EP3102917A1 - Procédé et système de visualisation d'un rayonnement électromagnétique infrarouge émis par une source - Google Patents
Procédé et système de visualisation d'un rayonnement électromagnétique infrarouge émis par une sourceInfo
- Publication number
- EP3102917A1 EP3102917A1 EP15706876.8A EP15706876A EP3102917A1 EP 3102917 A1 EP3102917 A1 EP 3102917A1 EP 15706876 A EP15706876 A EP 15706876A EP 3102917 A1 EP3102917 A1 EP 3102917A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- layer
- infrared
- thermochromic
- display system
- power density
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/58—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry using absorption; using extinction effect
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J1/00—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter
- G01J1/48—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using chemical effects
- G01J1/50—Photometry, e.g. photographic exposure meter using chemical effects using change in colour of an indicator, e.g. actinometer
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J5/00—Radiation pyrometry, e.g. infrared or optical thermometry
- G01J5/48—Thermography; Techniques using wholly visual means
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method and a system for viewing infrared electromagnetic radiation.
- electromagnetic radiation of infrared frequency is understood to mean electromagnetic radiation whose wavelength is greater than 1 micron and less than 20 microns.
- a display card In an optical assembly, when the spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation is located outside the visible spectrum, especially in the infrared, a display card is generally used to detect, position or observe the spatial distribution of this electromagnetic radiation.
- the different visualization systems are based on different types of interactions between a material and an infrared electromagnetic radiation, these different interactions modifying the optical properties or the physicochemical properties of the material under consideration.
- a first type of interaction is based on the use of nonlinear optical materials that convert non-linear two- or three-photon interactions into a beam in the infrared range into a visible range.
- these non-linear optical systems are extremely complex, and they are limited to coherent laser beams of high intensity and a spectral range limited to a single wavelength for a particular material.
- US5772916 describes a screen comprising a phosphorescent powder deposited on a substrate for detecting or locating a source of infrared radiation.
- US6340820 discloses a display card comprising an active layer of phosphorescent components deposited on a substrate, for detecting and measuring the profile of a beam in the near-infrared range of 0.8 to 1.7 microns.
- the phosphorescent display cards are sufficiently sensitive to allow viewing of infrared radiation emitted by a light emitting diode.
- the sensitivity of phosphorescent visualization maps in the near infrared depends on the ambient illumination.
- the use of phosphorescent visualization maps meets limits for infrared radiation wavelength greater than two microns or high power density.
- High power density radiation can disable the sensitive area of the display board.
- an ultraviolet (UV) lamp is used to reactivate the phosphorescent compound sensitive surface and thus to visualize the trace of the infrared beam. This method is obviously much less convenient than a direct visualization.
- phosphorescent display cards are ineffective to visualize far infrared radiation, from 2 to 20 microns.
- GB2235060 discloses a device and method for viewing visible and near infrared radiation limited in a wavelength range of 600 nm to 1500 nm, which has a spectral bandwidth limited to a few hundred nanometers .
- the patent document WO2014016525 describes a device and a method for viewing terahertz electromagnetic radiation which uses spin-transition materials.
- the present invention aims to overcome the disadvantages of prior infrared radiation viewing systems and more particularly proposes a system for viewing the infrared electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source.
- the display system comprises a substrate, at least one heat-sensitive solid layer comprising thermochromic pigments dispersed in a solid matrix, the thermochromic pigments having at least one transition temperature (T H, T B ), preferably greater at the temperature of use of the system, said at least one transition temperature (T H, T B ) being associated with an apparent color change of the thermochromic pigments in the visible, and at least one intermediate layer disposed between the substrate and the thermosensitive solid layer comprising thermochromic pigments, said at least one intermediate layer being thermally conductive; the substrate, said at least one intermediate layer and the thermosensitive solid layer together form a stack adapted to absorb infrared electromagnetic radiation and to induce a local increase in temperature dT; and said at least one intermediate layer is adapted to thermally transfer said local temperature increase dT to a region of the thermosensitive solid layer so as to induce a local change in the apparent color of the thermosensitive solid layer comprising thermochromic pigments.
- the infrared radiation has a power density / within a range of 1 mW / cm 2 to a few hundred W.cm -2 .
- the visualization system is easy to use, inexpensive to manufacture and sensitive to a very wide range of wavelengths in the infrared.
- the display system of the invention is sensitive in a wavelength range which extends over a spectral bandwidth of several microns within a wavelength range of 1 micron to 20 microns.
- the display system is sensitive in a wavelength range extending from at least 1.5 microns to 5 microns. In other words, this display system has a spectral bandwidth ranging from at least 1.5 microns to 5 microns.
- the display system is sensitive in a wavelength range extending from at least 6 microns to 20 microns. In other words, this display system has a spectral bandwidth ranging from at least 6 microns to 20 microns.
