EP3167157B1

EP3167157B1 - Multi-sensor workflow for evaluation of water flow in multiple casing strings

Info

Publication number: EP3167157B1
Application number: EP15840296.6A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Luis F. QUINTERO
Original assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Current assignee: Halliburton Energy Services Inc
Priority date: 2014-09-10
Filing date: 2015-09-04
Publication date: 2019-05-01
Anticipated expiration: 2035-09-04
Also published as: EP3167157A4; BR112017004758A2; WO2016040134A1; EP3167157A1; US20160273336A1; MX2017002734A; US9803464B2

Description

BACKGROUND

Completing an oil or gas well includes a cementing procedure that bonds one or more well casings lining a wellbore to a surrounding subterranean formation and between each other. In the vast majority of cases, as the well deepens, new casing strings are needed and cemented in place. Many other factors can also indicate the need for multiple concentric or overlapping casing strings, such as compliance with environmental and safety policies. In general, the cement between these casing strings prevents the presence or movement of fluids within the annular spaces defined between overlapping casings and between the casing and the wellbore wall. In some wells, the cementing process extends from total depth to surface, while in others the cement is present only between certain depths.
Of particular importance is the determination of the presence of fluid flow paths in the annular regions defined between overlapping casings and between the casing and the wellbore wall due to an absence of cement (or cement bond) at or between certain depths. The identification and characterization of these flow paths is particularly critical in the case of plug and abandonment operations, especially in deep water applications.
Sonic tools or ultrasonic tools are typically used in the industry to evaluate the cement bonding to both the formation and the casing and hence infer potential annular flow paths (i.e., leaks, channels, gaps, etc.). The evaluation in most of these cases uses raw data from only one system of sensors to infer fluid flow parameters through indirect methods. There is no current workflow method that integrates the various measurements obtained into a borehole model. Current methods are also typically used for the characterization of the first casing-cement bond, thereby precluding the evaluation of any subsequent interfaces in the case of multiple casing strings extended within the well.
Prior art US 2010/258303 discloses a method of calculating distances from the tool string and flow velocities within a cased borehole acoustic data. The calculation of the flow velocities can be done taking into account the Doppler-effect. Alternatively, neutron data can be used. The results can be corrected by using temperature measurements in the case that the data are acoustic data. US 2013/345983 discloses a method for cement evaluation with neutron logs. Acoustic tools can be used to carry out the method. EP 2 587 227 discloses a method for determining flow velocities in a borehole using the Doppler measurements. US 2013/167628 discloses a method for determining acoustic events in a borehole. The measurements can be compared to neutron measurements.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method as according to Claim 1.
According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a well system as according to Claim 11.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following figures are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, and should not be viewed as exclusive embodiments. The subject matter disclosed is capable of considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and equivalents in form and function.

