EP3032637A1 - Câble rayonnant et procédé de fabrication d'un câble rayonnant - Google Patents

Câble rayonnant et procédé de fabrication d'un câble rayonnant Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3032637A1
EP3032637A1 EP14197835.3A EP14197835A EP3032637A1 EP 3032637 A1 EP3032637 A1 EP 3032637A1 EP 14197835 A EP14197835 A EP 14197835A EP 3032637 A1 EP3032637 A1 EP 3032637A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shape
aperture
cable
apertures
longitudinal axis
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP14197835.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3032637B1 (fr
Inventor
Moustafa Raya
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nokia Shanghai Bell Co Ltd
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Alcatel Lucent Shanghai Bell Co Ltd
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Application filed by Alcatel Lucent Shanghai Bell Co Ltd filed Critical Alcatel Lucent Shanghai Bell Co Ltd
Priority to EP14197835.3A priority Critical patent/EP3032637B1/fr
Publication of EP3032637A1 publication Critical patent/EP3032637A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3032637B1 publication Critical patent/EP3032637B1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q13/00—Waveguide horns or mouths; Slot antennas; Leaky-waveguide antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/20—Non-resonant leaky-waveguide or transmission-line antennas; Equivalent structures causing radiation along the transmission path of a guided wave
    • H01Q13/203—Leaky coaxial lines
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/007—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas specially adapted for indoor communication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a radiating cable for radiating electromagnetic energy.
  • the invention further relates to a method of manufacturing such radiating cable.
  • Conventional radiating cables are generally formed from a coaxial cable comprising a conductive core defining the longitudinal axis of the cable and surrounded by an intermediate insulating medium, particularly sheath, of a dielectric material, an outer conductor provided with usually regularly spaced apertures or slots for the passage of electromagnetic radiation, and a protective outer insulating jacket.
  • an intermediate insulating medium particularly sheath
  • an outer conductor provided with usually regularly spaced apertures or slots for the passage of electromagnetic radiation
  • a protective outer insulating jacket By virtue of the apertures formed in the outer conductor, a portion of the power flowing in the cable and transmitted from a transmitting source is coupled to the exterior.
  • the cable thus acts as an antenna and the power coupled to the exterior is called the radiated power. Due to their characteristics, radiating cables may be used under conditions in which signals radiated from a point source are attenuated rapidly, e.g. for forming a distributed antenna system.
  • Conventional radiating cables functioning as a distributed antenna facilitate e.g. radio communication where the usual free space propagation of electromagnetic waves is hampered, undesired or impossible, for example in tunnels, mines, buildings, alongside tracks or lines and in large complexes like exhibition grounds or airports.
  • Slots in the outer conductor e.g. formed of copper
  • a signal transmitted near the cable will couple into the slots and will be carried along the cable length.
  • a radiating cable may be used for both one-way and two-way communication systems.
  • this object is achieved by said radiating cable comprising an outer conductor surrounding a longitudinal axis of the cable, wherein the outer conductor comprises a plurality of apertures arranged along said longitudinal axis, wherein a first aperture comprises a first shape, and wherein a second aperture comprises a second shape, which is different from the first shape, wherein said second shape is obtained by applying a transformation to said first shape of said first aperture, wherein said transformation comprises mirroring said first shape at a second axis which is substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis.
  • said first aperture with said first shape and said second aperture with said second shape are arranged adjacent to each other along said longitudinal axis, i.e. no further (third) aperture is arranged between said first and second aperture.
  • a plurality of aperture groups are distributed along said longitudinal axis.
  • a distance between single group elements, i.e. apertures of a same group is smaller than a distance between adjacent aperture groups.
  • the distance between individual apertures of a same group may be measured between respective center sections of said apertures.
  • At least one of said aperture groups comprises said first aperture with said first shape and said second aperture with said second (i.e., mirrored) shape.
  • the cable may comprise at least one aperture group which comprises apertures with a same shape each.
  • adjacent aperture groups each comprise different aperture shapes per group.
  • a first aperture group comprises several apertures having a same third shape each
  • a second aperture group which is arranged adjacent to said first aperture group, comprises several apertures having a same fourth shape each, wherein said third shape and said fourth shape are different from each other.
  • At least one of said apertures is centrally symmetric, i.e. comprises point symmetry (German: "Punktsymmetrie").
  • a shape of at least one of said apertures does not comprise line symmetry, preferably not any line symmetry. I.e., there is no line of symmetry.
