EP3044803B1 - Switch for short-circuiting a direct-current power source - Google Patents

Switch for short-circuiting a direct-current power source Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3044803B1
EP3044803B1 EP14766682.0A EP14766682A EP3044803B1 EP 3044803 B1 EP3044803 B1 EP 3044803B1 EP 14766682 A EP14766682 A EP 14766682A EP 3044803 B1 EP3044803 B1 EP 3044803B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
electrode
electrically conductive
switch
conductive element
explosive
Prior art date
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EP14766682.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3044803A1 (en
Inventor
Daniel Chatroux
Sébastien CARCOUET
Jeremy DUPONT
Pierre Perichon
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
Original Assignee
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H39/00—Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current
    • H01H39/004—Closing switches
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H39/00—Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current
    • H01H2039/008—Switching devices actuated by an explosion produced within the device and initiated by an electric current using the switch for a battery cutoff

Definitions

  • the invention relates to continuous power voltage sources, and in particular electrical equipment intended to ensure the safety of such DC voltage sources.
  • DC voltage sources are frequently based on the use of electrochemical accumulators. These voltage sources can for example be used in the field of electric and hybrid transport or embedded systems.
  • Such batteries are for example used in vehicles for driving an AC electric motor via an inverter. Such batteries also have a high capacity to promote the autonomy of the vehicle in electric mode.
  • an electric vehicle uses a storage battery whose nominal voltage is of the order of 400V, with a peak current of 200A and a capacity of 20kWh.
  • the electrochemical accumulators used for such vehicles are generally of the lithium ion type for their ability to store a large amount of energy with a weight and volume contained.
  • LiFePO4 lithium iron phosphate battery technologies are undergoing significant development due to a high level of intrinsic safety, to the detriment of a slightly lower energy storage density.
  • Each battery element comprises two parallel branches connected between its two terminals. In a first branch, the battery is connected in series with a normally open type MOSFET switch. In a second branch, the two terminals are connected via a normally closed switch. When the element is used, the normally closed switch is kept open and the normally open switch is kept closed. If there is no control due to malfunction or maintenance, the normally closed switch remains closed and the normally open switch remains open, so that the battery voltage is not applied across the element. .
  • MOSFET switches and their controls induce a relatively high cost, especially because of the need to add a heat sink.
  • these switches are at the origin of energy losses and parasitic heating even when they are open.
  • the normally closed switch causes permanent losses during operation of the element (when this switch is open) while the probability of occurrence of a fault is reduced.
  • the document FR1605493 describes a switch for firing missiles.
  • the switch is temporarily closed the time of the firing and destroyed, which is not a problem since the missile also ends up being destroyed. Such a switch is unsuitable to ensure a closed state in the absence of control.
  • the document US2721240 discloses a switch, comprising two electrodes and a conductive element powered by a pyrotechnic charge. During its propulsion, the conductive element is traversed by the electrodes and forms an electrical contact between them. The reliability of such contact is insufficient to ensure the maintenance of a closed state of the switch.
  • the invention aims to solve one or more of these disadvantages.
  • the invention thus relates to a switch as defined in the appended claims.
  • the invention further relates to a DC voltage supply system as defined in the appended claims.
  • the invention proposes a safety switch for a DC power supply.
  • a switch comprises first and second electrically conductive electrodes and an electrically conductive element. Initially, an electrically insulating medium separates these electrodes from each other, and further separates at least the electrically conductive element from the second electrode.
  • the switch further comprises a pyrotechnic element including an explosive whose explosion induces the driving of the electrically conductive element to contact with the second electrode and the welding of the conductive element with the second electrode to form a connection electrically conductive solid and durable between first and second electrodes.
  • solid and durable means that the electrically conductive connection continues after the explosion. The weld is not destroyed by this same explosion.
  • connection between the two electrodes can be closed in a solid, reliable and durable manner, in order to short-circuit an electrical system connected to the terminals of the switch, particularly when safety considerations so require. .
  • the latter Due to the energy applied by the explosion on the electrically conductive element, the latter is welded to the second electrode, which makes it possible to ensure electrical contact between the conductive element and the second electrode allowing a transition from current of great intensity between the first and second electrodes with reduced losses.
  • the conduction between the first and second electrodes can for example be guaranteed without breaking, even for short-circuit currents of a DC power supply.
  • Such a switch therefore proves to be particularly advantageous, in particular for the securing of a DC power supply, although the person skilled in the art generally has a negative a priori regarding the use of pyrotechnic elements in the vicinity of a power supply.
  • component considered dangerous for example a DC voltage supply based on electrochemical cells of the lithium ion type.
  • the risk associated with the explosion of a pyrotechnic element is well controlled, because of the mass production of such components, in particular for the manufacture of airbags.
  • the amount of energy released by an explosion and the guarantee of the explosion are perfectly controlled parameters in pyrotechnic elements.
  • the figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a first example of switch 1 according to the invention.
  • the switch 1 is of the normally open type between a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12.
  • the electrodes 11 and 12 are electrically conductive.
  • the electrode 11 is for example electrically connected to a connector 111.
  • the electrode 12 is for example electrically connected to a connector 112.
  • the connectors 111 and 112 advantageously make it possible to connect the switch 1 in a circuit or on the terminals of a electrical system.
  • the electrodes 11 and 12 are here housed in a chamber 16.
  • the electrodes 11 and 12 are fixed against an inner wall 161 of the chamber 16, to ensure their mechanical retention.
  • the switch 1 further comprises an electrically conductive element 15.
  • the element 15 is housed inside the chamber 16.
  • the element 15 is separated from the electrodes 11 and 12 via an electrically insulating medium 162 present in the chamber 16.
  • the medium 162 is for example an inert gas.
  • the element 15 is kept away from the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the element 15 is here held against a wall of the the chamber 16 opposite the wall 161.
  • the electrically insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 to electrically isolate them inside the chamber 16.
  • the inner surface of the chamber 16 is electrically insulating to ensure the electrical insulation between the electrode 11, the electrode 12 and the conductive element 15.
  • the switch 1 thus has a normally open type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12, illustrated in FIG. figure 1 .
  • the switch 1 here only presents the electrodes 11 and 12, isolated from the conductive element 15 in its opening configuration.
  • the element 15 has a portion plumb with the first electrode 11, and a portion plumb with the second electrode 12.
  • the switch 1 further comprises a pyrotechnic element 17.
  • the pyrotechnic element 17 includes an explosive 171 adjacent to the conductive element 15, and a detonator 172 configured to initiate the explosion of the explosive 171.
  • the explosion of the explosive 171 may be controlled by any appropriate means, for example by the application of a electrical signal on the detonator 172 through a control circuit 9 or by global warming of the explosive 171.
  • the explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion propel the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrodes 11 and 12. During the explosion, the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on the element 15 to detach it from the chamber 16, to propel the element 15 in contact with both the electrode 11 and the electrode 12, and to heat this element 15. The element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to weld to the electrode 11 on the one hand and to the electrode 12 on the other hand, according to the configuration illustrated in FIG. figure 2 , in a solid and sustainable way. The heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrodes 11 and 12. The conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15 and through the welds of this element 15 to the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the switch 1 then has a reliable and durable closed configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the electrodes 11 and 12 and the element 15 advantageously comprise metallic materials.
  • the metallic material of the element 15 comes into contact with the metallic materials of the electrodes 11 and 12 to form welds during the explosion of the explosive 171.
  • a weld secures the element 15 directly with each electrode 11 and 12 by merging their own materials at the interface between these materials.
  • the weld is here made in a solid and durable manner, so that a brief melting occurs at the interface between the element 15 and each electrode 11 and 12.
  • This weld at the interface is translated by a return to the almost immediate solid state of surfaces in contact during welding. Such a return to the solid state avoids a rebound phenomenon.
  • the element 15 is driven by the explosion in a direction perpendicular to the contact surface of each electrode contact surface to which it must be welded. This maximizes the quality of the weld between the element 15 and each electrode, which also promotes a lack of rebound.
  • the contact surfaces of the electrodes 11 and 12 are substantially flat.
  • Direct pressure of the gases of the explosion on the element 15 promotes the heating thereof (and therefore a weld at the interface when in contact with the electrode 12), its deformation in contact with the electrode 12 and its propulsion at a supersonic speed.
  • Such propulsion also promotes welding between two different metals, for example when copper is used to form the element 15 and aluminum is used to form the electrode 12 (or vice versa).
  • Such direct pressure of the gas also reduces the amount of material to move and thus allows the use of a smaller amount of explosive material.
  • a fast explosive explosive can propel the element 15 at a speed of the order of 7500m / s, a slow-explosive explosive that can propel the element 15 at a speed typically between 1500 and 2000m / s.
  • a type of welding is particularly detailed in the patent US3590877 to repair heat exchanger tubes.
  • the patent EP0381880 also provides rules for sizing an amount of explosive to be used depending on the mass of the projection weldment, particularly for a nitroguanidine explosive.
  • the figure 3 is a schematic sectional view of a second example of switch 1 according to the invention.
  • the switch 1 is also of the type normally open between a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12.
  • the switch 1 of this second example incorporates the characteristics of the switch of the first example and differs in its opening configuration only by the fact that the element 15 is electrically connected to the electrode 11 and is mechanically fixed to this electrode 11.
  • the electrode 11 and the element 15 are advantageously formed in one piece.
  • switch 1 is illustrated in its normally open connection configuration between electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion propel an end of the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrode 12. This end is initially perpendicular to the electrode 12. explosion, the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on this end of the element 15 to propel it in contact with the electrode 12 and to heat this element 15. The element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to to weld to the electrode 12, according to the configuration illustrated in FIG. figure 4 . The heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrode 12. The conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15, its connection to the electrode 11 and through its welds with the electrode 12. The element 15 can also increase its bonding surface with the electrode 11 and form welds with the electrode 11 during explosion of the explosive 171.
  • the electrodes 11 and 12 are electrically conductive.
  • the electrode 11 is for example electrically connected to a connector 111.
  • the electrode 12 is for example electrically connected to a connector 112.
  • the electrode 13 is for example electrically connected to a connector 113.
  • the electrodes 11 to 13 are here housed in a chamber 16.
  • the electrodes 11 and 12 are fixed against an inner wall 161 of the chamber 16, to ensure their mechanical retention.
  • the electrode 13 is fixed against an inner wall of the chamber 16, opposite the wall 161.
  • the switch 1 further comprises an electrically conductive element 15.
  • the element 15 is housed inside the chamber 16.
  • L element 15 is separated from the electrode 12 via an electrically insulating medium 162 present in the chamber 16.
  • the element 15 is kept away from the electrode 12.
  • the element 15 is here held against the wall of the chamber 16 opposite the wall 161.
  • the electrically insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 to electrically isolate them inside the chamber 16.
  • the inner surface of the chamber 16 is electrically insulating for guarantee the electrical insulation between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12, between the electrode 13 and the electrode 12, and between the conductive element 15 and the electrode 12.
  • the switch 1 thus has a normally open type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12, illustrated in FIG. figure 5 .
  • the element 15 is electrically connected to the electrode 11 and is mechanically fixed to this electrode 11. To promote electrical contact between the element 15 and the electrode 11 and the mechanical strength of their connection, the electrode 11 and the element 15 are advantageously formed in one piece.
  • the element 15 is further electrically connected to the electrode 13 and is mechanically fixed to this electrode 13.
  • the switch 1 thus has a normally closed type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 13, illustrated in FIG. figure 5 .
  • the element 15 has an end plumb with the electrode 12.
  • the switch 1 further comprises a pyrotechnic element 17.
  • the pyrotechnic element 17 includes an explosive 171 attached to the conductive element 15, and a detonator 172 configured to initiate the explosion of the explosive 171.
  • the explosion of the explosive 171 may be controlled by any appropriate means, for example by applying an electrical signal to the detonator 172 via a control circuit 9.
  • the explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion break the connection between an end of the element 15 and the electrode 13. Therefore, the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 is open. The connection between the electrodes 12 and 13 also remains open. The gases generated by the explosion of the explosive 171 further propel this end of the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrode 12. During the explosion, the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on this end of the element 15 to propel it in contact with the electrode 12 and to heat this element 15. The element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to be welded to the electrode 12, according to the configuration illustrated in FIG. figure 6 . The heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrode 12.
  • the conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15, its connection to the electrode 11 and through its welds with the electrode 12.
  • the element 15 can also increase its bonding surface with the electrode 11 and form welds with the electrode 11 during explosion of the explosive 171.
  • the figure 7 is a schematic sectional view of a fourth example of switch 1 according to the invention.
  • the switch 1 is of the normally open type between a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12 and of the normally closed type between a third electrode 13 and a fourth electrode 14.
  • the electrodes 11, 12, 13 and 14 are electrically conductive.
  • the electrode 11 is for example electrically connected to a connector 111.
  • the electrode 12 is for example electrically connected to a connector 112.
  • the electrode 13 is for example electrically connected to a connector 113.
  • the electrode 14 is for example connected electrically to a connector 114.
  • the electrodes 11 to 14 are housed in a chamber 16.
  • the electrodes 11 and 12 are fixed against an inner wall 161 of the chamber 16, to ensure their mechanical retention.
  • the electrodes 13 and 14 are fixed against an inner wall of the chamber 16, in order to ensure their mechanical maintenance, this wall being opposite to the wall 161.
  • the switch 1 further comprises an electrically conductive element 15.
  • the element 15 is housed inside the chamber 16.
  • the element 15 is separated from the electrodes 11 and 12 via an electrically insulating medium 162 present in the chamber 16.
  • the element 15 is kept spaced from the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the element 15 is here fixed to the electrodes 13 and 14 and electrically connects the electrodes 13 and 14.
  • the switch 1 thus presents a normally closed type configuration between the electrodes 13 and 14, illustrated in FIG. figure 7 .
  • the electrically insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 to electrically isolate them inside the chamber 16.
  • the insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 from the electrodes 13 and 14.
  • the internal surface of the chamber 16 is electrically insulating to ensure the electrical insulation between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12 of each other, and the conductive element 15, the electrode 13 and the electrode 14.
  • the switch 1 thus presents a normally open type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12, illustrated in FIG. figure 7 .
  • the element 15 has a portion plumb with the first electrode 11, and a portion plumb with the second electrode 12.
  • the switch 1 further comprises a pyrotechnic element 17.
  • the pyrotechnic element 17 includes an explosive 171 adjacent to the conductive element 15, and a detonator 172 configured to initiate the explosion of the explosive 171.
  • the explosion of the explosive 171 may be controlled by any appropriate means, for example by the application of a electrical signal on the detonator 172 via a control circuit 9.
  • the explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion detach the element 15 from the electrodes 13 and 14, and propel the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on the element 15 to detach it from the electrodes 13 and 14, to propel the element 15 in contact with both the electrode 11 and the electrode 12, and to heat this element 15.
  • the element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to be welded to the electrode 11 on the one hand and to the electrode 12 on the other hand, according to the configuration illustrated at figure 8 .
  • the heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15 and through the welds of this element 15 to the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the switch 1 then has a reliable and durable closed configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12.
  • the switch 1 then has an open configuration between the electrodes 13 and 14 (then separated by the medium 162), between the electrodes 11 and 13, between the electrodes 11 and 14, between the electrodes 12 and 13 and between the electrodes 12 and 14.
  • the figure 10 is a schematic sectional view of a variant of the fourth example of switch 1 before the explosion of the explosive 171.
  • the figure 11 is a schematic sectional view of another variant of the third example of switch 1 according to the invention.
  • the electrode 11 is formed by the end of a wire rope.
  • the electrode 13 is also formed by the end of a wire rope. The ends of these wire ropes are aligned.
  • the element 15 is fixed on the one hand to the electrode 11 and on the other hand to the electrode 13.
  • the element 15 electrically connects electrode 11 and electrode 13.
  • a cavity is formed inside the electrode element 15.
  • the cavity contains the explosive 171.
  • the section of the cavity is advantageously greater at the junction between the element 15 and the electrode 13, with respect to the section of the cavity at the junction between the element 15 and the electrode 11.
  • the electrode 12 includes an electrically conductive sleeve surrounding the element 15.
  • the sleeve of the electrode 12 is separated from the element 15 by an annular space.
  • the annular space also forms a separation between the electrodes 11 and 13.
  • the electrodes 11 and 13 are advantageously fixed inside insulating pads 18.
  • the insulating pads 18 electrically insulate the electrodes 11 and 13 with respect to the electrode 12 .
  • metallic copper cables may have a section of 70mm 2 .
  • the element 15 may be dimensioned to guarantee an equivalent weld surface with the sleeve of the electrode 12.
  • the switch 41 is of the normally open type.
  • the switch 42 may be selectively open or closed via a control circuit not shown.
  • the switch 41 closes and thus forms a short circuit between the terminals 31 and 32, which makes it possible to maintain a conduction between these terminals.
  • the switch 42 is open and the connection between the terminal 31 and the pole 21 is broken, so that the source 2 can no longer flow current.
  • the switch 41 is of the normally open type, during normal operation, the voltage between the poles 21 and 22 of the source 2 is applied between the terminals 31 and 32.
  • the closing of the switch 41 is controlled by an explosion of the explosive 171 and the fuse 43 merges to open the connection between the pole 21 and the terminal 31 .
  • the figure 15 is a schematic representation of a switch variant 41 according to the second example.
  • the heating of the fuse 43 linked to a possible short-circuit current of the source 2 is used to trigger the explosion of the explosive 171.
  • a heating of the fuse 43 automatically allows the closing of the switch 41.
  • a thermal bridge is formed between the fuse 43 and the explosive 171 so that the fuse 43 forms a detonator of the explosive 171 during its heating.
  • a thermal bridge between the fuse 43 and the explosive 171 may for example be achieved by placing the fuse 43 in contact with a thermally conductive housing and containing the explosive 171. As a function of the amplitude and the duration of the short current -circuit, the fuse 43 eventually open to isolate the pole 21 of the terminal 31.
  • the fuse 43 is advantageously sized as follows. By designating by Iccmax the maximum short-circuit current delivered by the DC voltage source 2, the fuse 43 is sized to remain closed when this current Iccax passes through it for a period of time sufficient for its heating to initiate the explosion. the explosive 171.
  • the figure 16 is an electrical diagram of an application of the third example of a switch according to the invention.
  • the pole 21 of the DC voltage source 2 is connected to the third electrode 13 of the switch 1.
  • the terminal 31 of the system 3 is connected to the first electrode 11 of the switch 1.
  • the second electrode 12 is connected to the pole 22 and the terminal 32.
  • the conduction between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 is of the normally closed type and the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12 is normally open type.
  • the potential difference between the poles 21 and 22 is applied between the terminals 31 and 32.
  • the explosive 171 opens the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 and closes the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12.
  • the pole 21 is disconnected from the terminal 31 and a short circuit is formed between the terminals 31 and 32.
  • This variant makes it possible to avoid the conduction losses of a semiconductor switch between the electrodes 11 and 13 in normal operation.
  • a feeding system 31 is illustrated at figure 17 .
  • This system 31 comprises several detailed systems 3 with reference to the figure 16 connected in series. These systems 3 respectively comprise direct voltage sources 201, 202 and 203. Due to a malfunction at the source 201, the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 of the switch 1 is open and the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12 of this switch 1 is closed. The terminals 31 and 32 are therefore short-circuited. In the absence of malfunction at sources 202 and 203, their system 3 remains in normal operating mode. Due to the quality of the conduction through the switch 1, a high intensity current can pass through this switch. Therefore, the sources 202 and 203 may continue to charge current. The system 31 thus allows continuity of service, particularly useful when the system 31 supplies a motor vehicle.

