EP3155138A2 - A method of coating a sheet of steel - Google Patents

A method of coating a sheet of steel

Info

Publication number
EP3155138A2
EP3155138A2 EP15738408.2A EP15738408A EP3155138A2 EP 3155138 A2 EP3155138 A2 EP 3155138A2 EP 15738408 A EP15738408 A EP 15738408A EP 3155138 A2 EP3155138 A2 EP 3155138A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
coating
metal deposition
steel
sheet
stage
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP15738408.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3155138B1 (en
Inventor
Allcock BRYAN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Monitor Coatings Ltd
Original Assignee
Monitor Coatings Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Monitor Coatings Ltd filed Critical Monitor Coatings Ltd
Publication of EP3155138A2 publication Critical patent/EP3155138A2/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3155138B1 publication Critical patent/EP3155138B1/en
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/02—Pretreatment of the material to be coated, e.g. for coating on selected surface areas
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C24/00—Coating starting from inorganic powder
    • C23C24/02—Coating starting from inorganic powder by application of pressure only
    • C23C24/04—Impact or kinetic deposition of particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/32—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer
    • C23C28/321—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one pure metallic layer with at least one metal alloy layer
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C28/00—Coating for obtaining at least two superposed coatings either by methods not provided for in a single one of groups C23C2/00 - C23C26/00 or by combinations of methods provided for in subclasses C23C and C25C or C25D
    • C23C28/30—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer
    • C23C28/34—Coatings combining at least one metallic layer and at least one inorganic non-metallic layer including at least one inorganic non-metallic material layer, e.g. metal carbide, nitride, boride, silicide layer and their mixtures, enamels, phosphates and sulphates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
    • C23C4/06—Metallic material
    • C23C4/08—Metallic material containing only metal elements
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/131—Wire arc spraying
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
    • C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
    • C23C4/134—Plasma spraying

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of coating a sheet of steel and to a coating for a sheet of steel and relates particularly, but not exclusively, to a method of coating a surface of a weight bearing sheet of steel for use on an aircraft carrier .
  • Ships such as aircraft carriers, are commonly made from steel including the uppermost deck surface that acts as the aircrafts' takeoff and landing runway. These deck surfaces are commonly protected by applying a layer of organic paint.
  • organic paint is unable to withstand the gas-wash produced during the takeoff and landing of aircraft that use jet engines to facilitate a vertical takeoff or landing or short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) .
  • This gas-wash can result in a change of surface temperature from ambient to 2000°C causing a patch of the paintwork to be burnt away on each such manoeuvre.
  • STOVL vertical takeoff or landing or short takeoff and vertical landing
  • a surface coating is required that is able to deal with the rapid change in temperature including starting from ambient temperatures in a range of -50° C to +50° C.
  • the coating must provide a nonslip or anti-skid surface allowing it to be safely walked on, it must be sufficiently robust to withstand the force applied to it during takeoff and landing and be easily repairable in the event of damage.
  • Preferred embodiments of the present invention seek to overcome the above described disadvantages of the prior art.
  • a method of coating a sheet of steel comprising the steps : - preparing a surface of a sheet of steel that is to be coated; applying a first metal deposition coating to said sheet of steel, said first coating comprising aluminium; applying a second metal deposition coating to said first coating, said second coating comprising aluminium and at least one first doping material; and applying a barrier coating to said second metal deposition coating .
  • the sheet material is protected from corrosion and provides a nonslip or anti-skid surface which is safe to walk on and provide suitable friction resistant surface to operate an aircraft from.
  • the surface can be painted and yet is sufficiently resistant to rapid changes in temperatures that the gas wash from a vertical takeoff aircraft will not damage the surface or the steel.
  • the surface also provides sufficient frictional resistance to allow the takeoff on landing of other aircraft.
  • the surface of said sheet of steel is prepared by grit blasting.
  • grit blasting uses a grit comprising brown fused alumina which is suitably angular and robust to provide the required profile to optimise adhesion of the aluminium of the first coating.
  • the first coating further comprises at least one second doping material which enhances the corrosion resistance of the first coating and/or facilitates the ease of repair.
  • second doping material comprises at least one of zinc, molybdenum, gallium, tin and indium.
  • the addition of the dopants extends the life of the sacrificial characteristics of the first coating layer in marine environments and increases the compatibility of the first coating with the repair regime.
  • first metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 75 and 200 ⁇ .
  • the second metal deposition coating may be applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a particle accelerator used in the coating applications operates so as to accelerate the particles more in the first stage than the second stage.
