EP3068810B1 - Pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes, production and use thereof - Google Patents
Pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes, production and use thereof Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3068810B1 EP3068810B1 EP14861664.2A EP14861664A EP3068810B1 EP 3068810 B1 EP3068810 B1 EP 3068810B1 EP 14861664 A EP14861664 A EP 14861664A EP 3068810 B1 EP3068810 B1 EP 3068810B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- group
- substituted
- complex
- ring
- hydrocarbyl
- Prior art date
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- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 28
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 title claims description 28
- -1 2-isopropylphenyl Chemical group 0.000 claims description 104
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 76
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 125000001183 hydrocarbyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 46
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 40
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000012986 chain transfer agent Substances 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 claims description 26
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 26
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- 125000000623 heterocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001181 organosilyl group Chemical group [SiH3]* 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000006413 ring segment Chemical group 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002879 Lewis base Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrogen dioxide Chemical compound O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004663 dialkyl amino group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052735 hafnium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000007527 lewis bases Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000003368 amide group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002170 ethers Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
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- 125000005228 aryl sulfonate group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical group [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
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- 150000003222 pyridines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011593 sulfur Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M triflate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)F ITMCEJHCFYSIIV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003752 zinc compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 38
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- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
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- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 17
- 125000003261 o-tolyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 17
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 16
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 15
- AQZWEFBJYQSQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methyloxaluminane Chemical compound C[Al]1CCCCO1 AQZWEFBJYQSQEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 15
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- 239000003446 ligand Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 15
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- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 15
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- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 13
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 13
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 12
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 12
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 12
- LFXVBWRMVZPLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N trioctylalumane Chemical compound CCCCCCCC[Al](CCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCC LFXVBWRMVZPLFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 101150041968 CDC13 gene Proteins 0.000 description 11
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 11
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 11
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 10
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 10
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 10
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 10
- LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-hexene Chemical compound CCCCC=C LIKMAJRDDDTEIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000002841 Lewis acid Substances 0.000 description 9
- NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pd(PPh3)4 Substances [Pd].C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1.C1=CC=CC=C1P(C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 NFHFRUOZVGFOOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 150000007517 lewis acids Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 9
- AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Methylpentane Chemical compound CCCC(C)C AFABGHUZZDYHJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pyridine Chemical compound C1=CC=NC=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- 239000012300 argon atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 8
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical class CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 8
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 8
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- HQWPLXHWEZZGKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylzinc Chemical compound CC[Zn]CC HQWPLXHWEZZGKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 7
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- 230000002000 scavenging effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 7
- PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene Chemical compound ClC1=CC=C(Cl)C(Cl)=C1 PBKONEOXTCPAFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic anhydride Chemical compound CC(=O)OC(C)=O WFDIJRYMOXRFFG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Borate Chemical compound [O-]B([O-])[O-] BTBUEUYNUDRHOZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 6
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 6
- 239000012018 catalyst precursor Substances 0.000 description 6
- IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dihydroxy(oxo)silane Chemical compound O[Si](O)=O IJKVHSBPTUYDLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 5
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- 150000003623 transition metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- MCULRUJILOGHCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triisobutylaluminium Chemical compound CC(C)C[Al](CC(C)C)CC(C)C MCULRUJILOGHCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- CUJRKGAJAXGLDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 8-bromo-N-(2-methylphenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine Chemical compound Cc1ccccc1NC1CCCc2cccc(Br)c12 CUJRKGAJAXGLDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
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- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
- 125000002524 organometallic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
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- GNPSMYTXIPVJDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioctylalumane Chemical compound C(CCCCCCC)[AlH]CCCCCCCC GNPSMYTXIPVJDU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GPAYUJZHTULNBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylphosphine Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1PC1=CC=CC=C1 GPAYUJZHTULNBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MKRVHLWAVKJBFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenylzinc Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1[Zn]C1=CC=CC=C1 MKRVHLWAVKJBFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229940069096 dodecene Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000005678 ethenylene group Chemical class [H]C([*:1])=C([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 229920001038 ethylene copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003948 formamides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002828 fuel tank Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012362 glacial acetic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004795 grignard reagents Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910021482 group 13 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- GEAWFZNTIFJMHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hepta-1,6-diene Chemical compound C=CCCCC=C GEAWFZNTIFJMHR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GJTGYNPBJNRYKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N hex-1-ene;prop-1-ene Chemical compound CC=C.CCCCC=C GJTGYNPBJNRYKI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexa-1,5-diene Chemical compound C=CCCC=C PYGSKMBEVAICCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- YIAPLDFPUUJILH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indan-1-ol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)CCC2=C1 YIAPLDFPUUJILH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003317 industrial substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003701 inert diluent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001504 inorganic chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000006713 insertion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002452 interceptive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012948 isocyanate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002513 isocyanates Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000670 limiting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- DLEDOFVPSDKWEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium butane Chemical compound [Li+].CCC[CH2-] DLEDOFVPSDKWEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000395 magnesium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- KJJBSBKRXUVBMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;butane Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCC[CH2-].CCC[CH2-] KJJBSBKRXUVBMX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DLPASUVGCQPFFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;ethane Chemical compound [Mg+2].[CH2-]C.[CH2-]C DLPASUVGCQPFFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RVOYYLUVELMWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N magnesium;hexane Chemical compound [Mg+2].CCCCC[CH2-].CCCCC[CH2-] RVOYYLUVELMWJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001510 metal chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000007069 methylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- NFWSQSCIDYBUOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylcyclopentadiene Chemical group CC1=CC=CC1 NFWSQSCIDYBUOU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003607 modifier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QJAIOCKFIORVFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dimethyl-4-nitroaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 QJAIOCKFIORVFU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DYFFAVRFJWYYQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-methyl-n-phenylaniline Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1N(C)C1=CC=CC=C1 DYFFAVRFJWYYQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N norbornadiene Chemical compound C1=CC2C=CC1C2 SJYNFBVQFBRSIB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003606 oligomerizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001979 organolithium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000002734 organomagnesium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- OOFGXDQWDNJDIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxathiolane Chemical compound C1COSC1 OOFGXDQWDNJDIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentene Chemical compound CCCC=C YWAKXRMUMFPDSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000005062 perfluorophenyl group Chemical group FC1=C(C(=C(C(=C1F)F)F)F)* 0.000 description 1
- UNQNIRQQBJCMQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorine Chemical group C1=CC=PC=C1 UNQNIRQQBJCMQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052696 pnictogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004291 polyenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001384 propylene homopolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013557 residual solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003808 silyl group Chemical group [H][Si]([H])([H])[*] 0.000 description 1
- 238000001542 size-exclusion chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium cyanoborohydride Chemical compound [Na+].[B-]C#N BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011877 solvent mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium group Chemical group [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000576 tactic polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 description 1
- RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrothiophene Chemical compound C1CCSC1 RAOIDOHSFRTOEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NONOKGVFTBWRLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N thioisocyanate group Chemical group S(N=C=O)N=C=O NONOKGVFTBWRLD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006478 transmetalation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005627 triarylcarbonium group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- XBEXIHMRFRFRAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tridodecylalumane Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC[Al](CCCCCCCCCCCC)CCCCCCCCCCCC XBEXIHMRFRFRAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXJKFRMDXUJTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylphosphine Chemical compound CCP(CC)CC RXJKFRMDXUJTEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ORYGRKHDLWYTKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trihexylalumane Chemical compound CCCCCC[Al](CCCCCC)CCCCCC ORYGRKHDLWYTKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethylaluminium Chemical compound C[Al](C)C JLTRXTDYQLMHGR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- JQPMDTQDAXRDGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenylalumane Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1[Al](C=1C=CC=CC=1)C1=CC=CC=C1 JQPMDTQDAXRDGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002221 trityl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C([*])(C1=C(C(=C(C(=C1[H])[H])[H])[H])[H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000005023 xylyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- HEPBQSXQJMTVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;butane Chemical compound [Zn+2].CCC[CH2-].CCC[CH2-] HEPBQSXQJMTVFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F5/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 3 or 13 of the Periodic System
- C07F5/02—Boron compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
- C07F7/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System
- C07F7/003—Compounds containing elements of Groups 4 or 14 of the Periodic System without C-Metal linkages
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2410/00—Features related to the catalyst preparation, the catalyst use or to the deactivation of the catalyst
- C08F2410/01—Additive used together with the catalyst, excluding compounds containing Al or B
Definitions
- the invention relates to pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes and intermediates and processes for use in making such pyridyldiamido complexes.
- the transition metal complexes may be used as catalysts for alkene polymerization processes.
- Pyridyl amines have been used to prepare Group 4 complexes which are useful transition metal components for use in the polymerization of alkenes, see for example US 2002/0142912 ; US 6,900,321 ; and US 6,103,657 , where the ligands have been used in complexes in which the ligands are coordinated in a bidentate fashion to the transition metal atom.
- WO 2005/095469 shows catalyst compounds that use tridentate ligands through two nitrogen atoms (one amido and one pyridyl) and one oxygen atom.
- US 2004/0220050A1 and WO 2007/067965 disclose complexes in which the ligand is coordinated in a tridentate fashion through two nitrogen (one amido and one pyridyl) and one carbon (aryl anion) donors.
- a key step in the activation of these complexes is the insertion of an alkene into the metal-aryl bond of the catalyst precursor ( Froese, R. D. J. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, pp. 7831-7840 ) to form an active catalyst that has both five-membered and a seven-membered chelate rings.
- WO 2010/037059 discloses pyridine containing amines for use in pharmaceutical applications.
- US 2010/0227990 A1 discloses ligands that bind to the metal center with a NNC donor set instead of an NNN or NNP donor set.
- WO/0238628 A2 discloses ligands that bind to the metal center with a NNC donor set instead of an NNN or NNP donor set.
- references of interest also include: 1) Vaughan, A; Davis, D. S.; Hagadorn, J. R. in Comprehensive Polymer Science, Vol. 3, Chapter 20, “Industrial catalysts for alkene polymerization "; 2) Gibson, V. C.; Spitzmesser, S. K. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 283 ; and 3) Britovsek, G. J. P.; Gibson, V. C.; Wass, D. F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 428 .
- the performance may be varied in respect of the amount of polymer produced per amount of catalyst (generally referred to as the "activity") under the prevailing polymerization conditions; the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution achieved at a given temperature; and/or the placement of higher alpha-olefins in terms of the degree of stereoregular placement.
- improvement of catalyst activity is of interest in the industry as it directly impacts economic feasibility.
- This invention relates to transition metal complexes as described in the attached claims.
- the present disclosure further relates to a process to make the above complex, a process to make intermediates for the above complex and methods to polymerize olefins using the above complex.
- This invention further relates to methods to polymerize olefins using the above complex in the presence of chain transfer agent.
- Figure 1 is the molecular structure of complex 1 as determined by single-crystalX-ray diffraction.
- transition metal complexes The term complex is used to describe molecules in which an ancillary ligand is coordinated to a central transition metal atom.
- the ligand is bulky and stably bonded to the transition metal so as to maintain its influence during use of the catalyst, such as polymerization.
- the ligand may be coordinated to the transition metal by covalent bond and/or electron donation coordination or intermediate bonds.
- the transition metal complexes are generally subjected to activation to perform their polymerization or oligomerization function using an activator which is believed to create a cation as a result of the removal of an anionic group, often referred to as a leaving group, from the transition metal.
- dme is 1,2-dimethoxyethane
- Me is methyl
- Ph is phenyl
- Et is ethyl
- Pr is propyl
- iPr is isopropyl
- n-Pr is normal propyl
- Bu is butyl
- iBu is isobutyl
- tBu is tertiary butyl
- p-tBu is para-tertiary butyl
- nBu is normal butyl
- TMS is trimethylsilyl
- TIBAL is triisobutylaluminum
- TNOAL is tri(n-octyl)aluminum
- MAO is methylalumoxane
- p-Me is para-methyl
- Bn is benzyl (i.e., CH2Ph)
- THF also referred to as thf
- RT room temperature (and is 23°C unless otherwise indicated)
- tol is tolu
- substituted means that a hydrogen has been replaced with a heteroatom or a hydrocarbyl group.
- methyl-cyclopentadiene is substituted with a methyl group.
- hydrocarbyl radical is defined to be C1-C100 radicals, that may be linear, branched, or cyclic, and when cyclic, aromatic or non-aromatic.
- Substituted hydrocarbyl radicals are radicals in which at least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbyl radical has been substituted with at least one functional group such as NR ⁇ 2, OR ⁇ , SeR ⁇ , TeR ⁇ , PR ⁇ 2, AsR ⁇ 2, SbR ⁇ 2, SR ⁇ , BR ⁇ 2, SiR ⁇ 3, GeR ⁇ 3, SnR ⁇ 3, PbR ⁇ 3, and the like, or where at least one heteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarbyl ring.
- at least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbyl radical has been substituted with at least one functional group such as NR ⁇ 2, OR ⁇ , SeR ⁇ , TeR ⁇ , PR ⁇ 2, AsR ⁇ 2, SbR ⁇ 2, SR ⁇ , BR ⁇ 2, SiR ⁇ 3, GeR ⁇ 3, SnR ⁇ 3, PbR ⁇ 3, and the like, or where at least one heteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarby
- catalyst system is defined to mean a complex/activator pair.
- Catalyst system means the unactivated catalyst complex (precatalyst) together with an activator and, optionally, a co-activator.
- it means the activated complex and the activator or other charge-balancing moiety.
- the transition metal compound may be neutral as in a precatalyst, or a charged species with a counter ion as in an activated catalyst system.
- catalyst precursor is also often referred to as catalyst precursor, precatalyst, catalyst, catalyst compound, transition metal compound, or transition metal complex. These words are used interchangeably.
- Activator and cocatalyst are also used interchangeably.
- a scavenger is a compound that is typically added to facilitate polymerization by scavenging impurities. Some scavengers may also act as activators and may be referred to as co-activators. A co-activator, that is not a scavenger, may also be used in conjunction with an activator in order to form an active catalyst. In some embodiments, a co-activator can be pre-mixed with the transition metal compound to form an alkylated transition metal compound.
- Noncoordinating anion is defined to mean an anion either that does not coordinate to the catalyst metal cation or that does coordinate to the metal cation, but only weakly.
- NCA is also defined to include multicomponent NCA-containing activators, such as N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, that contain an acidic cationic group and the non-coordinating anion.
- NCA is also defined to include neutral Lewis acids, such as tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, that can react with a catalyst to form an activated species by abstraction of an anionic group.
- NCA coordinates weakly enough that a neutral Lewis base, such as an olefinically or acetylenically unsaturated monomer, can displace it from the catalyst center.
- a neutral Lewis base such as an olefinically or acetylenically unsaturated monomer
- Any metal or metalloid that can form a compatible, weakly coordinating complex may be used or contained in the noncoordinating anion.
- Suitable metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum, gold, and platinum.
- Suitable metalloids include, but are not limited to, boron, aluminum, phosphorus, and silicon.
- a stoichiometric activator can be either neutral or ionic.
- the terms ionic activator, and stoichiometric ionic activator can be used interchangeably.
- neutral stoichiometric activator and Lewis acid activator can be used interchangeably.
- non-coordinating anion includes neutral stoichiometric activators, ionic stoichiometric activators, ionic activators, and Lewis acid activators.
- an "olefin,” alternatively referred to as “alkene,” is a linear, branched, or cyclic compound comprising carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond.
- alkene is a linear, branched, or cyclic compound comprising carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond.
- the olefin present in such polymer or copolymer is the polymerized form of the olefin.
- a copolymer when a copolymer is said to have a "propylene" content of 35 wt% to 55 wt%, it is understood that the mer unit in the copolymer is derived from propylene in the polymerization reaction and said derived units are present at 35 wt% to 55 wt%, based upon the weight of the copolymer.
- a "polymer” has two or more of the same or different “mer” units.
- a “homopolymer” is a polymer having mer units that are the same.
- a “copolymer” is a polymer having two or more mer units that are different from each other.
- a “terpolymer” is a polymer having three mer units that are different from each other. "Different” in reference to mer units indicates that the mer units differ from each other by at least one atom or are different isomerically. Accordingly, the definition of copolymer, as used herein, includes terpolymers and the like.
- An oligomer is typically a polymer having a low molecular weight, such as an Mn of less than 25,000 g/mol, or in an embodiment less than 2,500 g/mol, or a low number of mer units, such as 75 mer units or less or 50 mer units or less.
- An "ethylene polymer” or “ethylene copolymer” is a polymer or copolymer comprising at least 50 mole% ethylene derived units
- a "propylene polymer” or “propylene copolymer” is a polymer or copolymer comprising at least 50 mole% propylene derived units, and so on.
- a higher ⁇ -olefin is defined to be an ⁇ -olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms.
- melting points are DSC second melt.
- a "ring carbon atom” is a carbon atom that is part of a cyclic ring structure.
- a benzyl group has six ring carbon atoms and para-methylstyrene also has six ring carbon atoms.
- aryl or "aryl group” means a six carbon aromatic ring and the substituted variants thereof, including but not limited to, phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, xylyl, 4-bromo-xylyl.