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Description

L'invention concerne les sources de tension continues de puissance, et en particulier les équipements électriques destinés à assurer la sécurité de telles sources de tension continue.The invention relates to continuous power voltage sources, and in particular electrical equipment intended to ensure the safety of such DC voltage sources.

Des sources de tension continue de puissance sont fréquemment basées sur l'utilisation d'accumulateurs électrochimiques. Ces sources de tension peuvent par exemple être utilisées dans le domaine des transports électriques et hybrides ou les systèmes embarqués.DC voltage sources are frequently based on the use of electrochemical accumulators. These voltage sources can for example be used in the field of electric and hybrid transport or embedded systems.

Un accumulateur électrochimique a habituellement une tension nominale de l'ordre de grandeur suivant :

  • 1.2 V pour des batteries de type NiMH,
  • 3.3 V pour une technologie lithium-ion phosphate de Fer, LiFePO4,
  • 4.2 V pour une technologie de type lithium-ion à base d'oxyde de cobalt.
An electrochemical accumulator usually has a nominal voltage of the following order of magnitude:
  • 1.2 V for NiMH batteries,
  • 3.3 V for a Lithium Iron Phosphate LiFePO4 technology,
  • 4.2 V for lithium-ion technology based on cobalt oxide.

Ces tensions nominales sont trop faibles par rapport aux exigences de la plupart des systèmes à alimenter. Pour obtenir le niveau de tension adéquat, on place en série plusieurs accumulateurs. Pour obtenir de fortes puissances et capacités, on place plusieurs accumulateurs en parallèle. Le nombre d'étages (nombre d'accumulateurs en série) et le nombre d'accumulateurs en parallèle dans chaque étage varient en fonction de la tension, du courant et de la capacité souhaités pour la batterie. L'association de plusieurs accumulateurs est appelée une batterie d'accumulateurs.These nominal voltages are too low compared to the requirements of most systems to power. To obtain the correct voltage level, several accumulators are placed in series. To obtain high powers and capacities, several accumulators are placed in parallel. The number of stages (number of accumulators in series) and the number of accumulators in parallel in each stage vary according to the voltage, current and capacity desired for the battery. The combination of several accumulators is called a storage battery.

