EP3025561B1 - System for managing a heating resistance with a positive temperature coefficient of auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle - Google Patents

System for managing a heating resistance with a positive temperature coefficient of auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3025561B1
EP3025561B1 EP14735493.0A EP14735493A EP3025561B1 EP 3025561 B1 EP3025561 B1 EP 3025561B1 EP 14735493 A EP14735493 A EP 14735493A EP 3025561 B1 EP3025561 B1 EP 3025561B1
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Prior art keywords
peak current
current value
heating
value
current
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EP14735493.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3025561A1 (en
Inventor
Stéphane De Souza
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Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
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Valeo Systemes Thermiques SAS
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B1/00—Details of electric heating devices
    • H05B1/02—Automatic switching arrangements specially adapted to apparatus ; Control of heating devices
    • H05B1/0227—Applications
    • H05B1/023—Industrial applications
    • H05B1/0236—Industrial applications for vehicles
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle for providing a temporary heat input when the engine of the vehicle is not yet hot enough to achieve this contribution.
  • Such auxiliary heating equipment serves for example to quickly bring the heat to demist the windows of the vehicle when the user has just started. It comprises heating rods which for security reasons are formed of electrical resistors with a positive temperature coefficient.
  • a positive temperature coefficient resistor has a resistivity that increases when its temperature increases, which limits the risk of heating or fire in case of electrical malfunction. This is why it is mandatory to use this type of resistance for motor vehicle heating systems.
  • the design of a heating equipment is carried out for given conditions, such as a predetermined air flow rate of 300 kg per hour cooling the heating bars, this air having a given temperature equal for example 0 ° C. .
  • the amount of heat produced by such equipment is controlled by a control electronics which regulates the amount of average current injected into the heating bars by alternately energizing and de-energizing them, according to an adjustable duty cycle, as illustrated by FIG. example by the document WO2013018919 .
  • a control electronics which regulates the amount of average current injected into the heating bars by alternately energizing and de-energizing them, according to an adjustable duty cycle, as illustrated by FIG. example by the document WO2013018919 .
  • the user acts on a controller that conditions the value of the duty cycle.
  • the object of the invention is to propose a solution to remedy this drawback.
  • the subject of the invention is an auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle, comprising one or more heating bars comprising resistors with a positive temperature coefficient, and a power electronics stage alternately energizing and de-energizing.
  • each heating bar according to a duty cycle adjustable by control means, characterized in that it comprises means for limiting the effective current of the current through the power electronics stage, by measuring the peak current through at least one heating rod and comparing the measured peak current value with a peak current read value in a table for the current duty cycle, and lowering the duty cycle in case of measured peak current greater than the current value crest read in the look-up table, the peak current value read in the correlation table this corresponds to the value of maximum effective current allowed by the control unit for the duty cycle considered.
  • the invention may also comprise means for measuring the instantaneous current passing through a bar and a microcontroller connected to these measurement means for interrogating them cyclically so as to store a maximum instantaneous current value corresponding to the peak current measured, and in which the correspondence table is stored in the microcontroller.
  • the invention also comprises several heating bars as well as means for measuring the instantaneous current in each bar.
  • the invention also comprises several heating bars, as well as means for phase shifting the switching on and off of the various heating bars so as to limit the peak current in the control unit during operation.
  • the invention comprises three heating bars as well as means for phase shifting by one-third of a period the switching on and off of these three heating bars.
  • the object of the invention is to limit the rms current in the heating bars to a predetermined threshold by lowering the duty cycle, while measuring the value of the peak current, and using a correspondence table giving for different values of duty cycle. , the peak current value corresponding to the predetermined threshold of effective current.
  • the correspondence table is for example established from tests and measurements on a bench, in which each heating bar of an equipment is alternately switched on and off according to several duty cycle values, this bench being equipped with means for cool the bars in a controlled manner.
  • the voltage is a nominal DC voltage of, for example, 13 volts, and the switching on and off frequency is a low frequency of, for example, 20 Hz.
  • the various duty cycle values chosen are for example 50%, 60%, 70%. %, 80%, 90%. This test makes it possible to identify for each duty cycle value the value of the permissible peak current, that is to say the value peak current corresponding to the predetermined threshold of acceptable rms current (for example 111 amperes) by the control electronics.
  • the bench makes it possible to measure the effective current flowing through the power electronics of the heating equipment, and the peak current which is established in a bar when it is switched on, each measurement being for example carried out on a series of cycles.
  • the peak current, or inrush current corresponds to the peak current that is established on the bar in the moments after power on, before stabilizing the current to a nominal value.
