EP3025523A2 - Service domain charging systems and methods - Google Patents

Abstract

Various mechanisms are disclosed for a service domain charging system that can interact with underlying networks. A service domain charging architecture is defined with several logical functions. Service-based charging types may be and applied to existing event, session, online, and offline charging mechanisms. Service domain charging messages may be exchanged over the X, Y, Z reference points. An E reference point may be used for interfacing with a service domain billing system, and a B reference point may be used between a service domain billing system and underlying network's billing system.

Description

SERVICE DOMAIN CHARGING SYSTEMS AND METHODS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of, and incorporates herein by reference, U.S. Provisional Application 61/886,458 "Service Domain Charging System and Interactions with Underlying Networks" filed October 3, 2013 and U.S. Provisional Application 61/857,912 "Service Domain Charging System and Interactions with Underlying Networks" filed July 24, 2013.

BACKGROUND

[0002] Machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies allow devices to communicate more directly with each other using wired and wireless communications systems. M2M technologies enable further realization of the Internet of Things (IoT), a system of uniquely identifiable objects and virtual representations of such objects that communicate over a network, such as the Internet. IoT may facilitate communication with even mundane everyday objects, such as products in a grocery store, and thereby reduce costs and waste by improving knowledge of such objects. For example, stores may maintain very precise inventory data by being able to communicate with, or obtain data from, objects that may be in inventory or may have been sold. M2M technologies introduce new challenges in charging for services, such as determining who can charge for services, who should be charged for such services, and what operations are chargeable.

SUMMARY

[0003] Disclosed herein are methods, devices, and systems related to a service domain charging system that can interact with underlying networks. A service domain charging architecture may include several logical functions, including a Service Domain Charging Management (SD-CM), a Service Domain Online Charging System (SD-OCS), a Service Domain Offline Charging System (SD-OFCS), and a Service Domain Charging Trigger Function (SD-CTF). Service-based charging types may be created and applied to existing event, session, online, and offline charging mechanisms. Service domain charging messages may be exchanged over the X, Y, Z reference points. An E reference point may be used for interfacing with a service domain billing system, and a B reference point may be used between a service domain billing system and the underlying network's billing system. [0004] One embodiment is a method including receiving a policy at a service domain charging management function in a service layer of an M2M network. This policy is defined as a rule with associated attributes. The method also includes using the policy to determine chargeable events within the service layer of the M2M network.

[0005] An exemplary charging system for an M2M service domain can include a service domain charging management function to store charging policies for the service domain; a service domain on-line charging system receiving service requests from the service domain charging management function and checking the credit for the requested service before granting the service; and a service domain off-line charging system receiving charging events from the service domain charging management function and producing service domain charging data records.

[0006] One embodiment is a method including receiving at a service domain charging management function at an infrastructure node charging policies for the service domain. The method can include distributing the policies from the service domain charging management function at the infrastructure node to a service domain charging management function at an end node.

[0007] One embodiment is a method including transferring charging information between a service domain charging system in the service layer and a Machine-Type

Communications Interworking Function (MTC-IWF) in a 3GPP network across a Tsp reference point. The method also includes using the transferred charging information in the service domain charging system in the service layer or the MTC-IWF in the 3 GPP network.

[0008] This Summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts in a simplified form that are further described below in the Detailed Description. This Summary is not intended to identify key features or essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the claimed subject matter. Furthermore, the claimed subject matter is not limited to limitations that solve any or all disadvantages noted in any part of this disclosure.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0009] FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting charging architecture according to an embodiment.

[0010] FIG. 2 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary 3GPP PCC system with Online charging and Offline charging. [0011] FIG. 3 is a diagram that illustrates another exemplary, non-limiting architecture having exemplary MTC-IWF interfaces with a 3GPP Offline charging system using the Rf/Ga reference points

[0012] FIG. 4 is a diagram that illustrates exemplary, non-limiting, oneM2M architecture.

[0013] FIG. 5 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting, Service Domain Charging System (SD-CS) including the locations of some exemplary logical functions and exemplary scenarios for deployment.

[0014] FIG. 6A is a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary charging policy configuration procedure.

[0015] FIG. 6B is a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary charging policy configuration procedure in which an application provides the charging policy to the SD-CM.

[0016] FIG. 7 is a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary service domain offline charging procedure.

[0017] FIG. 8A and 8B are a flow chart that illustrates exemplary procedures for online charging, including procedures for a credit request and a credit reservation.

[0018] FIG. 9 is a flow chart that illustrates exemplary procedures for service based charging.

[0019] FIG. 10 is a diagram that shows an exemplary non-limiting collection of charging rules.

[0020] FIG. 11 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure for a <chargingRule> resource.

[0021] FIG. 12 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure for <chargingCredit>.

[0022] FIG. 13 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure for a charging configuration.

[0023] FIG. 14 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure for a <chargeableEvent>.

[0024] FIG. 15 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure for a <chargeableService>.

[0025] FIG. 16 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure for a <serviceProcedure>.

[0026] Figure 17 is a diagram that illustrates a service domain charging system (SD- CS) that may interface, with an underlying 3 GPP network via the Z reference point. [0027] FIG. 18A and 18B are a flow chart that illustrates a call flow for service domain interworking with 3 GPP on charging related operations for the device triggering procedure

[0028] FIG. 19A and 19B are a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary signal flow showing the interactions between SD-CS and the 3GPP charging system.