De telles batteries sont par exemple utilisées dans des véhicules pour entraîner un moteur électrique à courant alternatif par l'intermédiaire d'un onduleur. De telles batteries comportent également une forte capacité afin de favoriser l'autonomie du véhicule en mode électrique. Typiquement, un véhicule électrique utilise une batterie d'accumulateurs dont la tension nominale est de l'ordre de 400V, avec un courant crête de 200A et une capacité de 20kWh.Such batteries are for example used in vehicles for driving an AC electric motor via an inverter. Such batteries also have a high capacity to promote the autonomy of the vehicle in electric mode. Typically, an electric vehicle uses a storage battery whose nominal voltage is of the order of 400V, with a peak current of 200A and a capacity of 20kWh.

Les accumulateurs électrochimiques utilisés pour de tels véhicules sont généralement du type lithium ion pour leur capacité à stocker une énergie importante avec un poids et un volume contenus. Les technologies de batterie de type Lithium ion phosphate de fer LiFePO4 font l'objet d'importants développements du fait d'un niveau de sécurité intrinsèque élevé, au détriment d'une densité de stockage d'énergie un peu en retrait.The electrochemical accumulators used for such vehicles are generally of the lithium ion type for their ability to store a large amount of energy with a weight and volume contained. LiFePO4 lithium iron phosphate battery technologies are undergoing significant development due to a high level of intrinsic safety, to the detriment of a slightly lower energy storage density.

Le document WO2012171917 décrit des éléments de batterie comprenant des accumulateurs électrochimiques, de tels éléments étant destinés à être connectés en série pour former une source de tension continue de puissance. Chaque élément de batterie est muni d'un dispositif de sécurisation destiné à isoler la batterie de cet élément d'autres éléments, soit pour assurer la continuité de service de la source de tension continue, soit pour permettre des opérations de maintenance sur cette source de tension continue. Chaque élément de batterie comprend deux branches en parallèle connectées entre ses deux bornes. Dans une première branche, la batterie est connectée en série avec un interrupteur MOSFET de type normalement ouvert. Dans une deuxième branche, les deux bornes sont connectées par l'intermédiaire d'un interrupteur normalement fermé. Lorsque l'élément est utilisé, l'interrupteur normalement fermé est maintenu ouvert et l'interrupteur normalement ouvert est maintenu fermé. En cas d'absence de commande due à un dysfonctionnement ou une maintenance, l'interrupteur normalement fermé reste fermé et l'interrupteur normalement ouvert reste ouvert, de sorte que la tension de la batterie n'est pas appliquée aux bornes de l'élément.The document WO2012171917 discloses battery cells comprising electrochemical accumulators, such elements being intended to be connected in series to form a DC voltage source of power. Each battery element is provided with a securing device for isolating the battery of this element from other elements, either to ensure continuity of service of the DC voltage source, or to allow maintenance operations on this DC voltage source. Each battery element comprises two parallel branches connected between its two terminals. In a first branch, the battery is connected in series with a normally open type MOSFET switch. In a second branch, the two terminals are connected via a normally closed switch. When the element is used, the normally closed switch is kept open and the normally open switch is kept closed. If there is no control due to malfunction or maintenance, the normally closed switch remains closed and the normally open switch remains open, so that the battery voltage is not applied across the element. .

En pratique, un tel élément présente des inconvénients. Les interrupteurs MOSFET et leurs commandes induisent un coût relativement élevé, notamment du fait de la nécessité de leur adjoindre un dissipateur thermique. En outre, ces interrupteurs sont à l'origine de pertes d'énergie et d'un échauffement parasites même lorsqu'ils sont ouverts. En particulier, l'interrupteur normalement fermé occasionne des pertes permanentes lors du fonctionnement de l'élément (lorsque cet interrupteur est donc ouvert) alors que la probabilité d'apparition d'un défaut est réduite.In practice, such an element has disadvantages. MOSFET switches and their controls induce a relatively high cost, especially because of the need to add a heat sink. In addition, these switches are at the origin of energy losses and parasitic heating even when they are open. In particular, the normally closed switch causes permanent losses during operation of the element (when this switch is open) while the probability of occurrence of a fault is reduced.

Le document FR1605493 décrit un interrupteur pour mise à feu de missiles. L'interrupteur est fermé transitoirement le temps de la mise à feu puis détruit, ce qui est peu gênant puisque le missile finit également par être détruit. Un tel interrupteur est donc inadapté pour garantir un état fermé en l'absence de commande.The document FR1605493 describes a switch for firing missiles. The switch is temporarily closed the time of the firing and destroyed, which is not a problem since the missile also ends up being destroyed. Such a switch is unsuitable to ensure a closed state in the absence of control.

Le document US2721240 décrit un interrupteur, comprenant deux électrodes et un élément conducteur propulsé par une charge pyrotechnique. Lors de sa propulsion, l'élément conducteur est traversé par les électrodes et forme un contact électrique entre elles. La fiabilité d'un tel contact est insuffisante pour garantir le maintien d'un état fermé de l'interrupteur.The document US2721240 discloses a switch, comprising two electrodes and a conductive element powered by a pyrotechnic charge. During its propulsion, the conductive element is traversed by the electrodes and forms an electrical contact between them. The reliability of such contact is insufficient to ensure the maintenance of a closed state of the switch.

L'invention vise à résoudre un ou plusieurs de ces inconvénients. L'invention porte ainsi sur un interrupteur, tel que défini dans les revendications annexées.The invention aims to solve one or more of these disadvantages. The invention thus relates to a switch as defined in the appended claims.

L'invention porte en outre sur un système d'alimentation en tension continue, tel que défini dans les revendications annexées.The invention further relates to a DC voltage supply system as defined in the appended claims.

D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention ressortiront clairement de la description qui en est faite ci-après, à titre indicatif et nullement limitatif, en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :

  • les figures 1 et 2 sont des représentations schématiques d'un premier exemple d'interrupteur selon l'invention dans deux configurations de fonctionnement ;
  • les figures 3 et 4 sont des représentations schématiques d'un deuxième exemple d'interrupteur selon l'invention dans deux configurations de fonctionnement ;
  • les figures 5 et 6 sont des représentations schématiques d'un troisième exemple d'interrupteur selon l'invention dans deux configurations de fonctionnement ;
  • les figures 7 et 8 sont des représentations schématiques d'un quatrième exemple d'interrupteur selon l'invention dans deux configurations de fonctionnement ;
  • la figure 9 illustre une variante du troisième exemple d'interrupteur avant activation de son élément pyrotechnique ;
  • la figure 10 illustre une variante du quatrième exemple d'interrupteur avant activation de son élément pyrotechnique ;
  • la figure 11 illustre une autre variante du troisième exemple d'interrupteur avant activation de son élément pyrotechnique ;
  • les figures 12 et 13 sont des schémas électriques d'un exemple de source d'alimentation continue incluant un interrupteur selon le deuxième exemple, dans deux configurations de fonctionnement ;
  • la figure 14 est un schéma électrique d'un exemple d'alimentation continue incluant un interrupteur selon le deuxième exemple ;
  • la figure 15 est une représentation schématique d'une variante d'un interrupteur selon le deuxième exemple ;
  • la figure 16 est un schéma électrique d'un exemple d'alimentation continue incluant un interrupteur selon le troisième exemple ;
  • la figure 17 est un schéma électrique d'un exemple d'alimentation continue incluant plusieurs modules connectés en série, illustrant une continuité de service en présence d'un dysfonctionnement d'un des modules.
Other characteristics and advantages of the invention will emerge clearly from the description which is given hereinafter, by way of indication and in no way limitative, with reference to the appended drawings, in which:
  • the Figures 1 and 2 are schematic representations of a first example of a switch according to the invention in two operating configurations;
  • the Figures 3 and 4 are schematic representations of a second example of a switch according to the invention in two operating configurations;
  • the Figures 5 and 6 are schematic representations of a third example of a switch according to the invention in two operating configurations;
  • the Figures 7 and 8 are schematic representations of a fourth example of a switch according to the invention in two operating configurations;
  • the figure 9 illustrates a variant of the third example of switch before activation of its pyrotechnic element;
  • the figure 10 illustrates a variant of the fourth example of a switch before activation of its pyrotechnic element;
  • the figure 11 illustrates another variant of the third example of a switch before activation of its pyrotechnic element;
  • the Figures 12 and 13 are electrical diagrams of an example of a DC power supply including a switch according to the second example, in two operating configurations;
  • the figure 14 is a circuit diagram of an example of a continuous power supply including a switch according to the second example;
  • the figure 15 is a schematic representation of a variant of a switch according to the second example;
  • the figure 16 is a circuit diagram of an example of a continuous power supply including a switch according to the third example;
  • the figure 17 is a circuit diagram of an example of a DC power supply including several modules connected in series, illustrating a continuity of service in the presence of a malfunction of one of the modules.

L'invention propose un interrupteur de sécurité pour une alimentation de tension continue de puissance. Un tel interrupteur comprend des première et deuxième électrodes électriquement conductrices et un élément électriquement conducteur. Initialement, un milieu isolant électriquement sépare ces électrodes entre elles, et sépare en outre au moins l'élément électriquement conducteur de la deuxième électrode. L'interrupteur comprend en outre un élément pyrotechnique incluant un explosif dont l'explosion induit l'entraînement de l'élément électriquement conducteur jusqu'en contact avec la deuxième électrode et la soudure de l'élément conducteur avec la deuxième électrode pour former une liaison électriquement conductrice solide et durable entre les première et deuxième électrodes. Par solide et durable, on entend que la liaison électriquement conductrice perdure à l'issue de l'explosion. La soudure n'est donc pas détruite par cette même explosion.The invention proposes a safety switch for a DC power supply. Such a switch comprises first and second electrically conductive electrodes and an electrically conductive element. Initially, an electrically insulating medium separates these electrodes from each other, and further separates at least the electrically conductive element from the second electrode. The switch further comprises a pyrotechnic element including an explosive whose explosion induces the driving of the electrically conductive element to contact with the second electrode and the welding of the conductive element with the second electrode to form a connection electrically conductive solid and durable between first and second electrodes. By solid and durable means that the electrically conductive connection continues after the explosion. The weld is not destroyed by this same explosion.

En présence d'un dysfonctionnement, on peut ainsi fermer de façon solide, fiable et durable la connexion entre les deux électrodes, afin de court-circuiter un système électrique connecté aux bornes de l'interrupteur, notamment lorsque des considérations de sécurité l'exigent. Du fait de l'énergie appliquée par l'explosion sur l'élément électriquement conducteur, celui-ci est soudé à la deuxième électrode, ce qui permet d'assurer un contact électrique entre l'élément conducteur et la deuxième électrode permettant un passage de courant de grande intensité entre les première et deuxième électrodes avec des pertes réduites. La conduction entre les première et deuxième électrodes peut par exemple être garantie sans rupture, même pour des courants de court-circuit d'une alimentation de tension continue de puissance.In the presence of a malfunction, the connection between the two electrodes can be closed in a solid, reliable and durable manner, in order to short-circuit an electrical system connected to the terminals of the switch, particularly when safety considerations so require. . Due to the energy applied by the explosion on the electrically conductive element, the latter is welded to the second electrode, which makes it possible to ensure electrical contact between the conductive element and the second electrode allowing a transition from current of great intensity between the first and second electrodes with reduced losses. The conduction between the first and second electrodes can for example be guaranteed without breaking, even for short-circuit currents of a DC power supply.