- heteroaryl means an aryl group where a ring carbon atom (or two or thee ring carbon atoms) has been replaced with a heteroatom, preferably N, O, or S.
- ring atom means an atom that is part of a cyclic ring structure.
- a benzyl group has six ring atoms and tetrahydrofuran has 5 ring atoms.
- a heterocyclic ring is a ring having a heteroatom in the ring structure as opposed to a heteroatom substituted ring where a hydrogen on a ring atom is replaced with a heteroatom.
- tetrahydrofuran is a heterocyclic ring
- 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl is a heteroatom substituted ring.
- aromatic also refers to pseudoaromatic heterocycles which are heterocyclic substituents that have similar properties and structures (nearly planar) to aromatic heterocyclic ligands, but are not by definition aromatic; likewise the term aromatic also refers to substituted aromatics.
- continuous means a system that operates without interruption or cessation.
- a continuous process to produce a polymer would be one where the reactants are continually introduced into one or more reactors and polymer product is continually withdrawn.
- a solution polymerization means a polymerization process in which the polymer is dissolved in a liquid polymerization medium, such as an inert solvent or monomer(s) or their blends.
- a solution polymerization is typically homogeneous.
- a homogeneous polymerization is one where the polymer product is dissolved in the polymerization medium.
- Such systems are preferably not turbid as described in J. Vladimir Oliveira, C. Dariva and J. C. Pinto, Ind. Eng, Chem. Res. 29, 2000, 4627 .
- a bulk polymerization means a polymerization process in which the monomers and/or comonomers being polymerized are used as a solvent or diluent using little or no inert solvent as a solvent or diluent.
- a small fraction of inert solvent might be used as a carrier for catalyst and scavenger.
- a bulk polymerization system contains less than 25 wt% of inert solvent or diluent, preferably less than 10 wt%, preferably less than 1 wt%, preferably 0 wt%.
- a pyridyldiamido transition metal complex (optionally, for use in alkene polymerization) represented by the general formula: (A) or (B) below and in another aspect there is provided a catalyst system comprising an activator and one or more pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes (optionally, for use in alkene polymerization) represented by the formula (A) or (B) : wherein:
- R1 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl.
- R17 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, ortho-tolyl, 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl.
- R2 is selected from CH2, CH(aryl), CH(2-isopropylphenyl), CH(2,6-dimethylphenyl), CH(2,4-6-trimethylphenyl), CH(alkyl), CMe2.
- each R12, R13, R6 and R7 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, silyl, amino, aryloxy, halogen, and phosphino (preferably hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, silyl, amino, aryloxy, heteroaryl, halogen, and phosphino), R12 and R13 and/or R6 and R7 may be joined to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl ring, where the ring has 4, 5, 6, or 7 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings, or R12 and R13 and/or R6 and R7 may be joined to form a saturated heterocyclic ring, or a saturated substituted heterocyclic ring where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings.
- At least one of R12 and R13 is a C1 to C100 (preferably C6 to C40, preferably C7 to C30, preferably C8 to C20) substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group (preferably aryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, C2 to C30 alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, and the like).
- C1 to C100 preferably C6 to C40, preferably C7 to C30, preferably C8 to C20
- substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group preferably aryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, C2 to C30 alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, 2-isopropy
- At least one of R6 and R7 is a C1 to C100 (preferably C6 to C40, preferably C7 to C30, preferably C8 to C20) substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group (preferably aryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, C2 to C30 alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, and the like).
- C1 to C100 preferably C6 to C40, preferably C7 to C30, preferably C8 to C20
- substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group preferably aryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, C2 to C30 alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, 2-isopropy
- R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, (preferably hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amino, silyl, and aryl), and wherein adjacent R groups (R3 & R4 and/or R4 & R5) may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings, preferably R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phen
- R8, R9, R10, and R11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, and the pairs of positions, and wherein adjacent R groups (R8 & R9, and/or R9 & R10, and/or R10 & R11) may be joined to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings, preferably R8, R9, R10, and R11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phenyl, substituted pheny
- the R groups above and other R groups mentioned hereafter contain up to 30 carbon atoms, preferably no more than 30 carbon atoms, especially from 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- M is Ti, Zr, or Hf and E and E* being carbon, with Zr or Hf based complexes being especially preferred.
- R1 and R17 may be independently selected from phenyl groups that are variously substituted with between zero to five substituents that include F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, aryl, and alkyl groups with between one to ten carbons.
- each L may be independently selected from halide, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, amido, hydrido, phenoxy, hydroxy, silyl, allyl, alkenyl, triflate, alkylsulfonate, arylsulfonate, and alkynyl.
- the selection of the leaving groups depends on the synthesis route adopted for arriving at the complex and may be changed by additional reactions to suit the later activation method in polymerization.
- alkyl is preferred when using non-coordinating anions such as N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate or tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane.
- two L groups may be linked to form a dianionic leaving group, for example, oxalate.
- each L' is independently selected from the group consisting of ethers, thio-ethers, amines, nitriles, imines, pyridines, and phosphines, preferably ethers.
- M is preferably Zr or Hf.
- R6 and R7 are the same.
- R1, R3, R4, R5, and R17 may each contain no more than 30 carbon atoms.
- E is carbon and R1 and R17 are independently selected from phenyl groups that are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyls groups with from one to ten carbons.
- the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above and at least one of R6 and R7 is a group containing from 1 to 100 (preferably 6 to 40, preferably 7 to 30) carbons.
- the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and M is preferably Zr or Hf, preferably Hf.
- the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (B) above, and M is preferably Zr or Hf, preferably Hf.
- the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and R1 is a 2,6-disubstituted aryl group where the substituents are selected from isopropyl, 3-pentyl, or cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons containing between 4-20 carbons.
- the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and Q1 is three atoms of a pyridine. Also disclosed herein, Q1 maybe three atoms of imidazole, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dihydrothiazole, oxathiolane, tetrahydropyran, dihydrooxazole, or phosphinine group that is substituted at the adjacent positions.
- the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and R2 is CH(aryl) with the aryl group containing between 7 and 20 carbon atoms.
- the pyridyl diamine ligands described herein are generally prepared in multiple steps.
- One key step involves the preparation of a suitable "linker" group(s) containing both an aryl boronic acid (or acid ester) and an amine group.
- Examples of these include compounds of the general formula: 7-(boronic acid)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-(amine), 7-(boronic acid ester)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1-(amine), 7-(boronic acid)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-(amine), 7-(boronic acid ester)-1,2,34-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-(amine), which include various boronic acids, boronic acid esters, and amines.
- the linker groups may be prepared in high yield from arylhalide precursors containing amine functionality by first deprotonation of the amine group with 1.0 molar equivalents of n-BuLi, followed by transmetalation of an arylhalide with t-BuLi and subsequent reaction with a boron-containing reagent. This amine-containing linker is then coupled with a suitable pyridine containing species, such as 6-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. This coupling step typically uses a metal catalyst (e.g., Pd(PPh3)4) in less than 5 mol% loading.
- a metal catalyst e.g., Pd(PPh3)4
- the new derivative which can be described as amine-linker-pyridine-aldehyde, is then reacted with a second amine to produce the imine derivative amine-linker-pyridine-imine in a condensation reaction.
- This can then be reduced to the pyridyl diamine ligand by reaction with a suitable aryl anion, alkyl anion, or hydride source.
- This reaction is generally performed in etherial solvents at temperatures between -100°C and 50°C when aryllithium or alkyllithium reagents are employed.
- This reaction is generally performed in methanol at reflux when sodium cyanoborohydride is employed.
- pyridyl diamide metal complexes from pyridyl diamines may be accomplished using typical protonolysis and methylation reactions.
- the protonolysis reaction the pyridyl diamine is reacted with a suitable metal reactant to produce a pyridyldiamide metal complex.
- a suitable metal reactant will feature a basic leaving group that will accept a proton from the pyridiyl diamine and then generally depart and be removed from the product.
- Pyridyldiamide metal complexes that contain metal-chloride groups such as the PDA dichloride complex in Scheme 1 below, can be alkylated by reaction with an appropriate organometallic reagent.
- Suitable reagents include organolithium and organomagnesium, and Grignard reagents.
- the alkylations are generally performed in etherial or hydrocarbon solvents or solvent mixtures at temperatures typically ranging from -100°C to 50°C.
- R, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of H, hydrocarbyls (such as alkyls, aryls), substituted hydrocarbyls (such as heteroaryls), and silyl groups
- R n indicates hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, or substituted hydrocarbyls, which may be joined to form polycyclic aromatic ring and n is 1, 2, 3, or 4.
- Another route to pyridyl diamide and other complexes of interest as catalysts involves the insertion of an unsaturated molecule into a covalent metal-carbon bond where the covalently bonded group is part of a multidentate ligand structure, such as that described by Boussie et al. in US 6,750,345 .
- the unsaturated molecule will generally have a carbon-X double or triple bond where X is a group 14 or group 15 or group 16 element.
- Examples of unsaturated molecules include alkenes, alkynes, imines, nitriles, ketones, aldehydes, amides, formamides, carbon dioxide, isocyanates, thioisocyanates, and carbodiimides. Examples showing the insertion reactions involving benzophenone and N,N-dimethylformamide are below.
- catalyst systems may be formed by combining them with activators in any manner known from the literature, including by supporting them for use in slurry or gas phase polymerization.
- the catalyst systems may also be added to or generated in solution polymerization or bulk polymerization (in the monomer).
- the catalyst system typically comprises a complex as described above and an activator such as alumoxane or a non-coordinating anion. Activation may be performed using alumoxane solution including methyl alumoxane, referred to as MAO, as well as modified MAO, referred to herein as MMAO, containing some higher alkyl groups to improve the solubility.
- MAO methyl alumoxane
- MMAO modified MAO
- the catalyst system employed in the present invention preferably uses an activator selected from alumoxanes, such as methyl alumoxane, modified methyl alumoxane, ethyl alumoxane, iso-butyl alumoxane. and the like.
- alumoxanes such as methyl alumoxane, modified methyl alumoxane, ethyl alumoxane, iso-butyl alumoxane. and the like.
- the complex-to-activator molar ratio is from about 1:3000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:2000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:1000 to 10:1; alternatively, 1:500 to 1:1; alternatively 1:300 to 1:1; alternatively 1:200 to 1:1; alternatively 1:100 to 1:1; alternatively 1:50 to 1:1; alternatively 1:10 to 1:1.
- the activator is an alumoxane (modified or unmodified)
- some embodiments select the maximum amount of activator at a 5000-fold molar excess over the catalyst precursor (per metal catalytic site).
- the preferred minimum activator-to-complex ratio is 1:1 molar ratio.
- NCA non-coordinating anions
- NCA's non-coordinating anions
- NCA may be added in the form of an ion pair using, for example, [DMAH]+ [NCA]- in which the N,N-dimethylanilinium (DMAH) cation reacts with a basic leaving group on the transition metal complex to form a transition metal complex cation and [NCA]-.
- the cation in the precursor may, alternatively, be trityl.
- the transition metal complex may be reacted with a neutral NCA precursor, such as B(C6F5)3, which abstracts an anionic group from the complex to form an activated species.
- Useful activators include N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl)borate (i.e., [PhNMe2H]B(C6F5)4) and N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis (heptafluoronaphthyl)borate, where Ph is phenyl, and Me is methyl.
- activators useful herein include those described in US 7,247,687 at column 169, line 50 to column 174, line 43, particularly column 172, line 24 to column 173, line 53.
- the non-coordinating anion activator is represented by the following formula (1): (Z) d + (A d- ) (1) wherein Z is (L-H) or a reducible Lewis acid; L is a neutral Lewis base; H is hydrogen and (L-H) + is a Bronsted acid; A d- is a non-coordinating anion having the charge d-; and d is an integer from 1 to 3.
- the cation component may include Bronsted acids such as protonated Lewis bases capable of protonating a moiety, such as an alkyl or aryl, from the catalyst precursor, resulting in a cationic transition metal species, or the activating cation (L-H)d+ is a Bronsted acid, capable of donating a proton to the catalyst precursor resulting in a transition metal cation, including ammoniums, oxoniums, phosphoniums, silyliums, and mixtures thereof, or ammoniums of methylamine, aniline, dimethylamine, diethylamine, N-methylaniline, diphenylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, methyldiphenylamine, pyridine, p-bromo N,N-dimethylaniline, p-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline, pyridine, p-bromo N,N-dimethylaniline, p-nitro
- Z is a reducible Lewis acid
- Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, or a C1 to C40 hydrocarbyl
- the reducible Lewis acid may be represented by the formula: (Ph3C+), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with a heteroatom, and/or a C1 to C40 hydrocarbyl.
- the reducible Lewis acid is triphenyl carbenium.
- Each Q may be a fluorinated hydrocarbyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or each Q is a fluorinated aryl radical, or each Q is a pentafluoryl aryl radical.
- suitable Ad- components also include diboron compounds as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,447,895 .
- This invention also relates to a method to polymerize olefins comprising contacting olefins (such as propylene) with a catalyst complex as described above and an NCA activator represented by the Formula (2): R n M**(ArNHal) 4-n (2) where R is a monoanionic ligand; M** is a Group 13 metal or metalloid; ArNHal is a halogenated, nitrogen-containing aromatic ring, polycyclic aromatic ring, or aromatic ring assembly in which two or more rings (or fused ring systems) are joined directly to one another or together; and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3.
- the NCA comprising an anion of Formula 2 also comprises a suitable cation that is essentially non-interfering with the ionic catalyst complexes formed with the transition metal compounds, or the cation is Z d + as described above.
- R is selected from the group consisting of C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl radicals.
- C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl radicals may be substituted with one or more C1 to C20 hydrocarbyl radicals, halide, hydrocarbyl substituted organometalloid, dialkylamido, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkysulfido, arylsulfido, alkylphosphido, arylphosphide, or other anionic substituent; fluoride; bulky alkoxides, where bulky means C4 to C20 hydrocarbyl radicals; --SRa, --NRa2, and --PRa2, where each Ra is independently a monovalent C4 to C20 hydrocarbyl radical comprising a molecular volume greater than or equal to the molecular volume of an isopropyl substitution or a C4 to C20 hydrocarbyl substituted organometal
- the NCA also comprises cation comprising a reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ar3C+), where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, and/or a C1 to C40 hydrocarbyl, or the reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ph3C+), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more heteroatoms, and/or C1 to C40 hydrocarbyls.
- a reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ar3C+) where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, and/or a C1 to C40 hydrocarbyl
- the reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ph3C+) where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more heteroatoms, and/or C1 to C40 hydrocarbyls.
- the NCA may also comprise a cation represented by the formula, (L-H)d+, wherein L is an neutral Lewis base; H is hydrogen; (L-H) is a Bronsted acid; and d is 1, 2, or 3, or (L-H)d+ is a Bronsted acid selected from ammoniums, oxoniums, phosphoniums, silyliums, and mixtures thereof.
- an activator useful herein comprises a salt of a cationic oxidizing agent and a noncoordinating, compatible anion represented by the Formula (3): (OX e+ ) d (A d- ) e (3) wherein OX e+ is a cationic oxidizing agent having a charge of e+; e is 1, 2 or 3; d is 1, 2 or 3; and A d- is a non-coordinating anion having the charge of d- (as further described above).
- Examples of cationic oxidizing agents include: ferrocenium, hydrocarbyl-substituted ferrocenium, Ag + , or Pb +2 .
- Suitable embodiments of A d- include tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate.
- Activators useful in catalyst systems herein include: trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, and the types disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,297,653 .
- Suitable activators also include: N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate, [Ph3C+][B(C6F5)4-], [Me3NH+][B(C6F5)4-]; 1-(4-(tris(
- the activator comprises a triaryl carbonium (such as triphenylcarbenium tetraphenylborate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate).
- a triaryl carbonium such as triphenylcarbenium tetraphenylborate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetra
- two NCA activators may be used in the polymerization and the molar ratio of the first NCA activator to the second NCA activator can be any ratio.
- the molar ratio of the first NCA activator to the second NCA activator is 0.01:1 to 10,000:1, or 0.1:1 to 1000:1, or 1:1 to 100:1.
- the NCA activator-to-catalyst ratio is a 1:1 molar ratio, or 0.1:1 to 100:1, or 0.5:1 to 200:1, or 1:1 to 500:1 or 1:1 to 1000:1. In an embodiment, the NCA activator-to-catalyst ratio is 0.5:1 to 10:1, or 1:1 to 5:1.
- the catalyst compounds can be combined with combinations of alumoxanes and NCA's (see for example, US 5,153,157 , US 5,453,410 , EP 0 573 120 B1 , WO 94/07928 , and WO 95/14044 which discuss the use of an alumoxane in combination with an ionizing activator).
- the complex-to-activator molar ratio is typically from 1:10 to 1:1; 1:10 to 10:1; 1:10 to 2:1; 1:10 to 3:1; 1:10 to 5:1; 1:2 to 1.2:1; 1:2 to 10:1; 1:2 to 2:1; 1:2 to 3:1; 1:2 to 5:1; 1:3 to 1.2:1; 1:3 to 10:1; 1:3 to 2:1; 1:3 to 3:1; 1:3 to 5:1; 1:5 to 1:1; 1:5 to 10:1; 1:5 to 2:1; 1:5 to 3:1; 1:5 to 5:1; 1:1 to 1:1.2.
