EP3047486A1 - Circuit a mémoire comprenant des moyens de détection d'une injection d'erreur - Google Patents
Circuit a mémoire comprenant des moyens de détection d'une injection d'erreurInfo
- Publication number
- EP3047486A1 EP3047486A1 EP14796156.9A EP14796156A EP3047486A1 EP 3047486 A1 EP3047486 A1 EP 3047486A1 EP 14796156 A EP14796156 A EP 14796156A EP 3047486 A1 EP3047486 A1 EP 3047486A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- address
- memory
- decoder
- signals
- selection signals
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Ceased
Links
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C7/00—Arrangements for writing information into, or reading information out from, a digital store
- G11C7/24—Memory cell safety or protection circuits, e.g. arrangements for preventing inadvertent reading or writing; Status cells; Test cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C16/00—Erasable programmable read-only memories
- G11C16/02—Erasable programmable read-only memories electrically programmable
- G11C16/06—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for writing into memory
- G11C16/22—Safety or protection circuits preventing unauthorised or accidental access to memory cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C8/00—Arrangements for selecting an address in a digital store
- G11C8/20—Address safety or protection circuits, i.e. arrangements for preventing unauthorized or accidental access
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C11/00—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor
- G11C11/21—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using electric elements
- G11C11/34—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using electric elements using semiconductor devices
- G11C11/40—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using electric elements using semiconductor devices using transistors
- G11C11/401—Digital stores characterised by the use of particular electric or magnetic storage elements; Storage elements therefor using electric elements using semiconductor devices using transistors forming cells needing refreshing or charge regeneration, i.e. dynamic cells
- G11C11/4063—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for addressing, decoding, driving, writing, sensing or timing
- G11C11/407—Auxiliary circuits, e.g. for addressing, decoding, driving, writing, sensing or timing for memory cells of the field-effect type
- G11C11/4078—Safety or protection circuits, e.g. for preventing inadvertent or unauthorised reading or writing; Status cells; Test cells
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11C—STATIC STORES
- G11C8/00—Arrangements for selecting an address in a digital store
- G11C8/12—Group selection circuits, e.g. for memory block selection, chip selection, array selection
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a memory circuit comprising a memory array comprising memory cells, and an address decoder configured to apply to the memory plane electrical signals for selecting a group of memory cells according to an address applied to the decoder. address.
- an area particularly exposed to error injection attacks is the memory itself, especially when writing data.
- the attacks generally target the entry of the address decoder, at the moment when writing data is initiated, to modify the address received by the decoder and cause the circuit to write the data in a different group of memory cells. the one designated by the assumed address applied to the decoder. It is also conceivable that an error injection targets the memory plane itself, downstream of the decoder, to modify the memory cell selection signals provided by the decoder.
- the secure programs handling sensitive data take this risk into account and usually include, after each writing of a data item, a verification step which consists in reading the memory at the address where it is supposed to have been written, and checking that the given at this address is the one that was to be written there.
- This verification makes it possible to initiate a defensive action when the data read is not identical to the data that is supposed to be written.
- an attack is detected a posteriori, such a verification does not make it possible to know where the data was written.
- Embodiments of the invention provide a memory circuit comprising a memory array having memory cells, and an address decoder configured to apply to the memory plane selection signals of a group of memory cells according to a memory address applied to the address decoder, the circuit also comprising means for capturing, during a write or read operation of memory cells, memory cell selection signals appearing in the memory plane, and means for reconstituting, at from the selection signals captured in the memory plane, an address of a group of memory cells selected for writing or reading.
- the circuit is configured to compare the reconstituted address with the address applied to the address decoder.
- the memory circuit also comprises means for counting the captured selection signals.
- the circuit is configured to determine if the number of captured selection signals is greater than the maximum number of selection signals that can be applied to the memory plane by the decoder.
- the memory circuit comprises means for determining the address of a group of memory cells selected for writing from the reconstituted address and the address applied to the address decoder, when the number of captured selection signals is greater than the maximum number of selection signals that can be applied to the memory plane by the decoder.
- the circuit is configured to carry out a defensive action against an external attack when the reconstituted address is different from the address applied to the decoder, according to the location of the memory plane corresponding to the reconstituted address.
- the means for capturing memory cell selection signals in the memory plane comprise logic locks each connected to a word line of the memory plane and providing logical signals that change their logical value when a selection signal appears on the word line.
- the memory circuit comprises a hard-wired logic encoder configured opposite the decoder to provide an address of a group of memory cells from the logic signals provided by the latches.