  • the second metal deposition coating may also be applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a particle accelerator used in the coating applications operates so that a surface produced in said first stage has a surface roughness less than a surface roughness produced in said second stage.
  • the second metal deposition coating By applying the second metal deposition coating in a plurality of stages with lower acceleration of the particles in the second stage thereby leading to greater roughness of the resulting surface, the advantage is provided that the bond between the first metal deposition coating and the second metal deposition coating are secure (due to the increased particle velocity on impact in the first stage) but the uppermost surface of the second metal deposition coating is sufficiently rough (due to decreased particle velocity on impact in the second stage) to assist in the provision of a nonslip or anti-skid surface .
  • the second metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 150 and 300 um.
  • the barrier coating comprises an inorganic heat resistant coating material.
  • an inorganic heat resistant coating material for the barrier coating, the advantage is provided that the barrier coating assists in the protection of the first and second metal deposition coatings and the high temperatures, resultant from jet gas wash, do not damage the barrier coating.
  • the coating of the present invention can be regarded as intumescent .
  • the barrier coating comprises a potassium silicate coating material.
  • a potassium silicate coating provides the above described advantages and can be applied at a convenient thickness.
  • the barrier coating is applied to a thickness of between 5 and 25 um.
  • the barrier coating follows, and substantially reproduces, the profile of second metal deposition coating thereby assisting in the creation of the nonslip surface .
  • At least one of said first and second metal deposition coatings are applied using at least one of the metal deposition techniques of arc spray, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, air plasma and cold spray.
  • a coating for a sheet of steel comprising : - a first metal deposition coating comprising aluminium and applied to a prepared surface of a sheet of steel; a second metal deposition coating comprising aluminium and at least one first doping material and applied to said first metal deposition coating; a barrier coating applied to said second metal deposition coating.
  • the first coating may further comprise at least one second doping material.
  • the second doping material may comprise at least one of zinc, molybdenum, Gallium, tin and indium.
  • the first metal deposition coating has a thickness of between 75 and 200 ⁇ .
  • the first doping material may comprise at least one of titanium, chromium, manganese, boron, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide and tungsten carbide.
  • the second metal deposition coating is applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a surface produced in said first stage has a surface roughness less than a surface roughness produced in said second stage.
  • the second metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 150 and 300 um.
  • the barrier coating comprises an inorganic heat resistant coating material. In another preferred embodiment the barrier coating comprises a potassium silicate coating material.
  • the barrier coating is applied to a thickness of between 5 and 25 um.
  • a sheet material comprising:- a sheet of steel material; and a coating as set out above applied to said sheet of steel material .
  • the steel comprises hardened steel. In another preferred embodiment the steel comprises carbon manganese steel.
  • an article comprising at least one sheet material as set out above.
  • the sheet material forms a weight bearing surface.
  • the article is any of a helicopter landing platform, a submarine, an oil rig, a chemical processing plant, an energy production plant, a shipping container and a munitions box.
  • an apparatus for applying a coating to a sheet of steel comprising: - a frame for supporting a plurality of metal deposition coating applicators; applicator moving means for moving said applicators relative to said frame; at least one applicator for applying at least one first metal deposition coating and at least one second metal deposition coating to a sheet of steel; and at least one processor for controlling said applicators and said applicator moving means.
  • the advantage is provided that large surfaces of sheet material, for example the deck of an aircraft carrier, can be coated accurately and evenly producing a surface to a consistent standard.
  • the applicator uses at least one of the metal deposition techniques of arc spray, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, air plasma and cold spray.
  • the apparatus may comprise a plurality of applicators for applying at least one first metal deposition coating and at least one second metal deposition coating to a sheet of steel.
  • Figure 1 is a flowchart showing a method of the present invention
  • Figure 2 is a schematic sectional representation of a sheet material and coating of the present invention
  • Figure 3 is a micrograph image of a prepared surface of sheet material used in the present invention.
  • Figure 4 is a micrograph of a cross-section of a prepared surface of sheet material used in the present invention.
  • Figure 5 is a micrograph of a cross-section of a prepared surface of sheet material not suitable for use in the present invention.
  • Figure 6 is a flowchart showing a method of the present invention.
  • Figure 7 is a perspective view of an apparatus for applying the coating of present invention.
  • Figure 8 is another perspective view of the apparatus of figure 7.
  • a method of applying a coating 10 onto a sheet of steel 12 is undertaken in a series of steps set out in figures 1 and 6, with figure 1 representing a simplified version of the more complete process shown in figure 6.