- a co-activator or chain transfer agent such as a group 1, 2, or 13 organometallic species (e.g., an alkyl aluminum compound such as tri-n-octyl aluminum), may also be used in the catalyst system herein.
- the complex-to-co-activator molar ratio is from 1:100 to 100:1; 1:75 to 75:1; 1:50 to 50:1; 1:25 to 25:1; 1:15 to 15:1; 1:10 to 10:1; 1:5 to 5:1; 1:2 to 2:1; 1:100 to 1:1; 1:75 to 1:1; 1:50 to 1:1; 1:25 to 1:1; 1:15 to 1:1; 1:10 to 1:1; 1:5 to 1:1; 1:2 to 1:1; 1:10 to 2:1.
- a “chain transfer agent” is any agent capable of hydrocarbyl and/or polymeryl group exchange between a coordinative polymerization catalyst and the metal center of the chain transfer agent during a polymerization process.
- a “chain transfer agent” is any agent capable of transferring a growing polyolefin chain in a catalyzed polymerization process from one growing chain to another molecule or chain, or one portion of a growing chain to another portion of the same or independent chain.
- the chain transfer agent can be any desirable chemical compound such as those disclosed in WO 2007/130306 .
- the chain transfer agent is selected from Group 2, 12 or 13 alkyl or aryl compounds; preferably zinc, magnesium or aluminum alkyls or aryls; preferably where the alkyl is a C1 to C30 alkyl, alternately a C2 to C20 alkyl, alternately a C3 to 12 alkyl, typically selected independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl; and where di-ethylzinc is particularly preferred.
- this invention relates to a catalyst system comprising activator, catalyst complex as described herein, and chain transfer agent wherein the chain transfer agent is selected from Group 2, 12 or 13 alkyl or aryl compounds.
- the chain transfer agent is selected from dialkyl zinc or diaryl zinc compounds, where the alkyl is selected independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl.
- the chain transfer agent may be triphenyl alum, where the phenyl is substituted or unsubstituted.
- the chain transfer agent is selected from trialkyl aluminum compounds, where the alkyl is selected independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl.
- the chain transfer agent may be triphenyl aluminum, where the phenyl is substituted or unsubstituted.
- the inventive process is characterized in one embodiment in that the presence of the chain transfer agent increases the activity of the catalyst component by a factor of at least 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 relative to the activity under the same conditions when chain transfer agent is not present.
- the activity of the catalyst component in the presence of the chain transfer agent may be within the range of from 90,000 or 100,000 or 150,000 g/mmole/h/bar to 200,000 or 250,000 or 300,000 or 400,000 g/mmole/h/bar.
- the catalyst component typically has an activity of less than 90,000 or 85,000 or 80,000 or 50,000 g/mmole/h/bar, but typically at least 50 or 100 g/mmole/h/bar.
- the Mw/Mn, i.e., the molecular weight distribution ("MWD"), of the polymer produced when using CTA in batch polymerization process is lower than the MWD relative to the polymer produced under the same conditions when chain transfer agent is not present, preferably the MWD is at least 30% less, preferably at least 50% less, preferably at least 100% less.
- MWD molecular weight distribution
- Chain transfer agents are typically present at from 10 or 20 or 50 or 100 equivalents to 600 or 700 or 800 or 1000 equivalents relative to the catalyst component.
- the chain transfer agent (“CTA") is preset at a catalyst complex-to-CTA molar ratio of from about 1:3000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:2000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:1000 to 10:1; alternatively, 1:500 to 1:1; alternatively 1:300 to 1:1; alternatively 1:200 to 1:1; alternatively 1:100 to 1:1; alternatively 1:50 to 1:1; alternatively 1:10 to 1:1.
- Useful chain transfer agents include diethylzinc, tri-n-octyl aluminum, trimethylaluminium, triethylaluminum, tri-isobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaminum, diethyl aluminum chloride, dibutyl zinc, di-n-propylzinc, di-n-hexylzinc, di-n-pentylzinc, di-n-decylzinc, di-n-dodecylzinc, di-n-tetradecylzinc, di-n-hexadecylzinc, di-n-octadecylzinc, diphenylzinc, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum hydride, di-n-octylaluminum hydride, dibutylmagnesium, diethylmagnesium, dihexylmagnesium, and triethylboron
- the complexes described herein may be supported (with or without an activator) by any method effective to support other coordination catalyst systems, effective meaning that the catalyst so prepared can be used for oligomerizing or polymerizing olefin(s) in a heterogeneous process.
- the catalyst precursor, activator, co-activator if needed, suitable solvent, and support may be added in any order or simultaneously.
- the complex and activator may be combined in solvent to form a solution.
- the support is added, and the mixture is stirred for 1 minute to 10 hours.
- the total solution volume may be greater than the pore volume of the support, but some embodiments limit the total solution volume below that needed to form a gel or slurry (about 90% to 400%, preferably about 100% to 200% of the pore volume).
- the residual solvent is removed under vacuum, typically at ambient temperature and over 10-16 hours. But greater or lesser times and temperatures are possible.
- the complex may also be supported absent the activator; in that case, the activator (and co-activator if needed) is added to a polymerization process's liquid phase. Additionally, two or more different complexes may be placed on the same support. Likewise, two or more activators or an activator and co-activator may be placed on the same support.
- Suitable solid particle supports are typically comprised of polymeric or refractory oxide materials, each being preferably porous.
- any support material that has an average particle size greater than 10 ⁇ m is suitable for use in this invention.
- a porous support material such as for example, talc, inorganic oxides, inorganic chlorides, for example magnesium chloride and resinous support materials such as polystyrene polyolefin or polymeric compounds or any other organic support material and the like.
- Some embodiments select inorganic oxide materials as the support material including Group-2, -3, -4, -5, -13, or -14 metal or metalloid oxides.
- the catalyst support materials select to include silica, alumina, silica-alumina, and their mixtures.
- Other inorganic oxides may serve either alone or in combination with the silica, alumina, or silica-alumina. These are magnesia, titania, zirconia, and the like.
- Lewis acidic materials such as montmorillonite and similar clays may also serve as a support. In this case, the support can optionally double as the activator component; however, an additional activator may also be used.
- the support material may be pretreated by any number of methods.
- inorganic oxides may be calcined, chemically treated with dehydroxylating agents such as aluminum alkyls and the like, or both.
- polymeric carriers will also be suitable in accordance with the invention, see for example the descriptions in WO 95/15815 and US 5,427,991 .
- the methods disclosed may be used with the catalyst complexes, activators or catalyst systems of this invention to adsorb or absorb them on the polymeric supports, particularly if made up of porous particles, or may be chemically bound through functional groups bound to or in the polymer chains.
- Useful supports typically have a surface area of from 10-700 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.1-4.0 cc/g and an average particle size of 10-500 ⁇ m. Some embodiments select a surface area of 50-500 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.5-3.5 cc/g, or an average particle size of 20-200 ⁇ m. Other embodiments select a surface area of 100-400 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.8-3.0 cc/g, and an average particle size of 30-100 ⁇ m. Useful supports typically have a pore size of 10-1000 Angstroms, alternatively 50-500 Angstroms, or 75-350 Angstroms.
- the catalyst complexes described herein are generally deposited on the support at a loading level of 10-100 micromoles of complex per gram of solid support; alternately 20-80 micromoles of complex per gram of solid support; or 40-60 micromoles of complex per gram of support. But greater or lesser values may be used provided that the total amount of solid complex does not exceed the support's pore volume.
- Invention catalyst complexes are useful in polymerizing unsaturated monomers conventionally known to undergo metallocene-catalyzed polymerization such as solution, slurry, gas-phase, and high-pressure polymerization.
- metallocene-catalyzed polymerization such as solution, slurry, gas-phase, and high-pressure polymerization.
- one or more of the complexes described herein, one or more activators, and one or more monomers are contacted to produce polymer.
- the complexes may be supported and as such will be particularly useful in the known, fixed-bed, moving-bed, fluid-bed, slurry, solution, or bulk operating modes conducted in single, series, or parallel reactors.
- One or more reactors in series or in parallel may be used in the present invention.
- the complexes, activator and when required, co-activator may be delivered as a solution or slurry, either separately to the reactor, activated in-line just prior to the reactor, or preactivated and pumped as an activated solution or slurry to the reactor.
- Polymerizations are carried out in either single reactor operation, in which monomer, comonomers, catalyst/activator/co-activator, optional scavenger, and optional modifiers are added continuously to a single reactor or in series reactor operation, in which the above components are added to each of two or more reactors connected in series.
- the catalyst components can be added to the first reactor in the series.
- the catalyst component may also be added to both reactors, with one component being added to first reaction and another component to other reactors.
- the complex is activated in the reactor in the presence of olefin.
- the polymerization process is a continuous process.
- Polymerization process used herein typically comprises contacting one or more alkene monomers with the complexes (and, optionally, activator) described herein.
- alkenes are defined to include multi-alkenes (such as dialkenes) and alkenes having just one double bond.
- Polymerization may be homogeneous (solution or bulk polymerization) or heterogeneous (slurry -in a liquid diluent, or gas phase -in a gaseous diluent).
- the complex and activator may be supported.
- Silica is useful as a support herein.
- Chain transfer agents (such as hydrogen or diethyl zinc) may be used in the practice of this invention.
- the present polymerization processes may be conducted under conditions preferably including a temperature of about 30°C to about 200°C, preferably from 60°C to 195°C, preferably from 75°C to 190°C.
- the process may be conducted at a pressure of from 0.05 to 1500 MPa. In a preferred embodiment, the pressure is between 1.7 MPa and 30 MPa, or in another embodiment, especially under supercritical conditions, the pressure is between 15 MPa and 1500 MPa.
- Monomers useful herein include olefins having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, alternately 2 to 12 carbon atoms (preferably ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, and dodecene) and optionally also polyenes (such as dienes).
- Particularly preferred monomers include ethylene, and mixtures of C2 to C10 alpha olefins, such as ethylene-propylene, ethylene-hexene, ethylene-octene, propylene-hexene, and the like.
- the complexes described herein are also particularly effective for the polymerization of ethylene, either alone or in combination with at least one other olefinically unsaturated monomer, such as a C3 to C20 ⁇ -olefin, and particularly a C3 to C12 ⁇ -olefin.
- the present complexes are also particularly effective for the polymerization of propylene, either alone or in combination with at least one other olefinically unsaturated monomer, such as ethylene or a C4 to C20 ⁇ -olefin, and particularly a C4 to C20 ⁇ -olefin.
- Examples of preferred ⁇ -olefins include ethylene, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, heptene-1, octene-1, nonene-1, decene-1, dodecene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, 3-methylpentene-1, 3, 5, 5-trimethylhexene-1, and 5-ethylnonene-1.
- the monomer mixture may also comprise one or more dienes at up to 10 wt%, such as from 0.00001 to 1.0 wt%, for example from 0.002 to 0.5 wt%, such as from 0.003 to 0.2 wt%, based upon the monomer mixture.
- Non-limiting examples of useful dienes include, cyclopentadiene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,5-heptadiene, 1,6-heptadiene, 6-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 7-methyl-1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, and 9-methyl-1,9-decadiene.
- the catalyst systems may, under appropriate conditions, generate stereoregular polymers or polymers having stereoregular sequences in the polymer chains.
- the catalyst complexes described herein preferably as represented by formula (A), (B), (C) or (D), preferably formula (C) or (D), are used in any polymerization process described above to produce ethylene homopolymers or copolymers, or propylene homopolymers or copolymers.
- the catalyst system when using the complexes described herein, particularly when they are immobilized on a support, the catalyst system will additionally comprise one or more scavenging compounds.
- scavenging compound means a compound that removes polar impurities from the reaction environment. These impurities adversely affect catalyst activity and stability.
- the scavenging compound will be an organometallic compound such as the Group-13 organometallic compounds of US Patents 5,153,157 , 5,241,025 and WO-A-91/09882 , WO-A-94/03506 , WO-A-93/14132 , and that of WO 95/07941 .
- Exemplary compounds include triethyl aluminum, triethyl borane, tri-iso-butyl aluminum, methyl alumoxane, iso-butyl alumoxane, tri-n-octyl aluminum, bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide, modified methylalumoxane.
- Useful modified methylalumoxane include cocatalyst type 3A (commercially available from Akzo Chemicals, Inc.
- Those scavenging compounds having bulky or C6-C20 linear hydrocarbyl substituents connected to the metal or metalloid center usually minimize adverse interaction with the active catalyst.
- Examples include triethylaluminum, but more preferably, bulky compounds such as tri-iso-butyl aluminum, tri-iso-prenyl aluminum, and long-chain linear alkyl-substituted aluminum compounds, such as tri-n-hexyl aluminum, tri-n-octyl aluminum, or tri-n-dodecyl aluminum.
- Alumoxanes When alumoxane is used as the activator, any excess over that needed for activation will scavenge impurities and additional scavenging compounds may be unnecessary.
- two or more complexes as described herein are combined with a chain transfer agent, such as diethyl zinc or tri-n-octylaluminum, in the same reactor with monomer.
- a chain transfer agent such as diethyl zinc or tri-n-octylaluminum
- another catalyst such as a metallocene
- a chain transfer agent such as diethyl zinc or tri-n-octylaluminum
- the homopolymer and copolymer products produced by the present process may have an Mw of about 1,000 to about 2,000,000 g/mol, alternately of about 30,000 to about 600,000 g/mol, or alternately of about 100,000 to about 500,000 g/mol, as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography.
- Preferred polymers produced herein may be homopolymers or copolymers.
- the comonomer(s) are present at up to 50 mol%, preferably from 0.01 to 40 mol%, preferably 1 to 30 mol%, preferably from 5 to 20 mol%.
- Articles made using polymers produced herein may include, for example, molded articles (such as containers and bottles, e.g., household containers, industrial chemical containers, personal care bottles, medical containers, fuel tanks, and storageware, toys, sheets, pipes, tubing) films, non-wovens, and the like. It should be appreciated that the list of applications above is merely exemplary, and is not intended to be limiting.
- the resulting mixture was diluted with 2000 ml of water, and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with 3 x 400 ml of toluene. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was distilled using a Kugelrohr apparatus, b.p. 120-140°C/lmbar. The resulting yellow oil was dissolved in 50 ml of triethylamine, and the obtained solution added dropwise to a stirred solution of 49.0 ml (519 mmol) of acetic anhydride and 4.21 g (34.5 mmol) of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine in 70 ml of triethylamine.
- the residue was crystallized from 10 ml of ethyl acetate at -30°C.
- the resulting solid was separated and dried in vacuum. After that it was dissolved in 100 ml of methanol, 2.70 g (42.9 mmol) of NaBH3CN and 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid was added. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 3 h in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and then evaporated to dryness.
- the residue was diluted with 200 ml of water, and crude product was extracted with 3 x 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness.
- Toluene (5 mL) was added to 7-(6-(((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine (0.296 g, 0.623 mmol) and Hf(NMe2)2Cl2(dme) (0.267 g, 0.623 mmol) to form a clear colorless solution.
- the mixture was loosely capped with aluminum foil and heated to 95°C for 3 hours. The mixture was then evaporated to a solid and washed with Et2O (5 mL) to afford 0.432 g of the presumed (pyridyldiamide) HfCl2 complex.
- the resulting mixture was diluted with 2000 ml of water, and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with 3 x 400 ml of toluene. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was distilled using the Kugelrohr apparatus, b.p. 150-160°C/1 mbar. The resulting yellow oil was dissolved in 100 ml of triethylamine, and the obtained solution was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 71.0 ml (750 mmol) of acetic anhydride and 3.00 g (25.0 mmol) of DMAP in 105 ml of triethylamine.
- the mixture was loosely capped with aluminum foil and heated to 95°C for 3 hours. The mixture was then evaporated to a solid and washed with Et2O (5 mL) to afford 0.314 g of the presumed (pyridyldiamide) HfC12 complex.
- Table 1 Shown in Table 1 are propylene polymerization data at 70°C temperature using complexes 1-2 (runs 1-4) and comparative complex 4 (runs 5-6). From this data it is apparent that the catalysts formed by the activation of complexes 1 and 2 have significantly higher activity than the comparative example. On average, the catalyst produced from complex 1 was 38% more active than the catalyst formed from complex 4. Similarly, the catalyst produced from complex 2 was 42% more active than the catalyst formed from complex 4. The presence of the tetrahydronaphthalene group also leads to an increase in the melting point of the polypropylene produced by about 2°C. This is observed by comparing the melting point of polypropylene produced by complex 2 (runs 3-4) to that produced by complex 4 (runs 5-6).
- the presence of the tetrahydronaphthalene group also leads to an increase in the melting point of the polypropylene produced by about 2°C. This is observed by comparing the melting point of polypropylene produced by complex 2 (runs 9-10) to that produced by complex 4 (runs 12-13).
- the presence of the dihydroindene group also leads to an increase in the melting point of the polypropylene produced by about 12°C. This is observed by comparing the melting point of polypropylene produced by complex 1 (runs 7-8) to that produced by complex 3 (run 11).
- reaction vessel of the reactor which contains 48 individual reaction vessels.