Un tel interrupteur s'avère donc particulièrement avantageux, en particulier pour la sécurisation d'alimentation de tension continue de puissance, bien que l'homme du métier ait généralement un a priori négatif concernant l'utilisation d'éléments pyrotechniques à proximité d'un composant considéré comme dangereux (par exemple une alimentation de tension continue basée sur des cellules électrochimiques du type lithium ion). En pratique, le risque lié à l'explosion d'un élément pyrotechnique est bien maîtrisé, du fait de la production en masse de tels composants, en particulier pour la fabrication d'airbags. Ainsi, la quantité d'énergie dégagée par une explosion et la garantie de l'explosion sont des paramètres parfaitement maîtrisés dans des éléments pyrotechniques.Such a switch therefore proves to be particularly advantageous, in particular for the securing of a DC power supply, although the person skilled in the art generally has a negative a priori regarding the use of pyrotechnic elements in the vicinity of a power supply. component considered dangerous (for example a DC voltage supply based on electrochemical cells of the lithium ion type). In practice, the risk associated with the explosion of a pyrotechnic element is well controlled, because of the mass production of such components, in particular for the manufacture of airbags. Thus, the amount of energy released by an explosion and the guarantee of the explosion are perfectly controlled parameters in pyrotechnic elements.

La figure 1 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un premier exemple d'interrupteur 1 selon l'invention. L'interrupteur 1 est du type normalement ouvert entre une première électrode 11 et une deuxième électrode 12. Les électrodes 11 et 12 sont électriquement conductrices. L'électrode 11 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 111. L'électrode 12 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 112. Les connecteurs 111 et 112 permettent avantageusement de connecter l'interrupteur 1 dans un circuit ou aux bornes d'un système électrique.The figure 1 is a schematic sectional view of a first example of switch 1 according to the invention. The switch 1 is of the normally open type between a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12. The electrodes 11 and 12 are electrically conductive. The electrode 11 is for example electrically connected to a connector 111. The electrode 12 is for example electrically connected to a connector 112. The connectors 111 and 112 advantageously make it possible to connect the switch 1 in a circuit or on the terminals of a electrical system.

Les électrodes 11 et 12 sont ici logées dans une chambre 16. Les électrodes 11 et 12 sont fixées contre une paroi interne 161 de la chambre 16, afin d'assurer leur maintien mécanique. L'interrupteur 1 comprend en outre un élément électriquement conducteur 15. L'élément 15 est logé à l'intérieur de la chambre 16. L'élément 15 est séparé des électrodes 11 et 12 par l'intermédiaire d'un milieu isolant électriquement 162 présent dans la chambre 16. Le milieu 162 est par exemple un gaz inerte. À cet effet, l'élément 15 est maintenu écarté des électrodes 11 et 12. L'élément 15 est ici maintenu contre une paroi de la chambre 16 opposée à la paroi 161. Le milieu isolant électriquement 162 sépare également les électrodes 11 et 12 pour les isoler électriquement à l'intérieur de la chambre 16. La surface interne de la chambre 16 est isolante électriquement pour garantir l'isolation électrique entre l'électrode 11, l'électrode 12 et l'élément conducteur 15. L'interrupteur 1 présente ainsi une configuration de type normalement ouvert entre les électrodes 11 et 12, illustrée à la figure 1. L'interrupteur 1 présente ici uniquement les électrodes 11 et 12, isolées de l'élément conducteur 15 dans sa configuration d'ouverture.The electrodes 11 and 12 are here housed in a chamber 16. The electrodes 11 and 12 are fixed against an inner wall 161 of the chamber 16, to ensure their mechanical retention. The switch 1 further comprises an electrically conductive element 15. The element 15 is housed inside the chamber 16. The element 15 is separated from the electrodes 11 and 12 via an electrically insulating medium 162 present in the chamber 16. The medium 162 is for example an inert gas. For this purpose, the element 15 is kept away from the electrodes 11 and 12. The element 15 is here held against a wall of the the chamber 16 opposite the wall 161. The electrically insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 to electrically isolate them inside the chamber 16. The inner surface of the chamber 16 is electrically insulating to ensure the electrical insulation between the electrode 11, the electrode 12 and the conductive element 15. The switch 1 thus has a normally open type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12, illustrated in FIG. figure 1 . The switch 1 here only presents the electrodes 11 and 12, isolated from the conductive element 15 in its opening configuration.

L'élément 15 présente une partie à l'aplomb de la première électrode 11, et une partie à l'aplomb de la deuxième électrode 12. L'interrupteur 1 comprend en outre un élément pyrotechnique 17. L'élément pyrotechnique 17 inclut un explosif 171 accolé à l'élément conducteur 15, et un détonateur 172 configuré pour initier l'explosion de l'explosif 171. L'explosion de l'explosif 171 peut être commandée par tous moyens appropriés, par exemple par l'application d'un signal électrique sur le détonateur 172 par l'intermédiaire d'un circuit de commande 9 ou par un réchauffement global de l'explosif 171.The element 15 has a portion plumb with the first electrode 11, and a portion plumb with the second electrode 12. The switch 1 further comprises a pyrotechnic element 17. The pyrotechnic element 17 includes an explosive 171 adjacent to the conductive element 15, and a detonator 172 configured to initiate the explosion of the explosive 171. The explosion of the explosive 171 may be controlled by any appropriate means, for example by the application of a electrical signal on the detonator 172 through a control circuit 9 or by global warming of the explosive 171.

L'explosif 171 est configuré pour que les gaz générés par son explosion propulsent l'élément 15 à travers la chambre 16 vers les électrodes 11 et 12. Lors de l'explosion, les gaz générés par l'explosif 171 appliquent une pression sur l'élément 15 pour le détacher de la chambre 16, pour propulser l'élément 15 en contact à la fois avec l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12, et pour réchauffer cet élément 15. L'élément 15 est propulsé avec une énergie suffisante pour se souder à l'électrode 11 d'une part et à l'électrode 12 d'autre part, selon la configuration illustrée à la figure 2, de façon solide et durable. Le réchauffement de l'élément 15 par les gaz générés par l'explosion facilite en outre la soudure entre l'élément 15 et les électrodes 11 et 12. La conduction entre les électrodes 11 et 12 est alors assurée par l'intermédiaire de l'élément 15 et par l'intermédiaire des soudures de cet élément 15 aux électrodes 11 et 12.The explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion propel the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrodes 11 and 12. During the explosion, the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on the element 15 to detach it from the chamber 16, to propel the element 15 in contact with both the electrode 11 and the electrode 12, and to heat this element 15. The element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to weld to the electrode 11 on the one hand and to the electrode 12 on the other hand, according to the configuration illustrated in FIG. figure 2 , in a solid and sustainable way. The heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrodes 11 and 12. The conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15 and through the welds of this element 15 to the electrodes 11 and 12.

L'interrupteur 1 présente alors une configuration fermée fiable et durable entre les électrodes 11 et 12. Les électrodes 11 et 12 ainsi que l'élément 15 comprennent avantageusement des matériaux métalliques. Le matériau métallique de l'élément 15 entre en contact avec les matériaux métalliques des électrodes 11 et 12 pour former des soudures lors de l'explosion de l'explosif 171.The switch 1 then has a reliable and durable closed configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12. The electrodes 11 and 12 and the element 15 advantageously comprise metallic materials. The metallic material of the element 15 comes into contact with the metallic materials of the electrodes 11 and 12 to form welds during the explosion of the explosive 171.

Alors qu'une brasure consiste à assembler deux pièces avec un ajout de matière intermédiaire entre ces deux pièces, une soudure solidarise l'élément 15 directement avec chaque électrode 11 et 12 par fusion entre leurs propres matériaux, à l'interface entre ces matériaux. La soudure est ici réalisée de façon solide et durable, de sorte qu'une fusion brève intervient à l'interface entre l'élément 15 et chaque électrode 11 et 12. Cette soudure à l'interface, d'une durée très brève, se traduit par un retour à l'état solide presque immédiat des surfaces en contact durant la soudure. Un tel retour à l'état solide permet d'éviter un phénomène de rebond.While a solder is to assemble two parts with an addition of intermediate material between these two parts, a weld secures the element 15 directly with each electrode 11 and 12 by merging their own materials at the interface between these materials. The weld is here made in a solid and durable manner, so that a brief melting occurs at the interface between the element 15 and each electrode 11 and 12. This weld at the interface, of a very short duration, is translated by a return to the almost immediate solid state of surfaces in contact during welding. Such a return to the solid state avoids a rebound phenomenon.

Par ailleurs, l'élément 15 est entraîné par l'explosion selon une direction perpendiculaire à la surface de contact de chaque électrode, surface de contact à laquelle il doit être soudé. On maximise ainsi la qualité de la soudure entre l'élément 15 et chaque électrode, ce qui favorise également une absence de rebond. Avantageusement, les surfaces de contact des électrodes 11 et 12 sont sensiblement plates.Furthermore, the element 15 is driven by the explosion in a direction perpendicular to the contact surface of each electrode contact surface to which it must be welded. This maximizes the quality of the weld between the element 15 and each electrode, which also promotes a lack of rebound. Advantageously, the contact surfaces of the electrodes 11 and 12 are substantially flat.

Une pression directe des gaz de l'explosion sur l'élément 15 favorise le réchauffement de celui-ci (et donc une soudure à l'interface lors d'un contact avec l'électrode 12), sa déformation au contact de l'électrode 12 et sa propulsion à une vitesse supersonique. Une telle propulsion favorise également la soudure entre deux métaux différents, par exemple lorsque du cuivre est utilisé pour former l'élément 15 et de l'aluminium est utilisé pour former l'électrode 12 (ou vice-versa). Une telle pression directe des gaz permet également de réduire la quantité de matière à déplacer et permet ainsi d'utiliser une moindre quantité de matière explosive.Direct pressure of the gases of the explosion on the element 15 promotes the heating thereof (and therefore a weld at the interface when in contact with the electrode 12), its deformation in contact with the electrode 12 and its propulsion at a supersonic speed. Such propulsion also promotes welding between two different metals, for example when copper is used to form the element 15 and aluminum is used to form the electrode 12 (or vice versa). Such direct pressure of the gas also reduces the amount of material to move and thus allows the use of a smaller amount of explosive material.