- the memory circuit comprises a processor configured to reconstruct an address of a group of memory cells from the logic signals provided by the latches.
- the memory circuit comprises a wired logic counting circuit receiving the logic signals provided by the latches and providing a number indicative of the number of selection signals captured by the latches.
- the memory circuit comprises a processor configured to receive the logic signals provided by the latches and to count the number of selection signals captured by the latches.
- Embodiments of the invention also relate to a method of writing data in a memory circuit comprising a memory array comprising memory cells and an address decoder configured to apply to the memory plane selection signals of a group memory cells according to an address applied to the address decoder, the method comprising the steps of capturing, during a write or read operation of memory cells, memory cell selection signals appearing in the memory memory plane, and reconstruct, from the selection signals captured in the memory plane, an address of a group of memory cells selected for writing or reading.
- the method comprises a step of comparing the reconstructed address with the address applied to the address decoder. According to one embodiment, the method also comprises a step of counting the captured selection signals.
- the method comprises a step of driving, when the reconstituted address is different from the address applied to the decoder, a defensive action chosen according to the memory area designated by the reconstituted address.
- FIGS. 3A to 3D are timing diagrams showing control signals appearing in the circuit of FIG. 1 during the write operation
- FIGS. 4A and 4B show two exemplary embodiments of locks represented in the form of blocks in FIG. 1
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of an encoder represented in block form in FIG. 1
- FIG. 6 shows the architecture of a second embodiment of a memory circuit according to the invention
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart describing a secure operation of writing data in the memory circuit of FIG. 6
- FIG. 8 shows an exemplary embodiment of a counting circuit represented in block form in FIG. 6,
- FIGS. 9 and 10 show exemplary embodiments of counting modules represented in block form in FIG. 8,
- FIG. 11 shows the architecture of a third embodiment of a memory circuit according to the invention.
- FIG. 12 schematically shows an electronic device comprising a memory circuit according to the invention.
- the circuit MEM1 comprises a memory plane MA, a line address decoder RDEC, a data write buffer REGI, a REG2 data read buffer and an AREG address buffer.
- the memory plane MA comprises memory cells MC accessible in reading and writing, connected to word lines Wi (W 0 , Wi, ... Wi_i) and bit lines B j (B 0 , ⁇ , .. Bj_i).
- the memory cells here are random memory cells of RAM ("Random Access Memory") type, controlled in writing and reading by WR and RD signals provided by the processor.
- the processor loads in the AREG buffer an address AD1 which is found at the input of the decoder.
- the decoder RDEC then applies to the word lines Wi of the memory plane selection signals Vi (Vo, Vi, ... Vi-i) which are a function of the address AD1.
- the AREG buffer presented here as a separate element of the RDEC decoder can be considered as included in the decoder if it incorporates a function of locking the address AD1.
- Each selection signal Vi may be equal to a selection voltage Vsel, for example between 1 and 5 V according to the memory cell technology used, or to a non-selection voltage, for example 0 V.
- the designated Wi word line by the address ADI receives the selection voltage Vsel while the other word lines receive the non-selection voltage.
- the buffer REGI also ensures the application to the bit lines Bj bits of the data D.
- the buffer REG2 receives, via the bit lines B, the bits of the data DT read in memory cells selected by the decoder.
- PRC1 of the wired logic (state machine) or microprocessor type.
- the processor PRC1 provides control signals such as the signals WR, RD, as well as various unrepresented signals for controlling the buffer registers and the decoder.
- the circuit MEM1 also comprises a circuit LCT for capturing the selection signals Vi, and a coder RCOD providing a reconstituted address AD2.
- the circuit LCT is configured to provide logic capture signals Ai (A 0 , Ai, ... Ai_i) giving an indication on the value of the selection signals Vi (Vo, Vi, ... Vi-i) that the decoder RDEC applies to the memory plane.
- Each signal Ai of rank i is associated with a word line Wi of the same rank and has an initial value equal to 0, then switches to 1 when the signal Vi on the word line is equal to the selection voltage Vsel.
- the circuit LCT comprises for example latches ("latches") in a number equal to the word lines Wi, here I locks L ⁇ (L 0 , Li, ... Li_i), each having an input connected to a word line Wi to receive a selection signal Vi, and an output providing the signal Ai.
- An RST signal provided by the processor makes it possible to reset all the locks Li before a step of capturing the selection signals Vi.