  • the effective current flowing through the power electronics is then measured. If the rms value is below the predetermined threshold of 111 amperes, the bench is controlled to lower the temperature of the bars. This lowering temperature has the effect of reducing the electrical resistance of the bars, and thereby increase the value of the effective current flowing through the power electronics and each bar.
  • the temperature of the bars is thus adjusted by controlling their cooling, until the measured effective current has a value corresponding to the predetermined threshold, namely 111 amperes, the duty cycle being maintained at 90%.
  • the bench is controlled to measure the value of the peak current in each bar, that is to say the value maximum that the instantaneous current takes in the instants which follow its powering up, with each cycle.
  • This peak current value here 40.5 amperes is then stored in the correspondence table in association with the value of 90% duty cycle, and it constitutes the peak current value in a bar corresponding to the predetermined threshold of acceptable current by the power electronics. In other words, if the peak current value became greater than 40.5 amperes at 90% duty cycle, then the current in the power electronics would become greater than the 111 amps threshold value.
  • the predetermined threshold of 111 amperes of rms current in the power electronics is reached when the peak current value is 52.3 and 60. , 2 amps, respectively, in one or the other of the bars.
  • Such tests thus make it possible to establish a correspondence table giving, for each duty cycle value, the peak current value in a bar which corresponds to the effective current threshold allowed by the power electronics.
  • a look-up table can be established from tests, but it can possibly be as well established from a numerical simulation of the functioning of the components.
  • This correspondence table thus makes it possible to control the auxiliary heating apparatus so as to eliminate the risk of overcurrent.
  • the apparatus or its power electronics is thus equipped with means for measuring the peak current in at least one bar, or even in each bar, which will make it possible to determine in a simple but precise manner whether the current value E effective in electronics is acceptable or not, so as to lower the duty cycle to reduce the rms current if it is too high.
  • the current measuring means comprise for each bar a probe for determining the instantaneous current value passing through the bar.
  • These probes are connected to a microcontroller type unit or the like, capable of performing calculations and in which the correspondence table is stored.
  • the microcontroller regularly interrogates the probes, for example every 50 ms, and it always records the last maximum value, thanks to an appropriate algorithm, which in fact enables it to simply and reliably measure a peak current. the highest in the different bars.
  • the microcontroller reads the value of the duty cycle which is applied to the heating rods by the control, and reads in the correspondence table the permissible peak current value, for the duty cycle in question. The microcontroller then compares the measured peak current value with the permissible peak current value.
  • the measured peak current value is lower than the permissible peak current value, this means that the effective current in the control electronics E is lower than the predetermined threshold. There is no risk of damage, so that the microcontroller does not act on the control electronics.
  • the microcontroller acts on the control of the control electronics E to reduce the duty cycle by 10%.
  • the microcontroller performs further measurements to similarly determine whether the peak current value is greater than the permissible peak current value for the new duty cycle. If so, it will reorder the control electronics to reduce the duty cycle by an additional 10%.
  • the duty cycle is sufficiently reduced so that the value of the effective current in the power electronics E becomes lower than the predetermined threshold value.
  • this table shows that the value of peak current increases when the duty cycle decreases, if the temperature of the bars is very low.
  • the peak current value in each bar, and therefore in each powering transistor associated with each bar reaches 60.2 amps, which may correspond to an operating limit for these transistors.
  • the microcontroller can be used to prohibit operation of the equipment when the peak current value is greater than 60.2 amperes.
  • This table also makes it possible to identify the value of the peak current passing through all the power electronics in operation, which can also constitute another criterion to be taken into account to stop the switchgear if the overall peak current value in the control electronics is considered too important.
  • the bars are switched on and off all three at a low frequency of, for example, 20 Hz and at the same duty cycle, but in a phase-shifted manner. which contributes to significantly reducing the value of peak current in the control unit E.
  • the currents in the three bars are out of phase by a third of a period.
  • the peak or maximum current value IcE in the control unit E is of the order of three times the peak current value in each bar when the duty cycle is greater than two thirds (66% ) since there then necessarily exist time intervals during which the three bars are simultaneously under tension.
  • the maximum peak current value in the control unit E is of the order of only twice the peak current value in each bar, because There are no intervals where the three bars are energized, but only intervals where two or more bars are energized.
  • phase shift of the various bars thus smooths the current in the control unit E and limits the value of peak current that it undergoes, without impact on the thermal efficiency of the equipment.
  • the invention thus makes it possible to limit the value of effective current in the equipment while making simple current measurements since it is only a question of measuring maximum values of instantaneous current.
  • the invention makes it possible to take into account the effective current of a very noisy signal, without having to implement a real measurement of effective current which is in itself expensive to implement.

