EP3129325A1

EP3129325A1 - Fine particle shortwave thrombotic agglomeration reactor (fpstar)

Info

Publication number: EP3129325A1
Application number: EP14747148.6A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Rajah Vijay Kumar
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2014-04-01
Filing date: 2014-04-01
Publication date: 2017-02-15
Also published as: WO2015151112A1

Abstract

The present invention describes an apparatus called the Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FPSTAR), which extracts waste from water without the need to add chemicals. The unprocessed water will be pulse fed to the reactor core having a Turbuliser. When Shortwave Resonance of different frequencies and high power is delivered to these reactors, soluble monomeric and polymeric complexes are formed. The finer particles that are present in the water substrate are subject to a special technique, which enables these particles to collide and agglomerate to form larger and heavier particles called Thrombus (clots).The liquid containing the clots is Thrombised liquid which is pumped through appropriate filtering systems to separate the clotted mass from the liquid. The reactor is used to decontaminate unprocessed water streams for reuse in the industry and other purposes and reduces the cost of water treatment, which also finds use in Oil and Mining Industries.

Description

FINE PARTICLE SHORTWAVE THROMBOTIC AGGLOMERATION REACTOR (FPSTAR)

BACKGROUND

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an apparatus and method to agglomerate or clot fine particles in liquids into larger size using a technique called Shortwave Thrombolation by which impurities can be filtered easily.

DISCUSSION OF PRIOR ART Blood is known for its ability to clot. The actual mechanism of clotting is remarkably simple. Blood contains a fibrous, soluble protein called fibrinogen ("clot-maker"), which comprises about 3% of the protein in blood plasma. Fibrinogen has a sticky portion near the center of the molecule, but the sticky region is covered by small amino acid chains with negative charges. These amino acid chains keep fibrinogen molecules apart as like charges repel each other. During blood clotting, a protease (protein-cutting) enzyme breaks the charged chains. This exposes the sticky parts of the molecule, and suddenly the fibrinogens (which are now called fibrins) start to stick together resulting in the formation of the clot. There are three important factors that help the blood to clot including an angular frequency of the number of times the heart (the ejection pump) pulses, a viscosity of the blood, the ability of protease molecules to break the charged chains and turbulence in the plumbing system.

Waste water is any water that has been adversely affected in quality by anthropogenic influence. Municipal wastewater is usually conveyed in a combined sewer or sanitary and treated at a wastewater treatment plant. The treated wastewater is discharged into receiving water via an effluent sewer. Sewage is the subset of waste water that is contaminated with feces or urine, but is often used to mean any wastewater. Sewage includes domestic, Municipal, or Industrial liquid waste products disposed of, usually via a pipe or sewer (sanitary or combined). Waste Water can be industrial waste water, agricultural waste water, domestic waste water etc.

Waste water is a major global problem, which requires ongoing evaluation and revision of water resource policies of countries at all levels (international policy to individual aquifers and wells). It is the leading worldwide cause of deaths and diseases, and it accounts for the deaths of more than 20,000 people daily. An estimated 580 people in India die of water pollution related sickness every day. It is observed that 90% of cities in China suffer from some degree of waste water pollution, and nearly 500 million people lack access to safe drinking water. In addition to the acute problems of water pollution in developing countries, developed countries continue to struggle with pollution problems as well. More than a billion people, almost one-fifth of the world's population lack access to safe drinking water. However, 24.500.000 km of water is available as fresh water for life's consumption but the 6.5 billion people's quest for prosperity has contaminated and made it unusable for human consumption of any kind not alone drinking.

Water is typically referred to as polluted when it is impaired by anthropogenic contaminants and either does not support human use such as drinking or undergoes a marked shift in its ability to support its constituent biotic communities such as fish. Natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms and earthquakes also cause major changes in water quality and the ecological status of water. The inventions known in the state of art describe the methods to flocculate or coagulate suspended or dissolved solids from liquids by use of chemicals, or electricity. The present invention uses the blood clotting mechanism to agglomerate fine particles ranging from a few nanometers to millimeter sizes by simulating the required environment, by pulsed flow turbulence, complex alloys, millimeter waves, Extra High Tension, and shortwave resonance, with an intention to recover pure water from contaminated water.

US2101810 titled "Flocculation" describes the purification of polluted and impure water including sewage water, trade water waste by the process of flocculation. The invention describes a method and an apparatus for water purification. The pretreatment process involves chemical dosing of the waste water using ferric chloride. This results in floe formation in flocculation section of the apparatus due to agitation and oscillation of a pendulum type of agitator. The floe is further subjected to a conditioning treatment to obtain a clear effluent and is allowed to sediment.

US6447686 titled "Rapid coagulation-flocculation and sedimentation type waste water treatment method" describes high speed coagulation, flocculation and sedimentation method for waste water treatment including storm water runoff. The apparatus consists of a mixing tank, an agitating tank, a polymer aggregation tank and a sedimentation tank. The method involves the use of glass particles and kieselguhr to convert the sludge into reusable porous ceramics. The method permits high speed waste water treatment with effective removal of phosphorous and also permits valuable reuse of the sludge produces during the course of treatment.

US8029678 titled "Method for treating water, in particular drinking water and water treatment plant" describes the waste water treatment using the steps of clarification, ozonization and filtration. The diverted fraction of the water stream is pressurized and delivered to a liquid or gas exchange tower to enrich with ozone, which is present in an air or oxygen carrier gas, and then the ozone-enriched fraction of water is diluted in the main stream. The fraction of the main water stream is diverted downstream of a clarification tank and upstream of a contact tank and is subjected to filtration. The invention has an advantage of saving large energy in ozone production as the ozone is produced by the oxygen, which is used as carrier gas.