- the RCOD coder receives the signals Ai and is configured to produce, from these signals, an address encoding which is the inverse of the decoding performed by the RDEC decoder to supply the signals Vi from the address AD1.
- the address AD2 provided by the coder RCOD is identical to the address AD1 received by the decoder RDEC.
- the flowchart of FIG. 2 describes a secure write operation of a data item DT in the memory plane MA involving the capture circuit LCT and the coder RCOD.
- the timing diagrams of Fig. 3 show signals participating in the write operation, respectively a clock signal CK applied to the processor (Fig. 3A), the address AD1 applied to the decoder (Fig. 3B), write signal WR (Fig. 3C) and signal RST (Fig. 3D).
- the processor PRC1 first loads the data DT into the buffer REGI (Fig. 2, step S1), which then applies the bits of the data to the bit lines Bj.
- the processor applies the reset signal RST to the circuit LCT (Fig. 2, step S2, Fig. 3D). It is assumed here that the signal RST is active on the rising edge.
- the processor loads a value ADli of the address AD1 in the AREG buffer (FIG.2, step S3, FIG.3B), then applies the write signal WR. to all the memory cells of the memory array MA (FIG 2, step S4, FIG 3C).
- the address AD1 is found at the input of the decoder RDEC which, in response to the write signal WR, supplies the selection voltage Vsel to the word line Wi designated by the address AD1, the other signals Vi being at 0
- the memory cells connected to the selected word line react with the write signal WR and store the bits of the data item DT.
- This write operation lasts, for example, 1 clock cycle and may be followed by similar operations for writing other data to addresses AD1 2 , ADI 3 , at the following clock fronts (FIG 3B).
- the capture signal Ai associated with the word line having received the selection voltage Vsel passes to 1, the other signals Ai remaining equal to zero.
- the RCOD coder then provides, from the set of signals Ai, an address AD2 corresponding to the address of the selected word line. This address must be read before the next write cycle, which causes a new erasure of the signals Ai. Under normal operating conditions, the reconstituted address AD2 is equal to the address AD1.
- the write operation according to the invention comprises a verification step S6 (FIG.2) where the processor PRC1 compares the address AD1 and the reconstituted address AD2. It is assumed here that the value of the address AD1 is kept intact and unassailable by the processor, for example in an RBK register bank. This address can also be present in a non-erasable program memory (ROM) containing a program that the processor executes.
- ROM non-erasable program memory
- FIG. 4A shows an exemplary embodiment of the locks Li, from two NOR gate N1, N2 and an inverting gate II receiving the signal Vi.
- the output of the gate II is applied to an input of the gate NI which provides the signal Ai.
- the gate N2 receives the signal RST on one input, the signal Ai on another input and has its output connected to the other input of the gate NI.
- the RST signal does not force the outputs Ai to zero and changing it to 1 only allows the latch to go from a transparent mode to a latch mode.
- the signal RST must be set at time T1 (see Fig. 3D) at the same time as the write signal WR.
- FIG. 4B shows an exemplary embodiment of the latches Li, from a synchronous D flip-flop referenced D1, receiving the signal Vi on its clock input H (trigger input), the signal RST on its input R (input of reset to 0), the logic 1 on its input D (data input), and supplying the signal Ai on its output Q.
- the signal RST is not active on edge and keeps the output of the locks at 0 as long as it is itself equal to 0. The locks are therefore forced to zero outside the write periods and setting the signal RST at time T0, as described above, has the effect of releasing the forcing 0 locks to register the selection signals Vi during the writing phase.
- FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of the simple and space-saving RCOD encoder in terms of semiconductor surface.
- the memory array MA includes 16 word lines Wi Wo to 5
- the LCT circuit therefore provides corresponding signals Ao to 16 i s
- the decoder RDEC sends a decoding linear without address interleaving (ie word line Wo having address 0, word line Wi having address 1, etc., word line Wi 5 having address 15).
- the RCOD coder performs a simple encoding of the address AD2, on 4 address bits AD2o, AD2i, AD2 2 , AD23, from the signals Ao to Ai 5 , by means of 28 OR logic gates 1 to 28.