- solvent typically isohexane
- Propylene gas was introduced and the reactor vessels were heated to their set temperature.
- scavenger and/or co-catalyst and/or a chain transfer agent such as tri-n-octylaluminum in toluene (typically 100-1000 nmol) was added.
- an activator solution typically 1.1 molar equivalents of dimethyl anilinium tetrakis-pentafluorophenyl borate dissolved in toluene or 100-1000 molar equivalents of methyl alumoxane (MAO) in toluene
- MAO methyl alumoxane
- Equivalence is determined based on the mol equivalents relative to the moles of the transition metal in the catalyst complex.
- the reaction was then allowed to proceed until a pre-determined amount of pressure had been taken up by the reaction. Alternatively, the reaction may be allowed to proceed for a set amount of time. At this point, the reaction was quenched by pressurizing the vessel with compressed air.
- the glass vial insert containing the polymer product and solvent was removed from the pressure cell and the inert atmosphere glove box, and the volatile components were removed using a Genevac HT-12 centrifuge and Genevac VC3000D vacuum evaporator operating at elevated temperature and reduced pressure.
- the vial was then weighed to determine the yield of the polymer product.
- the resultant polymer was analyzed by Rapid GPC (see below) to determine the molecular weight and by DSC (see below) to determine melting point.
- the system was operated at an eluent flow rate of 2.0 mL/minutes and an oven temperature of 165°C. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was used as the eluent.
- the polymer samples were dissolved in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.9 mg/mL. 250 uL of a polymer solution was injected into the system. The concentration of the polymer in the eluent was monitored using an infrared absorption detector. The molecular weights presented are relative to linear polystyrene standards and are uncorrected.
- DSC Differential Scanning Calorimetry
- 1H NMR data is collected at 120°C shall be used in a 5 mm probe using a spectrometer with a 1H frequency of at least 400 MHz. Data is recorded using a maximum pulse width of 45°, 8 seconds between pulses and signal averaging 120 transients. Spectral signals are integrated. Samples are dissolved in deuterated methylene chloride at concentrations between 10 to 15 wt% prior to being inserted into the spectrometer magnet. Prior to data analysis, spectra are referenced by setting the residual CHDC12 resonance to 5.24 ppm.
- 13C NMR data is collected at 120°C using a spectrometer with a 13C frequency of at least 75 MHz.
- a 90 degree pulse, an acquisition time adjusted to give a digital resolution between 0.1 and 0.12 Hz, at least a 10 second pulse acquisition delay time with continuous broadband proton decoupling using swept square wave modulation without gating is employed during the entire acquisition period.
- the spectra are acquired with time averaging to provide a signal to noise level adequate to measure the signals of interest.
- Samples are dissolved in deuterated methylene chloride at concentrations between 10 to 15 wt% prior to being inserted into the spectrometer magnet. Prior to data analysis, spectra are referenced by setting the chemical shift of the deuterated methylene chloride solvent signal to 54 ppm.
- Example A Ethylene-hexene copolymerization in presence of chain-transfer agent. Toluene (50 mL) and hexene (0.3 mL) were loaded into a thick walled glass vessel and the mixture was heated to 90°C. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of tri-n-octylaluminum (0.060 mmol, functioning as chain transfer agent and scavenger) was added along with N,N'-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0016 mmol) and complex 1 (0.0016 mmol).
- Example B Ethylene homopolymerization in presence of chain-transfer agent.
- Toluene 100 mL was loaded into a thick walled glass vessel and the mixture was heated to 100°C. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide (0.046 mmol Al, acting as scavenger), diethylzinc (0.050 mmol, acting as chain transfer agent), N,N'-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0020 mmol) and complex 1 (0.0020 mmol) was added.
- Toluene 100 mL was loaded into a thick walled glass vessel and the mixture was heated to 100°C. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide (0.046 mmol Al, acting as scavenger), die
- Example C Comparative: Ethylene-hexene copolymerization using non-inventive catalyst. Isohexane (500 mL), 1-hexene (10 mL), and tri-n-octylaluminum (1 mL, 0.10 mmol Al) were loaded into a 1-liter autoclave and the mixture was heated to 100°C while stirred rapidly and pressurized with ethylene to 50 psi.
- the Mw/Mn of greater than 2 for this sample prepared in a batch process indicates that chain transfer is less fast and reversible than in examples A and B.
- Analysis of the polymer by 1 H NMR using the procedure described in US 2014/0087987 indicates the presence of 0.14 vinylenes per 1000°C, 0.37 trisubstituted alkenes per 1000°C, and 0.07 vinyls per 1000°C. The presence of the end unsaturations indicates that chain terminations occurred during the polymerization. This provides further evidence that the polymerization lacked "living" character.
- Example D 1-Hexene homopolymerization in presence of chain-transfer agent. Toluene (50 mL), 1-hexene (7 mL), bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide (0.023 mmol), and diethylzinc (0.050 mmol) were loaded into round bottomed flask. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of N,N'-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0005 mmol) and complex 1 (0.0005 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred rapidly.
- Toluene (50 mL), 1-hexene (7 mL), bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide (0.023 mmol), and diethylzinc (0.050 mmol) were loaded into round bottomed flask. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of
Description
- The invention relates to pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes and intermediates and processes for use in making such pyridyldiamido complexes. The transition metal complexes may be used as catalysts for alkene polymerization processes.
- Pyridyl amines have been used to prepare Group 4 complexes which are useful transition metal components for use in the polymerization of alkenes, see for example
US 2002/0142912 ;US 6,900,321 ; andUS 6,103,657 , where the ligands have been used in complexes in which the ligands are coordinated in a bidentate fashion to the transition metal atom. -
WO 2005/095469 shows catalyst compounds that use tridentate ligands through two nitrogen atoms (one amido and one pyridyl) and one oxygen atom. -
US 2004/0220050A1 andWO 2007/067965 disclose complexes in which the ligand is coordinated in a tridentate fashion through two nitrogen (one amido and one pyridyl) and one carbon (aryl anion) donors. - A key step in the activation of these complexes is the insertion of an alkene into the metal-aryl bond of the catalyst precursor (Froese, R. D. J. et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, pp. 7831-7840) to form an active catalyst that has both five-membered and a seven-membered chelate rings.
-
WO 2010/037059 discloses pyridine containing amines for use in pharmaceutical applications. -
US 2010/0227990 A1 discloses ligands that bind to the metal center with a NNC donor set instead of an NNN or NNP donor set. -
WO/0238628 A2 - Guerin, F.; McConville, D. H.; Vittal, J. J. Organometallics 1996, 15, p. 5586 discloses a ligand family and group 4 complexes that use a NNN-donor set, but do not feature 7-membered chelate ring or either of dihydroindenyl- and tetrahydronaphthalenyl- groups.
-
US 7,973,116 ,US 8,394,902 ,US 2011-0224391 ,US 2011-0301310 A1 , and USSN61/815,065, filed April 23, 2013 - References of interest also include: 1) Vaughan, A; Davis, D. S.; Hagadorn, J. R. in Comprehensive Polymer Science, Vol. 3, Chapter 20, "Industrial catalysts for alkene polymerization"; 2) Gibson, V. C.; Spitzmesser, S. K. Chem. Rev. 2003, 103, 283; and 3) Britovsek, G. J. P.; Gibson, V. C.; Wass, D. F. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1999, 38, 428.
- There still is need for adding synthetic routes to widen the range of catalyst complexes that may be prepared and broaden their performance in alkene polymerization. The performance may be varied in respect of the amount of polymer produced per amount of catalyst (generally referred to as the "activity") under the prevailing polymerization conditions; the molecular weight and molecular weight distribution achieved at a given temperature; and/or the placement of higher alpha-olefins in terms of the degree of stereoregular placement. In particular, improvement of catalyst activity is of interest in the industry as it directly impacts economic feasibility.
- This invention relates to transition metal complexes as described in the attached claims.
- The present disclosure further relates to a process to make the above complex, a process to make intermediates for the above complex and methods to polymerize olefins using the above complex.
- This invention further relates to methods to polymerize olefins using the above complex in the presence of chain transfer agent.
-
Figure 1 is the molecular structure of complex 1 as determined by single-crystalX-ray diffraction. - The specification describes transition metal complexes. The term complex is used to describe molecules in which an ancillary ligand is coordinated to a central transition metal atom. The ligand is bulky and stably bonded to the transition metal so as to maintain its influence during use of the catalyst, such as polymerization. The ligand may be coordinated to the transition metal by covalent bond and/or electron donation coordination or intermediate bonds. The transition metal complexes are generally subjected to activation to perform their polymerization or oligomerization function using an activator which is believed to create a cation as a result of the removal of an anionic group, often referred to as a leaving group, from the transition metal.
- As used herein, the numbering scheme for the Periodic Table groups is the new notation as set out in Chemical and Engineering News, 63(5), 27 (1985).
- The following abbreviations are used through this specification: dme is 1,2-dimethoxyethane, Me is methyl, Ph is phenyl, Et is ethyl, Pr is propyl, iPr is isopropyl, n-Pr is normal propyl, Bu is butyl, iBu is isobutyl, tBu is tertiary butyl, p-tBu is para-tertiary butyl, nBu is normal butyl, TMS is trimethylsilyl, TIBAL is triisobutylaluminum, TNOAL is tri(n-octyl)aluminum, MAO is methylalumoxane, p-Me is para-methyl, Bn is benzyl (i.e., CH2Ph), THF (also referred to as thf) is tetrahydrofuran, RT is room temperature (and is 23°C unless otherwise indicated), tol is toluene, EtOAc is ethyl acetate, and Cy is cyclohexyl.
- The term "substituted" means that a hydrogen has been replaced with a heteroatom or a hydrocarbyl group. For example, methyl-cyclopentadiene is substituted with a methyl group.
- The terms "hydrocarbyl radical," "hydrocarbyl" and "hydrocarbyl group" are used interchangeably throughout this document. Likewise the terms "group", "radical", and "substituent" are also used interchangeably in this document. For purposes of this disclosure, "hydrocarbyl radical" is defined to be C1-C100 radicals, that may be linear, branched, or cyclic, and when cyclic, aromatic or non-aromatic.
- Substituted hydrocarbyl radicals are radicals in which at least one hydrogen atom of the hydrocarbyl radical has been substituted with at least one functional group such as NR∗2, OR∗, SeR∗, TeR∗, PR∗2, AsR∗2, SbR∗2, SR∗, BR∗2, SiR∗3, GeR∗3, SnR∗3, PbR∗3, and the like, or where at least one heteroatom has been inserted within a hydrocarbyl ring.
- The term "catalyst system" is defined to mean a complex/activator pair. When "catalyst system" is used to describe such a pair before activation, it means the unactivated catalyst complex (precatalyst) together with an activator and, optionally, a co-activator. When it is used to describe such a pair after activation, it means the activated complex and the activator or other charge-balancing moiety. The transition metal compound may be neutral as in a precatalyst, or a charged species with a counter ion as in an activated catalyst system.
- Complex, as used herein, is also often referred to as catalyst precursor, precatalyst, catalyst, catalyst compound, transition metal compound, or transition metal complex. These words are used interchangeably. Activator and cocatalyst are also used interchangeably.
- A scavenger is a compound that is typically added to facilitate polymerization by scavenging impurities. Some scavengers may also act as activators and may be referred to as co-activators. A co-activator, that is not a scavenger, may also be used in conjunction with an activator in order to form an active catalyst. In some embodiments, a co-activator can be pre-mixed with the transition metal compound to form an alkylated transition metal compound.
- Noncoordinating anion (NCA) is defined to mean an anion either that does not coordinate to the catalyst metal cation or that does coordinate to the metal cation, but only weakly. The term NCA is also defined to include multicomponent NCA-containing activators, such as N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, that contain an acidic cationic group and the non-coordinating anion. The term NCA is also defined to include neutral Lewis acids, such as tris(pentafluorophenyl)boron, that can react with a catalyst to form an activated species by abstraction of an anionic group. An NCA coordinates weakly enough that a neutral Lewis base, such as an olefinically or acetylenically unsaturated monomer, can displace it from the catalyst center. Any metal or metalloid that can form a compatible, weakly coordinating complex may be used or contained in the noncoordinating anion. Suitable metals include, but are not limited to, aluminum, gold, and platinum. Suitable metalloids include, but are not limited to, boron, aluminum, phosphorus, and silicon. A stoichiometric activator can be either neutral or ionic. The terms ionic activator, and stoichiometric ionic activator can be used interchangeably. Likewise, the terms neutral stoichiometric activator, and Lewis acid activator can be used interchangeably. The term non-coordinating anion includes neutral stoichiometric activators, ionic stoichiometric activators, ionic activators, and Lewis acid activators.
- For purposes herein, an "olefin," alternatively referred to as "alkene," is a linear, branched, or cyclic compound comprising carbon and hydrogen having at least one double bond. For purposes of this specification and the claims appended thereto, when a polymer or copolymer is referred to as comprising an olefin, the olefin present in such polymer or copolymer is the polymerized form of the olefin. For example, when a copolymer is said to have a "propylene" content of 35 wt% to 55 wt%, it is understood that the mer unit in the copolymer is derived from propylene in the polymerization reaction and said derived units are present at 35 wt% to 55 wt%, based upon the weight of the copolymer.
- For purposes herein a "polymer" has two or more of the same or different "mer" units. A "homopolymer" is a polymer having mer units that are the same. A "copolymer" is a polymer having two or more mer units that are different from each other. A "terpolymer" is a polymer having three mer units that are different from each other. "Different" in reference to mer units indicates that the mer units differ from each other by at least one atom or are different isomerically. Accordingly, the definition of copolymer, as used herein, includes terpolymers and the like. An oligomer is typically a polymer having a low molecular weight, such as an Mn of less than 25,000 g/mol, or in an embodiment less than 2,500 g/mol, or a low number of mer units, such as 75 mer units or less or 50 mer units or less. An "ethylene polymer" or "ethylene copolymer" is a polymer or copolymer comprising at least 50 mole% ethylene derived units, a "propylene polymer" or "propylene copolymer" is a polymer or copolymer comprising at least 50 mole% propylene derived units, and so on.
- A higher α-olefin is defined to be an α-olefin having 4 or more carbon atoms.
- Unless otherwise noted, all molecular weights units (e.g., Mw, Mn, Mz) are g/mol.
- Unless otherwise noted all melting points (Tm) are DSC second melt.
- A "ring carbon atom" is a carbon atom that is part of a cyclic ring structure. By this definition, a benzyl group has six ring carbon atoms and para-methylstyrene also has six ring carbon atoms.
- The term "aryl" or "aryl group" means a six carbon aromatic ring and the substituted variants thereof, including but not limited to, phenyl, 2-methyl-phenyl, xylyl, 4-bromo-xylyl. Likewise heteroaryl means an aryl group where a ring carbon atom (or two or thee ring carbon atoms) has been replaced with a heteroatom, preferably N, O, or S.
- The term "ring atom" means an atom that is part of a cyclic ring structure. By this definition, a benzyl group has six ring atoms and tetrahydrofuran has 5 ring atoms.
- A heterocyclic ring is a ring having a heteroatom in the ring structure as opposed to a heteroatom substituted ring where a hydrogen on a ring atom is replaced with a heteroatom. For example, tetrahydrofuran is a heterocyclic ring and 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl is a heteroatom substituted ring.
- As used herein, the term "aromatic" also refers to pseudoaromatic heterocycles which are heterocyclic substituents that have similar properties and structures (nearly planar) to aromatic heterocyclic ligands, but are not by definition aromatic; likewise the term aromatic also refers to substituted aromatics.
- The term "continuous" means a system that operates without interruption or cessation. For example, a continuous process to produce a polymer would be one where the reactants are continually introduced into one or more reactors and polymer product is continually withdrawn.
- A solution polymerization means a polymerization process in which the polymer is dissolved in a liquid polymerization medium, such as an inert solvent or monomer(s) or their blends. A solution polymerization is typically homogeneous. A homogeneous polymerization is one where the polymer product is dissolved in the polymerization medium. Such systems are preferably not turbid as described in J. Vladimir Oliveira, C. Dariva and J. C. Pinto, Ind. Eng, Chem. Res. 29, 2000, 4627.
- A bulk polymerization means a polymerization process in which the monomers and/or comonomers being polymerized are used as a solvent or diluent using little or no inert solvent as a solvent or diluent. A small fraction of inert solvent might be used as a carrier for catalyst and scavenger. A bulk polymerization system contains less than 25 wt% of inert solvent or diluent, preferably less than 10 wt%, preferably less than 1 wt%, preferably 0 wt%.