[0029] FIG. 20 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting architecture where the SD-CS resides in the Compensation Brokerage (CB) service capability.

[0030] FIG. 21 illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting architecture according to an embodiment.

[0031] FIG. 22A is a system diagram of an example machine-to-machine (M2M) or Internet of Things (IoT) communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

[0032] FIG. 22B is a system diagram of an example architecture that may be used within the M2M/IoT communications system illustrated in FIG. 22A.

[0033] FIG. 22C is a system diagram of an example M2M / IoT terminal or gateway device that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 22A.

[0034] FIG. 22D is a block diagram of an example computing system in which aspects of the communication system of FIG. 22A may be embodied.

[0035] FIGS. 23A-23C are diagrams that illustrate exemplary interfaces that can be used with embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0036] The European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) architecture defines an offline charging system for M2M technologies. In some embodiment integrating aspects of this architecture, charging information, in the form of Charging Data Records (CDRs), may be derived from recorded information and transferred to a Charging Server. All information required for charging may first be selected for recording. There may be a one to one mapping between a recorded M2M event and a CDR.

[0037] FIG. 1 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting charging architecture 100 according to an embodiment. In such an embodiment, the Charging Function (CF) 102 embedded within the M2M Network Service Capability Layer (NSCL) 104 may be responsible for interaction with the Charging Server 106 using the Cm reference point. Diameter may be used as the protocol for the Cm reference point. [0038] FIG. 2 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary 3GPP PCC system 200 with Online charging 202 and Offline charging 204 as well as other involved entities. A 3rd

Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Policy and Charging Control (PCC) system may be responsible for Quality of Service (QoS) and charging for IP Connectivity Access Networks (ΓΡ- CANs) (e.g., EPS, UMTS, fixed, I-WLAN, etc.). The PCC architecture may include a number of functions with specified interfaces between them. The Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) 206 may be responsible for creating Policy and Charging related information for IP- CAN sessions, IP-CAN bearers, and/or Service Data Flows (SDFs). 3 GPP may support both Offline charging 204 and Online charging 202. Offline charging 204 is a mechanism where charging information does not affect, in real-time, the service rendered, such as post-paid subscribers. On the contrary, the Online Charging System (OCS) 202 performs charging functions, such as Credit Control, in real-time. This allows the OCS 202 to affect service execution in real-time, typically for pre-paid subscribers. Various charging models are supported in 3GPP, including volume-based charging, time-based charging, combined volume- and time- based charging, event-based charging, and no charging.

[0039] FIG. 3 is a diagram that illustrates another exemplary, non-limiting architecture 300 having exemplary MTC-IWF interfaces with a 3GPP Offline charging system using the Rf/Ga reference points. The MTC-IWF (Machine Type Communications -Inter Working Function) entity 302 interfaces a M2M service capability server 304. Tsp may provide the control plane interface and Gi/SGi may be the user plane interface.

[0040] FIG. 4 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting, oneM2M architecture 400. oneM2M is a recently proposed standard at an early stage of architecture design. A central part of oneM2M is a Common Service Entity (CSE) that consists of multiple Common Service Functions (CSFs) 402. A CSF 402 in a CSE may be a service such as

Registration, Security, Charging, data management, etc. A CSE may reside in M2M end nodes (e.g., devices), intermediate nodes (e.g., gateways), and infrastructure nodes (e.g., network platforms). oneM2M defines three reference points, an X reference point between Applications and CSE, a Y reference point between two CSEs, and a Z reference point between CSE and the underlying networks. oneM2M has updated the reference point names from X, Y and Z to the Mca, Mcc and Men. The operations apply to the Mcc reference point also apply to the Mcc' reference point, which is betwen inter service provider domains. Some exemplary oneM2M charging requirements are illustrated below in Table 1.

Requirement ID Description CHG-001 The M2M system shall support collection of charging specific information

related to the individual services facilitated by the system (e.g. Data

Management, Device Management and/or Connectivity management), and concurrently with the resource usage. The format of the recorded information shall be fully specified including mandatory and optional elements.

CHG-002 The M2M system shall support mechanism to facilitate correlation (e.g.

subscriber identity) of charging information collected for different services, including those provided by the underlying network operator

CHG-003 The M2M system shall be able to reuse existing charging mechanisms of

underlying networks.

CHG-004 The M2M system shall support transfer of the charging information records to the Billing Domain of the M2M Service Provider, for the purpose of subscriber billing, inter-provider billing, and/or provider-to-subscriber accounting including additional functions like statistics.

CHG-005 The M2M system should support generation of charging events for the

purpose of requesting resource usage authorization from the real time credit control system where the subscriber account is located. The information contained in the charging events and the relevant chargeable events shall be fully specified including mandatory and optional elements. A chargeable event may be any activity a provider may want to charge for that utilizes the resources and related M2M services offered by such provider. A charging event is the set of charging information needed by the credit control system for resource authorization.

Table 1. Exemplary oneM2M Requirements for Charging

[0041] In the M2M service domain, which, as used herein, refers to M2M services provided by an M2M service provider, including the Service Capability Layer (SCL) of the ETSI M2M architecture and the CSE and CSF of a oneM2M architecture, new challenges are presented for charging, as there are more complex stakeholders and new charging scenarios in such embodiments. Table 2 below lists some exemplary charging scenarios at the service domain, each of which may be combined with others (shown in Table 2 or otherwise).