- this coding is defined by the following general relations, in which "+” designates the logical operator OR, "i” is an iteration index designating the rank of a signal Ai taken from the memory array , “j” denotes the rank of any bit of address AD2 other than the bits of rank 0, 1, 2 and 3, and "n” is the number of signals Ai taken from the memory plane:
- AD2- i 0 + i + 2 J + k
- the embodiment of the memory circuit MEM1 which has just been described makes it possible to counter an attack on the address AD1 intervening upstream of the decoder and to know which memory cells have been accessed in writing. It remains the hypothesis of an error injection attack in the memory plane itself, downstream of the decoder. If the attack relates to a Wi word line different from that receiving the voltage Vsel supplied by the decoder, and consists in the injection of a transient electrical pulse having the same effect on the memory cells as the Vsel signal, two groups memory plane memory cells can store the data DT: the group designated by the address AD1 and the group activated in writing by the error injection. In this case, the corresponding latch of the circuit LCT captures this transient electrical pulse and its output Ai goes to 1. The circuit LCT thus has two outputs at 1 instead of just one. In the less likely assumption of several simultaneous attacks on Wi word lines different from that selected by the decoder, the LCT circuit has three or more outputs to 1 instead of one.
- FIG. 6 represents an embodiment MEM2 of a memory circuit according to the invention which differs from the circuit MEM1 in that it comprises, in addition to the RCOD encoder, a counting circuit CPT of the signals Ai equal to 1.
- the circuit CPT has N inputs connected to the N outputs of the circuit LCT, in parallel with the inputs of the encoder RCOD, and provides the processor PRC1 a binary number NS indicating the number of signals Ai to 1.
- the security of the write operation can in this case be improved as shown by the flowchart of FIG. 7.
- the processor PRC1 conducts a step S5 for testing the count value NS, to determine whether NS is greater than or equal to 1.
- the case where NS is equal to 0 may reflect a failure of the counting circuit or a lack of electrical continuity in the memory plane, or between the memory plane and the counting circuit. This case can optionally be taken into account by a particular defensive action DAO, the nature of which is to be determined by the designer of the program executed by the processor, depending on the intended application and the hardware configuration of the circuit.
- NS NS 1
- the processor can in this case drive the comparison step S6 and drive the defensive action DA1 if the addresses DA1 and DA2 are different.
- the case where NS is equal to 2 indicates the existence of an attack on a Wi word line different from that receiving the signal Vsel.
- the processor is able to determine, during a step S7, the address AD3 of the additional memory cell group where the data DT has been written, in addition to that designated by the address AD1. subtracting the address AD1 from the AD2 address provided by the RCOD encoder.
- the processor drives a defensive action DA2 which takes into account the address AD3 where the data DT has been written.
- NS is greater than or equal to 3 reflects the existence of a multiple attack of the memory plane, having led several groups of memory cells to memorize the data D.
- the address AD2 does not allow find the various addresses activated by the injection of multiple errors and the processor drives a suitable defensive action DA3.
- 8 shows an embodiment of the counting circuit CPT simple and inexpensive surface semi ⁇ conductor, adapted to provide two-bit counting bis and A i s a number NS between 0 and 3, the value 3 being a ceiling value meaning that NS is equal to or greater than 3.
- the memory plane MA contains sixteen word lines Wo to Wi 5 and that the circuit LCT provides sixteen logic signals Ao to Ai 5 .
- the circuit CPT comprises 15 cascading counting modules Ci to Ci 5 .
- the first module Ci receives the bits A 0 and A i and provides counting bits bi and ai.
- Each following counting module Ci (C 2 to C 15 ) receives a bit A 1 and the counting bits b i and i 1 -i of the preceding counting module.
- the last metering module C15 supplies bits bis i s forming the number NS.
- FIG. 9 shows an exemplary embodiment of the module Ci.
- the truth table below illustrates the propagation of the counting value Si from one module to another as a function of the count value Si-i of the preceding module and the value of the bit Ai, and shows that Si is capped at 3:
- the embodiments of the memory circuit MEM1, MEM2 which have just been described use wired circuit circuits with a low semiconductor surface, for a consequent improvement of the security of the write operations.
- the RCOD encoder and the counting circuit CPT are deleted and the signals Ao to Ai_i provided by the capture circuit LCT are sent on ports Po to Pi-i of the processor PRC1.
- the latter itself determines the AD2 address and can also count the number of signals Ai equal to 1, and more particularly identify the word lines for which these signals are equal to 1.
- the processor can then handle cases of complex attacks where two or more word lines Wi are subject to an error injection. By identifying each word line object of an attack, he can identify each group of memory cells involved in the attack and initiate relevant defensive actions.
- the memory plane may comprise, in addition to the line decoder, a column decoder and be accessible in word writing, a word corresponding to a group of memory cells connected to the same word line and to the bit lines. of the same column.
- the implementation of the invention may include the provision of locks on the bit lines to identify the column concerned by a write operation.