FIG. 1 is a well system that can employ the principles of the present disclosure.
FIG. 2 depicts an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the wellbore of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 illustrates is a semi-descriptive borehole model derived from pulsed neutron log data obtained from the pulsed neutron sensor of FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 illustrates a semi-descriptive borehole model derived from noise log data obtained from the noise sensor of FIG. 1.
FIG. 5 illustrates a semi-descriptive borehole model derived from Doppler data obtained from the Doppler sensor of FIG. 1.
FIG. 6 illustrates a descriptive borehole model derived from an integrated workflow method.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart schematic of an exemplary integrated workflow method for determining the presence of a water flow in a wellbore.
FIG. 8 shows an illustrative processing system for determining the presence of a water flow in a wellbore.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure is related to the field of production of hydrocarbons from wellbores and, more particularly, to methods of evaluating annular flow of water between multiple casing strings that line a wellbore.
The present disclosure describes integrated workflow methods that indicate the location and flow rate of water between casings in a wellbore. The methods and systems described herein are applicable in multiple casing strings and use pulsed neutron, noise, Doppler, and temperature sensors. Those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the embodiments described herein provide advanced methods of evaluating and characterizing cement sheaths without investing in new tools, new tool hardware, or adaptations of existing tools.
Referring to FIG. 1, illustrated is an exemplary well system 100 that may employ the principles of the present disclosure. As illustrated, a wellbore 102 has been drilled from a surface location 104 into a subterranean formation 106 containing hydrocarbons entrained therein. Set within the wellbore 102 is at least one string of casing 108 bonded to the inner wall of the wellbore 102. While not expressly shown, the casing 108 may comprise multiple strings of casing secured within the wellbore 102, where axially adjacent casings 108 overlap each other a short distance.
The casing 108 is bonded within the wellbore 102 by adding cement 110 within the annulus formed between the outer diameter of the casing 108 and the inner diameter of the wellbore 102. The resulting cement bond not only adheres the casing 108 within the wellbore 102, but also serves to isolate adjacent zones (112a and 112b) within the formation 106 from one another. Isolating the adjacent zones 112a,b can be important when one of the zones 112a,b contains oil or gas and the other zone includes a non-hydrocarbon fluid, such as water. Should the cement 110 surrounding the casing 108 be defective and fail to provide isolation of the adjacent zones 112a,b, water or other undesirable fluid can migrate into the hydrocarbon producing zone, thus diluting or contaminating the hydrocarbons within the producing zone. The cement 110 also serves to bond axially adjacent casings 108 that overlap each other a short distance.
To detect possible defective cement bonds between the casing 108 and the wellbore 102 and between overlapping lengths of the casing 108, a tool string 114 may be introduced into the wellbore 102 on a conveyance 116, such as wireline or slickline. In some embodiments, the conveyance 116 may be connected to a surface truck 118 via a pulley system 120 and fed into the wellbore 102 via a wellhead installation 122, such as a lubricator or the like. The tool string 114 may include one or more wireline logging tools or sensors developed for analyzing the integrity of the cement 110 bonding the casing 108 to the wellbore 102 and/or to a portion of an overlapping casing. For instance, the tool string 114 may include wireline logging tools and/or sensors such as, but not limited to, a pulsed neutron sensor 124a, a noise sensor 124b, a Doppler sensor 124c, and a temperature sensor 124d.
FIG. 2 depicts an enlarged cross-sectional view of a portion of the wellbore 102 of FIG. 1 lined with a first casing 108a and a second casing 108b. A first cement layer 110a is disposed within a first annulus 202a defined between the outer diameter of the first casing 108a and the inner diameter of second casing 108b. A second cement layer 110b is disposed within a second annulus 202b defined between the outer diameter of the second casing 202 and the formation 106. The first and second cement layers 110a,b disposed within the first and second annuli 202a,b, respectively, bond the first and second strings of casing 108a,b to the surrounding formation 106 and to each other.
A first cement interface 206a is provided at the outer diameter of the first casing 108a and the first cement layer 110a. A second cement interface 206b is provided at the inner diameter of the second casing 108b and the first cement layer 110a. A third cement interface 206c is provided at the outer diameter of the second casing 108b and the second cement layer 110b, and a fourth cement interface 206d is provided at the inner diameter of the formation 106 and the second cement layer 110b. FIG. 2 also depicts one or more potential interface flow paths 208 (shown as interface flow paths 208a, 208b, 208c, and 208d). A fluid, such as water, may be able to traverse one or more of the various interface flow paths 208a-d. According to the present disclosure, the wireline logging tools or sensors of the tool string 114 (FIG. 1) may be used to identify and characterize the cement interfaces 206a-d and thereby determine if there is any fluid flow at or adjacent the interface flow paths 208a-d.
Referring again to FIG. 1, with continued reference to FIG. 2, in an integrated workflow method, according to the present disclosure, the pulsed neutron sensor 124a is run in oxygen activation (OA) mode. In operation, the tool string 114 may be lowered to a desired depth generally along the center of the wellbore 102. High-energy neutrons are emitted by a neutron source (not expressly illustrated) located on the tool string 114 into the formation 106. The high-energy neutrons collide with oxygen (¹⁶O) atoms present in any water flowing in the wellbore 102. The collision with the high-energy neutrons activates the oxygen atoms to produce an isotope of nitrogen (¹⁶N), which decays back to oxygen with a half-life of around 7.1 seconds and emits a detectable gamma ray of energy 6.13 MeV. The emitted gamma rays are counted using the pulsed neutron sensor 124a (typically located above the neutron source) while the tool string 114 is pulled uphole at a predetermined velocity. The gamma rays also indicate whether the water flow is uphole or downhole. This is because gamma rays emitted from water moving in the uphole direction will be detected by the tool string 114 that is also moving in the uphole direction. If the water flow were in the downhole direction, the gamma rays would not be detected. The pulsed neutron sensor 124a may be calibrated such that it detects the gamma rays having energies only in a window near 6.13 MeV, and, as a result, stationary oxygen (e.g., from the silica in the formation 106) and other background signals are eliminated.
Based on the gamma rays received, the pulsed neutron sensor 124a may generate a pulsed neutron log. The pulsed neutron log may be analyzed to obtain pulsed neutron log (PNL) data including the travel time (e.g., time required for the gamma rays to reach the pulsed neutron sensor 124a) and energy spectrum ratios of the near counts and the far counts of the gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor 124a. For instance, if a water flow is adjacent the interface flow path 208a, the number of gamma rays received will be larger than the number of gamma rays received from a water flow that is adjacent the interface flow path 208c. This is because gamma rays emitted by the water flow in the interface flow path 208c may be absorbed by the first cement layer 110a, and their number may decrease by the time the gamma rays reach the pulsed neutron sensor 124a. The travel time and energy spectrum ratios are provided to a model that determines (or predicts) the velocity of the water flow in each flow path in the wellbore 102 and the radial distance of each flow path from center of the wellbore 102 (or, alternatively, the radial distance from the tool string 114).
FIG. 3 illustrates is an exemplary semi-descriptive borehole model 300 derived from pulsed neutron log (PNL) data obtained from the pulsed neutron sensor 124a (FIG. 1). As used herein, the term "semi-descriptive borehole model" indicates that the model (for instance, a mathematical model) may not be an exact representation of the wellbore, but characterizes the wellbore with a level of accuracy adequate for determining any water flow in the wellbore. The pulsed neutron log - oxygen activation (PNL-OA) borehole model 300 characterizes the wellbore 102, and, when provided with the PNL data, determines (or predicts) the velocity of the water flow in each flow path in the wellbore 102 and the radial distance of each flow path from center of the wellbore 102. For instance, as illustrated, the model 300 characterizes the wellbore 102 as being lined with a first casing 308a and a second casing 308b. The first casing 308a may represent (or characterize) the first casing 108a (FIG. 1) and the second casing 308b may represent (or characterize) the second casing 108b (FIG. 1). A first region 310a, representing (or characterizing) the first cement layer 110a (FIG. 2), is defined between the first casing 308a and the second casing 308b. A second region 310b may be defined adjacent the second casing 308b. The second region 310b may collectively represent the second cement layer 110b and the formation 106 in FIG. 2. Since the measurement by the pulsed neutron sensor 124a is a dynamic measurement, the pulsed neutron sensor 124a cannot distinguish between the second cement layer 110b (FIG. 2) and the formation 106 (FIG. 2) if no gap is present or if the well is shut-in. In other words, the pulsed neutron sensor 124a may not be able to determine the presence of the fourth interface 106 (FIG. 2) if no gap is present or if there is no water flow in the gap while the measurement is taking place. However, if the flow path 208d (FIG. 2) is present and the water is flowing, the fourth interface 106 may be detected by the pulsed neutron sensor 124a, and, as a result, the model 300 is able to characterize the fourth interface 106 and the corresponding water flow 312d.