  • a sheet of steel material 12 is prepared in order to receive the coating 10 that will be applied to at least one surface thereof.
  • the thickness of the sheet of steel is dependent upon the application for which it is to be used and is therefore not a constraint or limitation of this invention.
  • the term sheet refers to a single or multiple sheets of steel that are joined together and it is not a limitation of this invention that the sheets form a planar or substantially planar surface.
  • the purpose of the coating is to create a protective nonslip or anti-skid surface to the steel.
  • the steel is for use in any suitable weight bearing situation carrying the weight of, for example, a person, vehicle or aircraft.
  • the primary functions of the surface preparation are to expose a substantially oxide free surface of the steel and to create sufficient surface roughness to ensure secure bonding between the steel 12 and coating 10.
  • An example of such a surface preparation technique is grit blasting (indicated at 16) in which a grit, preferably brown fused alumina, is accelerated in a stream of compressed air at a pressure of greater than 80 psi and directed at the sheet steel at an angle between 45° and 90° to the surface being prepared .
  • An inspection takes place at step 18 and a pass or fail is determined at step 20.
  • the step of inspection may include examining a micrograph of the prepared surface and an acceptable surface micrograph at 100 times magnification is shown in figure 3 with the sharp edges shown therein providing an indication of a surface that will create a good bond to the coating that will be applied thereto.
  • Figures 4 and 5 are also micrographs (at 100 times magnification) showing a cross-section of the grit blasted surface.
  • Figure 4 shows an example of an acceptable grit blasted surface and figure 5 shows an example of an unacceptable surface due to having insufficient roughness.
  • the table below set out the preferred critical roughness parameters for the blasted surface, the roughness being measured using roughness measuring techniques familiar to a person skilled in the art.
  • grit blasting Prior to the grit blasting at step 16, other surface preparation techniques may be applied. These include degreasing and paint removal and the latter may be undertaken using grit blasting but with another grit such as shot or aggregate. The surface may also be tested for grease and for the presence of chloride using a chloride indicator tape or similar techniques familiar to a person skilled in the art.
  • a first metal deposition coating 24 is applied at step 25 and comprises at least aluminium.
  • the first metal deposition coating 24 may include a doping component, including, but not limited to, metals such as zinc, molybdenum, gallium, tin and indium
  • the first metal deposition coating 24 is applied by arc spraying although other metal deposition/spraying processes are also acceptable including, but not limited to, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, air plasma and cold spray.
  • the first metal deposition coating typically has a thickness of between 75 and 200 ⁇ .
  • the first metal deposition coating is preferably applied as a series of layers bypassing the spray gun over the same surface a number of times.
  • the second metal deposition coating comprises aluminium and at least one other doping component, including, but not limited to, metals such as titanium, chromium, manganese, boron, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide and tungsten carbide.
  • the second metal deposition coating 26 is applied using any of the same techniques used to apply the first metal deposition coating 24.
  • the second metal deposition coating typically has a thickness of between 150 and 300 ⁇ and is applied in two stages.
  • the two stages preferably use the same metal combination but can be distinguished by a difference in the acceleration of the metal particles from the spray gun as the spray is applied.
  • the spray particles are accelerated from the spray gun at a faster rate than those producing the second stage 30 of second coating 26.
  • the increased momentum of the fast-moving particles results in secure adhesion between the second coating 26 and first coating 24 and high density.
  • the resultant temporary surface (indicated at 32) at the end of the first stage of the second coating does not have sufficient roughness to provide a good nonslip or antiskid surface.
  • the inspection can include a visual inspection, surface roughness measurements and a bend test (where a sample of steel, not forming part of the main surface being protected, is taken and bent using a predetermined force around a predetermined diameter to ensure good adhesion between the metal deposition coatings and the steel) .
  • the coating 10 is completed by the application (at step 33) of a barrier coating 36.
  • the barrier coating is an inorganic heat resistant material such as a potassium silicate sealant.
  • the sealant acts as a barrier preventing oxidisation of the aluminium and is applied in a layer that is thinner than the first and second metal deposition coatings at between 5 and 25 ⁇ thick. This thickness is sufficiently small that the roughness of the upper surface 34 of the second metal deposition coating 26 is retained thereby providing a good nonslip surface.
  • the barrier coating can be applied by brush, roller, spray gun (HVLP, High velocity, low pressure) or dipping for smaller surfaces.
  • the barrier coating 36 can include a pigment in order to provide a base coat colour as required.