- a column encoder may also be provided in addition to the RCOD word line coder, to provide a reconstructed column address. The combination of the reconstituted word line address AD2 and the reconstituted column address gives the complete address of a group of memory cells in the memory plane.
- embodiments of the present invention have been described in connection with the securing of a write operation, the monitoring of the word lines (and possibly the bit lines) proposed in the foregoing may also be applied reading operations, to detect an error injection attack when reading a data.
- embodiments of the invention may also relate to securing the erasure operations.
- embodiments of the invention may relate to circuits comprising an electrically erasable and electrically programmable nonvolatile memory array, in particular EEPROM or FLASH, comprising, for example, floating gate transistors.
- the Vsel signal for selecting a word line can be a high voltage signal Vpp (for example 10 to 15 V) in writing, and low voltage reading.
- the data to be written may be provided by the REGI buffer as high voltage signals, and the REG2 buffer may include sense amplifiers.
- the error injection detection method described in the above is applicable to this type of memory with only one adaptation of the capture means.
- the locks Li must be provided to detect, in writing, the presence of the high voltage signal Vpp, and provide a low voltage logic signal Ai when this signal is detected.
- Embodiments of the invention may also utilize means other than latches for capturing memory cell selection signals including signals injected by an attacker.
- they may be voltage or current sensors providing analog voltage or current values that are digitized and analyzed by the processor to determine whether these values can be considered as signals. error injection sufficient to cause the selection of memory cells.
- a memory circuit according to the invention is also capable of various applications, including applications to memory components or so-called “Embedded memories” that is to say embedded in microcontrollers.
- the control steps S5, S6, S7 as well as the defensive actions DA0, DA1, DA2, DA3 described above can be conducted by an external processor, the memory circuit MEM1 or MEM2 providing only the address ADl and optionally the number NS.
- FIG. 12 shows a memory circuit MEM1, MEM2 according to the invention integrated on a semiconductor chip to form an integrated circuit IC which is arranged in an electronic device DV comprising a processor PRC2.
- the processor PRC2 is connected to the processor PRC1 of the circuit MEM1 or MEM2 via a serial or parallel communication port. It sends the PRC1 processor write CMD commands including DT data and ADl addresses. After each write, the processor PRC1 returns to the processor PRC2 the address AD2 provided by the encoder RDEC and, optionally, the number NS. The processor PRC2 is responsible for verifying that the write address AD2 corresponds to the address AD1 that it has provided in the command.
- the term "address applied to the decoder” the presumed address applied to the decoder, the reference address ADl known to the processor and assumed confidence. Indeed, it goes without saying that the address that the decoder actually receives as input may be different from the assumed AD1 address applied in case of error injection.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Read Only Memory (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1358926A FR3010822B1 (fr) | 2013-09-17 | 2013-09-17 | Circuit a memoire comprenant des moyens de detection d'une injection d'erreur |
| PCT/FR2014/052217 WO2015040304A1 (fr) | 2013-09-17 | 2014-09-08 | Circuit a mémoire comprenant des moyens de détection d'une injection d'erreur |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3047486A1 true EP3047486A1 (fr) | 2016-07-27 |
Family
ID=50023667
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP14796156.9A Ceased EP3047486A1 (fr) | 2013-09-17 | 2014-09-08 | Circuit a mémoire comprenant des moyens de détection d'une injection d'erreur |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP3047486A1 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR3010822B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2015040304A1 (fr) |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP1734536A1 (fr) * | 2005-06-15 | 2006-12-20 | STMicroelectronics SA | Mémoire protégée contre des attaques par injection d'erreur dans des signaux de sélection de cellules mémoire |
| WO2008093257A2 (fr) * | 2007-01-30 | 2008-08-07 | Nxp B.V. | Procédé de protection contre les attaques et circuit apparenté |
| US8560899B2 (en) * | 2010-07-30 | 2013-10-15 | Infineon Technologies Ag | Safe memory storage by internal operation verification |
-
2013
- 2013-09-17 FR FR1358926A patent/FR3010822B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2014
- 2014-09-08 EP EP14796156.9A patent/EP3047486A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2014-09-08 WO PCT/FR2014/052217 patent/WO2015040304A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (2)
| Title |
|---|
| None * |
| See also references of WO2015040304A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR3010822A1 (fr) | 2015-03-20 |
| FR3010822B1 (fr) | 2015-10-02 |
| WO2015040304A1 (fr) | 2015-03-26 |
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