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  • Control Of Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Air-Conditioning For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)

Description

L'invention concerne un équipement de chauffage électrique auxiliaire de véhicule automobile destiné à assurer un apport de chaleur temporaire lorsque le moteur thermique du véhicule n'est pas encore suffisamment chaud pour réaliser cet apport.The invention relates to an auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle for providing a temporary heat input when the engine of the vehicle is not yet hot enough to achieve this contribution.

ARRIERE PLAN DE L'INVENTIONBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Un tel équipement de chauffage auxiliaire sert par exemple à apporter rapidement la chaleur permettant de désembuer les vitres du véhicule lorsque l'utilisateur vient de démarrer. Il comporte des barres chauffantes qui pour des raisons de sécurité sont formées de résistances électriques à coefficient de température positif.Such auxiliary heating equipment serves for example to quickly bring the heat to demist the windows of the vehicle when the user has just started. It comprises heating rods which for security reasons are formed of electrical resistors with a positive temperature coefficient.

Une résistance à coefficient de température positif présente une résistivité qui augmente lorsque sa température augmente, ce qui permet de limiter les risques d'échauffement voire de déclenchement d'incendie en cas de dysfonctionnement électrique. C'est la raison pour laquelle il est obligatoire d'utiliser ce type de résistance pour les systèmes de chauffage de véhicule automobile.A positive temperature coefficient resistor has a resistivity that increases when its temperature increases, which limits the risk of heating or fire in case of electrical malfunction. This is why it is mandatory to use this type of resistance for motor vehicle heating systems.

Dans le cas d'un accident, si un tel barreau reste sous tension, il s'échauffe car il n'est pas ventilé du fait que le véhicule est immobile. Cette augmentation de température induit une augmentation de la résistivité qui fait diminuer l'intensité du courant et donc limite les risques d'événements thermiques en cas de dysfonctionnement électrique.In the case of an accident, if such a bar remains energized, it heats up because it is not ventilated because the vehicle is stationary. This increase in temperature induces an increase in the resistivity which decreases the intensity of the current and therefore limits the risk of thermal events in the event of an electrical malfunction.

En pratique, dans le cas d'un accident, l'élévation de température d'un tel barreau chauffant maintenu sous tension reste ainsi raisonnable, ce qui permet de limiter les risques d'incendie. A contrario, une résistance de chauffage classique restant sous tension en cas d'accident donne lieu à un accroissement de température très important susceptible de provoquer un incendie.In practice, in the case of an accident, the temperature rise of such a heating bar kept under tension thus remains reasonable, which limits the risk of fire. On the other hand, a conventional heating resistor that remains energized in the event of an accident gives rise to a very high temperature increase that can cause a fire.

Dans ce contexte, le dimensionnement d'un équipement de chauffage est réalisé pour des conditions données, telles qu'un débit d'air prédéterminé de 300 kg par heure refroidissant les barreaux chauffants, cet air ayant une température donnée valant par exemple 0 °C.In this context, the design of a heating equipment is carried out for given conditions, such as a predetermined air flow rate of 300 kg per hour cooling the heating bars, this air having a given temperature equal for example 0 ° C. .

Le réglage de la quantité de chaleur que produit un tel équipement est assuré par une électronique de pilotage qui régule la quantité de courant moyenne injectée dans les barreaux chauffants en les mettant alternativement sous tension et hors tension, selon un rapport cyclique ajustable, comme illustré par exemple par le document WO2013018919 . Pour ajuster la quantité de chaleur produite, l'utilisateur agit sur un organe de commande qui conditionne la valeur du rapport cyclique.The amount of heat produced by such equipment is controlled by a control electronics which regulates the amount of average current injected into the heating bars by alternately energizing and de-energizing them, according to an adjustable duty cycle, as illustrated by FIG. example by the document WO2013018919 . To adjust the amount of heat produced, the user acts on a controller that conditions the value of the duty cycle.

Un tel équipement de chauffage auxiliaire donne néanmoins lieu à un risque de dysfonctionnement en cas de grand froid. Si l'utilisateur demande un fonctionnement à pleine charge alors que la température extérieure est très basse, l'intensité du courant traversant la ou les résistances et l'électronique de pilotage peut devenir très élevée. Cela peut se traduire par différents dysfonctionnements et notamment une détérioration irréversible des composants de l'électronique de pilotage.Such auxiliary heating equipment nevertheless gives rise to a risk of malfunction in extreme cold. If the user requests operation at full load while the outside temperature is very low, the intensity of the current through the resistance or resistors and the control electronics can become very high. This can result in various malfunctions and in particular irreversible deterioration of the components of the control electronics.

OBJET DE L'INVENTIONOBJECT OF THE INVENTION

Le but de l'invention est de proposer une solution pour remédier à cet inconvénient.The object of the invention is to propose a solution to remedy this drawback.

RESUME DE L'INVENTIONSUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A cet effet, l'invention a pour objet un équipement de chauffage électrique auxiliaire de véhicule automobile, comprenant un ou plusieurs barreaux chauffants comprenant des résistances à coefficient de température positif, et un étage d'électronique de puissance mettant alternativement sous tension et hors tension chaque barreau chauffant, conformément à un rapport cyclique ajustable par des moyens de commande, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend des moyens de limitation de l'intensité efficace du courant traversant l'étage d'électronique de puissance, par mesure du courant crête traversant au moins un barreau chauffant et par comparaison de la valeur de courant crête mesurée avec une valeur de courant crête lue dans une table pour le rapport cyclique en cours, et par abaissement du rapport cyclique en cas de courant crête mesuré supérieur à la valeur de courant crête lue dans la table de correspondance, la valeur de courant crête lue dans la table de correspondance correspondant à la valeur de courant efficace maximale admissible par l'unité de commande pour le rapport cyclique considéré.For this purpose, the subject of the invention is an auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle, comprising one or more heating bars comprising resistors with a positive temperature coefficient, and a power electronics stage alternately energizing and de-energizing. each heating bar, according to a duty cycle adjustable by control means, characterized in that it comprises means for limiting the effective current of the current through the power electronics stage, by measuring the peak current through at least one heating rod and comparing the measured peak current value with a peak current read value in a table for the current duty cycle, and lowering the duty cycle in case of measured peak current greater than the current value crest read in the look-up table, the peak current value read in the correlation table this corresponds to the value of maximum effective current allowed by the control unit for the duty cycle considered.