- In a first aspect of the invention, there is provided a pyridyldiamido transition metal complex (optionally, for use in alkene polymerization) represented by the general formula: (A) or (B) below and in another aspect there is provided a catalyst system comprising an activator and one or more pyridyldiamido transition metal complexes (optionally, for use in alkene polymerization) represented by the formula (A) or (B) :
- M is Ti, Zr or Hf;
- Q1 is is selected from
- Q2 is -NR17, where R17 is independently selected from phenyl groups that arc substituted with 0, 1,_2, 3,_4, or 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl groups with from one to ten carbons;
- R1 is independently selected from phenyl groups that are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl groups with from one to ten carbons;
- R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, and wherein adjacent R groups (R3 & R4, and /or R4 & R5) may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings;
- R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, and wherein adjacent R groups (R6 & R7, and/or R8 & R9, and/or R9 & R10, and/or R10 & R11 and/or R12 & R13) may be joined to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings;
- R2 is -E(R12)(R13)-, with E being carbon and R12 and R13 as described above;
- Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, and -E∗(R6)(R7)-, with E* being carbon and R6 and R7 as described herein;
- L is an anionic leaving group, where the L groups may be the same or different and any two L groups may be linked to form a dianionic leaving group;
- n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 (preferably 2);
- L' is neutral Lewis base; and
- w is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4 (preferably 0 or 1).
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R1 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R17 is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, ortho-tolyl, 2,6-disubstitutedphenyl.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R2 is selected from CH2, CH(aryl), CH(2-isopropylphenyl), CH(2,6-dimethylphenyl), CH(2,4-6-trimethylphenyl), CH(alkyl), CMe2.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each R12, R13, R6 and R7 is independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl, alkoxy, silyl, amino, aryloxy, halogen, and phosphino (preferably hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, silyl, amino, aryloxy, heteroaryl, halogen, and phosphino), R12 and R13 and/or R6 and R7 may be joined to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl ring, where the ring has 4, 5, 6, or 7 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings, or R12 and R13 and/or R6 and R7 may be joined to form a saturated heterocyclic ring, or a saturated substituted heterocyclic ring where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one of R12 and R13 is a C1 to C100 (preferably C6 to C40, preferably C7 to C30, preferably C8 to C20) substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group (preferably aryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, C2 to C30 alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, and the like).
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, at least one of R6 and R7 is a C1 to C100 (preferably C6 to C40, preferably C7 to C30, preferably C8 to C20) substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group (preferably aryl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, C2 to C30 alkyl or aryl substituted phenyl, 2-substituted phenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl, and the like).
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, (preferably hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amino, silyl, and aryl), and wherein adjacent R groups (R3 & R4 and/or R4 & R5) may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings, preferably R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, and isomers thereof.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, R8, R9, R10, and R11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, and the pairs of positions, and wherein adjacent R groups (R8 & R9, and/or R9 & R10, and/or R10 & R11) may be joined to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings, preferably R8, R9, R10, and R11 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, and isomers thereof.
- Preferably, the R groups above and other R groups mentioned hereafter, contain up to 30 carbon atoms, preferably no more than 30 carbon atoms, especially from 2 to 20 carbon atoms.
- M is Ti, Zr, or Hf and E and E* being carbon, with Zr or Hf based complexes being especially preferred.
- According to the present invention, R1 and R17 may be independently selected from phenyl groups that are variously substituted with between zero to five substituents that include F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, aryl, and alkyl groups with between one to ten carbons.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, each L may be independently selected from halide, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, amido, hydrido, phenoxy, hydroxy, silyl, allyl, alkenyl, triflate, alkylsulfonate, arylsulfonate, and alkynyl. The selection of the leaving groups depends on the synthesis route adopted for arriving at the complex and may be changed by additional reactions to suit the later activation method in polymerization. For example, alkyl is preferred when using non-coordinating anions such as N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)-borate or tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. In another embodiment, two L groups may be linked to form a dianionic leaving group, for example, oxalate.
- In another embodiment of the invention, each L' is independently selected from the group consisting of ethers, thio-ethers, amines, nitriles, imines, pyridines, and phosphines, preferably ethers.
- In any embodiment of the invention described herein, M is preferably Zr or Hf.
- Preferably, in any embodiment of the invention described herein, R6 and R7 are the same.
- In any embodiment of the invention described herein, R1, R3, R4, R5, and R17 may each contain no more than 30 carbon atoms.
- According to the the present invention described herein, E is carbon and R1 and R17 are independently selected from phenyl groups that are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyls groups with from one to ten carbons.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above and at least one of R6 and R7 is a group containing from 1 to 100 (preferably 6 to 40, preferably 7 to 30) carbons.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and M is preferably Zr or Hf, preferably Hf.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (B) above, and M is preferably Zr or Hf, preferably Hf.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and R1 is a 2,6-disubstituted aryl group where the substituents are selected from isopropyl, 3-pentyl, or cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons containing between 4-20 carbons.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and Q1 is three atoms of a pyridine. Also disclosed herein, Q1 maybe three atoms of imidazole, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dihydrothiazole, oxathiolane, tetrahydropyran, dihydrooxazole, or phosphinine group that is substituted at the adjacent positions.
- In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is represented by the Formula (A) above, and R2 is CH(aryl) with the aryl group containing between 7 and 20 carbon atoms.
- According to the present disclosure, there are provided various processes for synthesizing the complexes described herein.
- The pyridyl diamine ligands described herein are generally prepared in multiple steps. One key step involves the preparation of a suitable "linker" group(s) containing both an aryl boronic acid (or acid ester) and an amine group. Examples of these include compounds of the general formula: 7-(boronic acid)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-(amine), 7-(boronic acid ester)-2,3-dihydro-1H-1-(amine), 7-(boronic acid)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-(amine), 7-(boronic acid ester)-1,2,34-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-(amine), which include various boronic acids, boronic acid esters, and amines. The linker groups may be prepared in high yield from arylhalide precursors containing amine functionality by first deprotonation of the amine group with 1.0 molar equivalents of n-BuLi, followed by transmetalation of an arylhalide with t-BuLi and subsequent reaction with a boron-containing reagent. This amine-containing linker is then coupled with a suitable pyridine containing species, such as 6-bromo-2-pyridinecarboxaldehyde. This coupling step typically uses a metal catalyst (e.g., Pd(PPh3)4) in less than 5 mol% loading. Following this coupling step, the new derivative, which can be described as amine-linker-pyridine-aldehyde, is then reacted with a second amine to produce the imine derivative amine-linker-pyridine-imine in a condensation reaction. This can then be reduced to the pyridyl diamine ligand by reaction with a suitable aryl anion, alkyl anion, or hydride source. This reaction is generally performed in etherial solvents at temperatures between -100°C and 50°C when aryllithium or alkyllithium reagents are employed. This reaction is generally performed in methanol at reflux when sodium cyanoborohydride is employed.
- The preparation of pyridyl diamide metal complexes from pyridyl diamines may be accomplished using typical protonolysis and methylation reactions. In the protonolysis reaction the pyridyl diamine is reacted with a suitable metal reactant to produce a pyridyldiamide metal complex. A suitable metal reactant will feature a basic leaving group that will accept a proton from the pyridiyl diamine and then generally depart and be removed from the product. Suitable metal reactants include, but are not limited to, HfBn4 (Bn = CH2Ph), ZrBn4, TiBn4, ZrBn2Cl2(OEt2), HfBn2Cl2(OEt2)2, Zr(NMe2)2Cl2(dimethoxyethane), Hf(NMe2)2Cl2(dimethoxyethane), Hf(NMe2)4, and Hf(NEt2)4. Pyridyldiamide metal complexes that contain metal-chloride groups, such as the PDA dichloride complex in Scheme 1 below, can be alkylated by reaction with an appropriate organometallic reagent. Suitable reagents include organolithium and organomagnesium, and Grignard reagents. The alkylations are generally performed in etherial or hydrocarbon solvents or solvent mixtures at temperatures typically ranging from -100°C to 50°C.
- Another route to pyridyl diamide and other complexes of interest as catalysts involves the insertion of an unsaturated molecule into a covalent metal-carbon bond where the covalently bonded group is part of a multidentate ligand structure, such as that described by Boussie et al. in
US 6,750,345 . The unsaturated molecule will generally have a carbon-X double or triple bond where X is a group 14 or group 15 or group 16 element. Examples of unsaturated molecules include alkenes, alkynes, imines, nitriles, ketones, aldehydes, amides, formamides, carbon dioxide, isocyanates, thioisocyanates, and carbodiimides. Examples showing the insertion reactions involving benzophenone and N,N-dimethylformamide are below. - After the complexes have been synthesized, catalyst systems may be formed by combining them with activators in any manner known from the literature, including by supporting them for use in slurry or gas phase polymerization. The catalyst systems may also be added to or generated in solution polymerization or bulk polymerization (in the monomer). The catalyst system typically comprises a complex as described above and an activator such as alumoxane or a non-coordinating anion. Activation may be performed using alumoxane solution including methyl alumoxane, referred to as MAO, as well as modified MAO, referred to herein as MMAO, containing some higher alkyl groups to improve the solubility. Particularly useful MAO can be purchased from Albemarle, typically in a 10 wt% solution in toluene. The catalyst system employed in the present invention preferably uses an activator selected from alumoxanes, such as methyl alumoxane, modified methyl alumoxane, ethyl alumoxane, iso-butyl alumoxane. and the like.
- When an alumoxane or modified alumoxane is used, the complex-to-activator molar ratio is from about 1:3000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:2000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:1000 to 10:1; alternatively, 1:500 to 1:1; alternatively 1:300 to 1:1; alternatively 1:200 to 1:1; alternatively 1:100 to 1:1; alternatively 1:50 to 1:1; alternatively 1:10 to 1:1. When the activator is an alumoxane (modified or unmodified), some embodiments select the maximum amount of activator at a 5000-fold molar excess over the catalyst precursor (per metal catalytic site). The preferred minimum activator-to-complex ratio is 1:1 molar ratio.
- Activation may also be performed using non-coordinating anions, referred to as NCA's, of the type described in
EP 277 003 A1 EP 277 004 A1 - Additionally preferred activators useful herein include those described in
US 7,247,687 at column 169, line 50 to column 174, line 43, particularly column 172, line 24 to column 173, line 53. - In an embodiment of the invention described herein, the non-coordinating anion activator is represented by the following formula (1):
(Z)d + (Ad-) (1)
wherein Z is (L-H) or a reducible Lewis acid; L is a neutral Lewis base; H is hydrogen and (L-H)+ is a Bronsted acid; Ad- is a non-coordinating anion having the charge d-; and d is an integer from 1 to 3. - When Z is (L-H) such that the cation component is (L-H)d+, the cation component may include Bronsted acids such as protonated Lewis bases capable of protonating a moiety, such as an alkyl or aryl, from the catalyst precursor, resulting in a cationic transition metal species, or the activating cation (L-H)d+ is a Bronsted acid, capable of donating a proton to the catalyst precursor resulting in a transition metal cation, including ammoniums, oxoniums, phosphoniums, silyliums, and mixtures thereof, or ammoniums of methylamine, aniline, dimethylamine, diethylamine, N-methylaniline, diphenylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, N,N-dimethylaniline, methyldiphenylamine, pyridine, p-bromo N,N-dimethylaniline, p-nitro-N,N-dimethylaniline, phosphoniums from triethylphosphine, triphenylphosphine, and diphenylphosphine, oxoniums from ethers, such as dimethyl ether diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, and dioxane, sulfoniums from thioethers, such as diethyl thioethers and tetrahydrothiophene, and mixtures thereof.
- When Z is a reducible Lewis acid, it may be represented by the formula: (Ar3C+), where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, or a C1 to C40 hydrocarbyl, the reducible Lewis acid may be represented by the formula: (Ph3C+), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with a heteroatom, and/or a C1 to C40 hydrocarbyl. In an embodiment, the reducible Lewis acid is triphenyl carbenium.
- Embodiments of the anion component Ad- include those having the formula [Mk+Qn]d- wherein k is 1, 2, or 3; n is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, or 3, 4, 5 or 6; n - k = d; M is an element selected from Group 13 of the Periodic Table of the Elements, or boron or aluminum, and Q is independently a hydride, bridged or unbridged dialkylamido, halide, alkoxide, aryloxide, hydrocarbyl radicals, said Q having up to 20 carbon atoms with the proviso that in not more than one occurrence is Q a halide, and two Q groups may form a ring structure. Each Q may be a fluorinated hydrocarbyl radical having 1 to 20 carbon atoms, or each Q is a fluorinated aryl radical, or each Q is a pentafluoryl aryl radical. Examples of suitable Ad- components also include diboron compounds as disclosed in
U.S. Patent No. 5,447,895 . - In an embodiment in any of the NCA's represented by Formula 1 described above, the anion component Ad- is represented by the formula [M*k*+Q*n*]d*- wherein k* is 1, 2, or 3; n* is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 (or 1, 2, 3, or 4); n* - k* = d*; M* is boron; and Q* is independently selected from hydride, bridged or unbridged dialkylamido, halogen, alkoxide, aryloxide, hydrocarbyl radicals, said Q* having up to 20 carbon atoms with the proviso that in not more than 1 occurrence is Q* a halogen.
- This invention also relates to a method to polymerize olefins comprising contacting olefins (such as propylene) with a catalyst complex as described above and an NCA activator represented by the Formula (2):
RnM**(ArNHal)4-n (2)
where R is a monoanionic ligand; M** is a Group 13 metal or metalloid; ArNHal is a halogenated, nitrogen-containing aromatic ring, polycyclic aromatic ring, or aromatic ring assembly in which two or more rings (or fused ring systems) are joined directly to one another or together; and n is 0, 1, 2, or 3. Typically the NCA comprising an anion of Formula 2 also comprises a suitable cation that is essentially non-interfering with the ionic catalyst complexes formed with the transition metal compounds, or the cation is Zd + as described above. - In an embodiment in any of the NCA's comprising an anion represented by Formula 2 described above, R is selected from the group consisting of C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl radicals. In an embodiment, C1 to C30 hydrocarbyl radicals may be substituted with one or more C1 to C20 hydrocarbyl radicals, halide, hydrocarbyl substituted organometalloid, dialkylamido, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkysulfido, arylsulfido, alkylphosphido, arylphosphide, or other anionic substituent; fluoride; bulky alkoxides, where bulky means C4 to C20 hydrocarbyl radicals; --SRa, --NRa2, and --PRa2, where each Ra is independently a monovalent C4 to C20 hydrocarbyl radical comprising a molecular volume greater than or equal to the molecular volume of an isopropyl substitution or a C4 to C20 hydrocarbyl substituted organometalloid having a molecular volume greater than or equal to the molecular volume of an isopropyl substitution.
- In an embodiment in any of the NCA's comprising an anion represented by Formula 2 described above, the NCA also comprises cation comprising a reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ar3C+), where Ar is aryl or aryl substituted with a heteroatom, and/or a C1 to C40 hydrocarbyl, or the reducible Lewis acid represented by the formula: (Ph3C+), where Ph is phenyl or phenyl substituted with one or more heteroatoms, and/or C1 to C40 hydrocarbyls.
- In an embodiment in any of the NCA's comprising an anion represented by Formula 2 described above, the NCA may also comprise a cation represented by the formula, (L-H)d+, wherein L is an neutral Lewis base; H is hydrogen; (L-H) is a Bronsted acid; and d is 1, 2, or 3, or (L-H)d+ is a Bronsted acid selected from ammoniums, oxoniums, phosphoniums, silyliums, and mixtures thereof.
- Further examples of useful activators include those disclosed in
U.S. Patent Nos. 7,297,653 and7,799,879 . - In an embodiment, an activator useful herein comprises a salt of a cationic oxidizing agent and a noncoordinating, compatible anion represented by the Formula (3):
(OXe+)d(Ad-)e (3)
wherein OXe+ is a cationic oxidizing agent having a charge of e+; e is 1, 2 or 3; d is 1, 2 or 3; and Ad- is a non-coordinating anion having the charge of d- (as further described above). Examples of cationic oxidizing agents include: ferrocenium, hydrocarbyl-substituted ferrocenium, Ag+, or Pb+2. Suitable embodiments of Ad- include tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate. - Activators useful in catalyst systems herein include: trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-diethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, trimethylammonium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, and the types disclosed in
U.S. Patent No. 7,297,653 . - Suitable activators also include: N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, N,N-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate, [Ph3C+][B(C6F5)4-], [Me3NH+][B(C6F5)4-]; 1-(4-(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorophenyl)pyrrolidinium; and tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, 4-(tris(pentafluorophenyl)borate)-2,3,5,6-tetrafluoropyridine.
- In an embodiment, the activator comprises a triaryl carbonium (such as triphenylcarbenium tetraphenylborate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis-(2,3,4,6-tetrafluorophenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluoronaphthyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(perfluorobiphenyl)borate, triphenylcarbenium tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate).
- In an embodiment, two NCA activators may be used in the polymerization and the molar ratio of the first NCA activator to the second NCA activator can be any ratio. In an embodiment, the molar ratio of the first NCA activator to the second NCA activator is 0.01:1 to 10,000:1, or 0.1:1 to 1000:1, or 1:1 to 100:1.
- In an embodiment of the invention, the NCA activator-to-catalyst ratio is a 1:1 molar ratio, or 0.1:1 to 100:1, or 0.5:1 to 200:1, or 1:1 to 500:1 or 1:1 to 1000:1. In an embodiment, the NCA activator-to-catalyst ratio is 0.5:1 to 10:1, or 1:1 to 5:1.