Chargeable Description Entities to Entities being Charging

Events/Operations charge charged schemes

service

subscriber ID.

Service connection Service subscribers are Service Service The rate is charged per secure service Provider subscriber determined per connection. One subscriber service can have multiple service connection; by connections. connection duration.

Charging event is finished when the service connection tears down

Service Charging is based on Service The entity that The rate is

Registration

service domain registrations Provider registers to determined per the service registration domain, e.g.

an Application

or CSE or

CSF

Data Operations Charging is based on basic 1 )Owner of 1 ) receiver of Owner of the operations on data, such as the data the data data can charge creation, update, retrieval, 2)both 2)owner of the the entity that deletion, usage of storage owner of data uses the data; space, etc. For example, an the data owner of the

Application A writes data to and the data can be a service domain, and got service charged by the charged by the service provider service provider provider. When application B 3) service for data storage reads the data it gets provider and sharing charged by Application A (or services by both Application A and

the Service Provider)

Service Based Charging is based on a 1 ) Service Entity that The rate is

Operations

service, thus it can contain a Provider request the determined per series of operations to 2) Owner service, such service achieve the service. For of the data as an

example, Application A application, a Chargeable Description Entities to Entities being Charging

Events/Operations charge charged schemes

requests certain data from a CSE.

service provider. The service

provider performs a series of

actions to read and gather

the data for Application A.

The service provider is

charged by the owner of the

data, and the service

provider charges Application

A for the service.

Table 2. Exemplary Service Domain Charging Scenarios and Stakeholders

[0042] The service domain may use the following functions to support charging:

Efficient mechanisms and interfaces to enable service domain charging that may be self-sufficient and that may be independent of underlying networks

Mechanisms and interfaces that enable the service domain to interact with and reuse the underlying network charging system when converged charging is desired Service domain charging mechanisms to support online, offline, and new charging types that may be used by the service domain

[0043] The above functions may not be sufficiently addressed by existing charging systems. A 3GPP charging system may not address such functions and may not be applicable to service domain charging. ETSI M2M charging may only provide limited charging functions. ETSI M2M defines simple information recording at the network service capability layer and only addresses offline charging. It does not provide any mechanisms for charging policy control. ETSI M2M also may not define a mechanism to re-use 3 GPP charging. Therefore, ETSI M2M charging is very basic and may not meet the requirements of a complete M2M charging system. oneM2M, as a new standard under development, has not yet defined any charging functions and procedures.

[0044] Therefore, according to the embodiments set forth herein, mechanisms may be used for a service domain charging system that may interact with one or more underlying networks. More specifically, embodiments are described herein that provide for an overall service domain charging architecture, defining logical functions (e.g., SD-CM, SD-OCS, SD- OFCS and SD-CTF), their functionalities, and their relationships. Embodiments are also described herein that define a service based charging type and that apply existing event, session, online, and/or offline charging in the context of service domain. Embodiments are also described herein that define service domain charging messages over the X, Y, Z reference points. Furthermore, the current disclosure describes an E reference point for interfacing with a service domain billing system and a B reference point between the service domain billing system and an underlying network's billing system. The current disclosure also sets forth an architecture, messages, and interactions with the 3 GPP charging system. Embodiments are further set forth for ETSI M2M charging. Defined resource (i.e., data) structure and procedures supporting the disclosed mechanisms are also set forth herein. Note that while the terms used herein may be associated with the oneM2M architecture, standards, and related documents, the presently disclosed embodiments may be applied to any service domain charging system.

[0045] Various charging types may be supported at the service domain in the embodiments described herein. Each may support the possible charging scenarios described above in Table 2. The terms used in 3GPP charging may be used herein for simplicity, such as Online/Offline charging, with the functionalities expanded according to the described embodiments to provide more flexibility in the service domain for new charging scenarios. A service based charging type is set forth herein to satisfy service domain requirements.

[0046] In addition to the traditional session-based and event-based charging, the service domain may provide unique service-based charging. Since a CSE may contain many different CSFs, and it may also manage "big" data, a CSE may perform a complex request that involves a series of actions, multiple inputs, and multiple decisions. Such a request may result in the requestor being charged by the service rather than for one or more steps of an operation.

[0047] A service domain may have its own sessions or may be session-less. In the context of charging, the term "session" as used herein has a broad scope. A service session may be a subscriber's subscription to a specific service provider and/or it may be a logical service connection. A subscriber may have multiple service connections. For example, a service registration may be in process, such as when a CSE in an end node registers to a CSE in an infrastructure node. Such registration may be considered a session and charging may be done per registration. A session may be identified by a unique service session identifier (ID) and may be associated with a subscriber ID, a session duration, a service session QoS, and/or other information that may affect charging.

[0048] Service Domain Events may refer to non-continuous transactions, such as an operation on data (e.g., Create, Update, Retrieval, etc.).

[0049] Service domain charging methods may be divided into Online and Offline charging, in some embodiments based on how charging affects real time services, similar to the concepts of Online and Offline charging in 3GPP. Offline charging may not affect services provided in real time. Charging triggering information may be generated at the CSFs where it happens. A charging report with Offline charging data may be passed via different nodes to the network to generate Service Domain CDRs (SD-CDRs). Online charging may affect services granted in real time. A service request may first be generated and the requestor's credit may be checked before the service is granted. Whether a service uses Online or Offline charging may be based on service sessions or events. For example, an application may create data in the service domain and specify that reading the data is event-based Online charging with a certain rate. A subscriber (e.g., a user, an application) may be charged by using a combination of both Online and Offline charging mechanisms.