Cette solution permet de limiter le courant efficace dans l'unité de commande en réalisant des mesures de courant crête qui sont plus simples à mettre en oeuvre que des mesures de courant efficace compte tenu du bruit important existant dans le signal de courant.This solution makes it possible to limit the effective current in the control unit by making peak current measurements which are simpler to implement. as current measurements taking into account the significant noise existing in the current signal.

L'invention peut également comprendre des moyens de mesure du courant instantané traversant un barreau ainsi qu'un microcontrôleur relié à ces moyens de mesure pour les interroger cycliquement de manière à mémoriser une valeur maximale de courant instantané correspondant au courant crête mesuré, et dans lequel la table de correspondance est mémorisée dans le microcontrôleur.The invention may also comprise means for measuring the instantaneous current passing through a bar and a microcontroller connected to these measurement means for interrogating them cyclically so as to store a maximum instantaneous current value corresponding to the peak current measured, and in which the correspondence table is stored in the microcontroller.

Selon un mode de réalisation, l'invention comprend également plusieurs barreaux chauffants ainsi que des moyens de mesure du courant instantané dans chaque barreau.According to one embodiment, the invention also comprises several heating bars as well as means for measuring the instantaneous current in each bar.

Selon un autre mode de réalisation, l'invention comprend également plusieurs barreaux chauffants, ainsi que des moyens pour déphaser la mise sous et hors tension des différents barreaux chauffants de manière à limiter le courant crête dans l'unité de pilotage en cours de fonctionnement.According to another embodiment, the invention also comprises several heating bars, as well as means for phase shifting the switching on and off of the various heating bars so as to limit the peak current in the control unit during operation.

Selon une autre variante, l'invention comprend trois barreaux chauffants ainsi que des moyens pour déphaser d'un tiers de période la mise sous et hors tension de ces trois barreaux chauffants.According to another variant, the invention comprises three heating bars as well as means for phase shifting by one-third of a period the switching on and off of these three heating bars.

DESCRIPTION DETAILLEE DE L'INVENTIONDETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

L'objectif de l'invention est de limiter le courant efficace dans les barreaux chauffants à un seuil prédéterminé par abaissement du rapport cyclique, tout en mesurant la valeur du courant crête, et en utilisant une table de correspondance donnant pour différentes valeurs de rapport cyclique, la valeur de courant crête correspondant au seuil prédéterminé de courant efficace.The object of the invention is to limit the rms current in the heating bars to a predetermined threshold by lowering the duty cycle, while measuring the value of the peak current, and using a correspondence table giving for different values of duty cycle. , the peak current value corresponding to the predetermined threshold of effective current.

La table de correspondance est par exemple établie à partir d'essais et mesures sur un banc, dans lesquels chaque barreau chauffant d'un équipement est alternativement mis sous tension et hors tension selon plusieurs valeurs de rapport cyclique, ce banc étant équipé de moyens pour refroidir les barreaux de manière pilotée.The correspondence table is for example established from tests and measurements on a bench, in which each heating bar of an equipment is alternately switched on and off according to several duty cycle values, this bench being equipped with means for cool the bars in a controlled manner.

La tension est une tension continue nominale valant par exemple 13 volts, et la fréquence de mise sous tension et hors tension est une basse fréquence valant par exemple 20 Hz. Les différentes valeurs de rapport cyclique choisies sont par exemple 50 %, 60 %, 70 %, 80 %, 90 %. Cet essai permet d'identifier pour chaque valeur de rapport cyclique la valeur du courant crête admissible, c'est-à-dire la valeur du courant crête correspondant au seuil prédéterminé de courant efficace admissible (par exemple 111 ampères) par l'électronique de pilotage.The voltage is a nominal DC voltage of, for example, 13 volts, and the switching on and off frequency is a low frequency of, for example, 20 Hz. The various duty cycle values chosen are for example 50%, 60%, 70%. %, 80%, 90%. This test makes it possible to identify for each duty cycle value the value of the permissible peak current, that is to say the value peak current corresponding to the predetermined threshold of acceptable rms current (for example 111 amperes) by the control electronics.

Le banc permet de mesurer le courant efficace traversant l'électronique de puissance de l'équipement de chauffage, et le courant crête qui s'établit dans un barreau lors de sa mise sous tension, chaque mesure étant par exemple réalisée sur une série de cycles. Le courant crête, ou encore courant d'appel, correspond au pic de courant qui s'établit sur le barreau dans les instants suivant sa mise sous tension, avant stabilisation du courant à une valeur nominale.The bench makes it possible to measure the effective current flowing through the power electronics of the heating equipment, and the peak current which is established in a bar when it is switched on, each measurement being for example carried out on a series of cycles. . The peak current, or inrush current, corresponds to the peak current that is established on the bar in the moments after power on, before stabilizing the current to a nominal value.