- In an embodiment, the catalyst compounds can be combined with combinations of alumoxanes and NCA's (see for example,
US 5,153,157 ,US 5,453,410 ,EP 0 573 120 B1 ,WO 94/07928 WO 95/14044 - In a preferred embodiment of the invention, when an NCA (such as an ionic or neutral stoichiometric activator) is used, the complex-to-activator molar ratio is typically from 1:10 to 1:1; 1:10 to 10:1; 1:10 to 2:1; 1:10 to 3:1; 1:10 to 5:1; 1:2 to 1.2:1; 1:2 to 10:1; 1:2 to 2:1; 1:2 to 3:1; 1:2 to 5:1; 1:3 to 1.2:1; 1:3 to 10:1; 1:3 to 2:1; 1:3 to 3:1; 1:3 to 5:1; 1:5 to 1:1; 1:5 to 10:1; 1:5 to 2:1; 1:5 to 3:1; 1:5 to 5:1; 1:1 to 1:1.2.
- Alternately a co-activator or chain transfer agent, such as a group 1, 2, or 13 organometallic species (e.g., an alkyl aluminum compound such as tri-n-octyl aluminum), may also be used in the catalyst system herein. The complex-to-co-activator molar ratio is from 1:100 to 100:1; 1:75 to 75:1; 1:50 to 50:1; 1:25 to 25:1; 1:15 to 15:1; 1:10 to 10:1; 1:5 to 5:1; 1:2 to 2:1; 1:100 to 1:1; 1:75 to 1:1; 1:50 to 1:1; 1:25 to 1:1; 1:15 to 1:1; 1:10 to 1:1; 1:5 to 1:1; 1:2 to 1:1; 1:10 to 2:1.
- A "chain transfer agent" is any agent capable of hydrocarbyl and/or polymeryl group exchange between a coordinative polymerization catalyst and the metal center of the chain transfer agent during a polymerization process. A "chain transfer agent" is any agent capable of transferring a growing polyolefin chain in a catalyzed polymerization process from one growing chain to another molecule or chain, or one portion of a growing chain to another portion of the same or independent chain. The chain transfer agent can be any desirable chemical compound such as those disclosed in
WO 2007/130306 . Preferably, the chain transfer agent is selected from Group 2, 12 or 13 alkyl or aryl compounds; preferably zinc, magnesium or aluminum alkyls or aryls; preferably where the alkyl is a C1 to C30 alkyl, alternately a C2 to C20 alkyl, alternately a C3 to 12 alkyl, typically selected independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl, octyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, and dodecyl; and where di-ethylzinc is particularly preferred. - In a particularly useful embodiment, this invention relates to a catalyst system comprising activator, catalyst complex as described herein, and chain transfer agent wherein the chain transfer agent is selected from Group 2, 12 or 13 alkyl or aryl compounds.
- In a particularly useful embodiment, the chain transfer agent is selected from dialkyl zinc or diaryl zinc compounds, where the alkyl is selected independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl. Alternately, the chain transfer agent may be triphenyl alum, where the phenyl is substituted or unsubstituted.
- In a particularly useful embodiment, the chain transfer agent is selected from trialkyl aluminum compounds, where the alkyl is selected independently from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, tertbutyl, pentyl, hexyl, and cyclohexyl. Alternately, the chain transfer agent may be triphenyl aluminum, where the phenyl is substituted or unsubstituted.
- The inventive process is characterized in one embodiment in that the presence of the chain transfer agent increases the activity of the catalyst component by a factor of at least 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 relative to the activity under the same conditions when chain transfer agent is not present. Desirably, the activity of the catalyst component in the presence of the chain transfer agent (at any level and conditions indicated herein), a desirable feature of the agent, may be within the range of from 90,000 or 100,000 or 150,000 g/mmole/h/bar to 200,000 or 250,000 or 300,000 or 400,000 g/mmole/h/bar. In the absence of the chain transfer agent, the catalyst component typically has an activity of less than 90,000 or 85,000 or 80,000 or 50,000 g/mmole/h/bar, but typically at least 50 or 100 g/mmole/h/bar.
- In another embodiment, the Mw/Mn, i.e., the molecular weight distribution ("MWD"), of the polymer produced when using CTA in batch polymerization process is lower than the MWD relative to the polymer produced under the same conditions when chain transfer agent is not present, preferably the MWD is at least 30% less, preferably at least 50% less, preferably at least 100% less.
- Useful chain transfer agents are typically present at from 10 or 20 or 50 or 100 equivalents to 600 or 700 or 800 or 1000 equivalents relative to the catalyst component. Alternately the chain transfer agent ("CTA") is preset at a catalyst complex-to-CTA molar ratio of from about 1:3000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:2000 to 10:1; alternatively 1:1000 to 10:1; alternatively, 1:500 to 1:1; alternatively 1:300 to 1:1; alternatively 1:200 to 1:1; alternatively 1:100 to 1:1; alternatively 1:50 to 1:1; alternatively 1:10 to 1:1.
- Useful chain transfer agents include diethylzinc, tri-n-octyl aluminum, trimethylaluminium, triethylaluminum, tri-isobutylaluminum, tri-n-hexylaminum, diethyl aluminum chloride, dibutyl zinc, di-n-propylzinc, di-n-hexylzinc, di-n-pentylzinc, di-n-decylzinc, di-n-dodecylzinc, di-n-tetradecylzinc, di-n-hexadecylzinc, di-n-octadecylzinc, diphenylzinc, diisobutylaluminum hydride, diethylaluminum hydride, di-n-octylaluminum hydride, dibutylmagnesium, diethylmagnesium, dihexylmagnesium, and triethylboron.
- The complexes described herein may be supported (with or without an activator) by any method effective to support other coordination catalyst systems, effective meaning that the catalyst so prepared can be used for oligomerizing or polymerizing olefin(s) in a heterogeneous process. The catalyst precursor, activator, co-activator if needed, suitable solvent, and support may be added in any order or simultaneously. Typically, the complex and activator may be combined in solvent to form a solution. Then the support is added, and the mixture is stirred for 1 minute to 10 hours. The total solution volume may be greater than the pore volume of the support, but some embodiments limit the total solution volume below that needed to form a gel or slurry (about 90% to 400%, preferably about 100% to 200% of the pore volume). After stirring, the residual solvent is removed under vacuum, typically at ambient temperature and over 10-16 hours. But greater or lesser times and temperatures are possible.
- The complex may also be supported absent the activator; in that case, the activator (and co-activator if needed) is added to a polymerization process's liquid phase. Additionally, two or more different complexes may be placed on the same support. Likewise, two or more activators or an activator and co-activator may be placed on the same support.
- Suitable solid particle supports are typically comprised of polymeric or refractory oxide materials, each being preferably porous. Preferably, any support material that has an average particle size greater than 10 µm is suitable for use in this invention. Various embodiments select a porous support material, such as for example, talc, inorganic oxides, inorganic chlorides, for example magnesium chloride and resinous support materials such as polystyrene polyolefin or polymeric compounds or any other organic support material and the like. Some embodiments select inorganic oxide materials as the support material including Group-2, -3, -4, -5, -13, or -14 metal or metalloid oxides. Some embodiments select the catalyst support materials to include silica, alumina, silica-alumina, and their mixtures. Other inorganic oxides may serve either alone or in combination with the silica, alumina, or silica-alumina. These are magnesia, titania, zirconia, and the like. Lewis acidic materials such as montmorillonite and similar clays may also serve as a support. In this case, the support can optionally double as the activator component; however, an additional activator may also be used.
- The support material may be pretreated by any number of methods. For example, inorganic oxides may be calcined, chemically treated with dehydroxylating agents such as aluminum alkyls and the like, or both.
- As stated above, polymeric carriers will also be suitable in accordance with the invention, see for example the descriptions in
WO 95/15815 US 5,427,991 . The methods disclosed may be used with the catalyst complexes, activators or catalyst systems of this invention to adsorb or absorb them on the polymeric supports, particularly if made up of porous particles, or may be chemically bound through functional groups bound to or in the polymer chains. - Useful supports typically have a surface area of from 10-700 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.1-4.0 cc/g and an average particle size of 10-500 µm. Some embodiments select a surface area of 50-500 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.5-3.5 cc/g, or an average particle size of 20-200 µm. Other embodiments select a surface area of 100-400 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.8-3.0 cc/g, and an average particle size of 30-100 µm. Useful supports typically have a pore size of 10-1000 Angstroms, alternatively 50-500 Angstroms, or 75-350 Angstroms.
- The catalyst complexes described herein are generally deposited on the support at a loading level of 10-100 micromoles of complex per gram of solid support; alternately 20-80 micromoles of complex per gram of solid support; or 40-60 micromoles of complex per gram of support. But greater or lesser values may be used provided that the total amount of solid complex does not exceed the support's pore volume.
- Invention catalyst complexes are useful in polymerizing unsaturated monomers conventionally known to undergo metallocene-catalyzed polymerization such as solution, slurry, gas-phase, and high-pressure polymerization. Typically one or more of the complexes described herein, one or more activators, and one or more monomers are contacted to produce polymer. The complexes may be supported and as such will be particularly useful in the known, fixed-bed, moving-bed, fluid-bed, slurry, solution, or bulk operating modes conducted in single, series, or parallel reactors.
- One or more reactors in series or in parallel may be used in the present invention. The complexes, activator and when required, co-activator, may be delivered as a solution or slurry, either separately to the reactor, activated in-line just prior to the reactor, or preactivated and pumped as an activated solution or slurry to the reactor. Polymerizations are carried out in either single reactor operation, in which monomer, comonomers, catalyst/activator/co-activator, optional scavenger, and optional modifiers are added continuously to a single reactor or in series reactor operation, in which the above components are added to each of two or more reactors connected in series. The catalyst components can be added to the first reactor in the series. The catalyst component may also be added to both reactors, with one component being added to first reaction and another component to other reactors. In one preferred embodiment, the complex is activated in the reactor in the presence of olefin.
- In a particularly preferred embodiment, the polymerization process is a continuous process.
- Polymerization process used herein typically comprises contacting one or more alkene monomers with the complexes (and, optionally, activator) described herein. For purpose of this invention alkenes are defined to include multi-alkenes (such as dialkenes) and alkenes having just one double bond. Polymerization may be homogeneous (solution or bulk polymerization) or heterogeneous (slurry -in a liquid diluent, or gas phase -in a gaseous diluent). In the case of heterogeneous slurry or gas phase polymerization, the complex and activator may be supported. Silica is useful as a support herein. Chain transfer agents (such as hydrogen or diethyl zinc) may be used in the practice of this invention.
- The present polymerization processes may be conducted under conditions preferably including a temperature of about 30°C to about 200°C, preferably from 60°C to 195°C, preferably from 75°C to 190°C. The process may be conducted at a pressure of from 0.05 to 1500 MPa. In a preferred embodiment, the pressure is between 1.7 MPa and 30 MPa, or in another embodiment, especially under supercritical conditions, the pressure is between 15 MPa and 1500 MPa.
- Monomers useful herein include olefins having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms, alternately 2 to 12 carbon atoms (preferably ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentene, hexene, heptene, octene, nonene, decene, and dodecene) and optionally also polyenes (such as dienes). Particularly preferred monomers include ethylene, and mixtures of C2 to C10 alpha olefins, such as ethylene-propylene, ethylene-hexene, ethylene-octene, propylene-hexene, and the like.
- The complexes described herein are also particularly effective for the polymerization of ethylene, either alone or in combination with at least one other olefinically unsaturated monomer, such as a C3 to C20 α-olefin, and particularly a C3 to C12 α-olefin. Likewise, the present complexes are also particularly effective for the polymerization of propylene, either alone or in combination with at least one other olefinically unsaturated monomer, such as ethylene or a C4 to C20 α-olefin, and particularly a C4 to C20 α-olefin. Examples of preferred α-olefins include ethylene, propylene, butene-1, pentene-1, hexene-1, heptene-1, octene-1, nonene-1, decene-1, dodecene-1, 4-methylpentene-1, 3-methylpentene-1, 3, 5, 5-trimethylhexene-1, and 5-ethylnonene-1.
- In some embodiments, the monomer mixture may also comprise one or more dienes at up to 10 wt%, such as from 0.00001 to 1.0 wt%, for example from 0.002 to 0.5 wt%, such as from 0.003 to 0.2 wt%, based upon the monomer mixture. Non-limiting examples of useful dienes include, cyclopentadiene, norbornadiene, dicyclopentadiene, 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, 5-vinyl-2-norbornene, 1,4-hexadiene, 1,5-hexadiene, 1,5-heptadiene, 1,6-heptadiene, 6-methyl-1,6-heptadiene, 1,7-octadiene, 7-methyl-1,7-octadiene, 1,9-decadiene, and 9-methyl-1,9-decadiene.
- Where olefins are used that give rise to short chain branching, such as propylene, the catalyst systems may, under appropriate conditions, generate stereoregular polymers or polymers having stereoregular sequences in the polymer chains.
- In a preferred embodiment, the catalyst complexes described herein, preferably as represented by formula (A), (B), (C) or (D), preferably formula (C) or (D), are used in any polymerization process described above to produce ethylene homopolymers or copolymers, or propylene homopolymers or copolymers.
- In some embodiments, when using the complexes described herein, particularly when they are immobilized on a support, the catalyst system will additionally comprise one or more scavenging compounds. Here, the term scavenging compound means a compound that removes polar impurities from the reaction environment. These impurities adversely affect catalyst activity and stability. Typically, the scavenging compound will be an organometallic compound such as the Group-13 organometallic compounds of
US Patents 5,153,157 ,5,241,025 andWO-A-91/09882 WO-A-94/03506 WO-A-93/14132 WO 95/07941 US 5,041,584 ).) Those scavenging compounds having bulky or C6-C20 linear hydrocarbyl substituents connected to the metal or metalloid center usually minimize adverse interaction with the active catalyst. Examples include triethylaluminum, but more preferably, bulky compounds such as tri-iso-butyl aluminum, tri-iso-prenyl aluminum, and long-chain linear alkyl-substituted aluminum compounds, such as tri-n-hexyl aluminum, tri-n-octyl aluminum, or tri-n-dodecyl aluminum. When alumoxane is used as the activator, any excess over that needed for activation will scavenge impurities and additional scavenging compounds may be unnecessary. Alumoxanes also may be added in scavenging quantities with other activators, e.g., methylalumoxane, [Me2HNPh]+[B(pfp)4]- or B(pfp)3 (perfluorophenyl = pfp = C6F5). - In a preferred embodiment, two or more complexes as described herein are combined with a chain transfer agent, such as diethyl zinc or tri-n-octylaluminum, in the same reactor with monomer. Alternately, one or more complexes are combined with another catalyst (such as a metallocene) and a chain transfer agent, such as diethyl zinc or tri-n-octylaluminum, in the same reactor with monomer.
- While the molecular weight of the polymers produced herein is influenced by reactor conditions including temperature, monomer concentration and pressure, the presence of chain terminating agents and the like, the homopolymer and copolymer products produced by the present process may have an Mw of about 1,000 to about 2,000,000 g/mol, alternately of about 30,000 to about 600,000 g/mol, or alternately of about 100,000 to about 500,000 g/mol, as determined by Gel Permeation Chromatography. Preferred polymers produced herein may be homopolymers or copolymers. In a preferred embodiment, the comonomer(s) are present at up to 50 mol%, preferably from 0.01 to 40 mol%, preferably 1 to 30 mol%, preferably from 5 to 20 mol%.
- Articles made using polymers produced herein may include, for example, molded articles (such as containers and bottles, e.g., household containers, industrial chemical containers, personal care bottles, medical containers, fuel tanks, and storageware, toys, sheets, pipes, tubing) films, non-wovens, and the like. It should be appreciated that the list of applications above is merely exemplary, and is not intended to be limiting.
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- A solution of 85.0 g (457 mmol) of 6-bromopyridine-2-carbaldehyde and 80.9 g (457 mmol) of 2,6-diisopropylaniline in 1000 ml of ethanol was refluxed for 8 h. The obtained solution was evaporated to dryness, and the residue was re-crystallized from 200 ml of methanol. In argon atmosphere, to thus obtained 113.5 g (329 mmol) of N-[(1E)-(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)methylene]-2,6-diisopropylaniline were added 33.16 g (526 mmol) of NaBH3CN, 9 ml of acetic acid and 1000 ml of methanol. This mixture was refluxed for 12 h, then cooled to room temperature, poured into 1000 ml of water, and crude product was extracted with 3 x 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined extract was dried over sodium sulfate and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate = 10:1, vol.). Yield 104.4 g (66%) of a yellow oil. Anal. calc. for C18H23BrN2: C, 62.25; H, 6.68; N, 8.07. Found: C, 62.40; H, 6.87; N, 7.90. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.50 (m, 1H, 4-H in Py), 7.38 (m, 1H, 5-H in Py), 7.29 (m, 1H, 3-H in Py), 7.05-7.12 (m, 3H, 3,4,5-H in 2,6-iPr2C6H3), 4.18 (s, 2H, CH2NH), 3.94 (br.s, 1H, NH), 3.33 (sept, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H, CHMe2), 1.23 (d, J = 6.8 Hz, 12H, CHMe2).