As a result, from the PNL data obtained, the model 300 predicts the radial distance of the flow paths 312a-d and the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d. It should be noted that, due to the limitation in the resolution, the pulsed neutron sensor 124 may not distinguish the flow path 312b (at the interface 106b, FIG. 2) from the flow path 312c (at the interface 106c, FIG. 2). Thus, the model 300 assumes the flow paths 312b,c to be at the same radial distance from the center of the wellbore 102. It will be understood that the number of flow paths illustrated in FIG. 3 is merely an example and the number of flow paths may increase or decrease depending on the PNL data provided to the model 300.
The noise sensor 124b of FIG. 1 may be configured to "listen" to the noise generated due to the flow of water at the interfaces between the casing 108, the cement 110, and the formation 106 and generate a corresponding noise log. The noise log may be analyzed to obtain noise log data including amplitude of a noise signal generated by each water flow (of the one or more water flows) at the interfaces, a frequency spectrum of the noise signals generated by each water flow, a relative phase shift between the noise signals, frequency ratios of the near and far noise signals, and power spectral density of the noise signals. The amplitude and frequency information obtained may be provided to a borehole model that determines (or predicts) the velocity of the water flow in each flow path determined to be present in the wellbore and the radial distance of each flow path from the center of the wellbore 102 (or, alternatively, the radial distance from the tool string 114).
FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary semi-descriptive borehole model 400 derived from noise log (NL) data obtained from the noise sensor 124b of FIG. 1. The noise sensor 124b and the pulsed neutron sensor 124a obtain measurement data from the same wellbore 102 and at approximately the same distance. Accordingly, similar physical phenomena (the water flow, in this case) are measured by the pulsed neutron sensor 124a and the noise sensor 124b at similar distances. Further, the pulse neutron sensor 124a and the noise sensor 124b may each have similar resolution limitations and similar depth of investigation. As a result, the noise log borehole model 400 may be similar in some respects to the model 300 in FIG. 3, and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto where like numerals designate like components not described again in detail. As described above with respect to model 300, the model 400 may characterize the wellbore 102, and, when provided with the NL data, may predict the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of each flow path 312a-d from the center of the wellbore 102.
The model 400 may determine the radial distance from the amplitude information. For instance, the amplitude of a noise signal generated by a water flow close to the noise sensor 124b is larger than the amplitude of a noise signal generated by a water flow further away from the noise sensor 124b. From the frequency information, the model 400 predicts the width of the flow path through which the water flows, and the velocity of the water flow. For instance, a higher frequency may indicate a flow path 312a-d having a smaller width and water flowing with a higher velocity, and a lower frequency may indicate a flow path 312a-d have a larger width and water flowing with a relatively smaller velocity.
Accordingly, based on the NL data provided, the model 400 determines the radial distance of the flow paths 312a-d and the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d. Since the measurement by the noise sensor 124b is a dynamic measurement, the noise sensor 124b cannot distinguish between the second cement layer 110b (FIG. 2) and the formation 106 (FIG. 2) if no gap is present or if the well is shut-in. In other words, the noise sensor 124b may not be able to determine the presence of the fourth interface 106 (FIG. 2) if no gap is present or if there is no water flow in the gap while the measurement is taking place. However, if the flow path 208d is present and the water is flowing, the fourth interface 106 may be detected by the noise sensor 124b, and, as a result, the model 400 is able to characterize the fourth interface 106 and the water flow 312d. It will be understood that the number of flow paths illustrated in FIG. 4 is merely an example, and the number of flow paths 312a-d may be more or less depending on the NL data provided to the model 400.
A first comparison operation is performed, wherein the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of each flow path 312a-d as predicted by the model 400 are compared with the velocity of the water flow in a corresponding flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of a corresponding flow path 312a-d as predicted by the model 300. The predictions from the models 300 and 400 may be determined to match each other when, for example, the standard deviation between the two predictions is within a predetermined value. If the predictions do not match, the model 300 and/or the model 400 may be updated. Updating the models 300, 400 may entail recalculating the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of the flow paths 312a-d. The process may be repeated (e.g., iteratively) until the velocity and the radial distance of the water flows obtained from the model 300 match the velocity and the radial distance of the water flows obtained by the model 400, thereby resulting in first calculated values of the velocity of each water flow and the radial distance of each flow path 312a-d. From the above, it will thus be understood that the characterization of the flow paths 312a-d in FIGS. 3 and 4 by the respective models 300, 400 may be subject to change based on the above-mentioned comparison operation and the subsequent calculations performed by the models 300 and 400.
The Doppler sensor 124c of FIG. 1 may be configured to emit an acoustic wave into the formation 106 and the wellbore 102. The acoustic wave interacts with the formation 106 and the wellbore 102, and is modified. The Doppler sensor 124c may receive the modified acoustic wave and generate a corresponding Doppler log. The Doppler log may be analyzed to obtain Doppler log data including the amplitude and frequency of the modified acoustic wave, and the frequency shift between the emitted acoustic wave and the modified acoustic wave. The Doppler log data may be provided to a borehole model that determines (or predicts) the velocity of the water flow in each flow path determined to be present in the wellbore 102 and the radial distance of each flow path from center of the wellbore 102 (or, alternatively, the radial distance from the tool string 114).
FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary semi-descriptive borehole model 500 derived from Doppler log data obtained from the Doppler sensor 124c of FIG. 1. Like the pulsed neutron sensor 124a and the noise sensor 124b, the Doppler sensor 124c also obtains measurement data from the same wellbore 102 at approximately the same distances as the pulsed neutron sensor 124a and noise sensor 124c. Accordingly, similar physical phenomena (the water flow, in this case) are measured by the pulsed neutron sensor 124a, the noise sensor 124b, and the Doppler sensor 124c at similar distances. Further, the pulse neutron sensor 124a, the noise sensor 124b, and the Doppler sensor 124c may each have similar resolution limitations and similar depth of investigation. As a result, the Doppler borehole model 500 may be similar in some respects to the models 300 and 400 in FIGS. 3 and 4, respectively, and therefore may be best understood with reference thereto where like numerals designate like components not described again in detail. Similar to models 300 and 400, the model 500 may characterize the wellbore 102 and, when provided with the Doppler log data obtained from the Doppler sensor 124c, may predict the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of each flow path 312a-d from the center of the wellbore 102. Since the measurement by the Doppler sensor 124c is a dynamic measurement, the Doppler sensor 124c cannot distinguish between the second cement layer 110b (FIG. 2) and the formation 106 (FIG. 2) if no gap is present or if the well is shut-in. In other words, the Doppler sensor 124c may not be able to determine the presence of the fourth interface 106 (FIG. 2) if no gap is present or if there is no flow in the gap while the measurement is taking place. However, if the flow path 208d is present and the water is flowing, the fourth interface 106 may be detected by the Doppler sensor 124c, and, as a result, the model 500 is able to characterize the fourth interface 106 (FIG. 2) and the water flow 312d. It will be understood that the number of flow paths 312a-d illustrated in FIG. 5 is merely an example, and the number of flow paths 312a-d may be more or less depending on the Doppler log data provided to the model 500.
A second comparison operation is performed, wherein the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance to each flow path 312a-d as predicted by the model 500 are compared with the first calculated values of the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of the flow paths 312a-d obtained from the first comparison operation. If the predictions by the model 500 do not match the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of the flow paths 312a-d obtained from the first comparison operation, one or more of the models 300, 400, and 500 may be updated. Updating the models 300, 400, and 500 may entail recalculating the velocity of the water flow in each flow path 312a-d and the radial distance of the flow paths 312a-d. The process repeats (e.g., iteratively) until the velocity and the radial distance of the water flow obtained from the first comparison operation match the velocity and the radial distance of the water flow obtained by the model 500, thereby resulting in second calculated values of the velocity of each water flow and the radial distance of each flow path 312a-d. From the above, it will thus be understood that the characterization of the flow paths 312a-d in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5 by the respective models 300, 400, and 500 is subject to change based on the above-mentioned comparison operation and the subsequent calculations performed by the models 300, 400, and 500.