US 8398829 Bl titled "System for electrocoagulation fluid treatment" describes a system consisting of a tubular member used electro-coagulation fluid treatment. The tubular member consists of multiple electro-coagulation assemblies. These are arranged in angle. A non-conductive block is placed in between these assemblies, such that they are stabilized and are arranged within the tubular member.

SUMMARYOF THE INVENTION

The present invention discloses an apparatus called a Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FPSTAR) to agglomerate fine particles in one or more unprocessed water streams into larger sized particles, using a technique called Shortwave Thrombolation by which impurities can be filtered easily, the apparatus having four abstract, interconnected modules including (a) an Extra High Tension SECTION-A, (b) a Fine Particle Shortwave Agglomeration Reactor (FPSTAR) SECTION-B, (c) a control automation system SECTION-C and (d) a filtration system SECTION-D. One or more unprocessed water streams enter the Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System and are exposed to high frequency radio waves in the microwave band, at extremely high voltage ranging from 30,000 volts to 120,000 volts, which weakens the bonds of the long chain structures and converts complex molecules into simple molecules, yielding pre-conditioned water. The FPSAR has a Thrombolation reactor, through which the broken down pre-conditioned water from step .a. is passed, which enables the conversion of particles with sizes ranging from 0.01 Microns up to 10 Microns to one or more clots of 1.5 millimeters with varying rates of clot formation, yielding Thrombised water that is fed into a filtration system SECTION-D.The Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System and the FPSAR consist of several solenoid valves, pumps and flow meters, controlled by the Control Automation System SECTION-C. The Filtration System SECTION-D filters Thrombised water from the Thrombolation reactor.

The present invention discloses an apparatus called a Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FPSTAR). The apparatus uses multiple parameters specific to the liquid to be processed to achieve Fine Particle Aggregation. In the first part the liquid is passed through millimeter wave irradiation to breakdown long chain organics present in the liquid and then the liquid undergoes the Thrombised Reaction to clot all fine particles in the liquid and form large clots, which cari be filtered by conventional methods. These parameters include millimeter wave frequency, Software resonance frequency, Extra High Tension, Curdiliser current density, pH, turbulence, pulsing rate, etc. depending on the characteristics of the liquid to be processed.

The liquid to be treated will be pulse fed to the reactor core with a suitable pump. The flow turbulence is caused by a second pump called as a Turbulator. When an appropriate high intensity shortwave of different frequencies and appropriate power is delivered to these reactors, it forms soluble monomeric and polymeric Hydroxo- metal complexes, depending on the super alloy used in the Curdiliser. When these complexes are subjected to a shortwave resonance at the appropriate frequency depending on the characteristics of in-coming stream of water, they lose their charges and change from symmetric to asymmetric structures and thus stick to each other to form the clots, more or less the same way the protease (protein-cutting) enzyme works in clotting blood. The whole process occurs through different steps like dissolution, formation of hydroxide, and hydrogen ions, ionic reactions at, Curdiliser surfaces and particle aggregation of Nano-micro particles and clot formation. The liquid with clots and curdle will pass to aThrombo Chamber, which is jacketing the core reactor and liquid is called Thrombised liquid (TL). The TL is now pumped through appropriate sedimentation and filtering systems to separate the clotted mass from the liquid. The process takes place at normal pressure and temperature. Neither catalyst no rare other externally added chemical substances involved.

The present invention is based on the blood clotting mechanism. The fine particles in liquids contain the sticky portion at the center and a negative charge. The charge here is removed by applying suitable shortwave resonance through a specialized system of conducting surfaces called a cylindrical Curdiliser. As a result of change in the charge, small and large particles in the liquid stick together to form bigger clumps, in the range of 200 to 1500Microns in size. This size of particles can be filtered very easily. The invention is capable of removing materials that do not form precipitate such as sodium and potassium and non-flocculating materials like benzene, toluene or similar organic compounds. Substances like lignin, a macromolecule composed of three monomers namely 7-Coumaryl Alcohol, Coniferyl Alcohol, and Sinapyl Alcohol or its derivatives can also be removed by the present invention. Modifying or changing process parameters can easily control the rate of clot formation.

Presently, it is common to use techniques like Precipitation, Flocculation, Coagulation, or Electro-Coagulation, in the treatment of water. However, there are some materials; for example, Sodium, Potassium etc., that does not precipitate, thus cannot be removed by simple filtration. Some of the organic compounds like benzene, toluene behaves the same even to Flocculation, and they still cannot be removed by simple Filtration. FPSTAR process can handle complex Phenols, Aldehides, and Ketones also found in some of the organic waste water or unprocessed water streams that are difficult to process by conventional waste water treatment techniques. In the present invention the millimeter wave is used to break down long chain Lignin like structures to smaller and simpler molecules that can be easily converted by the FPSTAR process and then can be filtered out.

The entire process is very fast and ranging from 10 minutes to 2 hours depending on the feed stock. The FPSTAR reactor is used to decontaminate the waste water streams to recover for reuse in the industry and other purposes and reduces the cost of water treatment.

The water that is not potable including sea water, when .subjected to the subject invention process that is, the FPSTAR process, all fine particles even at Nano Scale would Agglomerate and forms Micron size or even millimeter size particles. When this water is then filtered using conventional filtering techniques, one would recover the water that is potable as per standards.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

Figure 1 shows the Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FP-STAR) apparatus.

Figure 2a shows an abstract schematic of the Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FP-STAR).