  • a final inspection step takes place at 35 and a pass fail is determined at 37. If required, further barrier coatings containing other pigments to produce other colours can be applied to the surface of the barrier coating to give line marking or other demarcation as required.
  • Spray guns of the type described above can be operated manually to apply the metal deposition coatings. However, when working over large surface areas it is preferable to use a robotic device of the type shown in figures 7 and 8.
  • the apparatus includes a frame 50 which is placed onto sheet material 12 and is manoeuvrable via wheels 52.
  • An applicator, in the form of spray gun 54 is provided to apply the first metal deposition coating and the second metal deposition coating in consecutive applications.
  • the applicator could alternatively include two or more spray guns to apply the separate metal deposition coatings and most preferably includes three spray guns.
  • the first spray gun applies the first metal deposition coating
  • the second spray gun applies the first stage of the second metal deposition coating
  • the third gun applies the second stage of the second metal deposition coating.
  • the applicator is moved relative to frame 50 using an applicator moving means in the form of robotic arm 56. It will be apparent to person skilled in the art that other applicator moving means could be used to control the movement of the applicator relative to the frame, such as a flat-bed scanner.
  • the movement of the robotic arm 56 and use of the spray gun 54 is controlled by a processor (not shown) .
  • the processor enables the even application of the coatings and can ensure that at the edges of the patch of coating 10 (see figure 8) are feathered, by controlling the speed of movement of the arm and/or rate of deposition of the metal coating, so that patches of coating 10 can be separately formed and a consistent coating be applied to the whole surface of the sheet steel material 12.
  • the sheet material is suitable for use in any of the following applications, which are provided by way of example only and not as a definitive list, a helicopter landing platform, a submarine, an oil rig, a chemical processing plant, an energy production plant, a shipping container and a munitions box. It is generally the case that the application in which the coating is being applied to the sheet of steel is already built when the coating is applied. For example, if the coating is being applied to the deck of an aircraft carrier, the coating is applied once the ship has been constructed.

Abstract

A method of coating a sheet of steel is disclosed. The method includes preparing a surface of the sheet of steel by grit blasting with brown fused alumina. A first metal deposition coating, including aluminium, is applied and then a second metal deposition coating, including aluminium and a least one first doping material,is applied to the first coating. Finally a barrier coating including potassium silicate is applied to the second metal deposition coating.

Description

A method of coating a sheet of steel
The present invention relates to a method of coating a sheet of steel and to a coating for a sheet of steel and relates particularly, but not exclusively, to a method of coating a surface of a weight bearing sheet of steel for use on an aircraft carrier .
Ships, such as aircraft carriers, are commonly made from steel including the uppermost deck surface that acts as the aircrafts' takeoff and landing runway. These deck surfaces are commonly protected by applying a layer of organic paint. However, such paint is unable to withstand the gas-wash produced during the takeoff and landing of aircraft that use jet engines to facilitate a vertical takeoff or landing or short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) . This gas-wash can result in a change of surface temperature from ambient to 2000°C causing a patch of the paintwork to be burnt away on each such manoeuvre. Such damage then makes a deck surface vulnerable to corrosion. A surface coating is required that is able to deal with the rapid change in temperature including starting from ambient temperatures in a range of -50° C to +50° C. The coating must provide a nonslip or anti-skid surface allowing it to be safely walked on, it must be sufficiently robust to withstand the force applied to it during takeoff and landing and be easily repairable in the event of damage.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention seek to overcome the above described disadvantages of the prior art.
According to an aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of coating a sheet of steel comprising the steps : - preparing a surface of a sheet of steel that is to be coated; applying a first metal deposition coating to said sheet of steel, said first coating comprising aluminium; applying a second metal deposition coating to said first coating, said second coating comprising aluminium and at least one first doping material; and applying a barrier coating to said second metal deposition coating .
By applying, to a sheet of steel, a first coating of aluminium, a second coating of aluminium plus a doping material and a barrier coating, a series of advantages are provided. The sheet material is protected from corrosion and provides a nonslip or anti-skid surface which is safe to walk on and provide suitable friction resistant surface to operate an aircraft from. The surface can be painted and yet is sufficiently resistant to rapid changes in temperatures that the gas wash from a vertical takeoff aircraft will not damage the surface or the steel. The surface also provides sufficient frictional resistance to allow the takeoff on landing of other aircraft. In a preferred embodiment the surface of said sheet of steel is prepared by grit blasting.
By grit blasting the steel surface a substantially oxide free and suitably rough surface is created which ensures a secure bond between the steel of the sheet material and the aluminium of the first coating.