  • At least one of said apertures is centrally symmetric, but not line symmetric.
  • At least one of said apertures comprises a polygonal shape having six edges, i.e. a hexagonal shape, wherein preferably said six edges are connecting adjacent vertices of said hexagonal shape with each other.
  • said hexagonal shape is centrally symmetric, but not line symmetric.
  • a first angle associated with a first vertex of said hexagonal shape and/or a fourth angle associated with a fourth vertex of said hexagonal shape are acute angles.
  • a second angle associated with a second vertex of said hexagonal shape and/or a fifth angle associated with a fifth vertex of said hexagonal shape are larger than 180°.
  • a third angle associated with a third vertex of said hexagonal shape and/or a sixth angle associated with a sixth vertex of said hexagonal shape are larger than 90°, but smaller than 180°.
  • a distance between a second vertex and a fifth vertex of said hexagonal shape is smaller than a length of any of said six edges, preferably smaller than twenty percent of a length of any of said six edges.
  • Figure 1 schematically depicts a side view of a portion of a radiating cable 10 according to an embodiment.
  • the cable 10 comprises an outer conductor 12 surrounding a longitudinal axis 14 of the cable 10.
  • the cable 10 may comprise one or more inner conductors which are provided radially inwards of said outer conductor 12 and which may be separated from said outer conductor 12 and/or from each other in an electrically isolating fashion by means of insulating means such as dielectric sheaths or other suitable dielectric components.
  • an insulating jacket may be provided on a radial outer surface of said outer conductor 12. Said inner conductor(s) and the insulating jacket are not shown for the sake of clarity.
  • said outer conductor 12 comprises a plurality of apertures 120_1, 120_2 arranged along said longitudinal axis 14, wherein a first aperture 120_1 comprises a first shape, and wherein a second aperture 120_2 comprises a second shape, wherein said second shape is obtained by applying a transformation to said first shape of said first aperture 120_1, wherein said transformation comprises mirroring said first shape at a second axis 14' which is substantially perpendicular (i.e., allowing a maximum angular deviation from orthogonality between -20° and +20°) to said longitudinal axis 14.
  • the second axis 14' is perpendicular to the longitudinal axis 14.
  • the presence of the apertures 120_1, 120_2 in the outer conductor 12 of the cable 10 enables a portion of electromagnetic energy transported by said cable 10 to be radiated to the exterior of the cable 10 thus e.g. providing functionality for distributed antenna systems.
  • the cable 10 may be designed as a coaxial cable with one inner conductor (not shown), e.g. arranged along the longitudinal axis 14 radially inward of said outer conductor 12.
  • said first aperture 120_1 with said first shape and said second aperture 120_2 with said second shape are arranged adjacent to each other along said longitudinal axis 14, i.e. no further (third) aperture is arranged between said first and second apertures 120_1, 120_2.
  • a distance between said first and second apertures 120_1, 120_2 comprises a predetermined value P, which preferably depends on a desired operating frequency range of the radiating cable.
  • the distance P between said first aperture 120_1 with said first shape and said second aperture 120_2 with said second, mirrored, shape is chosen to substantially correspond with half a wavelength of electromagnetic signals that are to be distributed and radiated by said cable.
  • Figure 2 schematically depicts a side view of a portion of a radiating cable 10a according to a further embodiment.
  • a plurality of aperture groups G1, G2 are distributed along said longitudinal axis 14.
  • a distance X1 between single group elements, i.e. apertures 120_1, 120_2 of a same group G1 is smaller than a distance P1 between adjacent aperture groups G1, G2.
  • the distance X1, X2 between individual apertures 120_1, 120_2 or 120_3, 120_4 of a same group G1 or G2 may be measured between respective center sections cs of said apertures.
  • the first aperture group G1 presently comprises two apertures 120_1, 120_2 the center sections cs of which are spaced apart from each other along the longitudinal axis 14 by the first distance X1.
  • the second aperture group G2 presently comprises also two apertures 120_3, 120_4 the center sections of which are spaced apart from each other along the longitudinal axis 14 by the second distance X2, which may be equal to the first distance X1 or which may be different from said first distance X1.
  • group G1 is similar in structure (apart from the different distances P, X1) to the configuration of Fig. 1 .
  • Fig. 2 enables further fading optimization, especially for two or more operating frequencies.