[0050] The Service Domain Charging System (SD-CS) may consist of four logical functions. FIG. 5 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary , non-limiting, Service Domain Charging System (SD-CS) including the locations of some exemplary logical functions and exemplary scenarios for deployment. The dotted lines of architecture 500 indicate optional functions in the node. Architecture 500 may support both a centralized charging system with control at the infrastructure node and a distributed charging system with control over different nodes. Described below are features of the functions and call flows and messages for charging.

[0051] The Service Domain Charging Management (SD-CM) 502 may be central to SD-CS. The SD-CM 502 may contain charging policies that the CSE 506 supports. It may obtain charging policies by provisioning and/or configuration. The policies may be obtained from the service provider or they may be configured by an application 508 or another CSE 510. The SD-CM 502 may also update its policy based on statistics of chargeable events at the service layer. The SD-CM 502 may have internal interfaces with other CSFs in the same CSE 506. The SD-CM 502 may configure other CSFs 504 regarding chargeable events and policies.

[0052] The SD-CM 502 may serve as the aggregator and dispatcher of charging information. It may receive charging requests and events from other CSFs 504. The SD-CM 502 may dispatch the requests to either Service Domain Online Charging System (SD-OCS) 512 or the Service Domain Offline Charging System (SD-OFCS) 514. The SD-CM 502 may get output from the SD-OCS 512 and/or the SD-OFCS 514 and may send the information to either the Service Billing Domain or an underlying network's charging system, based on the policy. The SD-CM 502 may be the anchor point for interactions among the SD-CS in different nodes (such as infrastructure nodes, intermediate nodes, and end nodes). The SD-CM 502 may also be the anchor point for the SD-CS to interface and interact with an underlying network for charging related operations. [0053] The Service Domain Offline Charging System (SD-OFCS) 514 may receive offline charging events from a SD-CM 502 and generate SD-CDRs and SD-CDR files. The Service Domain Online Charging System (SD-OCS) 512 may receive service requests, check credit, and grant services. The SD-OCS 512 can maintain the credit information for different entities.

[0054] An intermediate node or an end node may or may not have one or both of the SD-OFCS 514 and the SD-OCS 512 depending on the deployment. The SD-CM 502 in the infrastructure node may configure the SD-CM 518, SD-OFCS 520, and SD-OCS 522 in the intermediate node 510 and the SD-CM 524, SD-OFCS 526, and SD-OCS 528 in the end node 527 so charging can be done locally in order to reduce traffic between the nodes and increase response time.

[0055] One or more Service Domain Charging Trigger Function (SD-CTF) 530, 532, and 534 may reside in the CSFs as shown in the small boxes of FIG. 5. Some CSFs may not have a SD-CTF function. SD-CM 502 may configure the SD-CTF 530 regarding chargeable events and how to report.

[0056] The SD-CS 502 may advertise its charging related information, such as rate, to other CSEs or applications via the Y or X referent point. The SD-CS 502 may utilize the charging and billing system in the underlying networks via the Z reference point. Internal to the SD-CS, the SD-OCS 512 and SD-OFCS 514 may communicate with each other. Further details about such embodiments are provided herein.

[0057] The service domain may have its own billing system 536. The SD-CS in the infrastructure node 506 may communicate with the service domain billing system 536 via a reference point referred to as E. The E referent point connects the M2M service domain (e.g., CSEs) to external lateral systems that are not applications or underlying networks. The billing domain may be a third party application, such as PAYPAL. The service domain may exchange charging and billing information with the billing domain via the E reference point. The service domain billing system 536 may also have a B reference point with the billing system 540 in the underlying system since they may come from different providers.

[0058] When there is no SD-CM in an end node 527, the SD-CM 518 in the intermediate node 510 or SD-CM 502 in the infrastructure node 527 where the end node registers may act as a proxy and aggregator for charging. Such a SD-CM 518 in the intermediate node 510 or a SD-CM 502 in the infrastructure node 527 may collect charging events and store and apply charging policies for the end nodes. In some cases there is no SD-CTF in the end node 527 as well. The transactions and charging related to the end node 527 may be captured at the intermediate node 510 or infrastructure node 506.

[0059] Illustrated in the figures are operations by the SD-CS at the infrastructure node 506 and the end node 527. The same concepts and procedures apply to the intermediate nodes 510. Multi-hop charging operations are possible, for example where the SD-CS in the infrastructure node 506, intermediate node 510, and end node 527 communicate with each other. While the figures show that the charging events may occur at the end node 527, charging events may also occur at the intermediate node 510 or the infrastructure node 506. If they occur at the infrastructure node 506, the SD-CS at the infrastructure node may process the charging information. The SD-CS may choose to push the charging information to the intermediate node 510 or the end node 527 for sharing of information.

[0060] FIG. 6A is a flow chart that illustrates exemplary charging policy configuration procedure 600. Note that the flow indicates one possible common scenario when the SD-CM 502 in the infrastructure node 506 obtains charging policies and configures the charging functions in other registered CSEs 510 and 527. Other scenarios not shown that may be supported by various embodiments include where an application 508 may provide its own specific charging policy to an SD-CM 502 via the X reference point. Such a policy may be exchanged and configured between the CSEs in different nodes. The CSEs may also facilitate the advertising and exchange of policies between different applications. For example, an M2M app in an app store may use the X reference point to push its own charging policy or it may query an existing charging policy on a service domain. The app may be an entity to collect the charge. Another scenario not shown that may be supported by various embodiments may be where a charging policy may also be initiated and populated from an intermediate node 510 and an end node 527, and verified and aggregated by the SD-CM 502 in the infrastructure node 506. Yet another scenario not shown that may be supported by various embodiments may be where a charging policy may be updated dynamically over time. For example, a change of rates, chargeable events, etc. may be updated. Such updates can be initiated by applications or CSEs at different nodes.