- the display system of the invention has an extended sensitivity range in terms of power density of incident infrared radiation and wavelength range.
- thermochromic pigments Unlike systems in which the switching of the thermochromic pigments is photoinduced switching, the switching of the pigments is here thermally induced by changing the temperature of the system on which the pigments are deposited. This system does not require photocommutation properties or absorption of thermochromic pigments in the infrared range.
- the thermochromic pigments are essentially sensitive to the temperature increase of the matrix in which they are dispersed.
- said stack has an absorption coefficient a in a range of infrared wavelength, preferably between 1 and 20 microns, a density r and a heat capacity Cp defining a ratio: a
- the incident infrared radiation has a power density / within a range, preferably from 1 mW.cm -2 to 100 W.cm -2 .
- the material of the substrate is chosen from paper, cardboard, plastic, a metal, such as aluminum, copper, or a metal alloy, or a ceramic, for example alumina (Al 2 O 3). 3 ).
- said at least one intermediate layer comprises a contrast index layer in the visible formed of a material having a low absorption coefficient in the visible spectral range, said contrast layer of wherein the index is preferably a titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) loaded layer.
- said at least one intermediate layer comprises an infrared absorbing layer, said infrared absorbing layer having an absorption coefficient greater than 20% in at least a part of the length range. wavelength of between 1 and 20 microns, said absorbing layer in the infrared being preferably charged in carbon black.
- the display system comprises a first zone adapted to absorb a first infrared radiation having a power density in a first power density range, preferably between 5 W / cm 2 and about 100 W / cm. 2 , the display system being adapted to transform, by thermal conduction, an increase in temperature induced by absorption of the first infrared radiation into a local temperature increase dT1 greater than a thermochromic switching threshold in a first region of the thermosensitive solid layer of thermochromic pigments, so as to induce switching of the thermochromic pigment layer which produces a change in the apparent color of the thermochromic pigment layer when the first infrared radiation has a power density in the first power density range.
- the display system comprises a second zone adapted to absorb a second infrared radiation having a power density in a second power density range, preferably between 1 mW / cm 2 and 5 W / cm 2 , and the visualization is adapted to transform, by thermal conduction, an increase in temperature induced by absorption of the second infrared radiation in the stack into a local increase in temperature dT2 greater than a thermochromic switching threshold on a second region of the at least one solid layer thermosensitive thermochromic pigments, so as to induce a switching of the at least one layer of thermochromic pigments which produces another change in the apparent color of the at least one thermosensitive solid layer of thermochromic pigments when the second infrared radiation has a power density in the second power density range.
- thermosensitive solid layer comprises at least one thermochromic pigment, spin-transition or otherwise, excluding liquid crystals.
- thermosensitive solid layer comprises at least one thermochromic pigment chosen from leuco dyes.
- thermosensitive solid layer comprises a mixture of at least two thermochromic pigments having different temperature transition thresholds.
- thermochromic pigment layer comprises nanoparticles and / or microparticles of thermochromic pigments in an absorbent polymer matrix, preferably in the infrared range between 1 and 20 microns.
- the substrate has a first face and a second face opposite to the first face, the second face of the substrate comprising at least one exposure zone having a bare surface adapted to receive said electromagnetic radiation incident infrared for transmission operation, and the first face being adapted to receive said incident infrared electromagnetic radiation for reflection operation.
- the invention also relates to a method for viewing infrared electromagnetic radiation emitted by a source, comprising exposure to infrared radiation having a power density greater than or equal to a power density threshold, of at least one zone of a display system according to one of the embodiments, so as to induce by absorption in the stack and then by thermal conduction a local increase in the temperature in the thermochromic pigment layer greater than a transition threshold T H , adapted to inducing an apparent color change of a region of the thermosensitive solid layer of thermochromic pigments.
- the invention will find a particularly advantageous application in the detection and / or visualization maps of the spatial distribution of the power density of infrared electromagnetic radiation.
- the present invention also relates to the features which will emerge in the course of the description which follows and which will have to be considered individually or in all their technically possible combinations.
- FIGS. 1 and 4 show different manufacturing steps of an infrared radiation display system according to a first embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an infrared radiation display system, seen from the side of the face carrying the thermochromic pigment layer;
- FIG. 6 illustrates the example of an infrared radiation display system of FIG. 5, seen from the opposite side to the thermochromic pigment layer;
- FIGS. 7-10 illustrate various manufacturing steps of a display system according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate another example of a two-zone display system with different sensitivity in terms of wavelength and / or in power density according to the second embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 13 illustrates different colors associated with different temperature ranges for a mixture of thermochromic pigments
- FIG. 14 illustrates an example of the visualization of the spatial distribution of the power density of infrared electromagnetic radiation from a mixture of thermochromic pigments
- FIGS. 15A-15B illustrate an exemplary embodiment of an infrared display card
- FIG. 16A-16D illustrates another embodiment of an infrared viewing card operating in reflection and transmission.