En commençant par exemple par appliquer un rapport cyclique de 90 % à 20 Hz, on mesure alors le courant efficace traversant l'électronique de puissance. Si la valeur de courant efficace est inférieure au seuil prédéterminé de 111 ampères, le banc est piloté pour abaisser la température des barreaux. Cet abaissement de température a pour effet de diminuer la résistance électrique des barreaux, et par là même d'accroître la valeur du courant efficace qui traverse l'électronique de puissance ainsi que chaque barreau.Starting, for example, by applying a duty cycle of 90% at 20 Hz, the effective current flowing through the power electronics is then measured. If the rms value is below the predetermined threshold of 111 amperes, the bench is controlled to lower the temperature of the bars. This lowering temperature has the effect of reducing the electrical resistance of the bars, and thereby increase the value of the effective current flowing through the power electronics and each bar.

On ajuste ainsi la température des barreaux en pilotant leur refroidissement, jusqu'à ce que le courant efficace mesuré présente une valeur correspondant au seuil prédéterminé, à savoir 111 ampères, le rapport cyclique étant maintenu à 90 %. Lorsque la température des barreaux donne lieu à une valeur de courant efficace de 111 ampères de façon stabilisée dans l'électronique de puissance, le banc est piloté pour mesurer la valeur du courant crête dans chaque barreau, c'est-à-dire la valeur maximale que prend le courant instantané dans les instants qui suivent sa mise sous tension, à chaque cycle.The temperature of the bars is thus adjusted by controlling their cooling, until the measured effective current has a value corresponding to the predetermined threshold, namely 111 amperes, the duty cycle being maintained at 90%. When the temperature of the bars gives rise to an efficiency value of 111 amps stabilized in the power electronics, the bench is controlled to measure the value of the peak current in each bar, that is to say the value maximum that the instantaneous current takes in the instants which follow its powering up, with each cycle.

Cette valeur de courant crête, ici 40,5 ampères est alors mémorisée dans la table de correspondance en association avec la valeur de 90 % de rapport cyclique, et elle constitue la valeur de courant crête dans un barreau correspondant au seuil prédéterminé de courant efficace admissible par l'électronique de puissance. Autrement dit, si la valeur de courant crête devenait supérieure à 40,5 ampères sous 90 % de rapport cyclique, alors le courant efficace dans l'électronique de puissance deviendrait supérieur à la valeur seuil de 111 ampères.This peak current value, here 40.5 amperes is then stored in the correspondence table in association with the value of 90% duty cycle, and it constitutes the peak current value in a bar corresponding to the predetermined threshold of acceptable current by the power electronics. In other words, if the peak current value became greater than 40.5 amperes at 90% duty cycle, then the current in the power electronics would become greater than the 111 amps threshold value.

Le même protocole est ensuite mis en oeuvre sous un rapport cyclique de 80 %, et il permet de conclure qu'en plaçant le barreau à une température telle que la valeur de courant efficace vaut 111 ampères dans l'électronique de puissance, alors la valeur de courant crête dans un barreau est de 45,3 ampères.The same protocol is then implemented in a cyclic ratio of 80%, and it can be concluded that by placing the bar at a temperature such that the rms value is 111 amps in the power electronics, then the value peak current in a bar is 45.3 amperes.

De manière analogue, deux autres essais permettent de déterminer que sous 70 % puis 60 % de rapport cyclique, le seuil prédéterminé de 111 ampères de courant efficace dans l'électronique de puissance est atteint lorsque la valeur de courant crête vaut 52,3 et 60,2 ampères, respectivement, dans l'un ou l'autre des barreaux.Similarly, two other tests make it possible to determine that under 70% then 60% duty cycle, the predetermined threshold of 111 amperes of rms current in the power electronics is reached when the peak current value is 52.3 and 60. , 2 amps, respectively, in one or the other of the bars.

De tels essais permettent ainsi d'établir une table de correspondance donnant pour chaque valeur de rapport cyclique, la valeur de courant crête dans un barreau qui correspond au seuil de courant efficace admissible par l'électronique de puissance. Une telle table de correspondance peut être établie à partir d'essais, mais elle peut éventuellement être aussi bien établie à partir d'une simulation numérique du fonctionnement des composants.Such tests thus make it possible to establish a correspondence table giving, for each duty cycle value, the peak current value in a bar which corresponds to the effective current threshold allowed by the power electronics. Such a look-up table can be established from tests, but it can possibly be as well established from a numerical simulation of the functioning of the components.

Dans le tableau ci-dessous, on a rassemblé les données d'une telle table de correspondance résultant d'un essai du type ci-dessus, pour le cas d'un appareil de chauffage auxiliaire comportant trois barreaux chauffants 1, 2, 3 pilotés par une électronique de puissance notée E.In the table below, the data of such a correspondence table resulting from a test of the above type has been collected for the case of an auxiliary heating appliance comprising three heated heating bars 1, 2, 3 by a power electronics denoted E.