[0061] FIG. 6B is a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary charging policy

configuration procedure in which an application provides the charging policy to the SD-CM. SD-CM can provide the charging policy established by one application to other applications. The application that configures the charging policy can collect chargeable events and charge other applications via service domain. If authorized, the SD-CM can distribute the charging policies to other nodes. [0062] Examples of charging policies include supported charging types (e.g., Online, Offline, Service Based), association of subscriber ID and application/subscriber types with charging types (e.g., Online, Offline, Service Based), association of subscriber ID,

application/subscriber types, and service domain operations with rate, a list of chargeable events, chargeable event reporting parameters, and credit reservation trigger and threshold.

[0063] FIG. 7 is a flow chart that illustrates exemplary service domain offline charging procedure 700, where, in the shown embodiment, it is assumed that there is no SD-OFCS at the end node. When a chargeable event happens, the SD-CTF 534 at the CSF 542 reports the event. The SD-CM 524 at the end node 527 may aggregate these reports before sending them to the infrastructure node 506.

[0064] FIG. 8A and 8B are a flow chart that illustrates exemplary procedures 800 (not necessarily shown in sequential order) for online charging, including procedures for a credit request and a credit reservation. In Online charging embodiments, a requestor (e.g., an application, a subscriber, a CSE, etc.) must have enough credit to pay for a service before the service is granted. If there is not enough credit, the request may be denied. The charging related information may be provided in the rejection message, such as lack of credit and charging rate. This rejection may trigger other actions at the service domain, such as starting the credit reservation action or negotiating a new rate using charging configuration messages. The requestor may also reserve credit before service requests, for example, by requesting the reservation of enough credit to pay for a retrieval operation of certain data for 20 times.

[0065] Note that FIG. 8 only illustrates one possible scenario when there is no SD-OCS at the end node 527. When there is SD-OCS 528 at the end node 527, the SD-OCS 512 at the infrastructure node may push credit information and decision making for specific requestors to the SD-OCS 528 at the end node 527 using a Charging Config message. Thus the procedure of such an embodiment is more distributed and localized at the end node 527. The SD-OCS 528 at the end node or the intermediate node 510 may send one or more reports to the SD-OCS 510 at the infrastructure node 506 using the Charging Report message so that they may synchronize credit information.

[0066] FIG. 9 is flow chart that illustrates exemplary procedures 900 for service based charging. The steps illustrated are reduced in detail for simplicity since the messages are described elsewhere herein. At step 1, a service request arrives at the CSE. A "CSF Dispatcher

902" may be used to represent an entity that processes the requests and identifies that the request is targeting a service that involves multiple steps of operations. Refer to Table 2 for more descriptions of service based operations. At step 2, the CSF Dispatcher 902 distributes the requests to relevant CSFs. Note that some operations may depend on the response to other requests, but this is not shown in the figure for clarity.

[0067] At step 3, some of the operations to fulfill the service may be completed. Note that some operations may depend on a credit check being executed. At step 4, the SD-CTF 534 at the CSFs 542 may trigger either charging events for Offline charging or a charging request for Online charging. A service request may involve both Online Charging and Offline Charging. At steps 5, 6, and 7, the SD-CM 524 at the end node 527 may dispatch the service requests for Online charging and charging reports for Offline charging to the respective SD-OCS 512 and SD-OFCS 514 at the infrastructure node 506. It may also aggregate requests and responses. Some of the procedures may be dependent on others. At step 8, other operations completed. The CSF Dispatcher 902 may receive a status. It may also notify the service requestor of the completion of the service.

[0068] Table 3 below lists messages that may be used in the service domain charging operations. Key information elements (IEs) are listed to indicate the use of these messages, and other IEs may be included to convey additional information. These messages may be supported by different styles protocols, such as RESTful protocols or based protocols, or other protocols based thereon. A service layer charging system as set forth herein may apply a RESTful architecture or a non-RESTful architecture.

the receiver. the child resource of

<chargingConfig>.

For the setting of specific charging rules, it is achieved by operations on the chargingRules collection, or

<chargingRule> for a specific rule, or an attribute of a

<chargingRule> resource.

Charging Report The pair of -Charging event Y, Z, E charging Records

Req/Rsp

messages used for with its associated are used for the two charging parameters; report.

functions to -unique IDs of the

exchange charging involved entities.

information,

including service

domain offline

charging to report

charging events;

SD-OCS at the end

node or

intermediate node

to report online

charging events to

SD-OCS at the

infrastructure node

Credit Check The pair of -Credit unit; Y, E Credit check can

Req/Rsp

messages used for -number of credits; be achieved by credit checking, -unique IDs of the operating the requesting and involved entities <chargingCredit> granting. resource.