  • Figure 3 schematically depicts a side view of a portion of a radiating cable 10b according to a further embodiment, wherein at least one aperture group G3 comprises apertures 120_5, 120_6 with a same shape each. Also, the further depicted aperture group G4 comprises apertures 120_7, 120_8 with a same shape each. Nevertheless, at least two apertures 120_5, 120_7, for example, satisfy the criterion according to the embodiments that a second shape of a second aperture 120_7 is obtained by a transformation from a first shape of a first aperture 120_5, e.g. by mirroring at axis 14', cf. Fig. 1 .
  • adjacent aperture groups G3, G4 each comprise different aperture shapes per group.
  • aperture group G3 comprises several apertures 120_5, 120_6 having a same third shape each
  • the aperture group G4, which is arranged adjacent to said aperture group G3, comprises several apertures 120_7, 120_8 having a same fourth shape each, wherein said third shape and said fourth shape are different from each other.
  • said fourth shape may be derived from said third shape by means of a transformation, e.g. mirroring at the axis 14' ( Fig. 1 ).
  • the distance X4 may be equal to X3 or may be different from X3.
  • At least one of the apertures 120_1 1 ( Fig. 1 ) of the radiating cable is centrally symmetric, i.e. comprises point symmetry.
  • a shape of at least one of said apertures 120_1 does not comprise line symmetry, preferably not any line symmetry.
  • at least one of said apertures 120_1 is centrally symmetric, but not line symmetric.
  • At least one of said apertures 120a comprises a polygonal shape having six edges, i.e. a hexagonal shape, wherein preferably said six edges are connecting adjacent vertices of said hexagonal shape with each other.
  • a polygonal shape having six edges, i.e. a hexagonal shape, wherein preferably said six edges are connecting adjacent vertices of said hexagonal shape with each other.
  • Fig. 4 Such a configuration is depicted by Fig. 4 .
  • the six vertices V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6 of the hexagonal shape are connected by six respective edges E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, which are arranged counterclockwise, i.e. in a mathematical positive sense.
  • Said shape of the aperture 120a of Fig. 4 also comprises point symmetry, i.e. is centrally symmetric around a point of symmetry SP close to vertices V2, V5, but no line symmetry.
  • a second vertex V2 and a fifth vertex V5 define a center region around said point of symmetry SP of said aperture 120a, wherein a distance between said second vertex V2 and said fifth vertex V5 is smaller than a length of any of said six edges E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6, preferably smaller than 20 percent of a length of any of said six edges E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E6.
  • the first angle ⁇ 1 and/or said fourth angle ⁇ 4 are acute angles, i.e. ⁇ 1 ⁇ 90° and/or ⁇ 4 ⁇ 90°.
  • the second angle ⁇ 2 and/or said fifth angle ⁇ 5 are larger than 180°.
  • the third angle ⁇ 3 and/or the sixth angle ⁇ 6 are larger than 90°, but smaller than 180°.
  • the length of the third and/or sixth edge(s) E3, E6 is smaller than the length of either of the first, second, fourth, or fifth edge E1, E2, E4, E5.
  • geometric parameters of the aperture 120a are chosen as follows:
  • Figure 5a , 5b schematically depict various shapes 120', 120" of apertures according to further embodiments.
  • the radiating cable may comprise at least one aperture having any of the shapes 120', 120''.
  • the shape variants 120', 120" of Fig. 5a , 5b may also be combined with any of the aforementioned embodiments.
  • Figure 6 schematically depicts an operational scenario of the radiating cable 10 together with symbolically depicted dipoles D1, D2, D3, wherein cable 10 is mounted to a wall 300, and wherein first dipole D1 is a radial dipole with respect to cable 10, wherein second dipole D2 is arranged vertically with respect to cable 10, and wherein dipole D3 is arranged parallel with respect to cable 10.
  • Said dipoles D1, D2, D3 illustrate the different polarization orientations also used for obtaining the curves of Fig. 7a , 7b , 7c , 7d , 7e .
  • Figures 7a , 7b , 7c , 7d , 7e each schematically depict a coupling loss cl over a frequency f (range from about 0.2 GHz to about 3.0 GHz) for different polarization types of a cable according to the embodiments.
  • Curve c1 denotes vertical polarization
  • curve c2 denotes radial polarization
  • curve c3 denotes parallel polarization.
  • Figure 8 schematically depicts a simplified flow-chart of a method according to an embodiment.