Figure 2b describes SECTION-D from Fig. 2a, the filtration system. Figure 3a shows an Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System for Lignocellulotic breakdown

Figure3b shows the design of the FP-SAR in different views. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Figure 1 shows the Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FP- STAR) apparatus. The FP-STAR apparatus has (a) one or more manual valves MV01..MV09, (b) a flow meter FMOl, (c) one or more Solenoid Valves SV01..SV09, (d) one or more pumps P01,P02, (e) a Level Sensor LVOl (f) a Millimeter Wave (MMW) chamber 2 (g) an Extra High Tension (EHT) chamber 3 (h) a pre-conditioned water buffer chamber 4 (i) a Thrombo Chamber 5 (j) a control automation sub-system SCADA 6 (k) a high current Thrombulator 7, (1) a high voltage generator 8, (m) one or more supervisory control systems 9, (n) a shortwave generator 10, (o) a Turbulator pump 11, (p) an input for water streams with high Lingocellulotic load la and (q) an input for water streams with low Lingocellulotic lb load wherein: a. The manual valves MV01..MV09 regulate the flow of water through the different parts of the apparatus;

b. The flow meter FMOl measures the flow of unprocessed water through the manual valves MV01 and MV02;

c. The Solenoid Valves SV01..SV09 are controlled by the SCADA 6 and regulate the flow of water through the different parts of the apparatus; d. The Level Sensor LVOl estimates the level of pre-conditioned water; e. The MMW Chamber 2 is lined with a reflector 2a and houses (a) a control electronics and a switching circuit 2b (b) a wave guide 2c, (c)a high voltage source 2d and (d) a magnetron 2e wherein: i. The reflector 2a creates multiple reflections of one or more microwaves;

ii. The control electronics and a switching circuit 2b is a circuit for high speed switching operation; and

iii. The wave guide2c is a device responsible for guiding one or more microwaves generated by the magnetron 2e powered by the high voltage source 2d.

The EHT Chamber 3 is lined with one or more Corona plates 3a and enables dissolution and destabilization of one or more broken down molecules in unprocessed water;

The pre-conditioned water buffer chamber 4 houses pre-conditioned water flowing out of the EHT Chamber 3;

The Thrombo Chamber 5 has an outlet to a filtration system and further comprises (a) a cylindrical Curdiliser 5a (b) a reactor core 5b (c) a polypropylene sheet 5c lining at its top-end, (d) a control rod 5d, and (e) a vent pipe 5e wherein:

i. The cylindrical Curdiliser 5a converts the waste to one or more clots by induced particle aggregation or Thrombolation;

ii. The reactor core 5b houses pre-conditioned water to be treated, which is pulse fed to the reactor core 5b;

iii. The control rod 5d at the center of the reactor is used to increase or decrease the reaction and is consumed in the process; and

iv. The vent pipe 5e from the interior of the reactor is used to vent out any gases that may be formed.

The control automation sub-system SCADA 6 regulates the flow meter FM01, the solenoid valves SV01..SV09, the level sensor LV01, the pumps P01 and P02; j. The high current Thrombulator 7 supplies extremely high current ranging between 100A to ΙΟ,ΟΟΟΑ to the cylindrical Curdiliser 5a; k. The high voltage generator 8 generates voltage for the high voltage source 2d and is connected to the supervisory control systems 9;