- the invention is based on the interaction between an infrared electromagnetic radiation, and a display system comprising a thermosensitive solid layer, the thermosensitive layer comprising a thermochromic material, or thermochromic pigment.
- Thermochromic pigments have the ability to change their apparent color in the visible according to a change of temperature, heating or cooling. This color change may be related to a change in the shape of a molecule, for example in the case of a leuco dye (or leuco dye), to a phase change.
- a leuco dye or leuco dye
- the vanadium dioxide V0 2 has a phase transition, of a semiconductor state, which has a distorted monoclinic structure, in a metallic state, which has a rutile-like quadratic structure.
- the BiV0 4 semiconductor charge transfer material which is yellow at room temperature, has a red appearance at 300 ° C.
- thermochromic pigment thus passes from a first color, at low temperature, to a second color, when the temperature increases above a temperature transition threshold T H.
- T H a temperature transition threshold
- this transition is irreversible, for other materials it can be reversible.
- T B a certain temperature threshold
- a reverse color change is observed.
- the temperature transition range for switching from one state to another state may range from a few degrees to several tens of degrees.
- many thermochromic materials have a thermal hysteresis loop.
- Thermochromic materials can also exhibit photocommutation effect under infrared radiation of precise wavelength.
- thermochromic compounds in the form of powder or inserted in a polymer matrix, which allow to visualize a laser beam at a wavelength of 10.6 microns having a power density of between 1 mW / cm 2 and 1 W / cm 2 .
- thermochromic materials do not exhibit a photocommutation effect over a broad infrared spectral band, extending for example from 1 to 20 microns.
- spin-transition materials have low sensitivity.
- leuco-dyes offer a sharp color change in an interval of about 1 .5 ° C around the transition temperature T H which can not currently be achieved with the materials to conventional spin transition.
- the leuco-dyes are therefore very reactive to the change of temperature and thus allow to reach a high sensitivity.
- the direct photocommutation of a particular material for example with a spin transition, during the exposure of this spin-transition material to an infrared beam, has a spectrally limited sensitivity in the infrared, and It is not possible to visualize an infrared beam over a wide spectral range, nor to visualize the spatial profile of the power density of an infrared beam.
- thermochromic material taken alone is therefore not suitable for viewing an infrared beam having any wavelength in the range between 1 and 20 microns.
- thermochromic material can be adapted for the detection of an infrared beam in a relatively narrow spectral range and in a range. of reduced power density, but not suitable for detecting radiation having a wavelength in a wide infrared spectral range, and does not allow to visualize the spatial profile of the power density of an infrared beam.
- a method and a system for detecting and / or visualizing the spatial distribution of the power density of infrared radiation based on the use of a system comprising a substrate 1, a solid layer 4 comprising particles of thermochromic pigment dispersed in a controlled amount in a matrix, and at least one intermediate layer (2, 3) disposed between the substrate and the solid layer 4.
- thermochromic layer 4 comprising a thermochromic pigment is said to be thermosensitive, that is to say that it is sensitive to an increase and / or a drop in temperature with respect to at least one transition threshold T H.
- a thermochromic layer is not necessarily a thermally conductive layer: the matrix in which the thermochromic pigments are inserted may be a thermally insulating matrix.
- the operating principle of the visualization system is based on a local heating of the system following exposure to infrared electromagnetic radiation.
- the infrared electromagnetic radiation is absorbed by the display system and converted into a local temperature increase, which induces a color change, preferably reversible, of the thermochromic pigment used.
- the thermochromic pigment thus changes color indirectly, under irradiation of infrared radiation, when the temperature of the system increases locally above a transition threshold T H of the thermochromic pigment.
- T H transition threshold
- a display system comprising a stack, the stack comprising a substrate, a thermosensitive solid layer of thermochromic pigments having at least one predefined transition temperature (T H , T B ), and at least one intermediate layer, Stacking the display system having a predefined absorption coefficient for infrared radiation over an entire wavelength range of 1 to 20 microns, so that the display system absorbs infrared radiation.
- the stack has a density r and a heat capacity Cp which produce a local temperature increase in the stack and make it possible to transfer this increase in temperature in a region of the thermochromic pigment layer, which induces a change.
- the apparent color of the thermosensitive layer when the infrared radiation has a power density in a range, preferably from 1 mW.cm -2 to 100 W.cm -2 .
- the substrate used in the display system can be of different types.
- the substrate 1 is preferably in the form of a thin plate, from a few tenths of a millimeter to a few millimeters in thickness.
- the substrate 1 may be paper, cardboard, wood, plastic, ceramic, metal plate.