  • the method of manufacturing a radiating cable 10 ( Fig. 1 ) for radiating electromagnetic energy comprises providing 200 an outer conductor 12 ( Fig. 1 ) surrounding a longitudinal axis 14 of the cable 10, wherein the outer conductor 12 comprises a plurality of apertures 120_1, 120_2 arranged along said longitudinal axis 14, wherein a first aperture 120_1 comprises a first shape, and wherein a second aperture 120_2 comprises a second shape, wherein said second shape is obtained by applying a transformation to said first shape of said first aperture 120_1, wherein said transformation comprises mirroring said first shape at a second axis 14' which is substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis 14.
  • Figure 9a , 9b schematically depict a longitudinal loss 11 (corresponding to the scattering parameter "S12" in dB per 100 meters) over frequency according to further embodiments.
  • the radiating cable 10, 10a, 10b may e.g. be used for providing a leaky coaxial cable (LCX).
  • LCX leaky coaxial cable
  • the radiating cable 10, 10a, 10b may e.g. be used for providing a leaky coaxial cable (LCX).
  • LCX can be used as a solution for radio communication to achieve homogenously covered areas in spite of the poor RF propagation environment.
  • the radiation from the LCX should be also vertically polarized in order to enable efficiency transfer. Since the antenna on the train can only receive vertically polarized waves, radiation appearing from LCX except for vertical polarization may be considered as losses for this application scenario. Such losses may be avoided by employing the principle according to the embodiments, which enables to provide radiating cables that provided dominant vertically polarized radiation.
  • fading (caused by destructive interference of electromagnetic energy radiated through the apertures of a radiating cable) can be mitigated by employing the embodiments.
  • the electrical polarity of two successive (i.e., adjacent) apertures or groups of apertures may get opposite.
  • the opposite polarity on said apertures may result in radiation of opposite electrical field vector directions E1 and E2.
  • the overlap of these vectors E1 and E2 in the central region between the two apertures (not shown) may be destructive due to the opposite phases of these vectors E1 and E2.
  • This is denoted as fading and leads to an LCX suffer from inhomogeneity of covered areas.
  • the fading issue can be resolved by applying the principle according to the embodiments.
  • the aperture shape of Fig. 4 may also be denoted as "twangle slot", because the hexagonal aperture shape may also be considered to be constituted by two triangular apertures overlapping in the center section SP.
  • the comparatively small "waist" section, i.e. the difference vector between vertices V2, V5 of the hexagonal shape advantageously acts as a reflector for electromagnetic waves traveling in a cable 10 comprising said aperture 120a. Due to reflections on said cross point SP the reflected current densify and turn around the edges of the aperture 120a.
  • An opposite electrical polarity appearing from an upper to lower side on said shape according to Fig. 4 results in increased radiation of vertically polarized electrical fields.
  • Figures 5a , 5b show apertures according to further embodiments, wherein the aspect of a reflector in a center section of the aperture has been used. These aperture shapes may advantageously also achieve an increased degree of vertical polarization for radiation from a radiating cable.
  • the maximal discontinuity of impedance in the middle due to maximal opening cause reflections with same behavior like the description above and result to vertical polarization.
  • the aspects according to the embodiments solve the issues of weak vertically polarized radiation of conventional LCX and allow the vertically polarization to dominate over other polarizations.
  • the idea is to size the shape of the aperture such that a reactance part of the "antenna-impedance" of the radiating cable 10 is influenced, the reactance part defining the range of resonance.
  • An increase in Fig. 4 of the ratio r w1/11 or w2/12, respectively, can shift the first harmonic resonance.
  • the second self-resonance gets shifted out of e.g.
  • the principle according to the embodiments proposes to provide a first aperture 120_1 ( Fig. 1 ) comprising a first shape and a second aperture 120_2 comprising a second shape, wherein said second shape is obtained by applying a transformation to said first shape of said first aperture 120_1, wherein said transformation comprises mirroring said first shape at a second axis 14' ( Fig. 1 ) which is substantially perpendicular to said longitudinal axis 14 of the cable 10.
  • This approach is also denoted as "flipping method", whereby undesired fading may be overcome.
  • every second aperture 120_2 along the cable 10 may be "flipped", i.e. mirrored at axis 14', ( Fig. 1 ).
  • the flipping or mirroring process respectively, inverts the polarity of distributed current around the slot during operation of the cable 10.