In another preferred embodiment grit blasting uses a grit comprising brown fused alumina which is suitably angular and robust to provide the required profile to optimise adhesion of the aluminium of the first coating. In a preferred embodiment the first coating further comprises at least one second doping material which enhances the corrosion resistance of the first coating and/or facilitates the ease of repair.
In another preferred embodiment second doping material comprises at least one of zinc, molybdenum, gallium, tin and indium. The addition of the dopants extends the life of the sacrificial characteristics of the first coating layer in marine environments and increases the compatibility of the first coating with the repair regime.
In a further preferred embodiment first metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 75 and 200 μκι.
The second metal deposition coating may be applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a particle accelerator used in the coating applications operates so as to accelerate the particles more in the first stage than the second stage.
The second metal deposition coating may also be applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a particle accelerator used in the coating applications operates so that a surface produced in said first stage has a surface roughness less than a surface roughness produced in said second stage.
By applying the second metal deposition coating in a plurality of stages with lower acceleration of the particles in the second stage thereby leading to greater roughness of the resulting surface, the advantage is provided that the bond between the first metal deposition coating and the second metal deposition coating are secure (due to the increased particle velocity on impact in the first stage) but the uppermost surface of the second metal deposition coating is sufficiently rough (due to decreased particle velocity on impact in the second stage) to assist in the provision of a nonslip or anti-skid surface . In another preferred embodiment the second metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 150 and 300 um.
In a preferred embodiment the barrier coating comprises an inorganic heat resistant coating material. By using an inorganic heat resistant coating material for the barrier coating, the advantage is provided that the barrier coating assists in the protection of the first and second metal deposition coatings and the high temperatures, resultant from jet gas wash, do not damage the barrier coating. As a result, the coating of the present invention can be regarded as intumescent .
In another preferred embodiment the barrier coating comprises a potassium silicate coating material.
A potassium silicate coating provides the above described advantages and can be applied at a convenient thickness.
In a further preferred embodiment the barrier coating is applied to a thickness of between 5 and 25 um.
By providing a barrier coating of the above thickness, the advantage is provided that the barrier coating follows, and substantially reproduces, the profile of second metal deposition coating thereby assisting in the creation of the nonslip surface .
In a preferred embodiment at least one of said first and second metal deposition coatings are applied using at least one of the metal deposition techniques of arc spray, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, air plasma and cold spray.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a coating for a sheet of steel, the coating comprising : - a first metal deposition coating comprising aluminium and applied to a prepared surface of a sheet of steel; a second metal deposition coating comprising aluminium and at least one first doping material and applied to said first metal deposition coating; a barrier coating applied to said second metal deposition coating.
The first coating may further comprise at least one second doping material.
The second doping material may comprise at least one of zinc, molybdenum, Gallium, tin and indium. In a preferred embodiment the first metal deposition coating has a thickness of between 75 and 200 μπι.
The first doping material may comprise at least one of titanium, chromium, manganese, boron, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide and tungsten carbide.
In a preferred embodiment the second metal deposition coating is applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a surface produced in said first stage has a surface roughness less than a surface roughness produced in said second stage.
In another preferred embodiment the second metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 150 and 300 um.
In a preferred embodiment the barrier coating comprises an inorganic heat resistant coating material. In another preferred embodiment the barrier coating comprises a potassium silicate coating material.
In a further preferred embodiment the barrier coating is applied to a thickness of between 5 and 25 um.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a sheet material comprising:- a sheet of steel material; and a coating as set out above applied to said sheet of steel material .
In a preferred embodiment the steel comprises hardened steel. In another preferred embodiment the steel comprises carbon manganese steel.
According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an article comprising at least one sheet material as set out above. In a preferred embodiment the sheet material forms a weight bearing surface.
In another preferred embodiment the article is any of a helicopter landing platform, a submarine, an oil rig, a chemical processing plant, an energy production plant, a shipping container and a munitions box.
According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided an apparatus for applying a coating to a sheet of steel, the apparatus comprising: - a frame for supporting a plurality of metal deposition coating applicators; applicator moving means for moving said applicators relative to said frame; at least one applicator for applying at least one first metal deposition coating and at least one second metal deposition coating to a sheet of steel; and at least one processor for controlling said applicators and said applicator moving means.
By providing an apparatus described above, the advantage is provided that large surfaces of sheet material, for example the deck of an aircraft carrier, can be coated accurately and evenly producing a surface to a consistent standard.
