3 AIF 6 ) and other agents known to enhance viscosity and/or fluidity (e.g., reduced viscosity with CaO, MgO, Na 2 O, K 2 O and increasing viscosity with AI 2 O 3 and TiO 2 ) in welding applications.
• Shielding agents include metal carbonates such as calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ), aluminum carbonate (AI 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ), dawsonite
• Scavenging agents include metal oxides and fluorides such as calcium oxide (CaO), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), iron oxide (FeO), magnesium oxide (MgO), manganese oxides (MnO, MnO 2 ), niobium oxides (NbO, NbO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ) and other agents known to react with detrimental elements such as sulfur and phosphorous to form low-density byproducts expected to "float" into a resulting slag layer.
• metal oxides and fluorides such as calcium oxide (CaO), calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), iron oxide (FeO), magnesium oxide (MgO), manganese oxides (MnO, MnO 2 ), niobium oxides (NbO, NbO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 ), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), zirconium oxide (ZrO 2
• Vectoring agents include titanium, zirconium, boron and aluminum containing compounds and materials such as titanium alloys (Ti), titanium oxide (TiO 2 ), titanite (CaTiSiO 5 ), aluminum alloys (Al), aluminum carbonate (AI 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ), dawsonite (NaAI(CO 3 )(OH) 2 ), borate minerals (e.g., kernite, borax, ulexite, colemanite), nickel titanium alloys (e.g., Nitinol), niobium oxides (NbO, NbO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 ) and other metal-containing compounds and materials used to supplement molten alloys with elements.
• titanium alloys Ti
• TiO 2 titanium oxide
• TiSiO 5 titanite
• Al aluminum alloys
• Al aluminum carbonate
• AI 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ) 3 aluminum carbonate
• Dawsonite NaAI(CO 3 )(OH) 2
• flux materials of the present disclosure can include:
• some flux materials of the present disclosure are formulated to include:
• basalt which is a fine-grained igneous rock.
• basalt fibers may compose at least 25 wt% of the flux sheet.
• Basalt generally has a composition of 45-55 wt% S1O2, 2-6 wt% total alkalis, 0.5-2.0 wt% TiO 2 , 5-14 wt% FeO, 14-19 wt% AI 2 O 3 , 8-12 wt% CaO, and 5-12 wt% MgO. It has less than 20% quartz and less than 10% feldspar by volume, with at least 65% of the feldspar is in the form of plagioclase.
• Basalt in one embodiment of the invention is fibers.
• Basalt may be formed into fibers as described in non-patent publication: "Basalt Fibers: Alternative to Glass?” by Anne Ross, published 2006-08-01 , by Composites Technology, Wheat Ridge, Colorado, USA.
• the flux sheet may further contain alloy rebalancing vectors (vectoring agents) that compensate for loss of elements in the substrate that are volatized or reacted during processing or have been operationally reduced.
• the refreshed surface may match its original composition or it may be further enriched with certain
• the flux sheet may include rebalancing vectors in addition to flux compositions.
• Such vectors may provide for example 1 -3 wt% or 1 -5 wt% of aluminum by additions such as AI 2 (CO3) 2 ,
• Rebalancing vectors may alternately or additionally provide 1 -3 wt% or 1 -5 wt% titanium.
• Other superalloy constituents such as nickel, cobalt, and iron are operationally stable or are otherwise unneeded and unwanted in the flux sheet. Accordingly the flux sheet may contain less than 0.5% each of Ni, Co, and Fe.
• the flux composition is formulated to exclude certain compounds that tend to form optical plasmas when exposed to laser energy.
• metal oxide compounds such as Li 2 O, Na 2 O, and K 2 O may be excluded.
• Such compounds are often not well suited to flux materials of the present disclosure, because optical plasmas can prevent the laser energy from being absorbed and transferred to the process location.
• the flux composition may include one or more plasma-generating compounds.
• the flux composition comprises: 5-85 wt% of a metal oxide, a metal silicate, or both; 10-70 wt% of a metal fluoride; and 1 -30 wt% of a metal carbonate, relative to a total weight of the flux composition.
• the flux sheet may contain less than 0.5 wt% each of Fe, Li 2 O, Na 2 O and K 2 O.
• the flux composition comprises:
• one or more shielding agent selected from CaCO 3 , AI 2 (CO 3 ) 3 , NaAI(CO 3 )(OH) 2 , CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 , MgCO 3 , MnCO 3 , CoCO 3 , and NiCO 3 ;
• scavenging agent selected from CaO, FeO, MgO, MnO, MnO 2 , NbO, NbO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , and ZrO 2 ;
• the flux composition comprises:
• the flux composition comprises less than 0.5 wt% of each of Fe, Li 2 O, Na 2 O, and K 2 O.
• FIG. 6 illustrates a flux sheet 20B being formed on a surface 24 by applying the flux composition in liquid form with a brush 29.
• a powder and/or fibers of the flux composition may be mixed with a liquid such as water or acetone, and sprayed or brushed onto and into the defects 28 to be repaired.
• the liquid may contain a binder such as a zirconia silica adhesive or an alumina silica adhesive that holds the flux on the surface, where it forms the sheet.
• the liquid may be allowed to evaporate or may be evaporated by infrared heating or low intensity laser heating before laser melting.
• the resulting sheet 20B is at least 40% optically transmissive to admit the laser energy, meaning at least 40% of the laser electromagnetic energy passes through the sheet before conversion to heat.
• the laser beam 32 re-melts the surface 24 of the substrate 26, forming a melt pool 34 to a depth of the defect 28 or at least to a depth sufficient to seal the defect.
• a slag blanket 36 covers the melt pool and the solidified repair volume 38. This shields the melt pool 34 and the solidified, but still hot, repair volume 38 from the atmosphere, without the need for expensive inert gas.
• FIG. 7 illustrates restoration of a surface 24 with a laser emitter 30 directing a laser beam 32 onto a flux sheet formed as a tape 20C, and fed from a roll 40 over the surface.
• Adhesive 42 may be applied to the tape 20C as shown or during fabrication of the tape or during assembly of the roll 40. Alternately, adhesive may be applied to the surface 24 or the tape may be held against the surface by attachment means such as ties or rollers.
• the laser beam 32 re-melts the substrate, forming a melt pool 34 to a depth of a defect 28 or at least to a depth sufficient to seal the defect.
• a slag blanket 36 covers the melt pool and a solidified repair volume 38. This shields the melt pool 34 and the solidified, but still hot, repair volume 38 from the atmosphere, without the need for expensive inert gas.
• a repair process for superalloy components in accordance with embodiments of the invention may include preliminary cleaning of a degraded surface without the need for grinding.
• a conformal flux sheet is placed on the surface, and a laser beam is then traversed across the flux sheet to re-melt the surface. This heals surface defects, leaving a renewed surface after removal of the slag by known mechanical and/or chemical processes.
• alloying elements including powders, filaments and foils of the superalloy itself to refresh/improve and rebuild the material surface.
• filaments and foils e.g. foil backing

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• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Laser Beam Processing (AREA)

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• 2015
  • 2015-07-27 WO PCT/US2015/042200 patent/WO2016018791A1/en active Application Filing
  • 2015-07-27 EP EP15827346.6A patent/EP3174665A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2015-07-27 CN CN201580041237.7A patent/CN106573348A/zh active Pending

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