  • the E-Fields of said adjacent apertures 120_1, 120_2 may then radiate with a same phase (or at least approximately the same phase for a substantial frequency range), and an overlap of the so emitted radiation is constructive, thus exhibiting no fading.
  • a radiating cable for two or more harmonic frequencies it is also possible to optimize a radiating cable for two or more harmonic frequencies; this can be done by providing a group or groups of slots, cf. e.g. Fig. 3 .
  • a group or groups of slots cf. e.g. Fig. 3 .
  • each method only within one group and for two successive groups of apertures. For example by using the flipping process in Fig. 2 , for simulation results cf. Fig. 7e , and the "non-flipping method" (cable not depicted, simulation results cf. Fig. 7d ).
  • asymmetrical denotes that one or more geometric parameters of the two triangular legs of said aperture 120a ( Fig. 4 ) such as e.g. 11, 12, h1, h2 are not equal).
  • Fig. 7b depicts the coupling loss values cl for the different polarizations. The results confirm that an asymmetrical shape of the aperture 120a ( Fig. 4 ) does not harm the dominance of vertical polarization. Comparing Fig. 7a with 7b shows no influence on dominance also no significant influence on radiation level of coupling loss cl. Only at freq., around 2.6GHz the parallel polarization is greater.
  • the ratio r By increasing the ratio r from 0.064 to 1.25 (results cf. Fig. 9a vs. 9b) the first harmonic self-resonance peak gets shifted away from 2.25GHz to above 2.8GHz and thus out of the operation band. At the same time, the first resonance remains at 1.5GHz.
  • the simulation results show how it is possible to shift the self-resonance by changing the shape of the aperture 120a according to the embodiments.
  • a periodical placement of apertures (shape of Fig. 4 ) with a period of 224mm along the longitudinal axis 14 ( Fig. 1 ), has been examined and a field-simulation was done.
  • the simulation results can also prove the "non-flipping method" of fading.
  • Observing fig. 7a shows how the fading of the "non-flipping slots" at 1200 MHz and 2400 MHz have been suppressed.
  • FIG. 7e an example of using the "flipping process" double time within one aperture group G1, G2 as well by flipping two successive groups G1, G2 is presented in fig. 3 .
  • the principle according to the embodiments advantageously enables to provide an increased usable operating bandwidth especially in a range between 1.7 GHz to 2.7 GHz, with reduced fading.
  • any block diagrams herein represent conceptual views of illustrative circuitry embodying the principles of the invention.
  • any flow charts, flow diagrams, state transition diagrams, pseudo code, and the like represent various processes which may be substantially represented in computer readable medium and so executed by a computer or processor, whether or not such computer or processor is explicitly shown.

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EP14197835.3A 2014-12-13 2014-12-13 Câble rayonnant et procédé de fabrication d'un câble rayonnant Active EP3032637B1 (fr)

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EP14197835.3A EP3032637B1 (fr) 2014-12-13 2014-12-13 Câble rayonnant et procédé de fabrication d'un câble rayonnant

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EP3032637A1 true EP3032637A1 (fr) 2016-06-15
EP3032637B1 EP3032637B1 (fr) 2020-05-27

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Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1134384A (fr) * 1955-05-11 1957-04-10 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Structure d'antenne à fente
FR2096222A5 (fr) * 1970-06-12 1972-02-11 Sumitomo Electric Co
DE2845986A1 (de) * 1978-08-24 1980-03-06 Daetwyler Ag Abstrahlendes hochfrequenz-koaxialkabel
EP0087683A1 (fr) * 1982-02-24 1983-09-07 Fracarro Radioindustrie Antenne à fente en particulier antenne de télévision intérieure
EP2169769A1 (fr) * 2008-09-30 2010-03-31 Alcatel, Lucent Câble rayonnant

Patent Citations (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR1134384A (fr) * 1955-05-11 1957-04-10 Thomson Houston Comp Francaise Structure d'antenne à fente
FR2096222A5 (fr) * 1970-06-12 1972-02-11 Sumitomo Electric Co
DE2845986A1 (de) * 1978-08-24 1980-03-06 Daetwyler Ag Abstrahlendes hochfrequenz-koaxialkabel
EP0087683A1 (fr) * 1982-02-24 1983-09-07 Fracarro Radioindustrie Antenne à fente en particulier antenne de télévision intérieure
EP2169769A1 (fr) * 2008-09-30 2010-03-31 Alcatel, Lucent Câble rayonnant

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