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- To a mixture of 100 g (746 mmol) of indan-1-ol, 250 ml (1.64 mol) of N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine, and 3000 ml of pentane cooled to -20°C 655 ml (1.64 mol) of 2.5M nBuLi in hexanes was added. After that the reaction mixture was refluxed for 12 h and then cooled to -80°C. Further on, 225 ml (1.87 mol) of 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane was added, and the resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature. This mixture was stirred for 12 h, and then 100 ml of water was added. The resulting mixture was diluted with 2000 ml of water, and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with 3 x 400 ml of toluene. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was distilled using a Kugelrohr apparatus, b.p. 120-140°C/lmbar. The resulting yellow oil was dissolved in 50 ml of triethylamine, and the obtained solution added dropwise to a stirred solution of 49.0 ml (519 mmol) of acetic anhydride and 4.21 g (34.5 mmol) of 4-(dimethylamino)pyridine in 70 ml of triethylamine. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 min, then 1000 ml of water was added, and stirring was continued for 12 h. After that the reaction mixture was extracted with 3 x 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was washed with aqueous Na2CO3, dried over Na2SO4, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate = 30:1, vol.). The resulting ester was dissolved in 1000 ml of methanol, 50.5 g (900 mmol) of KOH was added, and this mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and poured into 4000 ml of water. Crude product was extracted with 3 x 300 ml of dichloromethane. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. Yield 41.3 g (26%) of a white crystalline solid. Anal. Calc for C9H9BrO: C 50.73; H 4.26. Found: C 50.85; H 4.48. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.34 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 1H, 6-H); 7.19 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, 4-H); 7.12 (dd, J = 7.6 Hz, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H, 5-H); 5.33 (dd, J = 2.6 Hz, J = 6.9 Hz, 1H, 1-H), 3.18-3.26 (m, 1H, 3- or 3'-H), 3.09 (m, 2H, 3,3'-H); 2.73 (m, 2H, 2,2'-H).
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- To a solution of 37.9 g (177 mmol) of 7-bromoindan-1-ol in 3500 ml of dichloromethane 194 g (900 mmol) of pyridinium chlorochromate was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, then passed through a silica gel pad (500 ml), and the elute was evaporated to dryness. Yield 27.6 g (74%) of a white crystalline solid. Anal. Calc for C9H7BrO: C 51.22; H 3.34. Found: C 51.35; H 3.41. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.51 (m, 1H, 6-H); 7.36-7.42 (m, 2H, 4,5-H); 3.09 (m, 2H, 3,3'-H); 2.73 (m, 2H, 2,2'-H).
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- To a stirred solution of 10.4 g (112 mmol) of aniline in 60 ml of toluene 5.31 g (28.0 mmol) of TiCl4 was added for 30 min at room temperature in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at 90°C for 30 min followed by an addition of 6.00 g (28.0 mmol) of 7-bromoindan-1-one. The resulting mixture was stirred for 10 min at 90°C, poured into 500 ml of water, and crude product was extracted with 3 x 100 ml of ethyl acetate. The organic layer was separated, dried over Na2SO4, and then evaporated to dryness. The residue was crystallized from 10 ml of ethyl acetate at -30°C. The resulting solid was separated and dried in vacuum. After that it was dissolved in 100 ml of methanol, 2.70 g (42.9 mmol) of NaBH3CN and 0.5 ml of glacial acetic acid was added. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 3 h in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was cooled to room temperature and then evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with 200 ml of water, and crude product was extracted with 3 x 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate-triethylamine = 100:10:1, vol.). Yield 5.50 g (68%) of a yellow oil. Anal. calc. for C15H14BrN: C, 62.52; H, 4.90; N 4.86. Found: C, 62.37; H, 5.05; N 4.62. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.38 (m, 1H, 6-H in indane); 7.22 (m, 3H, 3,5-H in phenyl and 4-H in indane); 7.15 (m, 1H, 5-H in indane); 6.75 (m, 1H, 4-H in indane); 6.69 (m, 2H, 2,6-H in phenyl); 4.94 (m, 1H, 1-H in indane); 3.82 (br.s, 1H, NH); 3.17-3.26 (m, 1H, 3- or 3'-H in indane); 2.92-2.99 (m, 2H, 3'- or 3-H in indane); 2.22-2.37 (m, 2H, 2,2'-H in indane).
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- To a solution of 2.50 g (8.70 mmol) of 7-bromo-N-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine in 50 ml THF 3.50 ml (8.70 mmol) of 2.5M nBuLi in hexanes was added at -80°C in argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was then stirred for 1 h at this temperature. Further on, 11.1 ml (17.8 mmol) of 1.7M tBuLi in pentane was added, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h. Then, 3.23 g (17.4 mmol) of 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was added. After that the cooling bath was removed, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. To the formed mixture 10 ml of water was added, and the resulting mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with 200 ml of water, and the title product was extracted with 3 x 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. Yield 2.80 g (96%) of a light yellow oil. Anal. calc. For C21H26BNO2: C 75.24; H 7.82; N 4.18. Found: C 75.40; H 8.09; N 4.02. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.63 (m, 1H, 6-H in indane); 7.37-7.38 (m, 1H, 4-H in indane); 7.27-7.30 (m, 1H, 5-H in indane); 7.18 (m, 2H, 3,5-H in phenyl); 6.65-6.74 (m, 3H, 2,4,6-H in phenyl); 5.20-5.21 (m, 1H, 1-H in indane); 3.09-3.17 (m, 1H, 3- or 3'-H in indane); 2.85-2.92 (m, 1H, 3'- or 3-H in indane); 2.28-2.37 (m, 1H, 2- or 2'-H in indane); 2.13-2.19 (m, 1H, 2'- or 2-H in indane); 1.20 (s, 6-H, 4,5-Me in BPin); 1.12 (s, 6H, 4',5'-Me in BPin).
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- A solution of 2.21 g (21.0 mmol) of Na2CO3 in a mixture of 80 ml of water and 25 ml of methanol was purged with argon for 30 min. The obtained solution was added to a mixture of 2.80 g (8.40 mmol) of N-phenyl-7-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine, 2.90 g (8.40 mmol) of N-[(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,6-diisopropylaniline, 0.48 g (0.40 mmol) of Pd(PPh3)4, and 120 ml of toluene. This mixture was stirred for 12 h at 70°C, then cooled to room temperature. The organic layer was separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with 3 x 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate-triethylamine = 100:5:1, vol.). Yield 2.00 g (50%) of a yellow oil. Anal. calc. For C33H37N3: C 83.33; H 7.84; N 8.83. Found: C 83.49; H 7.66; N 8.65. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.56-7.61 (m, 3H, 6-H in indane and 4.5-H in Py); 7.46-7.51 (m, 2H, 3,5-H in phenyl); 7.14-7.16 (m, 1H, 4-H in indane); 7.08-7.12 (m, 5H, 3-H in Py, 3,4,5-H in 2,6-diisopropylphenyl and 5-H in indane); 6.65 (m, 1H, 4-H in phenyl); 6.53 (m, 2H, 2,6-H in phenyl); 5.21-5.22 (m, 1H, 1-H in indane); 3.95-4.15 (m, 4H, CH2NH and NH-phenyl and NH-2,6-diisopropylphenyl); 3.31 (sept, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, CH in 2,6-diisopropylphenyl); 3.16-3.24 (m, 1H, 3- or 3'-H in indane); 2.91-2.97 (m, 1H, 3'- or 3-H in indane); 2.21-2.37 (m, 2H, 2,2'-H in indane); 1.19-2.21 (m, 12H, CH3 in 2,6-diisopropylaniline).
- Toluene (5 mL) was added to 7-(6-(((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino)methyl)pyridin-2-yl)-N-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-amine (0.296 g, 0.623 mmol) and Hf(NMe2)2Cl2(dme) (0.267 g, 0.623 mmol) to form a clear colorless solution. The mixture was loosely capped with aluminum foil and heated to 95°C for 3 hours. The mixture was then evaporated to a solid and washed with Et2O (5 mL) to afford 0.432 g of the presumed (pyridyldiamide) HfCl2 complex. This was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (5 mL) and cooled to -50°C. A Et2O solution of dimethylmagnesium (3.39 mL, 0.747 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 30 minutes the volatiles were removed by evaporation and the residue was extracted with CH2Cl2 (10 mL) and filtered. The solution was concentrated to 2 mL and pentane (4 mL) was added. Cooling to -10°C overnight afforded colorless crystals that were isolated and dried under reduced pressure. Yield = 0.41 g, 92%. 1H NMR (CD2Cl2, 400 MHz): 8.00 (t, 1H), 6.85-7.65 (13H), 5.06 (d, 1H), 4.91 (dd, 1H), 4.50 (d, 1H), 3.68 (sept, 1H), 3.41 (m, 1H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 2.61 (sept, 1H), 2.03 (m, 1H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.30 (m, 2H), 1.14 (d, 3H), 1.06 (d, 3H), 0.96 (d, 3H), 0.68 (3, 3H), -0.48 (s, 3H), -0.84 (s, 3H).
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- To a mixture of 78.5 g (530 mmol) of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol, 160 ml (1.06 mol) of TMEDA, and 3000 ml of pentane cooled to -20°C 435 ml (1.09 mol) of 2.5M nBuLi in hexanes was added dropwise. The obtained mixture was refluxed for 12 h. To the resulting mixture cooled to -80°C 160 ml (1.33 mol) of 1,2-dibromotetrafluoroethane was added, and this mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and then stirred for 12 h at this temperature. After that 100 ml of water was added. The resulting mixture was diluted with 2000 ml of water, and the organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with 3 x 400 ml of toluene. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was distilled using the Kugelrohr apparatus, b.p. 150-160°C/1 mbar. The resulting yellow oil was dissolved in 100 ml of triethylamine, and the obtained solution was added dropwise to a stirred solution of 71.0 ml (750 mmol) of acetic anhydride and 3.00 g (25.0 mmol) of DMAP in 105 ml of triethylamine. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 min, then 1000 ml of water was added, and the obtained mixture was stirred for 12 h. After that the reaction mixture was extracted with 3 x 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was washed with aqueous Na2CO3, dried over Na2SO4, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate = 30:1, vol.). The resulting acetate was dissolved in 1500 ml of methanol, 81.0 g (1.45 mol) of KOH was added, and the obtained mixture was refluxed for 3 h. The reaction mixture was then cooled to room temperature and poured into 4000 ml of water, and the title product was extracted with 3 x 300 ml of dichloromethane. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and then evaporated to dryness. Yield 56.0 g (47%) of a white crystalline solid. Anal. Calc for C10H11BrO: C 52.89; H 4.88. Found: C 53.01; H 4.75. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.38-7.41 (m, 1H, 7-H); 7.03-7.10 (m, 2H, 5,6-H); 5.00 (m, 1H, 1-H), 2.81-2.87 (m, 1H, 4- or 4'-H), 2.70-2.74 (m, 1H, 4'-or 4-H), 2.56 (br.s., 1H, OH), 2.17-2.21 (m, 1H, 2- or 2'-H), 1.74-1.79 (m, 2H, 3,3'-H).
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- To a solution of 56.0 g (250 mmol) of 8-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-ol in 3500 ml of dichloromethane 265 g (1.23 mol) of PCC was added. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h, then passed through a silica gel pad (500 ml), and evaporated to dryness. Yield 47.6 g (88%) of a colorless solid. Anal. Calc for C10H9BrO: C 53.36; H 4.03. Found: C 53.44; H 4.19. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.53 (m, 1H, 7-H); 7.18-7.22 (m, 2H, 5,6-H); 2.95 (t, J = 6.1 Hz, 2H, 4,4'-H); 2.67 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H, 2,2'-H); 2.08 (qv, J = 6.1 Hz, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H, 3,3'-H).
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- To a stirred solution of 57.1 g (533 mmol) of 2-methylaniline in 300 ml of toluene 25.3 g (133 mmol) of TiCl4 was added dropwise for 30 min at room temperature in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at 90°C followed by an addition of 30.0 g (133.0 mmol) 8-bromo-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one. This mixture was stirred for 10 min at 90°C, poured into 500 ml of water, and the product was extracted with 3 x 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was re-crystallized from 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The obtained solid was dissolved in 600 ml of methanol, 15.4 g (244 mmol) of NaBH3CN and 5 ml of acetic acid were added in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was refluxed for 3 h, then cooled to room temperature, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with 500 ml of water, and crude product was extracted with 3 x 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. The residue was re-crystallized from 400 ml of methanol. Yield 33.2 g (79%) of a yellow crystalline powder. Anal. Calc. for C17H18BrN: C 64.57; H 5.74; N 4.43. Found: C 64.69; H 5.82; N 4.55. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.45 (m, 1H, 7-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 7.19 (m, 1H, 6-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 7.08-7.14 (m, 3H, 5-H in tetrahydronaphtalene and 3,5-H in 2-methylphenyl); 6.86 (m, 1H, 6-H in 2-methylphenyl); 6.68 (m, 1H, 4-H in 2-methylphenyl); 4.78 (m, 1H, 4-H in 2-methylphenyl); 3.51 (br.s, 1H, NH); 2.86-2.92 (m, 1H, 4- or 4'-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.72-2.81 (m, 1H, 4'- or 4-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.30-2.34 (m, 1H, 3- or 3'-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.06 (s, 3H, CH3 in 2-methylphenyl); 1.85-1.97 (m, 1H, 3'- or 3-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 1.77-1.81 (m, 1H, 2- or 2'-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 1.59-1.67 (m, 1H, 2'- or 2-H in tetrahydronaphtalene).
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- To a solution of 30.8 g (97.5 mmol) (8-bromo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)(2-methylphenyl)amine in 500 ml THF 39.0 ml (97.5 mmol) of 2.5M nBuLi in hexanes was added at -80°C in argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture and stirred for 1 h at this temperature, and then 125 ml (200 mmol) of 1.7M tBuLi in pentane was added. The obtained mixture was stirred for 1 h at the same temperature. Further on, 36.3 g (195 mmol) of 2-isopropoxy-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was added. After that the cooling bath was removed, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. Then, 10 ml of water was added, and this mixture was evaporated to dryness. The residue was diluted with 500 ml of water, and the title product was extracted with 3 x 200 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was dried over Na2SO4 and evaporated to dryness. Yield 24.8 g (70%) of a yellow oil. Anal. Calc. For C23H30BNO2: C 76.04; H 8.32; N 3.86. Found: C 76.29; H 8.60; N 3.59. 1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.68-7.69 (m, 1H, 7-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 7.24-7.33 (m, 3H, 5,6-H in tetrahydronaphtalene and 5-H in 2-methylphenyl); 7.13 (m, 1H, 3-H in 2-methylphenyl); 7.04 (m, 1H, 6-H in 2-methylphenyl); 6.74-6.77 (m, 1H, 4-H in 2-methylphenyl); 5.38-5.39 (m, 1H, 1-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 3.78 (m, 1H, NH); 2.85-3.02 (m, 2H, 4-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.21-2.26 (m, 1H, 3- or 3'-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.12 (s, 3H, CH3 in 2-methylphenyl); 1.81-2.00 (m, 3H, 3'- or 3-H and 2-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 1.20 (s, 6H, CH3 in BPin); 1.13 (s, 6H, CH3 in BPin).
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- A solution of 3.60 g (34.0 mmol) of Na2CO3 in a mixture of 150 ml of water and 45 ml of methanol was purged with argon for 30 min. The obtained solution was added to a mixture of 5.00 g (14.0 mmol) of N-(2-methylphenyl)-8-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine, 4.85 g (14.0 mmol) of N-[(6-bromopyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,6-diisopropylaniline, 0.80 g (0.70 mmol) of Pd(PPh3)4, and 180 ml of toluene in argon atmosphere. This mixture was stirred for 12 h at 70°C and then cooled to room temperature. The organic layer was separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with 3 x 50 ml of ethyl acetate. The combined organic extract was washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4, and evaporated to dryness. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel 60 (40-63 um, eluent: hexane-ethyl acetate-triethylamine = 100:10:1, vol.). Yield 2.50 g (36%) of a yellow oil. Anal. Calc. for C35H41N3: C 83.45; H 8.20; N 8.34. Found: C 83.69; H 8.08; N 8.13.1H NMR (CDC13): δ 7.62-7.63 (m, 1H, 7-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 7.55-7.58 (m, 1H, 4-H in Py); 7.52-7.54 (m, 1H, 3-H in Py); 7.41-7.44 (m, 1H, 6-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 7.37-7.39 (m, 1H, 5-H in Py); 7.15-7.16 (m, 1H, 5-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 7.03-7.10 (m, 4H, 3,4,5-H in 2,6-diisopropylphenyl and 5-H in 2-methylphenyl); 6.93 (m, 1H, 3-H in 2-methylphenyl); 6.70 (m, 1H, 6-H in 2-methylphenyl); 6.59 (m, 1H, 4-H in 2-methylphenyl); 5.35 (m, 1H, 1-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 3.94-4.03 (m, 2H, CH2); 3.92-3.94 (m, 1H, 4- or 4'-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 3.68-3.70 (m, 1H, 4'-or 4-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 3.30 (sept, J=6.8 Hz, 2H, CH in 2,6-diisopropylphenyl); 3.16-3.24 (m, 1H, 3- or 3'-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.92-3.00 (m, 1H, 3'- or 3-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.38-2.47 (m, 1H, 2- or 2'-H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 2.14-2.22 (m, 1H, 2'- or 2- H in tetrahydronaphtalene); 1.75 (s, 3H, CH3 in 2-methylphenyl); 1.18-1.22 (m, 12H, CH3 in 2,6-diisopropylphenyl).