- the display system has a sensitivity threshold preferably in the power density range of between a few mW.cm -2 to about 10 W.cm -2 , and a substrate is chosen which has a low thermal conductivity. , preferably less than 1 Wm -1 .K -1 at room temperature, such as paper, wood, a plastic material, such as PVC, so as to limit the heat losses of the display system to the ambient air . Therefore, such a display system has a relatively long relaxation time, of the order of 5s to 10s. It is noted that the relaxation time, for the return of the device to the original color, is a function of the power density of the infrared radiation.
- the display system has a sensitivity threshold preferably in the power density range of between 10 W.cm -2 to about 100 W.cm -2 and a substrate is chosen which has a high thermal conductivity. , preferably greater than 50 Wm -1 .K -1 at room temperature, such as a metal plate or a ceramic plate, for example alumina.
- a display system is more resistant to a power density of high infrared radiation, and has a short relaxation time, of the order of 3s.
- the detection principle of the display system of the invention is based on a color change of at least a portion of the thermochromic pigments dispersed in a solid matrix deposited in a layer on a substrate, the system comprising at least one other intermediate layer between the heat-sensitive layer and the substrate.
- dT is the change in temperature per unit of time, / the power density per unit area of incident electromagnetic radiation
- r the system density
- Cp the heat capacity of the system.
- the absorption coefficient a of the display system is generally a function of the wavelength.
- thermochromic pigment having a transition temperature above the use temperature, for example ⁇ 5 ° C above the temperature of use.
- thermochromic pigments are not used here to directly absorb the infrared radiation but as an indicator of a temperature change of the display system.
- the thermochromic pigments are selected essentially according to their transition temperature and their apparent color in the visible.
- the thermochromic pigments are advantageously dispersed in a liquid matrix, which is solidified after deposition on the substrate and the intermediate layer.
- the amount of dispersed pigments depends on the initial color and the desired color change.
- the quantity of dispersed pigments is between 5% and 20% by weight of the total weight in an ink forming the thermosensitive solid layer loaded with thermochromic pigments.
- the intermediate layer or layers disposed between the substrate and the heat-sensitive layer make it possible, by reflection or transmission, to provide a visual contrast enabling the user to better visualize a color change.
- the intermediate layer or layers can also absorb part of the infrared electromagnetic radiation.
- FIGS. 1 to 4 represent various manufacturing steps of an infrared radiation display system according to a first embodiment of the invention, which is compatible with a high electromagnetic radiation power density, of the order of 10 W .cm “2 at about 100 W.cm " 2 .
- Figure 1 shows a substrate 1.
- the substrate 1 is a substrate having good mechanical strength at high temperatures and good thermal conductivity (greater than 50 Wm -1 .K -1 at room temperature).
- the substrate 1 is formed of a metal plate or a ceramic plate, such as alumina.
- the thickness of the substrate is preferably between a few tenths of a millimeter and a few millimeters.
- a layer 2 is deposited on a first face of the substrate, which covers the entire surface of the first face.
- layer 2 is an infrared absorbing layer, for example composed of carbon black, which is absorbent over a very wide spectral range from visible to infrared.
- a varnish loaded with carbon black UVISOFT range
- VFP Ink Technologies VFP Ink Technologies
- FIG. 2 represents the substrate 1 of FIG. 1, seen from the second face, which is opposite to the first face.
- a layer 12 is deposited which makes it possible to delimit the zone of exposure to infrared radiation in the transmission mode.
- the transmission mode exposure zone therefore has no deposit and is indicated by the bare surface 13 of the substrate 1, which is opposite to the thermosensitive zone 4.
- FIG. 3 represents the substrate 1 of FIG. 1, seen from the first face.
- a contrast layer of index 3 preferably in opaque white lacquer, which covers a portion of the absorbent layer 2 is deposited.
- the index contrast layer 3 is a lacquer loaded with carbon dioxide. Titanium (TiO 2 ) from VFP Ink Technologies (UVISOFT range).
- thermosensitive layer 4 comprising particles of thermochromic pigments dispersed in a matrix.
- the heat-sensitive layer 4 is formed by depositing a colorless varnish from the company VFP Ink Technologies (UVISOFT range) loaded with thermochromic pigments.
- the color of the varnish may for example be orange or purple in the initial state below the transition threshold T H.
- the matrix of the heat-sensitive layer 4 is a polymerizable varnish under irradiation with ultraviolet radiation.
- the heat-sensitive layer 4 is polymerized in thermochromic pigments in the same way, by exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
- the heat-sensitive layer is formed of a colorless solvent-based varnish, which is fastness by evaporation.
- the various layers 2, 12, 3 and 4 are deposited by screen printing, in one or more passes.
- the thickness of the absorbent layer 2, the index contrast layer 3 and the heat-sensitive layer 4 is preferably between a few tenths of a micron and a few hundred microns.