Credit Reservation The pair of -Credit unit; Y, E Credit reservation

Req/Rsp

messages used for -number of credits; can be achieved a requestor to -unique IDs of the by operating the reserve credits from involved entities <chargingCredit> the charging resource.

system

Billing Req/Rsp The pair of -SD-CDR files; E charging Records messages used for -SD-CDRs are used for the the SD-CS to report.

exchange billing

information with the

service billing

domain

Table 3. Exemplary Service Domain Charging Operations Messages

[0069] In an embodiment, data structures may be used to support the charging mechanisms disclosed herein. Such data structures may take the form of resources. A resource may be a uniquely addressable object in the RESTful architecture. A resource may have a representation that can be transferred and manipulated with the RESTful verbs (e.g., CREATE, RETRIEVE, UPDATE, DELETE). A resource may be addressed uniquely using a Universal Resource Identifier (URI). A child resource may be a resource that has a containment relationship with an addressed (i.e., parent) resource. The parent resource representation may contain one or more references to sub-resources(s) (i.e., child resources). The lifetime of a child- resource may be limited by the parent's resource lifetime. An attribute may store information, such as meta-data about the resource itself.

[0070] Resource-based data structure may make it easier to perform RESTful operations, such as using protocols such as Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) or Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP). However, such a data structure may also be applied to non- RESTful protocols. A resource may contain child resource(s) and attribute(s).

[0071] The defined structure enables flexible and extensible service layer charging mechanisms. The originator may set up charging policies and configurations to the receiver using using the chargeConfig resource. Additionally, the originator may set up different charging rules based on the charging configuration and policies. These rules may indicate who (the entity that charges) will charge whom (the entity being charged) based on what (e.g., online or offline charging, event based, service based, or session based charging, etc.). The charging rule enables the system to have different granularities. For example, the charging rule may be based on a logical function, such as a CSE node or an application. The charging rule may also or instead, be based on a resource. For example, the charging rule may be based on an entity that wants to charge every reading operation of a specific resource. Though not shown in the figures, all the resources should support vendor specific attributes/child resources.

[0072] As used in the figures, the following shapes illustrate an exemplary, non- limiting resource structure:

Square boxes are used for resources and child resources

Square boxes with round corners are used for attribute

Parallelograms are used for collection of resources

[0073] In Read/Write access mode, the following values may be assumed:

Read/Write (RW) may be set by a CREATE or an UPDATE operation

Read Only (RO) may be set by the CSE when the resource is Created and/or

Updated; such an attribute may only be read

Write Once (WO) may be set by the requestor (i.e., the entity that initiated the request) at a Create operation; such an attribute may thereafter only be read

[0074] FIG. 10 is a diagram that shows exemplary non-limiting collection 1000 of charging rules 1002 (i.e., charging policies). An application, such as the SD-CM at a CSE, or another policy server (for example, a third party policy server) may send Charging Config messages to create and update charging rules. A collection may have from zero to multiple individual charging rules, indicated as <chargingRule> 1004. Note that "ID" as used herein may refer to a unique identifier or may be a URI pointing to a location of a referred resource. By referring to IDs, different resources may be effectively associated.

[0075] FIG. 11 is a diagram that illustrates exemplary non-limiting resource structure 1 100 for a <chargingRule> resource. "Common attributes" 1102 refers to generic (i.e., non- charging specific) attributes such as the creation time of a resource and the expiration time of a resource. The common resources that are not specifically associated with charging, such as access right and subscriptions may also be included in "common attributes". Note that the <chargingCredit> 1104 may be associated with this the charging rule or it can be a separate resource. In an embodiment, it may be associated with the entity that has the credit. If it is associated with the charging rule, the <chargingCredit> 1104 may define the receiver's credit. If it is a separated resource, it may either include an entity ID to associate to an entity, or its parent resource needs to have an entity ID.

[0076] Table 4 below lists exemplary attributes that may be used for defining a charging rule. Note that the "ID" listed here may be a unique ID, such as a numeric ID, or a uniquely addressable URI that points to the associated resource. chargingRatelD 1 132 This attributes refers to the charging rate resource.

chargingRecordFormID 1 134 This attribute refers to the ID of a specific type of a

charging record. The format of this charging record should be used for this charging rule. It is mandatory of the charging type is offline charging or a combined charging type that requires charging records.

chargingCredit 1 104 This child resource defines the allowed credit for online charging.

Table 4. Exemplary Attributes for Defining a Charging Rule

[0077] FIG. 12 is a diagram that illustrates exemplary non-limiting resource structure 1200 for <chargingCredit>l 104. Table 5 below lists some exemplary attributes for

<chargingCredit>l 104.

Table 5. Exemplary Attributes for Charging Credit

[0078] FIG. 13 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure 1300 for a charging configuration. Stored using this structure may be charging configurations and policies, such as chargeable events, chargeable services, rate, and charging record forms. There may also be a collection for the <chargingConfig> resource 1302 that can be called chargingConfigs. This collection may be made up of <chargingConfig> resources 1302. Table 6 below lists some exemplary attributes (child resources) for chargingConfigs.

Table 6 Definition of Child Resources for Charging Configuration

[0079] FIG. 14 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure 1400 for a <chargeableEvent>1402. Table 7 below lists some exemplary attributes for a <chargeableEvent>.

AttributeName Description

eventID 1404 This uniquely identifies the chargeable event.

eventType 1406 This attribute indicates the type of the event, such as

meter reading. Timer based, storage based charging.

eventStart 1408 This attribute indicates the start time of the event.

eventEnd 1410 This attribute indicates the end time of the event.

eventDuration 1412 This attribute indicates the duration of the event.. If a

duration is provided, the both the start time and the end time are not required.

transactionType 1414 This attribute defines the type of the chargeable

operation, such as CREATE, RETRIEVE.

dataSize 1416 This attribute defines the data size if an event is

triggered when the stored data exceeded a certain size.