Un explosif à explosion rapide peut propulser l'élément 15 à une vitesse de l'ordre de 7500m/s, un explosif à explosion lente pouvant propulser l'élément 15 à une vitesse typiquement comprise entre 1500 et 2000m/s. Un tel type de soudure est notamment détaillé dans le brevet US3590877 en vue de réparer des tubes d'échangeurs thermiques. Le brevet EP0381880 fournit également des règles de dimensionnement d'une quantité d'explosif à utiliser en fonction de la masse de l'élément à souder par projection, en particulier pour un explosif à base de nitroguanidine.A fast explosive explosive can propel the element 15 at a speed of the order of 7500m / s, a slow-explosive explosive that can propel the element 15 at a speed typically between 1500 and 2000m / s. Such a type of welding is particularly detailed in the patent US3590877 to repair heat exchanger tubes. The patent EP0381880 also provides rules for sizing an amount of explosive to be used depending on the mass of the projection weldment, particularly for a nitroguanidine explosive.

En utilisant des éléments pyrotechniques diffusés pour la fabrication d'airbag, des essais ont montré que 25 à 30% de l'énergie de l'explosion était transférée en énergie cinétique sur l'élément 15. En déterminant l'énergie nécessaire pour réaliser une soudure entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 12, on pourra aisément déterminer la quantité d'explosif 171 à inclure dans l'élément pyrotechnique 17.Using pyrotechnic elements diffused for the manufacture of airbag, tests showed that 25 to 30% of the energy of the explosion was transferred in kinetic energy on the element 15. By determining the energy necessary to realize a welding between the element 15 and the electrode 12, it will be easy to determine the amount of explosive 171 to be included in the pyrotechnic element 17.

La figure 3 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un deuxième exemple d'interrupteur 1 selon l'invention. L'interrupteur 1 est également du type normalement ouvert entre une première électrode 11 et une deuxième électrode 12. L'interrupteur 1 de ce deuxième exemple reprend les caractéristiques de l'interrupteur du premier exemple et ne diffère dans sa configuration d'ouverture que par le fait que l'élément 15 est relié électriquement à l'électrode 11 et est fixé mécaniquement à cette électrode 11. Pour favoriser le contact électrique entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 11 et la résistance mécanique de leur liaison, l'électrode 11 et l'élément 15 sont avantageusement formés d'un seul tenant. A la figure 3, l'interrupteur 1 est illustré dans sa configuration de connexion normalement ouverte entre les électrodes 11 et 12.The figure 3 is a schematic sectional view of a second example of switch 1 according to the invention. The switch 1 is also of the type normally open between a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12. The switch 1 of this second example incorporates the characteristics of the switch of the first example and differs in its opening configuration only by the fact that the element 15 is electrically connected to the electrode 11 and is mechanically fixed to this electrode 11. To promote electrical contact between the element 15 and the electrode 11 and the mechanical strength of their connection, the electrode 11 and the element 15 are advantageously formed in one piece. To the figure 3 , switch 1 is illustrated in its normally open connection configuration between electrodes 11 and 12.

L'explosif 171 est configuré pour que les gaz générés par son explosion propulsent une extrémité de l'élément 15 à travers la chambre 16 vers l'électrode 12. Cette extrémité est initialement à l'aplomb de l'électrode 12. Lors de l'explosion, les gaz générés par l'explosif 171 appliquent une pression sur cette extrémité de l'élément 15 pour la propulser en contact avec l'électrode 12 et pour réchauffer cet élément 15. L'élément 15 est propulsé avec une énergie suffisante pour se souder à l'électrode 12, selon la configuration illustrée à la figure 4. Le réchauffement de l'élément 15 par les gaz générés par l'explosion facilite en outre la soudure entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 12. La conduction entre les électrodes 11 et 12 est alors assurée par l'intermédiaire de l'élément 15, de sa connexion à l'électrode 11 et par l'intermédiaire de ses soudures avec l'électrode 12. L'élément 15 peut également accroître sa surface de liaison avec l'électrode 11 et former des soudures avec cette électrode 11 lors de l'explosion de l'explosif 171.The explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion propel an end of the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrode 12. This end is initially perpendicular to the electrode 12. explosion, the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on this end of the element 15 to propel it in contact with the electrode 12 and to heat this element 15. The element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to to weld to the electrode 12, according to the configuration illustrated in FIG. figure 4 . The heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrode 12. The conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15, its connection to the electrode 11 and through its welds with the electrode 12. The element 15 can also increase its bonding surface with the electrode 11 and form welds with the electrode 11 during explosion of the explosive 171.

La figure 5 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un troisième exemple d'interrupteur 1 selon l'invention. L'interrupteur 1 est ici un inverseur :

  • l'interrupteur 1 a une fonction d'interrupteur normalement ouvert entre une première électrode 11 et une deuxième électrode 12 ;
  • l'interrupteur 1 a une fonction d'interrupteur normalement fermé entre la première électrode 11 et une troisième électrode 13.
The figure 5 is a schematic sectional view of a third example of switch 1 according to the invention. The switch 1 is here an inverter:
  • switch 1 has a switch function normally open between a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12;
  • the switch 1 has a normally closed switch function between the first electrode 11 and a third electrode 13.

Les électrodes 11 et 12 sont électriquement conductrices. L'électrode 11 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 111. L'électrode 12 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 112. L'électrode 13 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 113.The electrodes 11 and 12 are electrically conductive. The electrode 11 is for example electrically connected to a connector 111. The electrode 12 is for example electrically connected to a connector 112. The electrode 13 is for example electrically connected to a connector 113.

Les électrodes 11 à 13 sont ici logées dans une chambre 16. Les électrodes 11 et 12 sont fixées contre une paroi interne 161 de la chambre 16, afin d'assurer leur maintien mécanique. L'électrode 13 est fixée contre une paroi interne de la chambre 16, opposée à la paroi 161. L'interrupteur 1 comprend en outre un élément électriquement conducteur 15. L'élément 15 est logé à l'intérieur de la chambre 16. L'élément 15 est séparé de l'électrode 12 par l'intermédiaire d'un milieu isolant électriquement 162 présent dans la chambre 16. À cet effet, l'élément 15 est maintenu écarté de l'électrode 12. L'élément 15 est ici maintenu contre la paroi de la chambre 16 opposée à la paroi 161. Le milieu isolant électriquement 162 sépare également les électrodes 11 et 12 pour les isoler électriquement à l'intérieur de la chambre 16. La surface interne de la chambre 16 est isolante électriquement pour garantir l'isolation électrique entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12, entre l'électrode 13 et l'électrode 12, et entre l'élément conducteur 15 et l'électrode 12. L'interrupteur 1 présente ainsi une configuration de type normalement ouvert entre les électrodes 11 et 12, illustrée à la figure 5.The electrodes 11 to 13 are here housed in a chamber 16. The electrodes 11 and 12 are fixed against an inner wall 161 of the chamber 16, to ensure their mechanical retention. The electrode 13 is fixed against an inner wall of the chamber 16, opposite the wall 161. The switch 1 further comprises an electrically conductive element 15. The element 15 is housed inside the chamber 16. L element 15 is separated from the electrode 12 via an electrically insulating medium 162 present in the chamber 16. For this purpose, the element 15 is kept away from the electrode 12. The element 15 is here held against the wall of the chamber 16 opposite the wall 161. The electrically insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 to electrically isolate them inside the chamber 16. The inner surface of the chamber 16 is electrically insulating for guarantee the electrical insulation between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12, between the electrode 13 and the electrode 12, and between the conductive element 15 and the electrode 12. The switch 1 thus has a normally open type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12, illustrated in FIG. figure 5 .

L'élément 15 est relié électriquement à l'électrode 11 et est fixé mécaniquement à cette électrode 11. Pour favoriser le contact électrique entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 11 et la résistance mécanique de leur liaison, l'électrode 11 et l'élément 15 sont avantageusement formés d'un seul tenant. L'élément 15 est en outre relié électriquement à l'électrode 13 et est fixé mécaniquement à cette électrode 13. L'interrupteur 1 présente ainsi une configuration de type normalement fermé entre les électrodes 11 et 13, illustrée à la figure 5.The element 15 is electrically connected to the electrode 11 and is mechanically fixed to this electrode 11. To promote electrical contact between the element 15 and the electrode 11 and the mechanical strength of their connection, the electrode 11 and the element 15 are advantageously formed in one piece. The element 15 is further electrically connected to the electrode 13 and is mechanically fixed to this electrode 13. The switch 1 thus has a normally closed type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 13, illustrated in FIG. figure 5 .

L'élément 15 présente une extrémité à l'aplomb de l'électrode 12. L'interrupteur 1 comprend en outre un élément pyrotechnique 17. L'élément pyrotechnique 17 inclut un explosif 171 accolé à l'élément conducteur 15, et un détonateur 172 configuré pour initier l'explosion de l'explosif 171. L'explosion de l'explosif 171 peut être commandée par tous moyens appropriés, par exemple par l'application d'un signal électrique sur le détonateur 172 par l'intermédiaire d'un circuit de commande 9.The element 15 has an end plumb with the electrode 12. The switch 1 further comprises a pyrotechnic element 17. The pyrotechnic element 17 includes an explosive 171 attached to the conductive element 15, and a detonator 172 configured to initiate the explosion of the explosive 171. The explosion of the explosive 171 may be controlled by any appropriate means, for example by applying an electrical signal to the detonator 172 via a control circuit 9.

L'explosif 171 est configuré pour que les gaz générés par son explosion rompent la liaison entre une extrémité de l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13. Dès lors, la connexion entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 13 est ouverte. La connexion entre les électrodes 12 et 13 reste également ouverte. Les gaz générés par l'explosion de l'explosif 171 propulsent en outre cette extrémité de l'élément 15 à travers la chambre 16 vers l'électrode 12. Lors de l'explosion, les gaz générés par l'explosif 171 appliquent une pression sur cette extrémité de l'élément 15 pour la propulser en contact avec l'électrode 12 et pour réchauffer cet élément 15. L'élément 15 est propulsé avec une énergie suffisante pour se souder à l'électrode 12, selon la configuration illustrée à la figure 6. Le réchauffement de l'élément 15 par les gaz générés par l'explosion facilite en outre la soudure entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 12. La conduction entre les électrodes 11 et 12 est alors assurée par l'intermédiaire de l'élément 15, de sa connexion à l'électrode 11 et par l'intermédiaire de ses soudures avec l'électrode 12. L'élément 15 peut également accroître sa surface de liaison avec l'électrode 11 et former des soudures avec cette électrode 11 lors de l'explosion de l'explosif 171.The explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion break the connection between an end of the element 15 and the electrode 13. Therefore, the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 is open. The connection between the electrodes 12 and 13 also remains open. The gases generated by the explosion of the explosive 171 further propel this end of the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrode 12. During the explosion, the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on this end of the element 15 to propel it in contact with the electrode 12 and to heat this element 15. The element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to be welded to the electrode 12, according to the configuration illustrated in FIG. figure 6 . The heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrode 12. The conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15, its connection to the electrode 11 and through its welds with the electrode 12. The element 15 can also increase its bonding surface with the electrode 11 and form welds with the electrode 11 during explosion of the explosive 171.