- FIG. 5 represents a visualization system obtained according to the method detailed with reference to FIGS. 1 to 4, seen from the face carrying the thermosensitive layer 4. It is printed, for example by screen printing, in white ink on the layer 2 indications of operation of the device, such as the wavelength range, here for example from 6 to 20 microns. In another example, the wavelength range of the display system ranges from 1.5 to 5 microns.
- the display system 10 of FIG. 5 thus operates in reflection.
- Infrared radiation 20 with a power density of 10 to 50 W / cm 2 , is incident on the thermosensitive layer 4.
- the infrared radiation can be absorbed by the matrix of the thermosensitive layer and / or by the contrast layer of index 3 and / or by the absorbent layer 2 and / or by the substrate 1.
- the absorbed infrared radiation is transformed into a local increase in the temperature of the display system 10. This temperature increase induced by absorption of the infrared radiation in the stack is transferred by thermal conduction to the heat-sensitive layer 4.
- thermosensitive layer 4 When the increase in temperature of the thermosensitive layer 4 is greater than the transition temperature T H , it induces a transition of the thermochromic pigments, and therefore a local change of apparent color of the thermosensitive layer in the visible. An observer thus detects a color change on the face of the thermosensitive layer directly exposed to infrared radiation 20.
- FIG. 6 represents the display system of FIG. 5, seen from the face opposite to that carrying the layer 4 of thermochromic pigments.
- the display system 10 of FIG. 6 thus operates in transmission.
- An infrared beam 21, with a high power density, of 50 to 100 W / cm 2 is incident on the bare surface 13 of the substrate 1.
- the infrared radiation can be absorbed by the substrate 1 and / or by the different layers located on the opposite face, that is to say by the absorbent layer 2 and / or by the index contrast layer 3 and / or by the matrix of the heat-sensitive layer 4.
- the infrared radiation 21 thus absorbed induces a local increase in the temperature in the stack of the display system 10. This temperature increase induced in the stack is transferred by thermal conduction to the layer thermosensitive 4.
- thermosensitive layer 4 When the increase in temperature of the thermosensitive layer 4 is greater than the transition temperature T H of the thermochromic pigments, it induces a transition of the thermochromic pigments, and thus a visible local change of color of the thermosensitive layer in the visible . An observer thus detects a color change on the face opposite to the face exposed to infrared radiation 21.
- thermochromic pigments In transmission, the layer of thermochromic pigments is not exposed directly to electromagnetic radiation.
- the mechanical strength of the substrate allows the system to withstand high power densities, for example of the order of 100 Wcm- 2 .
- the use of the transmission visualization system makes it possible to avoid damaging the thermosensitive layer 4 due to direct exposure to infrared radiation 21 of high power density.
- the power density sensitivity of the same display system is different depending on whether it is used in reflection mode (FIG. 5) or in transmission mode (FIG. 6).
- a single display system as shown in Figures 5 and 6 thus has two complementary operating ranges.
- FIGS. 16A-16D illustrate the operation of a display system as described with reference to FIGS. 5 and 6.
- FIG. 16A shows an ambient temperature display card seen from the side of the thermosensitive layer 4
- the heat-sensitive layer 4 is deposited in rectangular form and appears gray at room temperature.
- FIG. 16B the display card of FIG. 16A is represented at a temperature higher than the temperature of transition of the thermosensitive layer: the thermochromic pigments have switched, and the heat-sensitive layer appears uniformly green.
- Figure 16C there is shown the same display card at room temperature, exposed to infrared radiation at a wavelength of 10.6 microns, power density of 20 W / cm 2 , in reflection mode.
- thermosensitive layer 16C in the center of the thermosensitive layer, a lighter spot 40 is observed, which allows to visualize and locate the infrared radiation.
- FIG. 16D there is shown the same ambient temperature display card, exposed to infrared radiation at a wavelength of 10.6 microns, with a power density of 60 W / cm 2 , in transmission mode. 16D, in the center of the thermosensitive layer, a lighter central spot 41 is observed, which makes it possible to visualize and locate the infrared radiation by transmission.
- FIGS. 7 to 10 represent different manufacturing steps of an infrared radiation display system according to a second embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 7 represents a substrate 1, for example formed of a PVC blank card, for example laminated without a protective layer (or overlay).
- an absorbent layer 2 is deposited which covers the entire surface of the first face.
- layer 2 is composed of carbon black, which is absorbent over a very wide spectral range from visible to infrared.
- a varnish loaded with carbon black from VFP Ink Technologies UVISOFT range
- a layer of contrast 3 has been deposited on the layer 2 which covers the entire surface of the layer 2.
- the contrast layer 3 is an opaque white varnish.
- the contrast layer 3 is a layer of a titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) -labelled varnish from VFP Ink Technologies (UVISOFT range).
- thermosensitive layer 4 comprising thermochromic pigment particles dispersed in a matrix on a region only of the surface of the contrast layer 3.