On a ainsi noté Ic1, Ic2 et Ic3 les valeurs de courant crête dans chacun des trois barreaux chauffants, et IcE et IeE, les valeurs de courant crête et de courant efficace dans l'électronique de pilotage E, pour chaque valeur de rapport cyclique. Dans le cas présent, les composants de l'électronique de pilotage E sont tels que la valeur de courant efficace traversant cette électronique de puissance E ne doit pas excéder 111 ampères. 60% 70% 80% 90% Ic1 60,2 52,3 45,3 40,5 Ic2 60,2 52,3 45,3 40,5 Ic3 60,2 52,3 45,3 40,5 IcE 120,4 156,9 135,9 121,5 IeE 111,02 110,95 111 110,9 The peak current values in each of the three heating bars, and IcE and IeE, the peak current and effective current values in the control electronics E, for each duty cycle value, have thus been noted Ic1, Ic2 and Ic3. In the present case, the components of the control electronics E are such that the value of the rms current flowing through this power electronics E must not exceed 111 amperes. 60% 70% 80% 90% Ic1 60.2 52.3 45.3 40.5 Ic2 60.2 52.3 45.3 40.5 Ic3 60.2 52.3 45.3 40.5 IcE 120.4 156.9 135.9 121.5 IaE 111.02 110.95 111 110.9

Cette table de correspondance permet ainsi de piloter l'appareillage de chauffage auxiliaire de manière à éliminer le risque de surintensité. L'appareillage ou bien son électronique de puissance est ainsi équipé de moyens de mesure du courant crête dans au moins un barreau, voire dans chaque barreau, qui vont permettre de déterminer de manière simple, mais précise si la valeur de courant efficace dans l'électronique E est acceptable ou non, de manière à abaisser le rapport cyclique pour réduire le courant efficace s'il est trop élevé.This correspondence table thus makes it possible to control the auxiliary heating apparatus so as to eliminate the risk of overcurrent. The apparatus or its power electronics is thus equipped with means for measuring the peak current in at least one bar, or even in each bar, which will make it possible to determine in a simple but precise manner whether the current value E effective in electronics is acceptable or not, so as to lower the duty cycle to reduce the rms current if it is too high.

Plus concrètement, les moyens de mesure du courant comportent pour chaque barreau une sonde permettant de déterminer la valeur de courant instantané traversant le barreau. Ces sondes sont reliées à une unité de type microcontrôleur ou analogue, apte à réaliser des calculs et dans laquelle la table de correspondance est mémorisée.More specifically, the current measuring means comprise for each bar a probe for determining the instantaneous current value passing through the bar. These probes are connected to a microcontroller type unit or the like, capable of performing calculations and in which the correspondence table is stored.

En fonctionnement, le microcontrôleur interroge régulièrement les sondes, par exemple toutes les 50 ms, et il enregistre toujours la dernière valeur maximale, grâce à un algorithme approprié, ce qui lui permet en fait de réaliser de manière simple et fiable une mesure du courant crête le plus élevé dans les différents barreaux.In operation, the microcontroller regularly interrogates the probes, for example every 50 ms, and it always records the last maximum value, thanks to an appropriate algorithm, which in fact enables it to simply and reliably measure a peak current. the highest in the different bars.

De façon régulière, le microcontrôleur lit la valeur du rapport cyclique qui est appliqué aux barreaux chauffants par la commande, et il lit dans la table de correspondance la valeur de courant crête admissible, pour le rapport cyclique en question. Le microcontrôleur compare alors la valeur de courant crête mesurée à la valeur de courant crête admissible.On a regular basis, the microcontroller reads the value of the duty cycle which is applied to the heating rods by the control, and reads in the correspondence table the permissible peak current value, for the duty cycle in question. The microcontroller then compares the measured peak current value with the permissible peak current value.

Si la valeur de courant crête mesurée est inférieure à la valeur de courant crête admissible, cela signifie que le courant efficace dans l'électronique de pilotage E est inférieur au seuil prédéterminé. Il n'y a alors pas de risque de détérioration, de sorte que le microcontrôleur n'agit pas sur l'électronique de commande.If the measured peak current value is lower than the permissible peak current value, this means that the effective current in the control electronics E is lower than the predetermined threshold. There is no risk of damage, so that the microcontroller does not act on the control electronics.

Si au contraire, la valeur de courant crête mesurée est supérieure à la valeur de courant crête admissible pour le rapport cyclique considéré, alors cela signifie que le courant efficace dans l'électronique de puissance E est supérieur au seuil prédéterminé, ce qui correspond à un risque de détérioration, voire d'incendie. Dans ce cas, le microcontrôleur agit sur la commande de l'électronique de pilotage E pour diminuer le rapport cyclique de 10 %.If, on the other hand, the measured peak current value is greater than the permissible peak current value for the duty cycle considered, then this means that the effective current in the power electronics E is greater than the predetermined threshold, which corresponds to a risk of deterioration or fire. In this case, the microcontroller acts on the control of the control electronics E to reduce the duty cycle by 10%.