In a preferred embodiment the applicator uses at least one of the metal deposition techniques of arc spray, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, air plasma and cold spray.
The apparatus may comprise a plurality of applicators for applying at least one first metal deposition coating and at least one second metal deposition coating to a sheet of steel.
Preferred embodiments of the present invention will now be described, by way of example only, and not and in any limitative sense with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: -
Figure 1 is a flowchart showing a method of the present invention;
Figure 2 is a schematic sectional representation of a sheet material and coating of the present invention;
Figure 3 is a micrograph image of a prepared surface of sheet material used in the present invention;
Figure 4 is a micrograph of a cross-section of a prepared surface of sheet material used in the present invention;
Figure 5 is a micrograph of a cross-section of a prepared surface of sheet material not suitable for use in the present invention;
Figure 6 is a flowchart showing a method of the present invention;
Figure 7 is a perspective view of an apparatus for applying the coating of present invention; and
Figure 8 is another perspective view of the apparatus of figure 7. Referring to figures 1 and 2, a method of applying a coating 10 onto a sheet of steel 12 is undertaken in a series of steps set out in figures 1 and 6, with figure 1 representing a simplified version of the more complete process shown in figure 6. At the start of the process a sheet of steel material 12 is prepared in order to receive the coating 10 that will be applied to at least one surface thereof. The thickness of the sheet of steel is dependent upon the application for which it is to be used and is therefore not a constraint or limitation of this invention. Furthermore, the term sheet refers to a single or multiple sheets of steel that are joined together and it is not a limitation of this invention that the sheets form a planar or substantially planar surface. The purpose of the coating is to create a protective nonslip or anti-skid surface to the steel. The steel is for use in any suitable weight bearing situation carrying the weight of, for example, a person, vehicle or aircraft.
The primary functions of the surface preparation (indicated at 14 on figures 1 and 6) are to expose a substantially oxide free surface of the steel and to create sufficient surface roughness to ensure secure bonding between the steel 12 and coating 10. An example of such a surface preparation technique is grit blasting (indicated at 16) in which a grit, preferably brown fused alumina, is accelerated in a stream of compressed air at a pressure of greater than 80 psi and directed at the sheet steel at an angle between 45° and 90° to the surface being prepared .
An inspection takes place at step 18 and a pass or fail is determined at step 20. The step of inspection may include examining a micrograph of the prepared surface and an acceptable surface micrograph at 100 times magnification is shown in figure 3 with the sharp edges shown therein providing an indication of a surface that will create a good bond to the coating that will be applied thereto. Figures 4 and 5 are also micrographs (at 100 times magnification) showing a cross-section of the grit blasted surface. Figure 4 shows an example of an acceptable grit blasted surface and figure 5 shows an example of an unacceptable surface due to having insufficient roughness. The table below set out the preferred critical roughness parameters for the blasted surface, the roughness being measured using roughness measuring techniques familiar to a person skilled in the art.
Prior to the grit blasting at step 16, other surface preparation techniques may be applied. These include degreasing and paint removal and the latter may be undertaken using grit blasting but with another grit such as shot or aggregate. The surface may also be tested for grease and for the presence of chloride using a chloride indicator tape or similar techniques familiar to a person skilled in the art.
Following the surface preparation in step 14, metal deposition is undertaken at step 22. This metal deposition is undertaken in two different coatings with two different compositions of metal being deposited consecutively onto the steel 12. A first metal deposition coating 24 is applied at step 25 and comprises at least aluminium. The first metal deposition coating 24 may include a doping component, including, but not limited to, metals such as zinc, molybdenum, gallium, tin and indium The first metal deposition coating 24 is applied by arc spraying although other metal deposition/spraying processes are also acceptable including, but not limited to, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, air plasma and cold spray. The first metal deposition coating typically has a thickness of between 75 and 200 μπι. The first metal deposition coating is preferably applied as a series of layers bypassing the spray gun over the same surface a number of times.
Once the first metal deposition coating 24 has been applied a second metal deposition coating 26 is applied (at step 27) on top of the first coating 24. The second metal deposition coating comprises aluminium and at least one other doping component, including, but not limited to, metals such as titanium, chromium, manganese, boron, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide and tungsten carbide. The second metal deposition coating 26 is applied using any of the same techniques used to apply the first metal deposition coating 24. The second metal deposition coating typically has a thickness of between 150 and 300 μπι and is applied in two stages. The two stages preferably use the same metal combination but can be distinguished by a difference in the acceleration of the metal particles from the spray gun as the spray is applied. In the first stage of the application, producing the first stage 28 of second coating 26, the spray particles are accelerated from the spray gun at a faster rate than those producing the second stage 30 of second coating 26. In the first stage the increased momentum of the fast-moving particles results in secure adhesion between the second coating 26 and first coating 24 and high density. However, the resultant temporary surface (indicated at 32) at the end of the first stage of the second coating does not have sufficient roughness to provide a good nonslip or antiskid surface. By slowing down and reducing the momentum of the particles in the second stage (by reducing the pressure of the accelerant gas in the spray gun by roughly half) a rougher surface (indicated at 34) is produced.