- the first thermosensitive layer 4 is formed by depositing a colorless varnish (UVISOFT range) from VFP Ink Technologies company charged with thermochromic pigments.
- another heat-sensitive layer 5 has been deposited comprising particles of thermochromic pigments dispersed in a matrix on another region of the surface of the contrast layer 3, distinct from the region of the first 4.
- the heat-sensitive layer 5 is formed by depositing a colorless varnish (UVISOFT range) from the company VFP Ink Technologies loaded with thermochromic pigments, of another color, corresponding to another transition temperature (T H ) and therefore at a sensitivity different from that of the first thermosensitive layer 4.
- the color of the varnish of the first heat-sensitive layer 4 may for example be pink, and the color of the varnish of the other thermosensitive layer 5 purple or black.
- the varnish of the heat-sensitive layers 4 and 5 is a polymerizable varnish under irradiation with ultraviolet radiation.
- the heat-sensitive layer 4 is polymerized in thermochromic pigments in the same way, by exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
- the absorbent layer 2, the contrast layer 3 and the heat-sensitive layers 4 and 5 are deposited by screen printing in one or more passes.
- FIG. 10 represents a visualization system obtained according to the method detailed with reference to FIGS. 7 to 9, seen from the face carrying the heat-sensitive layers 4 and 5. It is printed, for example by screen printing, in black ink on the contrast layer 3 of the operating indications of the device, such as the wavelength range, here for example from 1.5 to 5 microns.
- FIG. 11 represents another example of a manufacturing method, analogous to the method illustrated with reference to FIGS. 7-8, and in which other heat-sensitive layers 14, 15 are deposited juxtaposed on a contrast layer 3, itself deposited on an absorbent layer 2 in the infrared, for example carbon black, covering the substrate 1.
- FIG. 12 shows another example of a visualization system obtained according to the method detailed with reference to FIGS. 7, 8 and 11, seen from the face carrying the heat-sensitive layers 14 and 15 loaded with thermochromic pigments.
- Screening indications such as the wavelength range, which ranges from 6 to 20 microns, have been printed, for example by screen printing, in black ink on the contrast layer 3.
- the visualization systems illustrated in FIGS. 10 and 12 operate by reflection, the infrared radiation being incident on one of the layers of heat-sensitive pigments 4 or 5 for the display device 30 of FIG. 10, and respectively on one of the layers of heat-sensitive pigments. 14 or 15 for the display device 30 of FIG.
- the use of a display system 30 may have two different sensitivity ranges depending on the power density of the electromagnetic radiation to be displayed.
- thermochromic pigment which reacts at ambient temperature, the transition temperature T H of which is preferably above ambient temperature, which makes it possible to record a trace of the infrared radiation in a non-permanent manner.
- thermochromic pigment having the steepest possible transition range is used, i.e. the transition of all of the thermochromic pigment is spread over a narrow temperature transition range.
- leuco dyes are used which have the advantage of having a hysteresis loop in a range of only 1.5 to 2 ° C.
- thermochromic pigment is selected having a low temperature temperature transition temperature at high temperature, such that this transition temperature is in a range between +5 degrees and +20 degrees above ambient temperature.
- the thermochromic pigment is not very sensitive to ambient variations of a few degrees of ambient temperature and does not switch spontaneously.
- thermochromic pigment The greater the difference between the operating temperature of the system and the transition temperature, the higher the power density required to obtain the switching of the thermochromic pigment and the higher the sensitivity threshold of the display card.
- thermochromic pigments mention may be made of the spin-transition compounds described in patent documents FR2894581 and FR2917410 which are in the form of micrometric or nanometric particles. These compounds exhibit a variety of colors in each spin state depending on the composition, concentration, size and shape of the particles.
- thermochromic pigments can be used those marketed by the companies Naxagoras Technology, Paint With Pearl, Solar Color Dust or even those in the form of thermochromic capsules from the French company Gem'lnnov.
- Thermochromic pigments have the advantage of being available on a wide range of apparent colors in the visible.
- thermochromic pigments are available in a wide variety of colors and with a wide range of transition temperatures, making it possible to adapt the configuration of a display system to different applications.
- thermosensitive ink comprising a mixture of thermochromic pigments having different switching temperatures.
- a first thermochromic pigment having a switching temperature T H equal to 30 ° C. is mixed with a second thermochromic pigment having a switching temperature T H equal to 42 ° C. and then a third thermochromic pigment having a switching temperature T. H is equal to 60 ° C.
- FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a mixture of three thermochromic pigments associated with different apparent colors as a function of the temperature ranges.
- the heat-sensitive layer of the pigment mixture is at a temperature below 30 ° C, its apparent color 45 is blue.
- the same heat-sensitive layer is at a temperature between 30 ° C and 42 ° C, its apparent color 46 is light blue.