The wellbore 102 may be characterized using a static borehole model. The static borehole model is constructed based on a completed wellbore 102 and includes data obtained from drilling and completion operations, log analysis, cuttings, casing specifications, cement specifications, bit size, caliper, tubing size, formation properties - lithology, porosity, water saturation, etc., acoustic impedance of the casing and cement, heat capacity of the casing and cement, noise and temperature conduction in the casing, cement, and formation, specific velocity of sounds casing, cement, and formation, and the like. Using the static borehole model, a temperature borehole model is obtained. The temperature borehole model is provided with temperature data obtained using the temperature sensor 124d.
The temperature sensor 124d obtains the temperature of the formation 106 and the wellbore 102, and creates temperature profile based on the obtained temperature information. The temperature profile includes a variation in the temperature due to one or more water flows at the time of measurement and temperature variations due to one or more water flows that occurred during a predetermined time interval in the past. This predetermined time interval may occur any time between the plug and abandonment operation of the well and the time the temperature is measured. The temperature variations may be caused due to a higher temperature water flow from a downhole location. For instance, since temperature in the sub-surface increases with depth, water flowing from a downhole location to an uphole location will increase the temperature at the uphole location. Further, heat will be generated due to friction of the water flow with the surroundings, which will also contribute to the temperature increase.
From the temperature profile, temperature data including the temperature value at a given depth (e.g., the amplitude of the temperature profile at a given time), the temperature gradient (the rate of increase in temperature with depth), and a derivative of the temperature profile may be obtained.
The temperature data may be provided to a temperature borehole model that determines (or predicts) the velocity of the water flow in each flow path determined to be present in the wellbore 102 and the radial distance of each flow path from the center of the wellbore 102 (or, alternatively, the radial distance from the tool string 114). The temperature borehole model may be similar to any one of the above-disclosed models 300, 400, and 500, and the operation thereof may be understood with respect to the operation of any of the models 300, 400, and 500, as disclosed above. However, unlike the model 300, 400, 500, the temperature borehole model is able to characterize the fourth interface 206d (FIG. 2) and the water flow 208d (FIG. 2) even when the measurement is conducted with the well shut-in. This is because, from the temperature profile and the static borehole model, the temperature borehole model may determine any temperature variation not detected either because is beyond the depth of investigation of the pulsed neutron sensor 124a, the noise sensor 124b, and the Doppler sensor 124c, or because it happened while the well was flowing, but the measurement is taking while the well is shut-in, has to be occurring due to a presence of a flow of water at the fourth interface 206d.
A third comparison operation is performed, wherein the velocity of the water flow and the radial distance to each flow path as predicted by the temperature borehole model are compared with the second calculated values of the velocity of the water flow in each flow path and the radial distance of the flow paths obtained from the second comparison operation described above. If the predictions by the temperature borehole model do not match the velocity of the water flow in each flow path and the radial distance of the flow paths obtained from the second comparison operation, one or more of the models 300, 400, 500, and the temperature borehole model may be updated. Updating the models 300, 400, 500, and the temperature borehole model may entail recalculating the velocity of the water flow in each flow path and the radial distance of the flow paths. The process repeats (e.g., iteratively) until the velocity and the radial distance of the water flow obtained from the second comparison operation match the velocity and the radial distance of the water flow obtained by the temperature borehole model, thereby resulting in the widths of the flow paths 312a-d at the cement interfaces 206a-d, the velocity of the water flow in each of the flow paths 312a-d, and the radial distance to the water flow.
As mentioned above, the measurements performed using the pulsed neutron sensor, the noise sensor, and the Doppler sensor are referred to as dynamic measurements and the corresponding models are considered dynamic semi-descriptive models. This is because the water flow has to be moving for each of these sensors to obtain the respective measurement data. For instance, no noise is generated by stationary water, and thus the noise sensor cannot obtain noise signals from the wellbore. Similarly, stationary water cannot produce variations in amplitude and frequency as required when operating the Doppler sensor. The measurements performed by the temperature sensor are considered as pseudo-dynamic measurements, since these measurements are obtained based on water that was flowing in the past and may be not be flowing at the time of measurement.
FIG. 6 illustrates a borehole model 600 derived from the above-described integrated workflow method for evaluating annular flow of water between multiple casing strings. The borehole model 600 may be best understood with reference to FIG. 2, where like numerals designate like components not described again in detail. The borehole model 600 may be a descriptive model since the model 600 may be a near exact representation of the wellbore 102 illustrated in FIG. 2. Using the borehole model 600, for example, it may thus be possible to determine the widths of the flow paths 208a-d at the cement interfaces 206a-d, the velocity of the water flow in each of the flow paths 208a-d, and the radial distance to the water flow with relatively high accuracy.
FIG. 7 is a flowchart schematic of an exemplary integrated workflow method 700 for determining the presence of a water flow in a wellbore. It should be noted that methods consistent with the present disclosure may include at least some, but not all of the activities illustrated in method 700, performed in a different sequence.
The method 700 may include obtaining a Pulsed neutron log (PNL) from the pulsed neutron sensor 124a (FIG. 1), as at 702. The method 700 then extracts (e.g., via deconvolution) PNL data including the travel time and energy spectrum ratios of gamma rays received from the wellbore 102, as at 704. As at 705, the PNL data is provided to a PNL borehole model (obtained at 706). The PNL borehole model may be similar to or the same as the model 300 illustrated in FIG. 3, and, when provided with the PNL data, the PNL borehole model determines a first radial distance of one or more flow paths from center of the wellbore 102 and a first velocity value of the water flow in each of the one or more flow paths, as at 708.
A noise log (NL) is obtained from the noise sensor 124b (FIG. 1), as at 722. The method 700 then extracts (e.g., via deconvolution) NL data including one or more of the amplitudes of the noise signals, a frequency spectrum of the noise signals, a relative phase shift between the noise signals, frequency ratios of the near and far noise signals, and power spectral density of the noise signals, as at 724. The method 700 provides a noise log borehole model, as at 726. The noise log borehole model may be similar to the model 400 illustrated in FIG. 4, and is provided the NL data, as at 725. Based on the NL data, the noise log borehole model determines a second radial distance of the one or more flow paths from center of the wellbore 102 and a second velocity value of the water flow in each of the one or more flow paths, as at 728.
At 710, a first comparison operation is performed, wherein the first radial distances and the first velocity values are compared with the corresponding second radial distances and the second velocity values. If the standard deviation between the first and the second radial distances and/or between the first and velocity values is greater than a predetermined value, the PNL borehole model (706) and/or the noise log borehole model (726) are updated, as at 712. To accomplish this, the respective radial distances and the velocity values are recalculated based on an updated PNL borehole model (706) and/or noise log borehole model (726).
If the standard deviation between the first and the second radial distances and/or between the first and velocity values is less than or equal to the predetermined value, a first result is obtained, as at 714. The first result includes the radial distance of the one or more flow paths in the wellbore 102 and the velocity of water flow in each flow path as obtained from any one of the PNL borehole model and the noise log borehole model.
At 742, a Doppler log is obtained from the Doppler sensor 124c (FIG. 1) and, at 744, Doppler data including an amplitude and frequency information of the modified acoustic wave, and the frequency shift between the emitted acoustic wave and the modified acoustic wave is extracted (e.g., via deconvolution) from the Doppler log. As at 745, the method 700 provides the Doppler data to the Doppler borehole model, which is obtained at 746. The Doppler borehole model may be similar to the model 500 illustrated in FIG. 5, and, when provided with the Doppler data, the Doppler borehole model determines a third radial distance of the one or more flow paths from center of the wellbore 102 and a third velocity value of the water flow in each of the one or more flow paths, as at 748.