Dans les cycles suivants, le microcontrôleur réalise de nouvelles mesures pour déterminer, de manière analogue, si la valeur de courant crête est supérieure à la valeur de courant crête admissible pour le nouveau rapport cyclique. Dans l'affirmative, il commande à nouveau l'électronique de commande pour faire baisser le rapport cyclique de 10 % supplémentaires.In subsequent cycles, the microcontroller performs further measurements to similarly determine whether the peak current value is greater than the permissible peak current value for the new duty cycle. If so, it will reorder the control electronics to reduce the duty cycle by an additional 10%.

A l'issue de plusieurs itérations de l'algorithme, le rapport cyclique est réduit de manière suffisante pour que la valeur du courant efficace dans l'électronique de puissance E devienne inférieure à la valeur seuil prédéterminée.At the end of several iterations of the algorithm, the duty cycle is sufficiently reduced so that the value of the effective current in the power electronics E becomes lower than the predetermined threshold value.

Le tableau donné plus haut qui résulte d'essais ou de simulations permet de constituer la table de correspondance utilisée pour piloter l'équipement, mais il permet également d'identifier des conditions de fonctionnement limite au-delà et en deçà desquelles l'appareillage ne peut pas être exploité sans risque.The table given above which results from tests or simulations makes it possible to constitute the correspondence table used to control the equipment, but it also makes it possible to identify limiting operating conditions beyond and below which the apparatus does not can not be operated without risk.

En particulier, ce tableau montre que la valeur de courant crête augmente lorsque le rapport cyclique diminue, si la température des barreaux est très basse. Notamment, par basse température, la valeur de courant crête dans chaque barreau, et donc dans chaque transistor de mise sous tension associé à chaque barreau, atteint 60,2 Ampères, ce qui peut correspondre à une limite de fonctionnement pour ces transistors. Dans ce cas, le microcontrôleur peut être utilisé pour interdire un fonctionnement de l'appareillage lorsque la valeur de courant crête est supérieure à 60,2 Ampères.In particular, this table shows that the value of peak current increases when the duty cycle decreases, if the temperature of the bars is very low. In particular, at low temperature, the peak current value in each bar, and therefore in each powering transistor associated with each bar, reaches 60.2 amps, which may correspond to an operating limit for these transistors. In this case, the microcontroller can be used to prohibit operation of the equipment when the peak current value is greater than 60.2 amperes.

Par ailleurs, il convient de noter que la situation correspondant à un rapport cyclique de 60 % avec une valeur de courant efficace de 111 ampères dans l'unité de commande correspond à un cas de figure où il fait exceptionnellement froid, voire un cas de figure théorique impossible à atteindre en pratique.Furthermore, it should be noted that the situation corresponding to a duty cycle of 60% with a rms current value of 111 amps in the control unit corresponds to a case in which it is unusually cold, or even a case in point theoretically impossible to achieve in practice.

Ce tableau permet aussi d'identifier la valeur du courant crête traversant l'ensemble de l'électronique de puissance en fonctionnement, ce qui peut là aussi constituer un autre critère à prendre en compte pour arrêter l'appareillage si la valeur de courant crête globale dans l'électronique de commande est considérée comme étant trop importante.This table also makes it possible to identify the value of the peak current passing through all the power electronics in operation, which can also constitute another criterion to be taken into account to stop the switchgear if the overall peak current value in the control electronics is considered too important.

D'une manière générale, dans le cas d'un équipement à trois barreaux, les barreaux sont mis sous et hors tension tous les trois à une fréquence basse valant par exemple 20 Hz et à un même rapport cyclique, mais de manière déphasée, ce qui contribue à réduire significativement la valeur de courant crête dans l'unité de pilotage E.In general, in the case of a three-bar equipment, the bars are switched on and off all three at a low frequency of, for example, 20 Hz and at the same duty cycle, but in a phase-shifted manner. which contributes to significantly reducing the value of peak current in the control unit E.

Autrement dit, les courants dans les trois barreaux sont déphasés d'un tiers de période. C'est la raison pour laquelle la valeur de courant crête ou maximal IcE dans l'unité de pilotage E est de l'ordre de trois fois la valeur de courant crête dans chaque barreau lorsque le rapport cyclique est supérieur à deux tiers (66 %), puisqu'il existe alors nécessairement des intervalles de temps pendant lesquels les trois barreaux sont simultanément sous tension.In other words, the currents in the three bars are out of phase by a third of a period. This is why the peak or maximum current value IcE in the control unit E is of the order of three times the peak current value in each bar when the duty cycle is greater than two thirds (66% ) since there then necessarily exist time intervals during which the three bars are simultaneously under tension.

Lorsque le rapport cyclique est au contraire inférieur à deux tiers (66 %), la valeur de courant crête maximale dans l'unité de pilotage E est de l'ordre seulement du double de la valeur de courant crête dans chaque barreau, du fait qu'il n'existe pas d'intervalles où les trois barreaux sont sous tension, mais uniquement des intervalles où deux barreaux au plus sont sous tension.When the duty cycle is on the contrary less than two-thirds (66%), the maximum peak current value in the control unit E is of the order of only twice the peak current value in each bar, because There are no intervals where the three bars are energized, but only intervals where two or more bars are energized.