1. The supervisory control systems 9 transfer the shortwave resonance neutralization to the reactor core 5b;

m. The Turbulator pump 11 causes flow turbulence in Thrombised water re-entering the FPSTAR. Here, the water stream with high Lignocellulotic load is allowed to pass through a manual valve MV01, a flow meter FMOl, anda manual valve MV02. The flow meter FMOl measures the flow of unprocessed water through the manual valves MV01 and MV02.The figure further shows a bypass manual valve MV03, which is in parallel connection with the manual valves MV01 and MV02, and the flow meter FMOl. The bypass manual valve MV03 is operated only when the flow meter FMOl is not functioning. The water with high Lignocellulotic load is controlled by a solenoid valve SV01 regulating its flow into a millimeter wave (MMW) exposure chamber 2. The MMW Chamber 2 is lined with a reflector 2a that creates multiple reflections of one or more microwaves. The MMW Chamber 2 further houses a control electronics and a switching circuit 2b, which is a circuit for high speed switching operation, a wave guide 2c which is a device responsible for guiding the microwaves, a high voltage source 2d that is required for the operation of a magnetron, and a magnetron 2e for generating the microwaves. However, if the MMW Chamber 2 is isolated from the system or the water to be processed has high suspended solids, the unprocessed water through a solenoid valve SV07 and a solenoid valve SV08 flows directly into an Extra High Tension chamber 3.The unprocessed water from the MMW Chamber 2 is allowed to flow out through a solenoid valve SV02, and further through a solenoid valve SV03 and SV04 into the Extra High Tension (EHT) chamber 3, where a charged Corona is generated out of high voltage ranging between 30 to 120 KV. The EHT Chamber 3 is lined with one or .more Corona plates 3a. The pre-conditioned water flows out of the EHT Chamber 3, through a solenoid valve SV05. Further, the water with low Lignocellulotic load is allowed to flow through a solenoid valve SV06 into a preconditioned water buffer chamber 4. The pre-conditioned water buffer chamber 4 is connected to a manual valve MV09 and a manual valve MV04. The Manual valve MV09 isolates a level sensor LV01 for estimating the level of pre-conditioned water. The manual valve MV04 is connected to a feed pump P01, which in turn is pumps the pre-conditioned water through a manual valve MV05 into a reactor core 5a. A Thrombo Chamber 5 consists of a cylindrical Curdiliser 5a, and the reactor core 5b. The cylindrical Curdiliser 5a converts the waste to Thrombus or clot by induced particle aggregation or Thrombolation. The Thrombo Chamber 5 is further lined with a polypropylene sheet 5c on top that holds the cylindrical Curdiliser 5a, a control rod 5d at the centre of the reactor that is used to increase or decrease the reaction and is consumed in the process, and a vent pipe 5e from the interior of the reactor is used to vent out any gases that may be formed. The Thrombised water from the Thrombo Chamber 5 is allowed to pass through a manual valve MV06 that controls the inlet of Thrombised water into a progressive cavity pump P02. The outlet of the Thrombised water from the progressive cavity pump P02 is controlled by a manual valve MV07. Further, through a Turbulator pump 11 that causes flow turbulence and the high COD/DS (Chemical Oxygen Demand) Thrombised water inlet 12, the Thrombised water flows into the Thrombo Chamber 5. The Thrombo Chamber 5 is provided with an output for the filtering system, where the Thrombised water flows through a manual valve MV08 to flow out. The water with low Lignocellulotic load flows through a solenoid valve SV09, into the preconditioned water buffer chamber 4 and the Thrombo Chamber 5. Here, in the FP- STAR the flow meter FM01, the solenoid valves SV01,SV02, SV03, SV04, SV05, SV06, SV07, SV08, SV09, the level sensor LV01, the pumps P01 and P02 are all regulated by a control automation system (SCAD A) 6, is further used to control all operations of the plant. The SCADA 6 in turn is connected to a high current Thrombulator 7, a high voltage generator 8 that generates voltage, and one or more supervisory computers and control systems 9. The high current Thrombulator 7 supplies extremely high current ranging between 100A to ΙΟ,ΟΟΟΑ to the cylindrical Curdiliser 5a. Further, the high current Thrombulator 7 is connected to the supervisory computers and control systems 9. The supervisory computers and control systems 9 are connected to a shortwave generator 10 that generates shortwave for bombardment. The supervisory computers and control system 9 transfers the shortwave resonance neutralization to the reactor core 5b. The supervisory computers and control system 9 is further connected to the high current Thrombulator 7. The high voltage generator 8 is connected to the supervisory computers and control system 9, and further supplies voltage to the control electronics and the switching circuit 2b.

Figure 2a shows an abstract schematic of the Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FP-STAR). An apparatus called Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FPSTAR) 1 to agglomerate fine particles in one or more unprocessed water streams into larger sized particles, using a technique called Thrombised by which impurities can be filtered easily, the apparatus having four abstract, interconnected modules including (a) an Extra High Tension SECTION-A, (b) a Fine Particle Shortwave Agglomeration Reactor (FPSAR) SECTION-B, (c) a control automation system SECTION-C and (d) a filtration system SECTION-D. One or more unprocessed water streams enter the Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System and are exposed to high frequency radio waves in the microwave band, at extremely high voltage ranging from 30,000 volts to 120,000 volts, which weakens the bonds of the long chain structures and converts complex molecules into simple molecules, yielding pre-conditioned water. Here, the unprocessed water will be exposed to high frequency radio waves in the microwave band. This will weaken the bonds of the long chain structures similar to Lignin, Phenols, etc. The FP-SAR has a Thrombolation reactor, through which the broken down pre-conditioned water from step .a. is passed, which enables the conversion of particles with sizes ranging from 0.01 Microns up to 10 Microns to one or more clots of 1.5 millimeters with varying rates of clot formation, yielding Thrombised water that is fed into a filtration system SECTION-D. The rate of clot formation depends on current density, and shortwave frequency, and pH of the water. Besides the turbulence, water pulsing rate and residence time also plays an important role. A range of these parameters are used for different types of water streams processed. Each type of water streams, (example; coffee pulping effluent, sewage, surface water or Sea water etc.,) are subjected to a laboratory analysis to determine their constitution before determining the process parameters. (ANNEXURE 1) The Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System and the FP-SAR consist of several solenoid valves, pumps and flow meters, controlled by the Control Automation System SECTION-C. The Filtration System SECTION-D filters Thrombised water from the Thrombolation reactor.