La figure 7 est une vue en coupe schématique d'un quatrième exemple d'interrupteur 1 selon l'invention. L'interrupteur 1 est du type normalement ouvert entre une première électrode 11 et une deuxième électrode 12 et du type normalement fermé entre une troisième électrode 13 et une quatrième électrode 14. Les électrodes 11, 12, 13 et 14 sont électriquement conductrices. L'électrode 11 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 111. L'électrode 12 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 112. L'électrode 13 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 113. L'électrode 14 est par exemple connectée électriquement à un connecteur 114.The figure 7 is a schematic sectional view of a fourth example of switch 1 according to the invention. The switch 1 is of the normally open type between a first electrode 11 and a second electrode 12 and of the normally closed type between a third electrode 13 and a fourth electrode 14. The electrodes 11, 12, 13 and 14 are electrically conductive. The electrode 11 is for example electrically connected to a connector 111. The electrode 12 is for example electrically connected to a connector 112. The electrode 13 is for example electrically connected to a connector 113. The electrode 14 is for example connected electrically to a connector 114.

Les électrodes 11 à 14 sont logées dans une chambre 16. Les électrodes 11 et 12 sont fixées contre une paroi interne 161 de la chambre 16, afin d'assurer leur maintien mécanique. Les électrodes 13 et 14 sont fixées contre une paroi interne de la chambre 16, afin d'assurer leur maintien mécanique, cette paroi étant opposée à la paroi 161.The electrodes 11 to 14 are housed in a chamber 16. The electrodes 11 and 12 are fixed against an inner wall 161 of the chamber 16, to ensure their mechanical retention. The electrodes 13 and 14 are fixed against an inner wall of the chamber 16, in order to ensure their mechanical maintenance, this wall being opposite to the wall 161.

L'interrupteur 1 comprend en outre un élément électriquement conducteur 15. L'élément 15 est logé à l'intérieur de la chambre 16. L'élément 15 est séparé des électrodes 11 et 12 par l'intermédiaire d'un milieu isolant électriquement 162 présent dans la chambre 16. À cet effet, l'élément 15 est maintenu écarté des électrodes 11 et 12. L'élément 15 est ici fixé aux électrodes 13 et 14 et connecte électriquement les électrodes 13 et 14. L'interrupteur 1 présente ainsi une configuration de type normalement fermé entre les électrodes 13 et 14, illustrée à la figure 7.The switch 1 further comprises an electrically conductive element 15. The element 15 is housed inside the chamber 16. The element 15 is separated from the electrodes 11 and 12 via an electrically insulating medium 162 present in the chamber 16. For this purpose, the element 15 is kept spaced from the electrodes 11 and 12. The element 15 is here fixed to the electrodes 13 and 14 and electrically connects the electrodes 13 and 14. The switch 1 thus presents a normally closed type configuration between the electrodes 13 and 14, illustrated in FIG. figure 7 .

Le milieu isolant électriquement 162 sépare également les électrodes 11 et 12 pour les isoler électriquement à l'intérieur de la chambre 16. Le milieu isolant 162 sépare également les électrodes 11 et 12 des électrodes 13 et 14. La surface interne de la chambre 16 est isolante électriquement pour garantir l'isolation électrique entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12 l'une de l'autre, et de l'élément conducteur 15, de l'électrode 13 et de l'électrode 14. L'interrupteur 1 présente ainsi une configuration de type normalement ouvert entre les électrodes 11 et 12, illustrée à la figure 7.The electrically insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 to electrically isolate them inside the chamber 16. The insulating medium 162 also separates the electrodes 11 and 12 from the electrodes 13 and 14. The internal surface of the chamber 16 is electrically insulating to ensure the electrical insulation between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12 of each other, and the conductive element 15, the electrode 13 and the electrode 14. The switch 1 thus presents a normally open type configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12, illustrated in FIG. figure 7 .

L'élément 15 présente une partie à l'aplomb de la première électrode 11, et une partie à l'aplomb de la deuxième électrode 12. L'interrupteur 1 comprend en outre un élément pyrotechnique 17. L'élément pyrotechnique 17 inclut un explosif 171 accolé à l'élément conducteur 15, et un détonateur 172 configuré pour initier l'explosion de l'explosif 171. L'explosion de l'explosif 171 peut être commandée par tous moyens appropriés, par exemple par l'application d'un signal électrique sur le détonateur 172 par l'intermédiaire d'un circuit de commande 9.The element 15 has a portion plumb with the first electrode 11, and a portion plumb with the second electrode 12. The switch 1 further comprises a pyrotechnic element 17. The pyrotechnic element 17 includes an explosive 171 adjacent to the conductive element 15, and a detonator 172 configured to initiate the explosion of the explosive 171. The explosion of the explosive 171 may be controlled by any appropriate means, for example by the application of a electrical signal on the detonator 172 via a control circuit 9.

L'explosif 171 est configuré pour que les gaz générés par son explosion détachent l'élément 15 des électrodes 13 et 14, et propulsent l'élément 15 à travers la chambre 16 vers les électrodes 11 et 12. Lors de l'explosion, les gaz générés par l'explosif 171 appliquent une pression sur l'élément 15 pour le détacher des électrodes 13 et 14, pour propulser l'élément 15 en contact à la fois avec l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12, et pour réchauffer cet élément 15. L'élément 15 est propulsé avec une énergie suffisante pour se souder à l'électrode 11 d'une part et à l'électrode 12 d'autre part, selon la configuration illustrée à la figure 8. Le réchauffement de l'élément 15 par les gaz générés par l'explosion facilite en outre la soudure entre l'élément 15 et les électrodes 11 et 12. La conduction entre les électrodes 11 et 12 est alors assurée par l'intermédiaire de l'élément 15 et par l'intermédiaire des soudures de cet élément 15 aux électrodes 11 et 12.The explosive 171 is configured so that the gases generated by its explosion detach the element 15 from the electrodes 13 and 14, and propel the element 15 through the chamber 16 to the electrodes 11 and 12. During the explosion, the gases generated by the explosive 171 apply a pressure on the element 15 to detach it from the electrodes 13 and 14, to propel the element 15 in contact with both the electrode 11 and the electrode 12, and to heat this element 15. The element 15 is propelled with sufficient energy to be welded to the electrode 11 on the one hand and to the electrode 12 on the other hand, according to the configuration illustrated at figure 8 . The heating of the element 15 by the gases generated by the explosion also facilitates the welding between the element 15 and the electrodes 11 and 12. The conduction between the electrodes 11 and 12 is then ensured by means of the element 15 and through the welds of this element 15 to the electrodes 11 and 12.

L'interrupteur 1 présente alors une configuration fermée fiable et durable entre les électrodes 11 et 12. L'interrupteur 1 présente alors une configuration ouverte entre les électrodes 13 et 14 (alors séparées par le milieu 162), entre les électrodes 11 et 13, entre les électrodes 11 et 14, entre les électrodes 12 et 13 et entre les électrodes 12 et 14.The switch 1 then has a reliable and durable closed configuration between the electrodes 11 and 12. The switch 1 then has an open configuration between the electrodes 13 and 14 (then separated by the medium 162), between the electrodes 11 and 13, between the electrodes 11 and 14, between the electrodes 12 and 13 and between the electrodes 12 and 14.

La figure 9 est une vue en coupe schématique d'une variante du troisième exemple d'interrupteur 1 avant l'explosion de l'explosif 171. Pour faciliter la rupture entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13 lors de l'explosion :

  • l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13 sont reliés par une jonction 151 électriquement conductrice ;
  • l'élément 15, l'électrode 13 et la jonction 151 sont formés d'un seul tenant ;
  • la section transversale de la jonction 151 est inférieure à la section transversale de l'électrode 13 et à la section transversale de l'élément 15. Pour garantir la rupture du contact électrique entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13 lors de l'explosion, l'effort de rupture de la liaison 151 est inférieur à la résistance mécanique de la fixation entre l'électrode 13 et la chambre 16.
The figure 9 is a schematic sectional view of a variant of the third example of switch 1 before the explosion of the explosive 171. To facilitate the rupture between the element 15 and the electrode 13 during the explosion:
  • the element 15 and the electrode 13 are connected by an electrically conductive junction 151;
  • the element 15, the electrode 13 and the junction 151 are formed in one piece;
  • the cross section of the junction 151 is smaller than the cross section of the electrode 13 and the cross section of the element 15. To guarantee the breaking of the electrical contact between the element 15 and the electrode 13 during the explosion, the breaking force of the link 151 is less than the mechanical strength of the attachment between the electrode 13 and the chamber 16.

Pour faciliter le pivotement de l'élément 15 par rapport à l'électrode 11 lors de l'explosion :

  • l'élément 15 et l'électrode 11 sont reliés par une jonction 152 électriquement conductrices ;
  • l'élément 15, l'électrode 11 et la jonction 152 sont formés d'un seul tenant ;
  • la section transversale de la jonction 152 est inférieure à la section transversale de l'électrode 11 et à la section transversale de l'élément 15.
To facilitate the pivoting of the element 15 relative to the electrode 11 during the explosion:
  • the element 15 and the electrode 11 are connected by an electrically conductive junction 152;
  • the element 15, the electrode 11 and the junction 152 are formed in one piece;
  • the cross section of the junction 152 is smaller than the cross section of the electrode 11 and the cross section of the element 15.

La figure 10 est une vue en coupe schématique d'une variante du quatrième exemple d'interrupteur 1 avant l'explosion de l'explosif 171.The figure 10 is a schematic sectional view of a variant of the fourth example of switch 1 before the explosion of the explosive 171.

Pour faciliter la rupture entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13 lors de l'explosion :

  • l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13 sont reliés par une jonction 151 électriquement conductrice ;
  • l'élément 15, l'électrode 13 et la jonction 151 sont formés d'un seul tenant ;
  • la section transversale de la jonction 151 est inférieure à la section transversale de l'électrode 13 et à la section transversale de l'élément 15. Pour garantir la rupture du contact électrique entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13 lors de l'explosion, l'effort de rupture de la liaison 151 est inférieur à la résistance mécanique de la fixation entre l'électrode 13 et la chambre 16.
To facilitate the rupture between the element 15 and the electrode 13 during the explosion:
  • the element 15 and the electrode 13 are connected by an electrically conductive junction 151;
  • the element 15, the electrode 13 and the junction 151 are formed in one piece;
  • the cross section of the junction 151 is smaller than the cross section of the electrode 13 and the cross section of the element 15. To guarantee the breaking of the electrical contact between the element 15 and the electrode 13 during the explosion, the breaking force of the link 151 is less than the mechanical strength of the attachment between the electrode 13 and the chamber 16.