Le déphasage des différents barreaux permet ainsi de lisser le courant dans l'unité de pilotage E et de limiter la valeur de courant crête qu'elle subit, sans impact sur l'efficacité thermique de l'appareillage.The phase shift of the various bars thus smooths the current in the control unit E and limits the value of peak current that it undergoes, without impact on the thermal efficiency of the equipment.

D'une manière générale, l'invention permet ainsi de limiter la valeur de courant efficace dans l'équipement tout en réalisant des mesures de courant simples puisqu'il s'agit uniquement de mesurer des valeurs maximales de courant instantané. Autrement dit, l'invention permet de prendre en compte le courant efficace d'un signal très bruité, sans pour autant devoir mettre en oeuvre une réelle mesure de courant efficace qui est en soi coûteuse à mettre en oeuvre.In general, the invention thus makes it possible to limit the value of effective current in the equipment while making simple current measurements since it is only a question of measuring maximum values of instantaneous current. In other words, the invention makes it possible to take into account the effective current of a very noisy signal, without having to implement a real measurement of effective current which is in itself expensive to implement.

Claims (5)

  1. Auxiliary electric heating equipment for a motor vehicle, comprising one or more heating rods comprising resistors with a positive temperature coefficient, and a power electronics stage alternately powering each heating rod on and off, according to a cyclic ratio that can be adjusted by control means, characterized in that said equipment comprises means for limiting the actual intensity of the current passing through the power electronics stage, by measuring the peak current passing through at least one heating rod and by comparing the measured peak current value with a peak current value read in a table for the current cyclic ratio, and by decreasing the cyclic ratio if the measured peak current exceeds the peak current value read in the lookup table, the peak current value read in the lookup table corresponding to the maximum effective current value allowable by the management unit for the cyclic ratio in question.
  2. Equipment according to Claim 1, comprising means for measuring the momentary current passing through a rod as well as a microcontroller connected to these measurement means in order to cyclically interrogate said means so as to store a maximum momentary current value corresponding to the measured peak current value, wherein the lookup table is stored in the microcontroller.
  3. Equipment according to Claim 2, comprising a number of heating rods as well as means for measuring the momentary current in each rod.
  4. Equipment according to one of Claims 1 to 3, comprising a number of heating rods as well as means for phase shifting the powering on and off of the different heating rods so as to limit the peak current in the management unit during operation.
  5. Equipment according to Claim 4, comprising three heating rods as well as means for phase shifting the powering on and off of these three heating rods by a third of a cycle.
EP14735493.0A 2013-07-22 2014-06-23 System for managing a heating resistance with a positive temperature coefficient of auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle Active EP3025561B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1357175A FR3008844B1 (en) 2013-07-22 2013-07-22 HEAT RESISTANCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM WITH POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF AN AUXILIARY ELECTRICAL HEATING EQUIPMENT OF A MOTOR VEHICLE
PCT/EP2014/063198 WO2015010842A1 (en) 2013-07-22 2014-06-23 System for managing a heating resistance with a positive temperature coefficient of auxiliary electric heating equipment of a motor vehicle

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EP3025561A1 EP3025561A1 (en) 2016-06-01
EP3025561B1 true EP3025561B1 (en) 2017-07-12

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CN114034912B (en) * 2021-11-08 2022-07-19 湖南大学 IGBT (insulated Gate Bipolar translator) crusting thermal resistance measuring method based on large-current saturation voltage drop

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US5032705A (en) * 1989-09-08 1991-07-16 Environwear, Inc. Electrically heated garment
US5280422A (en) * 1990-11-05 1994-01-18 Watlow/Winona, Inc. Method and apparatus for calibrating and controlling multiple heaters
US6111215A (en) * 1998-10-23 2000-08-29 Lilly; Leslie G. Minature battery powered arc welder
US6998584B1 (en) * 2004-09-03 2006-02-14 Caterpillar Inc. System for output power control on electric heater drive
KR101014494B1 (en) * 2008-12-05 2011-02-14 현대자동차주식회사 PTC Heater
EP2315493B1 (en) * 2009-10-21 2017-05-10 Mahle Behr France Rouffach S.A.S Heating device, in particular for a motor vehicle air conditioning device
DE102011007817A1 (en) * 2011-04-20 2012-10-25 Webasto Ag Electric heating, vehicle with electric heating and method of controlling an electric heater
JP5875278B2 (en) * 2011-08-04 2016-03-02 三菱重工業株式会社 HEATER CONTROL DEVICE, ITS CONTROL METHOD, AND ITS PROGRAM
JP5875279B2 (en) * 2011-08-04 2016-03-02 三菱重工業株式会社 HEATER CONTROL DEVICE AND METHOD, AND PROGRAM

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KR20160034976A (en) 2016-03-30
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KR101837321B1 (en) 2018-03-09
FR3008844A1 (en) 2015-01-23
US20160157299A1 (en) 2016-06-02
EP3025561A1 (en) 2016-06-01
WO2015010842A1 (en) 2015-01-29
FR3008844B1 (en) 2015-08-07

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