- Toluene (8 mL) was added to 8-(6-(((2,6-diisopropylphenyl)amino)methyl) pyridin-2-yl)-N-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-amine (0.214 g, 0.501 mmol) and Hf(NMe2)2Cl2(dme) (0.214 g, 0.501 mmol) to form a pale yellow solution. The mixture was loosely capped with aluminum foil and heated to 95°C for 3 hours. The mixture was then evaporated to a solid and washed with Et2O (5 mL) to afford 0.314 g of the presumed (pyridyldiamide) HfC12 complex. This was dissolved in CH2Cl2 (5 mL) and cooled to - 50°C. An Et2O solution of dimethylmagnesium (1.53 mL, 0.481 mmol) was added dropwise and the mixture was allowed to warm to ambient temperature. After 30 minutes the volatiles were removed by evaporation and the residue was extracted with CH2Cl2 (8 mL) and filtered. Evaporation afforded a solid that was washed with pentane (4 mL) and dried under reduced pressure to afford complex 2. Yield = 0.28 g, 79%. 1H NMR (CD2Cl2, 400 MHz): 8.02 (t, 1H), 6.85-7.65 (12H), 5.16 (d, 1H), 4.72 (br, 1H), 5.60 (br d, 1H), 3.68 (sept, 1H), 3.50 (m, 1H), 2.85 (m, 1H), 2.59 (br, 1H), 2.2 (br, 2H), 1.85 (m, 1H), 1.55 (m, 1H), 1.10 (m, 6H), 0.95 (d, 3H), 0.4 (d, 3H), -0.63 (s, 3H), -0.90 (s, 3H).
- Complex 3 (comparative) was prepared as described in
US 8,394,902 . Complex 4 (comparative) was prepared according to the general procedures described inUS 8,394,902 . - Shown in Table 1 are propylene polymerization data at 70°C temperature using complexes 1-2 (runs 1-4) and comparative complex 4 (runs 5-6). From this data it is apparent that the catalysts formed by the activation of complexes 1 and 2 have significantly higher activity than the comparative example. On average, the catalyst produced from complex 1 was 38% more active than the catalyst formed from complex 4. Similarly, the catalyst produced from complex 2 was 42% more active than the catalyst formed from complex 4. The presence of the tetrahydronaphthalene group also leads to an increase in the melting point of the polypropylene produced by about 2°C. This is observed by comparing the melting point of polypropylene produced by complex 2 (runs 3-4) to that produced by complex 4 (runs 5-6).
- Shown in Table 2 are propylene polymerization data at 85°C temperature using complexes 1-2 (runs 7-10) and comparative complexes 3 (run 11) and 4 (runs 12-13). From this data it is apparent that the catalysts formed by the activation of complexes 1 and 2 have significantly higher activity than the comparative examples. On average, the catalyst produced from complex 1 was 49% more active than the catalyst formed from complex 4. Similarly, the catalyst produced from complex 2 was 42% more active than the catalyst formed from complex 4. Relative to the catalyst produced from complex 3 the inventive catalysts from complexes 1 and 2 showed improvements in activity of 252% and 236%, respectively. The presence of the tetrahydronaphthalene group also leads to an increase in the melting point of the polypropylene produced by about 2°C. This is observed by comparing the melting point of polypropylene produced by complex 2 (runs 9-10) to that produced by complex 4 (runs 12-13). Similarly, the presence of the dihydroindene group also leads to an increase in the melting point of the polypropylene produced by about 12°C. This is observed by comparing the melting point of polypropylene produced by complex 1 (runs 7-8) to that produced by complex 3 (run 11).
- Unless stated otherwise the propylene homopolymerizations were carried out in a parallel, pressure reactor, as generally described in
US 6,306,658 ;US 6,455,316 ;US 6,489,168 ;WO 00/09255 - A pre-weighed glass vial insert and disposable stirring paddle were fitted to each reaction vessel of the reactor, which contains 48 individual reaction vessels. Then solvent (typically isohexane) was added to bring the total reaction volume, including the subsequent additions, to 4 mL. Propylene gas was introduced and the reactor vessels were heated to their set temperature. At this time scavenger and/or co-catalyst and/or a chain transfer agent, such as tri-n-octylaluminum in toluene (typically 100-1000 nmol) was added.
- The contents of the vessel were stirred at 800 rpm. An activator solution (typically 1.1 molar equivalents of dimethyl anilinium tetrakis-pentafluorophenyl borate dissolved in toluene or 100-1000 molar equivalents of methyl alumoxane (MAO) in toluene) was then injected into the reaction vessel along with 500 microliters of toluene, followed by a toluene solution of catalyst (typically 0.40 mM in toluene, usually 20-40 nanomols of catalyst) and another aliquot of toluene (500 microliters). Equivalence is determined based on the mol equivalents relative to the moles of the transition metal in the catalyst complex.
- The reaction was then allowed to proceed until a pre-determined amount of pressure had been taken up by the reaction. Alternatively, the reaction may be allowed to proceed for a set amount of time. At this point, the reaction was quenched by pressurizing the vessel with compressed air. After the polymerization reaction, the glass vial insert containing the polymer product and solvent was removed from the pressure cell and the inert atmosphere glove box, and the volatile components were removed using a Genevac HT-12 centrifuge and Genevac VC3000D vacuum evaporator operating at elevated temperature and reduced pressure. The vial was then weighed to determine the yield of the polymer product. The resultant polymer was analyzed by Rapid GPC (see below) to determine the molecular weight and by DSC (see below) to determine melting point.
- To determine various molecular weight related values by GPC, high temperature size exclusion chromatography was performed using an automated "Rapid GPC" system as generally described in
US 6,491,816 ;US 6,491,823 ;US 6,475,391 ;US 6,461,515 ;US 6,436,292 ;US 6,406,632 ;US 6,175,409 ;US 6,454,947 ;US 6,260,407 ; andUS 6,294,388 . This apparatus has a series of three 30 cm x 7.5 mm linear columns, each containing PLgel 10 um, Mix B. The GPC system was calibrated using polystyrene standards ranging from 580 to 3,390,000 g/mol. The system was operated at an eluent flow rate of 2.0 mL/minutes and an oven temperature of 165°C. 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene was used as the eluent. The polymer samples were dissolved in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene at a concentration of 0.1 to 0.9 mg/mL. 250 uL of a polymer solution was injected into the system. The concentration of the polymer in the eluent was monitored using an infrared absorption detector. The molecular weights presented are relative to linear polystyrene standards and are uncorrected. - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) measurements were performed on a TA-Q100 instrument to determine the melting point of the polymers. Samples were pre-annealed at 220°C for 15 minutes and then allowed to cool to room temperature overnight. The samples were then heated to 220°C at a rate of 100°C/minutes and then cooled at a rate of 50°C/min. Melting points were collected during the heating period.
Table 1. Propylene homopolymerizations. General conditions: 70°C, 120 psi C3, N,N-dimethylanilinum tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate (44 nmol), tri-n-octylaluminum (300 nmol) isohexane solvent. run Catalyst complex (40nmol) quench t (s) yield (mg) activity (kg/mmol/h) Mw (g/mol) Mn (g/mol) Tm (°C) 1 1 51 193 341 453,325 250,049 120.5 2 1 59 198 304 472,935 246,923 121.3 3 2 49 189 345 448,126 247,234 146.7 4 2 58 204 318 477,235 250,929 146.6 5 4* 54 143 239 682,952 359,719 143.4 6 4* 64 163 229 692,247 350,672 145.1 *Comparative examples. Table 2. Propylene homopolymerizations. General conditions: 85°C, 120 psi C3, N,N-dimethylanilinum tetrakis(perfluorophenyl)borate (44 nmol), tri-n-octylaluminum (300 nmol) isohexane solvent. run Catalyst complex (40 nmol) quench t (s) yield (mg) activity (kg/mmol/h) Mw (g/mol) Mn (g/mol) Tm (°C) 7 1 63 136 193 283,115 158,092 119.0 8 1 64 134 187 293,016 153,699 118.7 9 2 59 124 189 290,261 163,503 144.9 10 2 65 125 174 301,230 163,657 144.7 11 3* 123 74 54 275,789 178,580 106.2 12 4* 74 101 123 405,207 216,297 142.6 13 4* 70 102 132 425,958 224,074 142.4 *Comparative examples. - For purposes of the claims, the following test methods shall be used.
- 1H NMR data is collected at 120°C shall be used in a 5 mm probe using a spectrometer with a 1H frequency of at least 400 MHz. Data is recorded using a maximum pulse width of 45°, 8 seconds between pulses and signal averaging 120 transients. Spectral signals are integrated. Samples are dissolved in deuterated methylene chloride at concentrations between 10 to 15 wt% prior to being inserted into the spectrometer magnet. Prior to data analysis, spectra are referenced by setting the residual CHDC12 resonance to 5.24 ppm.
- 13C NMR data is collected at 120°C using a spectrometer with a 13C frequency of at least 75 MHz. A 90 degree pulse, an acquisition time adjusted to give a digital resolution between 0.1 and 0.12 Hz, at least a 10 second pulse acquisition delay time with continuous broadband proton decoupling using swept square wave modulation without gating is employed during the entire acquisition period. The spectra are acquired with time averaging to provide a signal to noise level adequate to measure the signals of interest. Samples are dissolved in deuterated methylene chloride at concentrations between 10 to 15 wt% prior to being inserted into the spectrometer magnet. Prior to data analysis, spectra are referenced by setting the chemical shift of the deuterated methylene chloride solvent signal to 54 ppm.
- Example A: Ethylene-hexene copolymerization in presence of chain-transfer agent. Toluene (50 mL) and hexene (0.3 mL) were loaded into a thick walled glass vessel and the mixture was heated to 90°C. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of tri-n-octylaluminum (0.060 mmol, functioning as chain transfer agent and scavenger) was added along with N,N'-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0016 mmol) and complex 1 (0.0016 mmol). The vessel was immediately pressurized with ethylene (50 psi) while stirred rapidly. After 5 minutes the pressure was released and the mixture was quenched by the addition of tetrahydrofuran (1 mL). The mixture was poured into methanol (300 mL) and aqueous hydrochloric acid (10 mL). The resulting white solid was collected on a fritted disk and washed with methanol (4 x 50 mL). Dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 60°C. Yield: 2.63 g. GPC-DRI analysis (relative to linear polyethylene) indicates Mw = 35,820, Mn = 25,370, Mw/Mn = 1.41. The narrow Mw/Mn (significantly less than 2) for a batch process indicates significant "living" character to the polymerization and fast and reversible chain transfer between the polymerization catalyst and the chain transfer agent.
- Example B: Ethylene homopolymerization in presence of chain-transfer agent. Toluene (100 mL) was loaded into a thick walled glass vessel and the mixture was heated to 100°C. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide (0.046 mmol Al, acting as scavenger), diethylzinc (0.050 mmol, acting as chain transfer agent), N,N'-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0020 mmol) and complex 1 (0.0020 mmol) was added. The vessel was immediately pressurized with ethylene (75 psi) while stirred rapidly. After 5 minutes the pressure was released and the mixture was quenched by the addition of tetrahydrofuran (2 mL). The mixture was poured into methanol (500 mL). The resulting white solid was collected on a fritted disk and washed with acetone (200 mL). Dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 60°C. Yield: 2.9 g. GPC-DRI analysis (relative to linear polyethylene) indicates Mw = 35,340, Mn = 27,040, Mw/Mn = 1.31. The narrow Mw/Mn (significantly less than 2) for a batch process indicates significant "living" character to the polymerization and fast and reversible chain transfer between the polymerization catalyst and the chain transfer agent.
- Example C - Comparative: Ethylene-hexene copolymerization using non-inventive catalyst. Isohexane (500 mL), 1-hexene (10 mL), and tri-n-octylaluminum (1 mL, 0.10 mmol Al) were loaded into a 1-liter autoclave and the mixture was heated to 100°C while stirred rapidly and pressurized with ethylene to 50 psi. Then a toluene solution (5 mL) of N,N'-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0044 mmol) and rac-dimethylsilyl-bis(indenyl) hafnium dimethyl (0.0040 mmol) was added. The vessel was immediately pressurized with ethylene to 75 psi. After 10 minutes the polymerization was quenched by the addition of isopropanol (2 mL). The resulting white solid was collected on a fritted disk and dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 60°C. Yield: 12 g. GPC-DRI analysis (relative to linear polyethylene) indicates Mw = 86,480, Mn = 37,600, Mw/Mn = 2.30. The Mw/Mn of greater than 2 for this sample prepared in a batch process indicates that chain transfer is less fast and reversible than in examples A and B. Analysis of the polymer by 1H NMR using the procedure described in
US 2014/0087987 indicates the presence of 0.14 vinylenes per 1000°C, 0.37 trisubstituted alkenes per 1000°C, and 0.07 vinyls per 1000°C. The presence of the end unsaturations indicates that chain terminations occurred during the polymerization. This provides further evidence that the polymerization lacked "living" character. - Example D: 1-Hexene homopolymerization in presence of chain-transfer agent. Toluene (50 mL), 1-hexene (7 mL), bis(diisobutylaluminum)oxide (0.023 mmol), and diethylzinc (0.050 mmol) were loaded into round bottomed flask. Then a toluene solution (ca. 5 mL) of N,N'-dimethylanilinium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate (0.0005 mmol) and complex 1 (0.0005 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred rapidly. After 40 minutes the pressure was released and the mixture was quenched by the addition of tetrahydrofuran (3 mL). The mixture was evaporated to a clear sticky residue that was dried overnight in a vacuum oven at 60°C. Yield: 3.91 g. GPC-DRI analysis (relative to linear polyethylene) indicates Mw = 123,070, Mn = 41,700, Mw/Mn= 2.95.
- As is apparent from the foregoing general description and the specific embodiments, while forms of the invention have been illustrated and described, various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereby. Likewise, the term "comprising" is considered synonymous with the term "including" for purposes of Australian law. Likewise whenever a composition, an element or a group of elements is preceded with the transitional phrase "comprising," it is understood that we also contemplate the same composition or group of elements with transitional phrases "consisting essentially of," "consisting of," "selected from the group of consisting of," or "is" preceding the recitation of the composition, element, or elements and vice versa.
Claims (9)
- A pyridyldiamido transition metal complex represented by the formula: (A), or (B):M is Ti, Zr or Hf;Q1 is selected fromQ2 is -NR17, where R17 is independently selected from phenyl groups that are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl groups with from one to ten carbons;R1 is independently selected from phenyl groups that are substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 substituents selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I, CF3, NO2, alkoxy, dialkylamino, hydrocarbyl, and substituted hydrocarbyl groups with from one to ten carbons;R3, R4, and R5 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, aryloxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, and wherein adjacent R groups (R3 & R4, and /or R4 & R5) may be joined to form a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings;R2 is -E(R12)(R13)- with E being carbon;Y is selected from oxygen, sulfur, and -E*(R6)(R7)-, with E* being carbon;R6, R7, R8, R9, R10, R11, R12, and R13 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, hydrocarbyls, substituted hydrocarbyls, alkoxy, halogen, amino, and silyl, and wherein adjacent R groups (R6 & R7, and/or R8 & R9, and/or R9 & R10, and/or R10 & R11 and/or R12 & R13) may be joined to form a saturated, substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl or heterocyclic ring, where the ring has 5, 6, 7, or 8 ring carbon atoms and where substitutions on the ring can join to form additional rings;L is an anionic leaving group, where the L groups may be the same or different and any two L groups may be linked to form a dianionic leaving group;n is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4;L' is neutral Lewis base; andw is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4.
- The complex of claim 1, wherein R2 is selected from CH2, CH(aryl), CH(2-isopropylphenyl), CH(2,6-dimethylphenyl), CH(2,4-6-trimethylphenyl), CH(alkyl), CMe2, SiMe2, SiEt2, and SiPh2.
- The complex of claim 1 or 2, wherein each R6, R7, R12, and R13 are a C1 to C30 substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbyl group
and/or each R6, R7, R12, and R13 are a C6 to C30 substituted or unsubstituted aryl group. - The complex of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein each L is independently selected from the group consisting of halide, alkyl, aryl, alkoxy, amido, hydrido, phenoxy, hydroxy, silyl, allyl, alkenyl, triflate, alkylsulfonate, arylsulfonate, and alkynyl; and each L' is independently selected from the group consisting of ethers, thio-ethers, amines, nitriles, imines, pyridines, and phosphines.
- A catalyst system comprising an activator and the complex of any of claims 1 to 4.
- The catalyst system of claim 5, wherein the activator comprises an alumoxane and/or a non-coordinating anion.
- A polymerization process comprising contacting one or more alkene monomers with the catalyst system of claim 5 or 6.
- The process of claim 7, wherein the pyridyldiamido transition metal complex is supported.
- The process of claim 7 or 8, wherein the catalyst system further comprises a chain transfer agent, said chain transfer agent being selected from dialkyl zinc compounds and/or trialkylaluminum compounds.
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