- the apparent color 47 of the heat-sensitive layer becomes green.
- the apparent color is white.
- Fig. 14 illustrates the exposure of a display system according to the third embodiment to infrared radiation at a wavelength of 10.6 microns with a power density of 10 W / cm 2 .
- the visualization system comprises a stack formed of a substrate, an intermediate layer and a thermosensitive layer.
- the thermosensitive layer 4 here comprises a mixture of different thermochromic pigments.
- the white color 48 in the center where the power density of the radiation is the higher
- the green color 47 in the form of a ring surrounding the center the light blue color 46 surrounding the green ring 47, and the blue color 45 over the rest of the surface of the heat-sensitive layer.
- Each color is associated with a temperature range.
- the apparent color of the heat-sensitive layer of the pigment mixture thus makes it possible to determine the temperature range. After calibration, this color range can be associated, for a determined range of infrared wavelengths, with different ranges of power density of infrared radiation.
- thermosensitive layer comprising such a mixture of different thermochromic pigments thus makes it possible to visualize the spatial distribution of the power density of an electromagnetic radiation.
- the thermal conductivity of the system can induce thermal diffusion in the system, detrimental to the spatial resolution of the color change.
- thermochromic pigments in the form of pads is deposited on a low-absorbency support and having good conductivity thermal. This variant makes it possible to visualize the spatial distribution of intensity of the incident radiation.
- the choice of pigments makes it possible to select different temperature ranges and different colors.
- the display system according to one or the other embodiments of the invention provides a simple and effective response to the problem of visualization of radiation invisible to the naked eye.
- An infrared radiation display device has thus been manufactured preferably operating between 1 and 20 microns and with a spectral width extending over several microns.
- the spectral band of the display device ranges from 1.5 to 5 microns and / or from 6 to 20 microns.
- the duration of the exposure required to display the infrared radiation depends on many parameters, including the absorption coefficient of the stack, the type of thermochromic pigments of the heat-sensitive layer. In practice, the response time can range from a few milliseconds to a few tens of seconds.
- FIGS. 15A-15B show an infrared display card, at ambient temperature, respectively in the absence of exposure to infrared radiation, and following exposure to an infrared beam having a wavelength of 2 microns and a power density 500 mW / cm 2 .
- the heat-sensitive layer is of uniform color.
- the spot 42 lighter in the center of the heat-sensitive layer 4 corresponds to the area of exposure to infrared radiation.
- the visualization system undergoes a local temperature increase induced by absorption of infrared radiation, which produces a transition of the thermochromic pigments associated with an apparent color change of the thermosensitive layer. Outside the thermal diffusion zone, the remainder of the surface of the display card has not undergone a temperature increase sufficient to induce a transition of the thermochromic pigments and to change color. The light spot slowly fades out if the infrared radiation is blocked and the card regains its uniform color.
- the invention makes it possible to visualize and locate radiation in the infrared wavelength domain.
- An example of a display device has been tested for a power density of the order of 500 mW / cm 2 with a laser source continuously emitting at the following wavelengths: 2 microns, 3 microns, and 4 microns, with a exposure time of a few seconds in reflection mode.
- Non-polarized radiation issued by this source is used directly without special precautions.
- the same visualization card makes it possible to visualize the infrared radiation at the various wavelengths indicated above.
- a thermal conductive substrate is used, preferably a ceramic material, such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ).
- the visualization card makes it possible to visualize a C0 2 laser beam having a power density of 20 W / cm 2 , with an exposure time of a few seconds.
- the same visualization card makes it possible to visualize a C0 2 laser beam having a power density of 60 W / cm 2 , with an exposure time of a few seconds, without deterioration of the visualization system.
- the apparent size of the spot on the display map depends on the power density and the exposure time to the laser beam. The higher the power density and / or the exposure time, the larger the spot size.
- the size of the spot is not representative only of the spatial distribution of the beam.
- the invention takes advantage of the absorption of infrared radiation by a stack of different materials, and the thermal conduction of this stack to a thermosensitive layer, to allow visualization of infrared radiation, in a spectral range and in a range of density. power ranging from low power density to high power density.
- the invention provides a simple and effective response to a problem of viewing infrared radiation in a frequency range invisible to the naked eye.
- the invention makes it possible to locate infrared radiation from a laser source or the like.
- the invention also makes it possible to characterize the spatial distribution of a laser beam of infrared radiation. Therefore, the invention facilitates the adjustment of an infrared optical assembly.
- the invention makes it possible to considerably extend the spectral range of visualization over a wide spectral range in the infrared.
- thermochromic pigments have a wide range of visualization colors in the visible.
- the implementation of the device and the visualization method of the invention is inexpensive.
- the invention is insensitive to variations in ambient temperature or ambient lighting.