Figure 2b describes the filtering system consisting of an intermediate holding tank T01 filled with Thrombised water connected to a manual valve MV39 and a manual valve MV10. The manual valve MV39 is further connected to a level sensor LV02 to estimate the level of Thrombised water in the intermediate holding tank T01. The manual valve MV10 allows the Thrombised water to flow through a manual valve MV11, or the Thrombised water is pumped with the help of a pump P03. The Thrombised water then flows through a manual valve MV12, a solenoid valve SV10 and then through a manual valve MV13. However, if the solenoid valve SV10 is not working, a bypass manual valve MV14 is operated. The bypass manual valve MV14 is connected in parallel with the manual valves MV12, MV13 and the solenoid valve SV10. The Thrombised water further passes through a Manual valve MV32, which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PG01 and a pressure transmitter PT01, to estimate the pressure of the Thrombised water flowing and converting the same to electronic signal. The Thrombised water now flows into a pressure sand filter PSF 01, through a multi port valve MPVOl. The Thrombised water undergoes filtration, the rejected water flows through a manual valve MV29 into a backwash tank T02. Here, the clots of size greater than 400Microns are filtered out. The filtered water flows out of the pressure sand filter PSF01, where the Thrombised water undergoes filtration of greater than 200 Micronparticles via a manual valve MV33 which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PG02, to estimate the pressure of the filtered water flowing. Further, the filtered water pressure is altered, such that a suction force is created to enable the flow of filtered water upwards. The Multi Port Valve MPVOl is used to control the pressure sand filter PSF01 during the different modes of filtration operation including a forward filtering cycle and reverse backwash cycle. The filtered water then flows into an Activated Carbon Filter ACF01 through a Multi Port Valve MPV02. Where the filtered water is Filtered using the activated carbon filter ACF01, to remove odor and pigmentation, if any. Here, before the filtered water enters the activated carbon filter ACF01, there is a manual valve MV34, connected to a Pressure gauge PG03 and a pressure transmitter PT02 to estimate the pressure of the filtered water and the same is converted into electronic signal using the pressure transmitter PT02. The rejected water is allowed to flow out through the, manual valve MV29, into the backwash tank T02. The filtered water flows out through a manual valve MV35, which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PG04 to determine the pressure of the filtered water flowing. The rejected water and the filtered water within the activated carbon filter ACF01 is regulated by the multiport valve MPV02 during the different modes of filter operation including a forward filtering cycle and reverse backwash cycle. The filtered water then flows through a manual valve MV15, a solenoid valve SVll and a manual valve MV16. However, if the solenoid valve SVll is not functioning, a bypass manual valve MV17 connected in parallel with the manual valves MV15, MV16, and the solenoid valve SVll is used. The filtered water subsequently flows through a manual valve MV18, a Rotometer RM01 where the rate of flow of filtered water is determined, and a manual valve MV19 into a micro-filter 21. Before flowing into a micro-filter 21, the filtered water flows into a manual valve MV36, which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PG05 and a pressure transmitter PT03, where the pressure of the filtered water is estimated and converted into electronic signals. Further, the filtered water pressure is altered to create a suction force, such that the filtered water flows upwards into the micro-filter 21. Here, the filtered water is pressurized before it enters the micro-filter 21. The rejected water from the micro-filter 21 flows through a manual valve MV30 into the backwash tank T02. In the micro-filter 21, the clots of size greater than 4 Microns are filtered out. The filtered water flows through a manual valve MV20. The filtered water further flows through an Ozonizer 22 for disinfecting the filtered water. The filtered water further flows via a manual valve MV21 into a filtered water tank T03. Here, the filtered water tank T03 is connected to a manual valve MV40 that in turn is connected to a level sensor LV03 to estimate the level of water within the processed water tank T03. The filtered water flows through a manual valve MV26 out of the filtration system. The remaining water flows through a manual valve MV22 and is pumped using a backwash pump P04. The filtered water consequently flows through a manual valve MV23, a solenoid valve SV12, and a manual valve MV24. Alternatively, if the solenoid valve SV12 is not functioning, a bypass manual valve MV25 connected in parallel with the manual valves MV23, MV24, and the solenoid valve SV12 is used to complete the operation. The filtered water from the filtered water tank T03 is subsequently used for backwashing of the filters. A manual valve MV27 is utilized for this purpose. A manual valve MV28 isolates the Ozonizer 22. Here, the solenoid valve SV10, SV11, SV12 and SV13 are connected to a process air 20.The process air 20 is compressed air used to operate all automatic control valves and for Air- Scoring of micro-filter 21, backwashing, and reactor core 5b cooling. The level sensorsLV02 and LV03, the solenoid valves SV10, SV11, SV12 and SV13, the pressure transmitters PTOl, PT02, PT03 and the Ozonizer 22 are controlled by the control automation system SECTION-C. Further, the process air 20 allows air to flow to the micro-filter 21 via a manual valve MV38, a solenoid valve SV13 and a manual valve MV37.