At 730, a second comparison operation is performed, wherein the third radial distances and the third velocity values are compared with the radial distances and velocity values from the first result obtained at 714. If the standard deviation therebetween is greater than a predetermined value, the PNL borehole model (706), the noise log borehole model (726) and/or the Doppler borehole model (746) are updated, as at 732. The respective radial distances and the velocity values are recalculated based on an updated PNL borehole model (706), noise log borehole model (726) and/or Doppler borehole model (746).
If the standard deviation is less than or equal to the predetermined value, a second result is obtained, as at 734. The second result includes the radial distance of the one or more flow paths in the wellbore 102 and the velocity of water flow in each flow path as obtained from any one of the PNL borehole model (706), the noise log borehole model (726) and/or the Doppler borehole model (746).
At 762, a temperature profile is obtained from the temperature sensor 124d (FIG. 1) and, at 764, temperature data including the temperature value at a given depth (e.g., the amplitude of the temperature profile at a given time), the temperature gradient (the rate of increase in temperature with depth), and a derivative of the temperature profile is extracted (e.g., via deconvolution) from the temperature data. As at 770, data from a static borehole model is obtained, and a temperature borehole model is created, as at 766. This temperature borehole model may be similar to the temperature borehole model described above, and when provided with the temperature data, as at 765, the temperature borehole model 766 determines a fourth radial distance of the one or more flow paths from center of the wellbore 102 and a fourth velocity value of the water flow in each of the one or more flow paths, as at 768.
At 750, a third comparison operation is performed, wherein the fourth radial distances and the fourth velocity values are compared with the radial distances and velocity values in the second result obtained at 734. If the standard deviation therebetween is greater than a predetermined value, the PNL borehole model (706), the noise log borehole model (726), the Doppler borehole model (746), and/or the temperature borehole model (766) are updated, as at 752. The respective radial distances and the velocity values are recalculated based on an updated PNL borehole model (706), noise log borehole model (726), Doppler borehole model (746), and/or the temperature borehole model (766).
If the standard deviation is less than or equal to the predetermined value, the widths of the flow paths at the cement interfaces, the velocity of the water flow in each of the flow paths, and the radial distance to the water flow are obtained, as at 754.
FIG. 8 shows an illustrative processing system 800 for determining the presence of a water flow in a wellbore. For instance, the system 800 may process data received from the one or more sensors 124a-d located on the tool string 114 in FIG. 1, control the operation of the tool string 114, and may implement the exemplary integrated workflow method 700 disclosed above.
The system 800 may include a processor 810, a memory 820, a storage device 830, and an input/output device 840. Each of the components 810, 820, 830, and 840 may be interconnected, for example, using a system bus 850. The processor 810 may be processing instructions for execution within the system 800. In some embodiments, the processor 810 is a single-threaded processor, a multi-threaded processor, or another type of processor. The processor 810 may be capable of processing instructions stored in the memory 820 or on the storage device 830. The memory 820 and the storage device 830 can store information within the computer system 800.
The input/output device 840 may provide input/output operations for the system 800. In some embodiments, the input/output device 840 can include one or more network interface devices, e.g., an Ethernet card; a serial communication device, e.g., an RS-232 port; and/or a wireless interface device, e.g., an 802.11 card, a 3G wireless modem, or a 4G wireless modem. In some embodiments, the input/output device can include driver devices configured to receive input data and send output data to other input/output devices, e.g., keyboard, printer and display devices 860. In some embodiments, mobile computing devices, mobile communication devices, and other devices can be used.
In accordance with at least some embodiments, the disclosed methods and systems related to scanning and analyzing material may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry, or in computer software, firmware, or hardware, including the structures disclosed in this specification and their structural equivalents, or in combinations of one or more of them. Computer software may include, for example, one or more modules of instructions, encoded on computer-readable storage medium for execution by, or to control the operation of, a data processing apparatus. Examples of a computer-readable storage medium include non-transitory medium such as random access memory (RAM) devices, read only memory (ROM) devices, optical devices (e.g., CDs or DVDs), and disk drives.
The term "data processing apparatus" encompasses all kinds of apparatus, devices, and machines for processing data, including by way of example a programmable processor, a computer, a system on a chip, or multiple ones, or combinations, of the foregoing. The apparatus can include special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit). The apparatus can also include, in addition to hardware, code that creates an execution environment for the computer program in question, e.g., code that constitutes processor firmware, a protocol stack, a database management system, an operating system, a cross-platform runtime environment, a virtual machine, or a combination of one or more of them. The apparatus and execution environment can realize various different computing model infrastructures, such as web services, distributed computing, and grid computing infrastructures.
A computer program (also known as a program, software, software application, script, or code) can be written in any form of programming language, including compiled or interpreted languages, declarative, or procedural languages. A computer program may, but need not, correspond to a file in a file system. A program can be stored in a portion of a file that holds other programs or data (e.g., one or more scripts stored in a markup language document), in a single file dedicated to the program in question, or in multiple coordinated files (e.g., files that store one or more modules, sub programs, or portions of code). A computer program may be executed on one computer or on multiple computers that are located at one site or distributed across multiple sites and interconnected by a communication network.
Some of the processes and logic flows described in this specification may be performed by one or more programmable processors executing one or more computer programs to perform actions by operating on input data and generating output. The processes and logic flows may also be performed by, and apparatus may also be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry, e.g., an FPGA (field programmable gate array) or an ASIC (application specific integrated circuit).
Processors suitable for the execution of a computer program include, by way of example, both general and special purpose microprocessors and processors of any kind of digital computer. Generally, a processor will receive instructions and data from a read-only memory or a random access memory or both. A computer includes a processor for performing actions in accordance with instructions and one or more memory devices for storing instructions and data. A computer may also include, or be operatively coupled to receive data from or transfer data to, or both, one or more mass storage devices for storing data, e.g., magnetic, magneto optical disks, or optical disks. However, a computer may not have such devices. Devices suitable for storing computer program instructions and data include all forms of non-volatile memory, media and memory devices, including by way of example semiconductor memory devices (e.g., EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory devices, and others), magnetic disks (e.g., internal hard disks, removable disks, and others), magneto optical disks, and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks. The processor and the memory can be supplemented by, or incorporated in, special purpose logic circuitry.
To provide for interaction with a user, operations may be implemented on a computer having a display device (e.g., a monitor, or another type of display device) for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device (e.g., a mouse, a trackball, a tablet, a touch sensitive screen, or another type of pointing device) by which the user can provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well; for example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, e.g., visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user can be received in any form, including acoustic, speech, or tactile input. In addition, a computer can interact with a user by sending documents to and receiving documents from a device that is used by the user; for example, by sending web pages to a web browser on a user's client device in response to requests received from the web browser.
A computer system may include a single computing device, or multiple computers that operate in proximity or generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. Examples of communication networks include a local area network ("LAN") and a wide area network ("WAN"), an inter-network (e.g., the Internet), a network comprising a satellite link, and peer-to-peer networks (e.g., ad hoc peer-to-peer networks). A relationship of client and server may arise by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.
Embodiments disclosed herein include:

A. A method that includes introducing a tool string into a wellbore at least partially lined with a first casing and a second casing concentrically overlapping at least a portion of the first casing, wherein a first annulus is defined between the first and second casings and filled with a first cement, and a second annulus is defined between the second casing and the wellbore and filled with a second cement, obtaining data from a pulsed neutron sensor, a noise sensor, a Doppler sensor, and a temperature sensor, all included in the tool string, calculating a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the data obtained from the pulsed neutron sensor, the flow path being located at a cement interface in the wellbore, calculating a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a noise log borehole model and the data obtained from the noise sensor, comparing the first distance and the first velocity with the second distance and the second velocity, respectively, to obtain a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path, calculating a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a Doppler borehole model and the data obtained from the Doppler sensor, comparing the third distance and the third velocity with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity, respectively, to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and a second calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path, calculating a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a temperature borehole model and the data obtained from the temperature sensor, and comparing the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface.
B. A well system that includes a tool string conveyable into a wellbore drilled through one or more subterranean formations, the tool string including at least a pulsed neutron sensor, a noise sensor, a Doppler sensor, and a temperature sensor, and a computer system including a processor and a non-transitory computer readable medium, the computer system communicatively coupled to the tool string, and the computer readable medium stores a computer readable program code, when executed by the processor, configures the processor to operate the pulsed neutron sensor to obtain pulsed neutron log (PNL) data from the wellbore, calculate a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the PNL data, the flow path located at a cement interface in the wellbore, operate the noise sensor to obtain noise log (NL) data from the wellbore, calculate a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a noise log borehole model and the NL data, compare the first distance and the first velocity with the second distance and the second velocity, respectively, to obtain a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path, operate the Doppler sensor to obtain Doppler log (DL) data from the wellbore, calculate a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a Doppler borehole model and the DL data, compare the third distance and the third velocity with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity, respectively, to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and a second calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path, operate the temperature sensor to obtain temperature data from the wellbore, calculate a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a temperature borehole model and the temperature data, and compare the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface.