- thermochromic pigments having different transition thresholds as a function of the power density of the infrared radiation makes it possible to obtain display devices having a different sensitivity. It is thus possible to adjust the sensitivity of the device and display method according to the power of the infrared radiation that is to be visualized.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Heat Sensitive Colour Forming Recording (AREA)
- Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1400294A FR3017209B1 (fr) | 2014-02-03 | 2014-02-03 | Procede et systeme de visualisation d'un rayonnement electromagnetique infrarouge emis par une source |
| PCT/FR2015/050233 WO2015114278A1 (fr) | 2014-02-03 | 2015-02-02 | Procédé et système de visualisation d'un rayonnement électromagnétique infrarouge émis par une source |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3102917A1 true EP3102917A1 (fr) | 2016-12-14 |
Family
ID=50639685
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP15706876.8A Withdrawn EP3102917A1 (fr) | 2014-02-03 | 2015-02-02 | Procédé et système de visualisation d'un rayonnement électromagnétique infrarouge émis par une source |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10260955B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP3102917A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3017209B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2015114278A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR3042270A1 (fr) * | 2015-10-09 | 2017-04-14 | Univ Bordeaux | Dispositif et procede de visualisation d'un rayonnement electromagnetique de frequence terahertz |
| US20190166543A1 (en) * | 2017-11-27 | 2019-05-30 | T-Mobile Usa, Inc. | Minimizing distractions of machine operators caused by using a mobile device in a wireless communication network |
| US11726214B2 (en) * | 2018-06-29 | 2023-08-15 | Isp Investments Llc | Two window indicator |
| FR3101479B1 (fr) | 2019-10-01 | 2021-10-15 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Utilisation d’un matériau à transition de spin pour mesurer et/ou limiter la température de composants électroniques/photoniques |
| CN113625499A (zh) * | 2020-05-09 | 2021-11-09 | 昇印光电(昆山)股份有限公司 | 一种电致温变变色薄膜 |
| AU2021410011A1 (en) | 2020-12-23 | 2023-07-13 | Isp Investments Llc | Radiation dosimetry method |
| CN117269623A (zh) * | 2022-06-14 | 2023-12-22 | 中国信息通信研究院 | 毫米波电磁辐射测量系统及方法 |
Family Cites Families (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE459232A (fr) * | 1938-12-22 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| JPH0373814A (ja) * | 1989-08-15 | 1991-03-28 | Jujo Paper Co Ltd | 光出力、主波長識別方法 |
| US5772916A (en) | 1996-10-15 | 1998-06-30 | Liberty Technologies, Inc. | Phosphor screen, method of producing the same, and method for preparing a phosphor powder for producing a phosphor screen |
| US6340820B1 (en) | 1999-02-04 | 2002-01-22 | New Focus | Near-visible light detection method and apparatus |
| GB0108502D0 (en) * | 2001-04-04 | 2001-05-23 | Isis Innovation | Structure with variable emittance |
| FR2894581B1 (fr) | 2005-12-08 | 2008-02-22 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Nanoparticules d'un compose a transition de spin |
| WO2008087077A1 (fr) * | 2007-01-16 | 2008-07-24 | Nv Bekaert Sa | Dispositif thermochromique |
| FR2917410B1 (fr) | 2007-06-12 | 2012-09-07 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Compose a transition de spin. |
| JP2011186414A (ja) * | 2010-02-12 | 2011-09-22 | Sony Corp | 光学素子、日射遮蔽装置、建具、窓材および光学素子の製造方法 |
| JP2011180449A (ja) * | 2010-03-02 | 2011-09-15 | Sony Corp | 光学体およびその製造方法、窓材、ならびに光学体の貼り合わせ方法 |
| JP6074128B2 (ja) * | 2010-04-15 | 2017-02-01 | デクセリアルズ株式会社 | 光学体およびその製造方法、日射遮蔽部材、窓材、内装部材ならびに建具 |
| FR2963015B1 (fr) | 2010-07-22 | 2012-09-07 | Centre Nat Rech Scient | Procede de photocommutation thermique de materiaux a transition de spin et applications |
| FR2993978B1 (fr) * | 2012-07-26 | 2014-08-08 | Univ Bordeaux 1 | Procede et dispositif de visualisation d'un rayonnement electromagnetique terahertz |
-
2014
- 2014-02-03 FR FR1400294A patent/FR3017209B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2015
- 2015-02-02 EP EP15706876.8A patent/EP3102917A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2015-02-02 US US15/115,777 patent/US10260955B2/en active Active
- 2015-02-02 WO PCT/FR2015/050233 patent/WO2015114278A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
| See also references of WO2015114278A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US10260955B2 (en) | 2019-04-16 |
| US20170010161A1 (en) | 2017-01-12 |
| FR3017209A1 (fr) | 2015-08-07 |
| FR3017209B1 (fr) | 2017-04-28 |
| WO2015114278A1 (fr) | 2015-08-06 |
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