Figure 3a shows an Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System for Lignocellulotic breakdown. Here, the water with high Lignocellulotic load is allowed to pass through a manual (can also be automatic) valve MV41 and a manual valve MV42. The unprocessed water is then allowed to pass into a millimeter wave exposure chamber 30. The MMW (Millimeter Wave) exposure chamber 30 is lined with a reflector 30a. The MMW Chamber 30, further houses control electronics and a switching circuit 30b, a wave guide 30c, a high voltage source that is required for the operation of a magnetron 30d, and a magnetron 30e. Here, long chain organic compounds are broken down into smaller molecules, using high-energy millimeter waves. These smaller molecules are non-ionic in nature and thus would not participate in the reaction at later stage. The unprocessed water from the MMW Chamber 30 is allowed to flow out through a manual valve MV43, and through a manual valve MV44 and MV45 into an Extra High Tension (EHT) chamber 31 that has a charged Corona generated out of high voltage ranging between 30 to 120 KV. The EHT Chamber 31 is lined with one or more Corona plates 31a. Here, dissolution or destabilization of the broken down molecules in unprocessed water takes place, this also ionizes the molecules, wherein the stable state dispersion is converted into the unstable state. Nothing is dissolved in this step. These two steps predominantly prepare the molecules and particles in the unprocessed water for the next step. The unprocessed water is exposed to high frequency radio waves in the microwave band. This will weaken the bonds of long chain structures similar to lignin, phenols, etc. The Extra High Tension bombardment, subjects the unprocessed water to extremely high voltage ranging between 30,000 volts to 120,000 volts, this will break the weakened bonds and convert the complex molecules into simpler molecules. The pre-conditioned water flows out of the EHT Chamber 31, through a manual valve MV46. Further, through a manual valve MV47 the pre-conditioned water flows out. However, if the MMW Chamber 30 is isolated from the system or when the water to be processed has high suspended solids, the unprocessed water with low Lignocellulotic load can pass directly through a manual valve MV48 and a manual valve MV49 to flow into the EHT Chamber 31. Figure 3b shows the design of the FP-SAR in different views. The apparatus of the Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FP-SAR) is made of two concentric vessels. The outer vessel is called as a Thrombo Chamber 40. The inner vessel is referred to as a reactor core 40b, which consists of a cylindrical structure called as a cylindrical Curdiliser 40a. The cylindrical Curdiliser 40a is made up of complex super alloy of Aluminum-Magnesium-Zinc-Copper, Copper- Aluminum-Manganese, or Titanium-Copper-Platinum-Iridium alloy depending on the particle composition and the material to be processed. The Thrombo Chamber 40 is further lined with a polypropylene sheet 40c and is also provided with a vent pipe 40e. The bottom left side of the FPTR consists of a Turbulator 41. A Thrombised water outlet is placed below the Turbulator 41. The bottom right side of the FP-SAR consists of a water inlet 42. The steps include dissolution, formation of Hydroxide (OH) and Hydrogen (H₂) ions, ionic reaction in the cylindrical Curdiliser 40a, particle aggregation of colloidal substances, and clot formation. The pre-conditioned water or other contaminated liquid to be treated is pulse fed to the reactor core 40b with a suitable pulsing pump. A second pump called Turbulator causes flow turbulence. The shortwave resonance of different frequencies and high power is delivered into the reactor core 40b and the cylindrical Curdiliser 40a. Particles finer than 0.1 μηι (10^"7m) in the Thrombised water substrate remain continuously in motion due to an electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other. The electrostatic charge of the finer particles is striped (neutralized) by using a (i) special technique, that forms Meta complex ionization, (ii) shortwave bombardment, and simultaneously causing (iii) flow turbulence. The finer particles start to collide and agglomerate (combine together) under the influence of Vander Waals's forces. The larger and heavier particles formed are called Thrombus (clots) and the process is called Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic-Agglomeration Reaction. This is brought about in a Fine Particle Shortwave Agglomeration Reactor or FP-SAR. Here, the soluble monomeric and polymeric complexes, acts as a clotting factor in the Thrombised water, resulting in the formation of the clot. The Thrombised water with clots and curdle is called as Thrombised water and is passed to the Thrombo Chamber 40, which is jacketing the reactor core 40b. The Thrombised water is further passed through a pressure sand filter and an activated carbon filter and further through a micro-filter and Reverse Osmosis, if required. The top view of the FP-SAR Reactor shows the high COD/DS (Chemical Oxygen Demand) water inlet 42, the Turbulator 41 and the agglomerated water 43.

have been done with various water streams the results

Impact of the invention on other materials on which trials were conducted Laboratory and field is discussed below.

Claims

An apparatus called Fine Particle Shortwave Thrombotic Agglomeration Reactor (FPSTAR) 1 to agglomerate fine particles in one or more unprocessed water streams into larger sized particles, using a technique called Shortwave Thrombolation by which impurities can be filtered easily, the apparatus having four abstract, interconnected modules including (a) an Extra High Tension SECTION- A, (b) a Fine Particle Shortwave Agglomeration Reactor (FPSAR) SECTION-B, (c) a control automation system SECTION-C and (d) a filtration system SECTION-D wherein:

n. One or more unprocessed water streams enter the Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System and are exposed to high frequency radio waves in the microwave band, at extremely high voltage ranging from 30,000 volts to 120,000 volts, which weakens the bonds of the long chain structures and converts complex molecules into simple molecules, yielding pre-conditioned water;

o. The FPSAR has a Thrombolation reactor, through which the broken down pre-conditioned water from step .a. is passed, which enables the conversion of particles with sizes ranging from 0.01 Microns up to 10 Microns to one or more clots of 1.5 millimeters with varying rates of clot formation, yielding Thrombised water that is fed into a filtration system SECTION-D;

p. The Extra High Tension Millimeter Wave Bombardment System and the FPSAR consist of several solenoid valves, pumps and flow meters, controlled by the Control Automation SystemSECTION-C; and

q. The Filtration SystemSECTION-D filters Thrombised (Clotted) water from the Thrombolation reactor.

2. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1 having (a) one or more manual valves MV01..MV09, (b) a flow meter FMOl, (c) one or more Solenoid Valves SV01..SV09, (d) one or more pumps P01,P02, (e) a Level Sensor LV01 (f) a Millimeter Wave (MMW) chamber 2 (g) an Extra High Tension (EHT) chamber 3 (h) a pre-conditioned water buffer chamber 4 (i) a Thrombo Chamber5 (j) a control automation sub-system SCADA 6 (k) a high current Thrombulator 7, (1) a high voltage generator 8, (m) one or more supervisory control systems 9,(n) a shortwave generator 10,(o) a Turbulator pump 11, (p) an input for water streams with high Lingocellulotic load la and (q) an input for water streams with low Lingocelluloticlbload wherein:

a. The manual valves MV01..MV09 regulate the flow of water through the different parts of the apparatus;

c. The Solenoid Valves SV01..SV09 are controlled by the SCADA 6 and regulate the flow of water through the different parts of the apparatus; d. The Level Sensor LV01 estimates the level of pre-conditioned water; e. The MMW Chamber2 is lined with a reflector 2a and houses (a) a control electronics and a switching circuit 2b (b) a wave guide 2c, (c)a high voltage source 2d and (d) a magnetron 2e wherein:

i. The reflector 2 a creates multiple reflections of one or more microwaves;

iii. The wave guide 2c is a device responsible for guiding one or more microwaves generated by the magnetron 2e powered by the high voltage source 2d. The EHT Chamber 3 is lined with one or more Corona plates 3a and enables dissolution and destabilization of one or more broken down molecules in unprocessed water;