Table 7. Exemplary Attributes for Chargeable Events

[0080] One embodiment can be considered as a multi-step process. Step 1 can be the configuration of what service layer charging types are supported as shown in Fig. 13, such as event based, service based, subscription based. oneM2M currently only supports event based charging.

[0081] Step 2 can be to configure the policy for the chargeable events. Each chargeable event has one instance of the data structure shown in Fig.14. For example, in step 2, an entity can define a chargeable event based on "transactionType" as "RETRIEVAL". For each

RETRIEVAL operation, it should trigger a chargeable event, e.g. eventiD=001. The entity can also define another chargeable event based on both the transactionType and time period. For example it can define "transactionType = RETRIEVAL and eventStart = 12pm and eventEnd = 20pm, eventID =002. So for event 002, the chargeable event only happens when both conditions are met, i.e. the chargeable events only happen for the RETRIEVAL operation between 10pm and 20pm. Note that in this data structure, we do not specify who is charging whom (this is done in Step 3). We only define the policies, so these policies can be used to define many different scenarios in Step 3.

[0082] Step 3 can define the specific scenarios based on the chargeable event defined in step 2 using the data structure shown in Fig. 11. Here it defines who is charging whom. For example, for event 001 defined in step 2, an entity can define two scenarios, one for CSE1 charging AE1, using event 001, and one is for AE1 charging AE2 using event 001. Then for event 002, it can have a set of specific scenarios, for example, CSE1 charging AE1 using event 001, AE2 charging AE1 using event 002. In a deployment there can be many of these scenarios defined based on the policies set in step 2.

[0083] FIG. 15 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure 1500 for a <chargeableService>1502. Table 8 below lists some exemplary attributes for a < chargeableService>.

Table 8. Exemplary Attributes for Chargeable Services

[0084] FIG. 16 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary non-limiting resource structure 1600 for a <serviceProcedure>1602. In an embodiment, a <serviceProcedure> resource 1602 may specify the actions needed to fulfill a service. Note that a service request originator may not be able to define the service procedures. The service procedures may be defined by the CSE, which may determine the entities that are to be involved in providing the service. Table 9 below lists some exemplary attributes for a < serviceProcedure>1602.

AttributeName Description

seqNum 1609 This is the execution sequence if, for one

<chargeableService>, there are more than one

<serviceProcedure>.

originatorEntitylD 1606 This indicates the unique ID of the originator of the

transaction, such as an CSE ID or an application ID.

targetEntitylD 1608 This indicates the unique ID of the targeted entity by

the transaction.

targetResource 1610 This is the URI of the targeted resource for this

operation.

Transaction 1612 This defines the operation to be performed.

<instance> The operation may involve creation/update of existing

resources so the request will include the data

representation.

Table 9. Exemplary Attributes for Service Procedures

[0085] A chargingRate collection resource may define the rate to be charged for a chargeable event or service. The service provider may choose to post the rate to the service entities. The chargingRate resource may associate a specific chargeable event, a subscriber, a service, etc. with the rate. The rate may be specific to other factors, such as a specific time. The rate may be dynamically increased or decreased based on the previous transactions.

[0086] ChargingRecords may be created based on the defined <chargingRecordForm>. Each <chargingRecordForm> may define a specific charging record format. ChargingRecords may be the instances created.

[0087] Figure 17 is a diagram that illustrates a service domain charging system (SD- CS) 1702 that interface, with an underlying 3GPP network via the Z reference point. The anchor point in SD-CS 1702 for Z reference point is the SD-CM function. In terms of charging related operations, the Z reference point may be realized in different ways, including via the Tsp, Gi/SGi and Rx reference points as shown in exemplary, non-limiting architecture 1700 of FIG. 17. Tsp is the control plane interface between the SCS 1706 (service domain) and the MTC-IWF 1704. Gi/SGi is the user plane interface between the SCS 1706 and the PGW 1708. Rx is the interface between the Application Function (AF) and PCRF 1710. 3 GPP specifies that the AF may be a third party application server.

[0088] In more de-coupled embodiments, the service domain and 3 GPP domain may exchange CDRs, integrate the CDRs, and regenerate converged billing information. In more integrated embodiments, the service domain and the 3GPP domain may exchange charging policy information and conduct charging in one domain. Below are listed some of the scenarios involving SD-CS 1702 interworking with the 3 GPP charging and billing system:

1. 3GPP charging only: SD-CTF collects SD chargeable events and passes the events to the 3 GPP charging system.

2. 3GPP assisted charging: SD-CTF collects SD chargeable events; SD- OFCS generates CDRs and passes the CDRs to the 3GPP charging system. The 3 GPP charging system consolidates the SD-CDRs into the 3 GPP CDRs.

3. 3 GPP assisted billing: SD-CTF collects SD chargeable events; SD-OFCS generates CDRs and creates CDR files. SD-CDR files are transferred from the SD-CS function to the 3 GPP MTC-IWF 1704 via the Tsp reference point. The 3GPP charging system consolidates the SD-CDR files and the 3 GPP CDR files and passes them to the 3 GPP billing domain.

4. SD independent billing: The SD uses its independent billing system to process the SD-CDR files. The SD billing system may exchange information with the 3 GPP billing domain.