Once the first and second metal deposition coatings have been applied and inspection takes place at step 29 and a pass fail is determined at step 31. The inspection can include a visual inspection, surface roughness measurements and a bend test (where a sample of steel, not forming part of the main surface being protected, is taken and bent using a predetermined force around a predetermined diameter to ensure good adhesion between the metal deposition coatings and the steel) .
The coating 10 is completed by the application (at step 33) of a barrier coating 36. The barrier coating is an inorganic heat resistant material such as a potassium silicate sealant. The sealant acts as a barrier preventing oxidisation of the aluminium and is applied in a layer that is thinner than the first and second metal deposition coatings at between 5 and 25 μπι thick. This thickness is sufficiently small that the roughness of the upper surface 34 of the second metal deposition coating 26 is retained thereby providing a good nonslip surface. The barrier coating can be applied by brush, roller, spray gun (HVLP, High velocity, low pressure) or dipping for smaller surfaces. The barrier coating 36 can include a pigment in order to provide a base coat colour as required.
Once the barrier coating has been applied a final inspection step takes place at 35 and a pass fail is determined at 37. If required, further barrier coatings containing other pigments to produce other colours can be applied to the surface of the barrier coating to give line marking or other demarcation as required. Spray guns of the type described above can be operated manually to apply the metal deposition coatings. However, when working over large surface areas it is preferable to use a robotic device of the type shown in figures 7 and 8. The apparatus includes a frame 50 which is placed onto sheet material 12 and is manoeuvrable via wheels 52. An applicator, in the form of spray gun 54, is provided to apply the first metal deposition coating and the second metal deposition coating in consecutive applications. However, the applicator could alternatively include two or more spray guns to apply the separate metal deposition coatings and most preferably includes three spray guns. The first spray gun applies the first metal deposition coating, the second spray gun applies the first stage of the second metal deposition coating and the third gun applies the second stage of the second metal deposition coating. The applicator is moved relative to frame 50 using an applicator moving means in the form of robotic arm 56. It will be apparent to person skilled in the art that other applicator moving means could be used to control the movement of the applicator relative to the frame, such as a flat-bed scanner. The movement of the robotic arm 56 and use of the spray gun 54 is controlled by a processor (not shown) . The processor enables the even application of the coatings and can ensure that at the edges of the patch of coating 10 (see figure 8) are feathered, by controlling the speed of movement of the arm and/or rate of deposition of the metal coating, so that patches of coating 10 can be separately formed and a consistent coating be applied to the whole surface of the sheet steel material 12.
The sheet material is suitable for use in any of the following applications, which are provided by way of example only and not as a definitive list, a helicopter landing platform, a submarine, an oil rig, a chemical processing plant, an energy production plant, a shipping container and a munitions box. It is generally the case that the application in which the coating is being applied to the sheet of steel is already built when the coating is applied. For example, if the coating is being applied to the deck of an aircraft carrier, the coating is applied once the ship has been constructed.
It will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the above embodiments have been described by way of example only and not in any limitative sense, and that various alterations and modifications are possible without departure from the scope of the protection which is defined by the appended claims.

Claims

Claims
1. A method of coating a sheet of steel comprising the steps :- preparing a surface of a sheet of steel that is to be coated; applying a first metal deposition coating to said sheet of steel, said first coating comprising aluminium; applying a second metal deposition coating to said first coating, said second coating comprising aluminium and a least one first doping material; and applying a barrier coating to said second metal deposition coating.
2. A method according to claim 1, wherein said surface of said sheet of steel is prepared by grit blasting.
3. A method according to claim 2, wherein said grit blasting uses a grit comprising brown fused alumina.
4. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said first coating further comprises at least one second doping material .
5. A method according to claim 4, wherein said second doping material comprises at least one of zinc, molybdenum, Gallium, tin and indium.
6. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said first metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 75 and 200 um.
7. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said first doping material comprises at least one of titanium, chromium, manganese, boron, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide and tungsten carbide.
8. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said second metal deposition coating is applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a particle accelerator used in the coating applications operates so as to accelerate the particles more in the first stage than the second stage.
9. A method according to anyone of claims 1 to 8, wherein said second metal deposition coating is applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a particle accelerator used in the coating applications operates so that a surface produced in said first stage has a surface roughness less than a surface roughness produced in said second stage .
10. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said second metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 150 and 300 μπι.
11. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said barrier coating comprises an inorganic heat resistant coating material .
12. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said barrier coating comprises a potassium silicate coating material.
13. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein said barrier coating is applied to a thickness of between 5 and 25 μπι.
14. A method according to any preceding claim, wherein at least one of said first and second metal deposition coatings are applied using at least one of the metal deposition techniques of arc spray, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, air plasma and cold spray.
15. A coating for a sheet of steel, the coating comprising:- a first metal deposition coating comprising aluminium and applied to a prepared surface of a sheet of steel; a second metal deposition coating comprising aluminium and at least one first doping material and applied to said first metal deposition coating; a barrier coating applied to said second metal deposition coating .
16. A coating according to claim 15, wherein said first coating further comprises at least one second doping material.
17. A coating according to claim 16, wherein said second doping material comprises at least one of zinc, molybdenum, Gallium, tin and indium.
18. A coating according to anyone of claims 15 to 17, wherein said first metal deposition coating has a thickness of between 75 and 200 um.
19. A coating according to anyone of claims 15 to 18, wherein said first doping material comprises at least one of titanium, chromium, manganese, boron, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, chromium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, boron nitride, boron carbide and tungsten carbide.
20. A coating according to anyone of claims 15 to 19, wherein said second metal deposition coating is applied in a plurality of stages including a first stage and a second stage and wherein a surface produced in said first stage has a surface roughness less than a surface roughness produced in said second stage.
21. A coating according to anyone of claims 15 to 20, wherein said second metal deposition coating is applied to a thickness of between 150 and 300 um.
22. A coating according to anyone of claims 15 to 21, wherein said barrier coating comprises an inorganic heat resistant coating material.
23. A coating according to anyone of claims 15 to 22, wherein said barrier coating comprises a potassium silicate coating material .
24. A coating according to anyone of claims 15 to 23, wherein said barrier coating is applied to a thickness of between 5 and
25 um.
25. A sheet material comprising: - a sheet of steel material; and a coating according to any of claims 15 to 26 applied to said sheet of steel material.
26. A sheet material according to claim 25, wherein said steel comprises hardened steel.
27. A sheet material according to claim 25 or 26, wherein said steel comprises carbon manganese steel.
28. An article comprising at least one sheet material according to any of claims 25 to 27.
29. An article according to claim 28, wherein said sheet material forms a weight bearing surface.
30. An article according to claim 28 or 29, wherein said article is any of a helicopter landing platform, a submarine, an oil rig, a chemical processing plant, an energy production plant, a shipping container and a munitions box.
31. An apparatus for applying a coating to a sheet of steel, the apparatus comprising: - a frame for supporting a plurality of metal deposition coating applicators ; applicator moving means for moving said applicators relative to said frame; at least one applicator for applying at least one first metal deposition coating and at least one second metal deposition coating to a sheet of steel; and at least one processor for controlling said applicators and said applicator moving means.
32. An apparatus according to claim 31, wherein at least one of said applicator uses at least one of the metal deposition techniques of arc spray, wire spray, twin wire arc spray, hot plasma and cold spray.
33. An apparatus according to claim 31 or 32 comprising a plurality of applicators for applying at least one first metal deposition coating and at least one second metal deposition coating to a sheet of steel.
34. A method of coating a sheet of steel substantially has hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings .
35. A coating for a sheet of steel substantially has hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings .
36. A sheet material substantially has hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
37. An article substantially has hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings.
38. An apparatus for applying a coating to a sheet of steel substantially has hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawings .
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GB2542088A (en) 2017-03-08
AU2015273296B2 (en) 2020-04-16
GB2529608B (en) 2018-07-18
WO2015189612A2 (en) 2015-12-17
CN107155334A (en) 2017-09-12
GB2529608A (en) 2016-03-02
US20170114438A1 (en) 2017-04-27
SG11201610389TA (en) 2017-01-27
CA2951204A1 (en) 2015-12-17
PT3155138T (en) 2019-05-03
CN107155334B (en) 2019-12-03
GB201410336D0 (en) 2014-07-23
GB201700406D0 (en) 2017-02-22

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