The pre-conditioned water buffer chamber 4 houses pre-conditioned water flowing out of the EHT Chamber;

The Thrombo Chamber5 has an outlet to a filtration system and further comprises(a) a cylindrical Curdiliser 5a (b) a reactor core 5b (c) a polypropylene sheet 5c lining at its top-end, (d) a control rod 5d, and (e) a vent pipe 5e wherein:

i. The cylindrical Curdiliser5a converts the waste to one or more clots by induced particle aggregation or Thrombolation;

The control automation sub-system SCADA 6 regulates the flow meter FM01, the solenoid valves SV01..SV09, the level sensor LV01, the pumps P01 and P02;

The high current Thrombulator 7 supplies extremely high current ranging between 100A to ΙΟ,ΟΟΟΑ to the cylindrical Curdiliser 5a; The high voltage generator 8 generates voltage for the high voltage source 2d and is connected to the supervisory control systems 9;

The supervisory control systems 9 transfer the shortwave resonance neutralization to the reactor core 5b; m. The Turbulator pump llcauses flow turbulence in Thrombised water re-entering the FPSTAR.

3. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 2 wherein the water stream with high Lignocelluloticla and low Lignocelluloticlb load enters the apparatus and is controlled before it enters the EHT-MMW unit (SECTION- A) when it flows through MV01, MV02 with the flow meter FM01 regulating the flow alternatively passing the bypass manual valve MV03, which is operated only when the flow meter FM01 is not functioning.

4. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 2 wherein the flow of the unprocessed water stream is controlled by a solenoid valve SV01 into the MMW Chamber 2, from where it flows into the EHT Chamber 3 such that:

a. If the MMW chamber 2is isolated from the system or the water to be processed has high suspended solids, the water flows through a solenoid valve SV07 and a solenoid valve SV08 directly into the EHT Chamber 3; and

b. The unprocessed water from the MMW Chamber 2 is allowed to flow out through a solenoid valve SV02, and further through a solenoid valve SV03 and SV04 into the EHT Chamber 3, where a charged Corona is generated out of high voltage ranging between 30 to 120 KV.

5. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 2 wherein pre-conditioned water flows out of the EHT Chamber3, through a solenoid valve SV05 such that:

a. The water with low Lignocellulotic load is allowed to flow through a solenoid valve SV06 into a pre-conditioned water buffer chamber 4; b. The pre-conditioned water buffer chamber 4is connected to a manual valve MV09 and a manual valve MV04 such that the Manual valve MV09 isolates a level sensor LV01 for estimating the level of preconditioned water; and c. The manual valve MV04 is connected to a feed pump P01, which in turn pumps the pre-conditioned water through a manual valve MV05 into a reactor core 5b.

6. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 2 wherein water flows into the Thrombo Chamber5 through a Turbulator pump llthat causes flow turbulence and the high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD/DS) water inlet 12 such that:

a. The Thrombised water from the Thrombo Chamber 5 is allowed to pass through a manual valve MV06 that controls the inlet of Thrombised water into a progressive cavity pump P02 such that the outlet of the Thrombised water from the progressive cavity pump P02 is controlled by a manual valve MV07; and

b. The Thrombo Chamber 5 is provided with an output for the filtering system, where the Thrombised water flows out through a manual valve MV08.

7. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1 wherein one or more predetermined process parameters include current density of the Thrombised water, shortwave frequency, pH of the Thrombised water, turbulence, water pulsing

. rate and residence time within the system.

8. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the unprocessed water streams include coffee pulping effluent, sewage, surface water, Lingocellulotic water and Seawater and are subjected to a laboratory analysis to determine their constitution before determining the process parameters.

9. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1, having a filtration system that uses process air 20comprising (a) one or more Manual Valves MV10..MV40, (b) a Level Sensor LV02, (c) an intermediate holding Tank T01, (d) a backwash tank T02, (e) a pump P03, (f) one or more solenoid valves SV1..SV10, (g) a pressure gaguePGOl, (h) a pressure transmitter PT01, (i) a Pressure Sand Filter PSF01, (j) an Activated Carbon Filter ACF01, (k) one or more Multi Port Valves MPVOl, MPV02, (1) a RotometerRM01,(m) an Ozonizer 22 and(n)a micro-filter 21 wherein:

a. The manual valves MV10..MV40 and solenoid valves regulate the flow of water through the filtration system;

b. The level sensor LV02 estimates the level of Thrombised water in the intermediate holding tank T01;

c. The pressure gauge PGOl and the pressure transmitter PTOl estimate the pressure of the Thrombised water flowing and converting the same to electronic signal, further altering Thrombised water pressure to create a suction force, such that the Thrombised water flows upwards into the micro-filter21;

d. The Multi Port Valve MPVOl is used to control the Pressure Sand Filter PSF01 during the different modes of filtration operation including a forward filtering cycle and reverse backwash cycle;

e. The Activated Carbon Filter ACF01 removes odor and pigmentation from the Thrombised water to be filtered;

f. The RotometerRMOl determines the rate of flow of filtered water; g. The micro-filter21 filters out clots of size greater than 4 Microns; h. Process air 20is compressed air used to operate one or more control valves and for Air-Scoring of a micro-filter 21, backwashing, and reactor core cooling.

10. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1, having a filtration system wherein:

a. An intermediate holding tank T01 is filled with Thrombised water, whose level is estimated by a level sensor LV02, connected to a manual valve MV39 and a manual valve MV10;

b. A manual valve MV10 regulates the flow of Thrombised water through a manual valve MV11 ; c. A manual valve MV10 regulates the flow of Thrombised water through a pump P03;

d. The Thrombised water then flows through a manual valve MV12, a solenoid valve SV10 and then through a manual valve MV13 such that if the solenoid valve SVIO is not working, a bypass manual valve MV14 is operated, MV14 being connected in parallel with the manual valves MV12, MV13 and the solenoid valve SV10;

e. The Thrombised water further passes through a Manual valve MV32, which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PGOl and a pressure transmitter PTOl, to estimate the pressure of the water flowing and converting the same to electronic signal;

f. The Thrombised water flows into a pressure sand filter PSF 01, through a multi port valve MPVOl where clots of size greater than 400Microns are filtered out;

g. The filtered water flows out of the pressure sand filter PSF01, where the Thrombised water undergoes filtration of greater than 200 Micron particles via a manual valve MV33 which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PG02, to estimate the pressure of the filtered water flowing wherein the filtered water pressure is altered, such that a suction force is created to enable the flow of filtered water upwards;

h. The filtered water then flows into an Activated Carbon Filter ACF01 through the Multi Port Valve MPV02 such that before the filtered water enters the Activated Carbon Filter ACF01, the filtered water passes through a manual valve MV34, connected to a pressure gauge PG03 and a pressure transmitter PT02 to estimate the pressure of the filtered water and the same is converted into electronic signal using the pressure transmitter PT02; i. The filtered water flows out through a manual valve MV35, which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PG04 to determine the pressure of the filtered water flowing;

j. The filtered water further flows through a manual valve MV15, a solenoid valveSVll and a manual valve MV16. However, if the solenoid valve SV11 is not functioning, a bypass manual valve MV17 connected in parallel with the manual valves MV15, MV16, and the solenoid valve SV11 is used;

k. The filtered water subsequently flows through a manual valve MV18anda RotometerRMOl where the rate of flow of filtered water is determined, and a manual valve MV19 into a micro-filter 21 such that before flowing into a micro-filter 21, the filtered water flows into a manual valve MV36, which in turn is connected to a pressure gauge PG05 and a pressure transmitter PT03, where the pressure of the filtered water is estimated and converted into electronic signals wherein the filtered water pressure is altered, such that a suction force is created to enable the flow of water upwards;

I. In the micro-filter21, the clots of size greater than 4 Microns are filtered out and filtered water flows through a manual valve MV20; m. The filtered water further flows through an Ozonizer 22for disinfecting the filtered water and the filtered water further flows via a manual valve MV21 into a processed water tank T03, which is connected to a manual valve MV40 which in turn is connected to a level sensor LV03 to estimate the level of filtered water within the filtered water tank T03;

n. The filtered water flows through a manual valve MV26 out of the filtration system; o. The remaining water flows through a manual valve MV22 and is pumped using a backwash pump P04 such that water consequently flows through a manual valve MV23, a solenoid valve SV12, and a manual valve MV24wherein, if the solenoid valve SV12 is not functioning, a bypass manual valve MV25 connected in parallel with the manual valves MV23, MV24, and the solenoid valve SV12 is used to complete the operation;

p. The filtered water from the filtered water tank T03 is subsequently used for backwashing of the filters wherein a manual valve MV27 is utilized;

q. The rejected water from the micro-filter 21flows through a manual valve MV30 into the backwash tank T02, when passing through the various chambers; and

r. A manual valve MV28 isolates the Ozonizer22and solenoid valvesSVIO, SV11, SV12 and SV13 are connected to a process air 20, which flows to the micro-filter21 via a manual valve MV38, a solenoid valve SV13 and a manual valve MV37, process air20 being compressed air used to operate all automatic control valves and for Air-Scoring of micro-filter21, backwashing, and reactor core cooling.

11. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1 wherein SECTION-B is comprised of two concentric vessels (a) a Thrombo Chamber40, which is the outer vessel, and (b) a reactor core 40b, which is the inner vessel further having a cylindrical structure called as the Curdiliser 40a (c) a Thrombised water outlet placed below a Turbulator 41 (d)a water inlet 42, wherein:

a. The cylindrical Curdiliser 40a is made up of complex super alloys whose choice depend on the composition of the water stream; b. The pre-conditioned water or other unprocessed water streams to be treated are pulse fed to the reactor core 40b with a suitable pulsing pump, flow turbulence being caused by a second pump called a Turbulator;

c. Shortwave resonance of different frequencies and high power is delivered into the reactive core 40b and the cylindrical Curdiliser 40a such that particles finer than 0.1 μπι (10^" m) in the Thrombised water substrate remain continuously in motion due to an electrostatic charge (often negative) which causes them to repel each other;

d. The electrostatic charge of the finer particles is striped (neutralized) by using a (i) special technique, that forms Meta complex ionization, (ii) shortwave bombardment, and simultaneously causing (iii) flow turbulence such that the finer particles start to collide and agglomerate (combine together) under the influence of Vander Waals' forces where in the larger and heavier particles formed are called Thrombus;

e. Soluble monomeric and polymeric complexes, act as a clotting factor in the Thrombised water, resulting in the formation of the clot wherein the Thrombised water with clots and curdle is called as Thrombised water and is passed to the Thrombo Chamber 40;

f. The Thrombised water is further passed through a Pressure Sand Filter and an Activated Carbon Filter and further through a micro- filter and Reverse Osmosis, if required

12. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1 wherein SECTION-B has a top view showing the high COD/DS (Chemical Oxygen Demand) water inlet 42, the Turbulator 41 and the agglomerated water 43.

13. The FPSTAR apparatus of Claim 1 wherein the unprocessed water streams can be replaced by other liquids, said apparatus finding its application in the Oil and Gas industries.