Pour faciliter la rupture entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 14 lors de l'explosion :

  • l'élément 15 et l'électrode 14 sont reliés par une jonction 153 électriquement conductrice ;
  • l'élément 15, l'électrode 14 et la jonction 153 sont formés d'un seul tenant ;
  • la section transversale de la jonction 153 est inférieure à la section transversale de l'électrode 14 et à la section transversale de l'élément 15. Pour garantir la rupture du contact électrique entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 14 lors de l'explosion, l'effort de rupture de la liaison 153 est inférieur à la résistance mécanique de la fixation entre l'électrode 14 et la chambre 16.
To facilitate the rupture between the element 15 and the electrode 14 during the explosion:
  • the element 15 and the electrode 14 are connected by an electrically conductive junction 153;
  • the element 15, the electrode 14 and the junction 153 are formed in one piece;
  • the cross section of the junction 153 is smaller than the cross section of the electrode 14 and the cross section of the element 15. To guarantee the breaking of the electrical contact between the element 15 and the electrode 14 during the explosion, the breaking force of the link 153 is less than the mechanical strength of the attachment between the electrode 14 and the chamber 16.

La figure 11 est une vue en coupe schématique d'une autre variante du troisième exemple d'interrupteur 1 selon l'invention. L'électrode 11 est formée par l'extrémité d'un câble métallique. L'électrode 13 est également formée par l'extrémité d'un câble métallique. Les extrémités de ces câbles métalliques sont alignées. L'élément 15 est fixé d'une part à l'électrode 11 et d'autre part à l'électrode 13. L'élément 15 relie électriquement électrode 11 et l'électrode 13. Une cavité est ménagée à l'intérieur de l'élément 15. La cavité contient l'explosif 171. La section de la cavité est avantageusement supérieure au niveau de la jonction entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13, par rapport à la section de la cavité au niveau de la jonction entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 11. Ainsi, lors de l'explosion, une continuité de matière est conservée entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 11, tandis qu'une rupture de matière est obtenue entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13.The figure 11 is a schematic sectional view of another variant of the third example of switch 1 according to the invention. The electrode 11 is formed by the end of a wire rope. The electrode 13 is also formed by the end of a wire rope. The ends of these wire ropes are aligned. The element 15 is fixed on the one hand to the electrode 11 and on the other hand to the electrode 13. The element 15 electrically connects electrode 11 and electrode 13. A cavity is formed inside the electrode element 15. The cavity contains the explosive 171. The section of the cavity is advantageously greater at the junction between the element 15 and the electrode 13, with respect to the section of the cavity at the junction between the element 15 and the electrode 11. Thus, during the explosion, a material continuity is maintained between the element 15 and the electrode 11, while a rupture of material is obtained between the element 15 and the electrode 13.

L'électrode 12 inclut un manchon électriquement conducteur entourant l'élément 15. Le manchon de l'électrode 12 est séparé de l'élément 15 par un espace annulaire. L'espace annulaire forme également une séparation entre les électrodes 11 et 13. Les électrodes 11 et 13 sont avantageusement fixées à l'intérieur de plots isolant 18. Les plots isolants 18 isolent électriquement les électrodes 11 et 13 par rapport à l'électrode 12.The electrode 12 includes an electrically conductive sleeve surrounding the element 15. The sleeve of the electrode 12 is separated from the element 15 by an annular space. The annular space also forms a separation between the electrodes 11 and 13. The electrodes 11 and 13 are advantageously fixed inside insulating pads 18. The insulating pads 18 electrically insulate the electrodes 11 and 13 with respect to the electrode 12 .

Lors de l'explosion de l'explosif 171, une rupture est réalisée entre l'élément 15 et l'électrode 13 pour ouvrir la connexion entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 13. L'élément 15 est déformé dans l'espace annulaire jusqu'à venir en contact avec le manchon de l'électrode 12. La connexion électrique entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12 est ainsi fermée. L'électrode 12 et l'électrode 13 restent alors isolées électriquement par l'intermédiaire d'un plot 18 et d'un milieu isolant 162 présent dans l'espace annulaire.During the explosion of the explosive 171, a rupture is made between the element 15 and the electrode 13 to open the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13. The element 15 is deformed in space annular until it comes into contact with the sleeve of the electrode 12. The electrical connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12 is thus closed. The electrode 12 and the electrode 13 then remain isolated electrically via a pad 18 and an insulating medium 162 present in the annular space.

Pour un courant nominal de 200A, des câbles métalliques de cuivre pourront présenter une section de 70mm2. L'élément 15 pourra être dimensionné pour garantir une surface de soudure équivalente avec le manchon de l'électrode 12.For a nominal current of 200A, metallic copper cables may have a section of 70mm 2 . The element 15 may be dimensioned to guarantee an equivalent weld surface with the sleeve of the electrode 12.

Les figures 12 et 13 sont des schémas électriques d'une application du deuxième exemple d'interrupteur selon l'invention, dans différents modes de fonctionnement. Un système d'alimentation 3 en tension continue de puissance présente des première et deuxième bornes de sortie 31 et 32. Un interrupteur 41 selon le premier exemple présente son électrode 11 connectée à la première borne 31 et son électrode 12 connectée à la deuxième borne 32. L'alimentation 3 inclut en outre une source de tension continue de puissance 2, en l'occurrence une batterie d'accumulateurs électrochimiques. La source 2 présente des premier et deuxième pôles 21 et 22. Le premier pôle 21 est connecté à la première électrode 11 et à la première borne 31 par l'intermédiaire d'un interrupteur 42. Entre les bornes 31 et 32, le système d'alimentation 3 comprend deux branches en parallèle :

  • une première branche dans laquelle l'interrupteur 42 et la source 2 sont connectés en série ;
  • une deuxième branche dans laquelle la conduction est conditionnée par l'interrupteur 41.
The Figures 12 and 13 are electrical diagrams of an application of the second example of switch according to the invention, in different modes of operation. A DC power supply system 3 has first and second output terminals 31 and 32. A switch 41 according to the first example has its electrode 11 connected to the first terminal 31 and its electrode 12 connected to the second terminal 32 The power supply 3 furthermore includes a source of DC voltage of power 2, in this case an electrochemical accumulator battery. The source 2 has first and second poles 21 and 22. The first pole 21 is connected to the first electrode 11 and the first terminal 31 via a switch 42. Between the terminals 31 and 32, the system 21 feed 3 comprises two branches in parallel:
  • a first branch in which the switch 42 and the source 2 are connected in series;
  • a second branch in which the conduction is conditioned by the switch 41.

L'interrupteur 41 est du type normalement ouvert. L'interrupteur 42 peut être sélectivement ouvert ou fermé par l'intermédiaire d'un circuit de commande non illustré.The switch 41 is of the normally open type. The switch 42 may be selectively open or closed via a control circuit not shown.

En fonctionnement normal, lorsqu'on souhaite appliquer la tension de la source 2 entre les bornes 31 et 32, l'interrupteur 41 est maintenu ouvert et l'interrupteur 42 est maintenu fermé, comme illustré à la figure 12.In normal operation, when it is desired to apply the voltage of the source 2 between the terminals 31 and 32, the switch 41 is kept open and the switch 42 is kept closed, as illustrated in FIG. figure 12 .

En cas de dysfonctionnement, par exemple si une température excessive est mesurée au niveau de la source 2 (par exemple une température proche de la température d'emballement thermique d'un accumulateur électrochimique) ou au niveau de la connectique, l'explosion de l'explosif de l'élément pyrotechnique de l'interrupteur 41 est commandée. Ainsi, l'interrupteur 41 se ferme et on forme ainsi un court-circuit entre les bornes 31 et 32, ce qui permet de maintenir une conduction entre ces bornes. Par ailleurs, l'interrupteur 42 est ouvert et la liaison entre la borne 31 et le pôle 21 est donc rompue, de sorte que la source 2 ne peut plus débiter de courant.In the event of a malfunction, for example if an excessive temperature is measured at the source 2 (for example a temperature close to the temperature of thermal runaway of an electrochemical accumulator) or at the level of the connectors, the explosion of the explosive of the pyrotechnic element of the switch 41 is controlled. Thus, the switch 41 closes and thus forms a short circuit between the terminals 31 and 32, which makes it possible to maintain a conduction between these terminals. Furthermore, the switch 42 is open and the connection between the terminal 31 and the pole 21 is broken, so that the source 2 can no longer flow current.

La figure 14 est un schéma électrique d'une application du deuxième exemple d'interrupteur l'invention, dans un mode de fonctionnement normal. Par rapport au système d'alimentation de la figure 12, l'interrupteur 42 est remplacé par un fusible 43. Ainsi, entre les bornes 31 et 32, le système d'alimentation 3 comprend deux branches en parallèle :

  • une première branche dans laquelle le fusible 43 et la source 2 sont connectés en série ;
  • une deuxième branche dans laquelle la conduction est conditionnée par l'interrupteur 41.
The figure 14 is a circuit diagram of an application of the second example of switch the invention, in a normal operating mode. Compared to the power system of the figure 12 , the switch 42 is replaced by a fuse 43. Thus, between the terminals 31 and 32, the supply system 3 comprises two branches in parallel:
  • a first branch in which the fuse 43 and the source 2 are connected in series;
  • a second branch in which the conduction is conditioned by the switch 41.

L'interrupteur 41 étant du type normalement ouvert, en fonctionnement normal, la tension entre les pôles 21 et 22 de la source 2 est appliquée entre les bornes 31 et 32.Since the switch 41 is of the normally open type, during normal operation, the voltage between the poles 21 and 22 of the source 2 is applied between the terminals 31 and 32.

Lors d'un dysfonctionnement conduisant à un courant débité par la source 2 excessif, la fermeture de l'interrupteur 41 est commandée par une explosion de l'explosif 171 et le fusible 43 fond pour ouvrir la connexion entre le pôle 21 et la borne 31.During a malfunction leading to a current delivered by the excessive source 2, the closing of the switch 41 is controlled by an explosion of the explosive 171 and the fuse 43 merges to open the connection between the pole 21 and the terminal 31 .

La figure 15 est une représentation schématique d'une variante d'interrupteur 41 selon le deuxième exemple. Dans l'application à un système d'alimentation tel qu'illustré à la figure 14, il est souhaitable que l'échauffement du fusible 43 lié à un éventuel courant de court-circuit de la source 2 soit utilisé pour déclencher l'explosion de l'explosif 171. Ainsi, un échauffement du fusible 43 permet automatiquement de réaliser la fermeture de l'interrupteur 41. À cet effet, un pont thermique est formé entre le fusible 43 et l'explosif 171 de sorte que le fusible 43 forme un détonateur de l'explosif 171 lors de son échauffement. Un pont thermique entre le fusible 43 et l'explosif 171 peut par exemple être réalisé en plaçant le fusible 43 en contact avec un boîtier thermiquement conducteur et contenant l'explosif 171. En fonction de l'amplitude et de la durée du courant de court-circuit, le fusible 43 finit par s'ouvrir pour isoler le pôle 21 de la borne 31.The figure 15 is a schematic representation of a switch variant 41 according to the second example. In the application to a feeding system as illustrated in figure 14 it is desirable that the heating of the fuse 43 linked to a possible short-circuit current of the source 2 is used to trigger the explosion of the explosive 171. Thus, a heating of the fuse 43 automatically allows the closing of the switch 41. For this purpose, a thermal bridge is formed between the fuse 43 and the explosive 171 so that the fuse 43 forms a detonator of the explosive 171 during its heating. A thermal bridge between the fuse 43 and the explosive 171 may for example be achieved by placing the fuse 43 in contact with a thermally conductive housing and containing the explosive 171. As a function of the amplitude and the duration of the short current -circuit, the fuse 43 eventually open to isolate the pole 21 of the terminal 31.