Each of embodiments A and B may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: wherein obtaining data from the pulsed neutron sensor comprises at least one of obtaining travel times of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor and obtaining energy spectrum ratios of near counts and far counts of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor. Element 2: wherein obtaining data from the noise sensor comprises one or more of obtaining amplitudes of noise signals detected by the noise sensor from the wellbore, obtaining a frequency spectrum of the noise signals, obtaining a relative phase shift between the noise signals, obtaining frequency ratios of near and far noise signals, and obtaining power spectral density of the noise signals. Element 3: wherein obtaining data from the Doppler sensor comprises one or more of obtaining an amplitude and frequency information of an acoustic wave as modified by the wellbore, and obtaining a frequency shift between an acoustic wave emitted by the Doppler sensor into the wellbore and the modified acoustic wave. Element 4: obtaining data from the temperature sensor comprises one or more of obtaining a temperature of the wellbore, obtaining a temperature gradient of the wellbore, and obtaining a derivative of a temperature profile of the wellbore. Element 5: further comprising updating at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the noise log borehole model when a difference between the first distance and the second distance and a difference between the first velocity and the second velocity is greater than a predetermined value. Element 6: further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, and the second distance and the second velocity using the corresponding updated model. Element 7: further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, and the Doppler borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value. Element 8: further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using the corresponding updated model. Element 9: further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, the Doppler borehole model, and the temperature borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value. Element 10: further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using the corresponding updated model. Element 11: further comprising obtaining the temperature borehole model from a static borehole model.
Element 12: wherein the processor is further configured to update at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the noise log borehole model when a difference between the first distance and the second distance and a difference between the first velocity and the second velocity is greater than a predetermined value. Element 13: wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, and the second distance and the second velocity using the corresponding updated model. Element 14: wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, and the Doppler borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value. Element 15: wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using the corresponding updated model. Element 16: wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, the Doppler borehole model, and the temperature borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value. Element 17: wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using the corresponding updated model.
By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A and B include: Element 5 with Element 6; Element 7 with Element 8; Element 9 with Element 10; Element 12 with Element 15; Element 14 with Element 15; and Element 16 with Element 17.
Therefore, the disclosed systems and methods are well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are illustrative only, as the teachings of the present disclosure may be modified and practiced in different but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown, other than as described in the claims below. The systems and methods illustratively disclosed herein may suitably be practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein. While compositions and methods are described in terms of "comprising," "containing," or "including" various components or steps, the compositions and methods can also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" the various components and steps. All numbers and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed, any number and any included range falling within the range is specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of the form, "from about a to about b," or, equivalently, "from approximately a to b," or, equivalently, "from approximately a-b") disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover, the indefinite articles "a" or "an," as used in the claims, are defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it introduces. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or term in this specification and one or more patent or other documents, the definitions that are consistent with this specification should be adopted.
As used herein, the phrase "at least one of" preceding a series of items, with the terms "and" or "or" to separate any of the items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each member of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase "at least one of" allows a meaning that includes at least one of any one of the items, and/or at least one of any combination of the items, and/or at least one of each of the items. By way of example, the phrases "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" each refer to only A, only B, or only C; any combination of A, B, and C; and/or at least one of each of A, B, and C.