Pour obtenir un tel déclenchement automatique, le fusible 43 est avantageusement dimensionné de la façon suivante. En désignant par Iccmax le courant de court-circuit maximal débité par la source de tension continue 2, le fusible 43 est dimensionné pour rester fermé lorsqu'il est traversé par ce courant Iccmax pendant une durée suffisante pour que son échauffement initie l'explosion de l'explosif 171.To obtain such an automatic trigger, the fuse 43 is advantageously sized as follows. By designating by Iccmax the maximum short-circuit current delivered by the DC voltage source 2, the fuse 43 is sized to remain closed when this current Iccax passes through it for a period of time sufficient for its heating to initiate the explosion. the explosive 171.

La figure 16 est un schéma électrique d'une application du troisième exemple d'interrupteur selon l'invention. Le pôle 21 de la source de tension continue 2 est connecté à la troisième électrode 13 de l'interrupteur 1. La borne 31 du système 3 est connectée à la première électrode 11 de l'interrupteur 1. La deuxième électrode 12 est connectée au pôle 22 et à la borne 32. Comme détaillé auparavant, la conduction entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 13 est du type normalement fermé et la connexion entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12 est du type normalement ouvert. Ainsi, en fonctionnement normal, la différence de potentiel entre les pôles 21 et 22 est appliquée entre les bornes 31 et 32. Lors d'un dysfonctionnement, l'explosif 171 ouvre la connexion entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 13 et ferme la connexion entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12. Ainsi, le pôle 21 est déconnecté de la borne 31 et un court-circuit est formé entre les bornes 31 et 32. Cette variante permet d'éviter les pertes de conduction d'un interrupteur semiconducteur entre les électrodes 11 et 13 en fonctionnement normal.The figure 16 is an electrical diagram of an application of the third example of a switch according to the invention. The pole 21 of the DC voltage source 2 is connected to the third electrode 13 of the switch 1. The terminal 31 of the system 3 is connected to the first electrode 11 of the switch 1. The second electrode 12 is connected to the pole 22 and the terminal 32. As detailed previously, the conduction between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 is of the normally closed type and the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12 is normally open type. Thus, in normal operation, the potential difference between the poles 21 and 22 is applied between the terminals 31 and 32. During a malfunction, the explosive 171 opens the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 and closes the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12. Thus, the pole 21 is disconnected from the terminal 31 and a short circuit is formed between the terminals 31 and 32. This variant makes it possible to avoid the conduction losses of a semiconductor switch between the electrodes 11 and 13 in normal operation.

Un système d'alimentation 31 est illustré à la figure 17. Ce système 31 comprend plusieurs systèmes 3 détaillés en référence à la figure 16 connectés en série. Ces systèmes 3 comprennent respectivement des sources de tension continue 201, 202 et 203. Du fait d'un dysfonctionnement au niveau de la source 201, la connexion entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 13 de l'interrupteur 1 est ouverte et la connexion entre l'électrode 11 et l'électrode 12 de cet interrupteur 1 est fermée. Les bornes 31 et 32 sont donc court-circuitées. En l'absence de dysfonctionnement au niveau des sources 202 et 203, leur système 3 reste en mode de fonctionnement normal. Du fait de la qualité de la conduction à travers l'interrupteur 1, un courant de forte intensité peut traverser cet interrupteur. Par conséquent, les sources 202 et 203 peuvent continuer à débiter du courant. Le système 31 permet ainsi une continuité de service, particulièrement utile lorsque le système 31 alimente une motorisation de véhicule.A feeding system 31 is illustrated at figure 17 . This system 31 comprises several detailed systems 3 with reference to the figure 16 connected in series. These systems 3 respectively comprise direct voltage sources 201, 202 and 203. Due to a malfunction at the source 201, the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 13 of the switch 1 is open and the connection between the electrode 11 and the electrode 12 of this switch 1 is closed. The terminals 31 and 32 are therefore short-circuited. In the absence of malfunction at sources 202 and 203, their system 3 remains in normal operating mode. Due to the quality of the conduction through the switch 1, a high intensity current can pass through this switch. Therefore, the sources 202 and 203 may continue to charge current. The system 31 thus allows continuity of service, particularly useful when the system 31 supplies a motor vehicle.

Une continuité de service identique est obtenue en connectant en série des systèmes 3 tels que détaillés en référence aux figures 12 et 14.Identical continuity of service is achieved by serially connecting systems 3 as detailed with reference to Figures 12 and 14 .

Claims (17)

  1. Switch (1) for forming a solid and durable electrically conductive link between two electrically conductive electrodes, characterized in that it comprises:
    - first and second electrically conductive electrodes (11, 12);
    - an electrically conductive element (15);
    - an electrically insulating medium (162) separating the first and second electrodes and separating the electrically conductive element from the second electrode;
    - a pyrotechnic element (17) including an explosive (171), the explosion of this explosive causing the electrically conductive element (15) to heat up and be driven into contact with a contact surface of the second electrode (12), so as to weld the conductive element with the second electrode by brief welding between their materials at the interface between these materials so as to form a solid and durable electrically conductive link between the first and second electrodes.
  2. Switch (1) according to Claim 1, in which the second electrode (12) and the electrically conductive element (15) comprise respective metallic materials coming into contact and being welded together upon the explosion of said explosive.
  3. Switch (1) according to Claim 1 or 2, comprising a chamber (16):
    - into which the pressurized gas produced by the explosion of said explosive (171) is discharged;
    - in which said electrically conductive element (15) is arranged so as to be exposed to the pressurized gas produced by the explosion of said explosive.
  4. Switch (1) according to Claim 3, in which said second electrode (12) is fixed against an internal wall (161) of said chamber.
  5. Switch (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, in which said electrically insulating medium (162) separates the electrically conductive element (15) from the first electrode (11), and in which the explosion of said explosive (171) causes the electrically conductive element to be driven into contact with the first electrode and the conductive element to be welded with the first electrode so as to form the electrically conductive link between the first and second electrodes (11, 12).
  6. Switch according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, in which the electrically conductive element (15) and the first electrode (11) are formed of a single piece.
  7. Switch according to Claim 6, further comprising a third electrode (13) in electrical contact with the electrically conductive element (15), said third electrode being separated from the second electrode by said insulating medium (162), the explosion of said explosive causes the electrically conductive element to be driven in such a way as to separate said conductive element from said third electrode by means of said insulating medium.
  8. Switch according to Claim 7, in which the third electrode (13), the electrically conductive element (15) and an electrically conductive junction (151) between the third electrode and the electrically conductive element are formed of a single piece, the electrically conductive junction having a cross section smaller than the cross section of the electrically conductive element and smaller than the cross section of the third electrode.
  9. Switch according to any one of Claims 6 to 8, in which:
    - the first electrode is formed by the end of a first metal cable;
    - the third electrode is formed by the end of a second metal cable;
    - the electrically conductive element connects the first and third electrodes and has a cavity in which the explosive is housed;
    - the second electrode includes an electrically conductive sleeve surrounding the electrically conductive element and separated from the electrically conductive element via an annular space.
  10. Switch according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the explosion of this explosive is such that the electrically conductive element is driven in a direction at right angles to the contact surface of the second electrode (12).
  11. Switch according to any one of the preceding claims, in which the driving of the electrically conductive element (15) is in a direction at right angles to the contact surface of the second electrode (12) upon the contact between the electrically conductive element (15) and the contact surface of the second electrode (12).
  12. DC voltage power supply system (3), comprising first and second output terminals (31, 32):
    - a switch (1) according to any one of the preceding claims, of which the first electrode (11) is connected to the first terminal (31) and of which the second electrode (12) is connected to the second terminal (32);
    - a DC voltage power source (2) applying a potential difference between the first and second poles (21, 22), the first pole being connected to the first terminal of the system, the second pole being connected to the second terminal.
  13. DC voltage power supply system (3) according to Claim 12, further comprising a fuse (43) via which the first pole (21) of the DC voltage source (2) is connected to the first electrode (11) and to the first terminal (31).
  14. DC voltage power supply system (3) according to Claim 13, having a thermal bridge between said fuse (43) and the explosive (171), such that the heating up of said fuse forms a detonator (172) initiating the explosion of the explosive.
  15. DC voltage power supply system (3) according to Claim 14, in which said DC voltage source (2) has a maximum short-circuit current Iccmax, and in which said fuse is rated to remain closed when it is passed through by Iccmax for a time that is sufficient for its heating up to initiate the explosion of the explosive (171).
  16. DC voltage power supply system (3) according to Claim 12, in which said switch (1) is a switch according to any one of Claims 6 to 9, of which the first electrode (11) and the first terminal (31) are connected to the first pole (21) via said electrically conductive element (15) and the third electrode (13).
  17. DC voltage power supply system according to any one of Claims 12 to 16, further comprising a control circuit (9), said pyrotechnic element (17) further comprising a detonator (172) initiating the explosion of the explosive in response to a signal applied by the control circuit.
EP14766682.0A 2013-09-13 2014-09-10 Switch for short-circuiting a direct-current power source Active EP3044803B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1358869A FR3010827A1 (en) 2013-09-13 2013-09-13 SWITCH FOR SHORT CIRCUIT-SOURCE OF CONTINUOUS POWER VOLTAGE
PCT/EP2014/069329 WO2015036455A1 (en) 2013-09-13 2014-09-10 Switch for short-circuiting a direct-current power source

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3044803A1 EP3044803A1 (en) 2016-07-20
EP3044803B1 true EP3044803B1 (en) 2018-10-10

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EP14766682.0A Active EP3044803B1 (en) 2013-09-13 2014-09-10 Switch for short-circuiting a direct-current power source

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US10546705B2 (en)
EP (1) EP3044803B1 (en)
JP (1) JP6474817B2 (en)
FR (1) FR3010827A1 (en)
WO (1) WO2015036455A1 (en)

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FR3064107B1 (en) * 2017-03-17 2023-03-10 Livbag Sas PYROTECHNIC SWITCH WITH FUSE MEANS
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WO2019027374A1 (en) * 2017-08-01 2019-02-07 Nela Razvojni Center Za Elektroindustrijo In Elektroniko, D.O.O. Directly current electric circuit interrupting switch assembly with an actuator
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US20160225558A1 (en) 2016-08-04
EP3044803A1 (en) 2016-07-20
JP2016536762A (en) 2016-11-24
US10546705B2 (en) 2020-01-28
FR3010827A1 (en) 2015-03-20
WO2015036455A1 (en) 2015-03-19
JP6474817B2 (en) 2019-02-27

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