Claims

A method, comprising:
introducing a tool string into a wellbore at least partially lined with a first casing and a second casing concentrically overlapping at least a portion of the first casing, wherein a first annulus is defined between the first and second casings and filled with a first cement, and a second annulus is defined between the second casing and the wellbore and filled with a second cement;

obtaining data from a pulsed neutron sensor, a noise sensor, a Doppler sensor, and a temperature sensor, all included in the tool string;

calculating a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the data obtained from the pulsed neutron sensor, the flow path being located at a cement interface in the wellbore;

calculating a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a noise log borehole model and the data obtained from the noise sensor;

comparing the first distance and the first velocity with the second distance and the second velocity, respectively, to obtain a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path;

the method being characterized by

calculating a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a Doppler borehole model and the data obtained from the Doppler sensor;

comparing the third distance and the third velocity with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity, respectively, to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and a second calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path;

calculating a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a temperature borehole model and the data obtained from the temperature sensor; and

comparing the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface.
The method of claim 1, wherein obtaining data from the pulsed neutron sensor comprises at least one of obtaining travel times of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor and obtaining energy spectrum ratios of near counts and far counts of gamma rays received by the pulsed neutron sensor.
The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein obtaining data from the noise sensor comprises one or more of obtaining amplitudes of noise signals detected by the noise sensor from the wellbore, obtaining a frequency spectrum of the noise signals, obtaining a relative phase shift between the noise signals, obtaining frequency ratios of near and far noise signals, and obtaining power spectral density of the noise signals.
The method of claim 1, 2 or 3, wherein obtaining data from the Doppler sensor comprises one or more of obtaining an amplitude and frequency information of an acoustic wave as modified by the wellbore, and obtaining a frequency shift between an acoustic wave emitted by the Doppler sensor into the wellbore and the modified acoustic wave.
The method of any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein obtaining data from the temperature sensor comprises one or more of obtaining a temperature of the wellbore, obtaining a temperature gradient of the wellbore, and obtaining a derivative of a temperature profile of the wellbore.
The method of any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising updating at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the noise log borehole model when a difference between the first distance and the second distance and a difference between the first velocity and the second velocity is greater than a predetermined value, and, optionally further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, and the second distance and the second velocity using the corresponding updated model.
The method of any one of claims 1 to 6, further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, and the Doppler borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value, and, optionally, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using the corresponding updated model.
The method of any one of claims 1 to 7, further comprising updating one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, the Doppler borehole model, and the temperature borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value.
The method of claim 8, further comprising recalculating the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using the corresponding updated model.
The method of any one of claims 1 to 9, further comprising obtaining the temperature borehole model from a static borehole model.
A well system, comprising:
a tool string conveyable into a wellbore drilled through one or more subterranean formations, the tool string including at least a pulsed neutron sensor, a noise sensor, a Doppler sensor, and a temperature sensor; and

a computer system including a processor and a non-transitory computer readable medium, the computer system communicatively coupled to the tool string, and the computer readable medium stores a computer readable program code, when executed by the processor, configures the processor to:
operate the pulsed neutron sensor to obtain pulsed neutron log (PNL) data from the wellbore;

calculate a first distance of a flow path from the tool string and a first velocity of a water flow in the flow path using a pulsed neutron log borehole model and the PNL data, the flow path located at a cement interface in the wellbore;

operate the noise sensor to obtain noise log (NL) data from the wellbore;

calculate a second distance of the flow path from the tool string and a second velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a noise log borehole model and the NL data;

compare the first distance and the first velocity with the second distance and the second velocity, respectively, to obtain a first calculated distance of the flow path and a first calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path;

operate the Doppler sensor to obtain Doppler log (DL) data from the wellbore;

characterized in that the processor is further configured to

calculate a third distance of the flow path from the tool string and a third velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a Doppler borehole model and the DL data;

compare the third distance and the third velocity with the first calculated distance and first calculated velocity, respectively, to obtain a second calculated distance of the flow path and a second calculated velocity of the water flow in the flow path;

operate the temperature sensor to obtain temperature data from the wellbore;

calculate a fourth distance of the flow path from the tool string and a fourth velocity of the water flow in the flow path using a temperature borehole model and the temperature data; and

compare the fourth distance and the fourth velocity with the second calculated distance and the second calculated velocity, respectively, to determine a width of the cement interface, a distance of the cement interface from the tool string, and a velocity of a water flow in the cement interface.
The system of claim 11, wherein the processor is further configured to update at least one of the pulsed neutron log borehole model and the noise log borehole model when a difference between the first distance and the second distance and a difference between the first velocity and the second velocity is greater than a predetermined value, and, optionally, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, and the second distance and the second velocity using the corresponding updated model.
The system of claim 11 or 12, wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, and the Doppler borehole model when a difference between the first calculated distance and the third distance and a difference between the first calculated velocity and the third velocity is greater than a predetermined value, and, optionally, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, and the third distance and the third velocity using the corresponding updated model.
The system of claim 11, 12 or 13, wherein the processor is further configured to update one or more of the pulsed neutron log borehole model, the noise log borehole model, the Doppler borehole model, and the temperature borehole model when a difference between the second calculated distance and the fourth distance and a difference between the second calculated velocity and the fourth velocity is greater than a predetermined value.
The system of claim 14, wherein the processor is further configured to recalculate the first distance and the first velocity, the second distance and the second velocity, the third distance and the third velocity, and the fourth distance and the fourth velocity using the corresponding updated model.