5. SD only billing: The SD gets charging information from the 3GPP

charging system and generates converged billing for both the 3 GPP domain and service domain.

[0089] The presently disclosed embodiments are related to the service domain and impact to the 3 GPP domain is described only as necessary. Note that some operations disclosed herein may be performed on more than one reference point. An exemplary list of messages and their applicability to different reference points is provided above in Table 3.

[0090] Some embodiments utilize the Tsp interface. In such embodiments, the service domain and the 3 GPP domain may exchange charging information. The charging information may be carried in the form of CDRs or CDR files over the Tsp reference point defined in 3GPP. Such scenarios may include:

1. MTC-IWF 1704 pulls service domain charging information from SD-CS 1702

2. MTC-IWF 1704 pushes 3 GPP domain charging information to SD-CS 1702

3. SD-CS 1702 pulls 3 GPP domain charging information from MTC-IWF 1704 4. SD-CS 1702 pushes service domain charging information to MTC-IWF 1704

[0091] When an exchange is initiated by SCS 1706, if it is a push, the SD-CS 1702 may include the SD-CDR files in the payload of the CDR Transfer Req message. The 3 GPP MTC- IWF 1704 may simply respond to the request or it may also include 3GPP CDR files in the response message. Similar operations may be used in the other direction when 3 GPP initiated the exchange. The service domain and 3 GPP domain may also exchange charging related policies via Tsp.

[0092] Some embodiments utilize the Rx interface. In such embodiments, the Rx reference point may be used for the service domain and the 3 GPP domain to exchange charging related policies. The SCS 1706 may subscribe to notifications about 3 GPP traffic events. For example, the SCS 1706 may receive a notification that an IP session has been closed or a UE has handed over to a different access technology, and the CSE at the SCS 1706 may take actions to trigger service domain operations. The service domain and the 3GPP domain may exchange session related information over Rx for session based charging.

[0093] Some embodiments utilize the Gi/SGi interface. In such embodiments, because the service domain operations are user plane traffic in 3GPP, the service domain may include service domain charging information together with the service domain operations (such as data creation, retrieval) and send the information to the 3 GPP domain via Gi/SGi. The Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) 1714 may process the information and perform charging at 3 GPP.

[0094] FIG. 18A and 18B are a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary signal flow

1800 showing a scenario for SCS initiated device triggering. In such embodiments, that service domain may be interworking with 3 GPP on charging related operations. The lines in bold in

FIG. 18 indicate operations and messages in 3 GPP. At step 1, a network application 1802 may send a request to retrieve data from a MTC device. At step 2, upon receiving the request, the

CSE in the infrastructure node (known as SCS 1804 in 3GPP) checks whether the CSE in an end node (MTC) 1806, is registered, and its online status. In the illustrated signal flow, the MTC

1806 is offline. The SCS determines to trigger the device. Steps 3-9 describe the 3GPP procedure to trigger the MTC device 1806. At steps 10-12, the MTC device 1806 is online and the status is updated at the infrastructure node. At steps 13-17, the SD-CTF captures the charging event and sends the Charging Report message to the SD-CS 1808. Since the SD-CS

1808 receives the charging event from all CSFs, it may integrate these SD-CDRs and generate the SD-CDR file. The 3 GPP and service domain need to correlate the IMSI and the service domain ID (such as subscription ID) to associate the CDRs in both domains for the same MTC device 1806. At steps 18-19, the service domain and 3GPP domain may exchange CDRs or CDR files over the Tsp reference point. At steps 20-21 , at any point when the MTC 1806 is back online, the data retrieval request from the network application may be performed and a service domain specific SD-CDR may be generated for this operation. This CDR may or may not be exchanged with the 3 GPP charging system.

[0095] FIG. 19A and 19B are a flow chart that illustrates an exemplary signal flow 1900 showing the interactions between SD-CS 1902 and the 3 GPP charging system. The procedures shown in this figure, and the procedures shown in any figure described herein, do not have to happen in the sequence shown in the respective figure. Such interactions may provide more integrated charging between 3 GPP and the service domain.

[0096] At steps 1-4, in an embodiment, the 3 GPP charging system may be in control of SD-CS 1902. The 3GPP charging policy entity PCRF 1904 may send a charging policy configuration for SD-CS 1902 via the Rx reference point. The SD-CS 1902 may configure its charging policy based on input from the 3GPP charging system. At steps 5-8, the MTC-IWF 1906 may send 3 GPP charging information to the SD-CS 1902 via the Tsp reference point. For example, the MTC-IWF 1906 may have 3 GPP subscriber information and the SD-CS 1902 may associate the 3GPP ID with the service domain IDs. At steps 9-12, the PCRF 1904 may pass 3 GPP charging related information to SD-CS 1902, such as session status. The SD-CS 1902 may take actions according to its policies. For example, SD-CS 1902 may apply a different rate when a 3GPP session has been handed over to another access technology. At steps 13-15, in some embodiments, the SD-CS 1902 may attach service domain charging information in the service domain operation messages over the user plane reference point Gi/SGi to PCEF 1908. Charging may be performed at the PCEF 1908 and the information may be sent back to SD-CS 1902 over the user plane.

[0097] Table 10 below lists exemplary messages related to charging that may be exchanged between the 3 GPP domain and the service domain.

Message Name Descriptions Key lEs Reference Point

CDR Transfer Req/Rsp The pair of messages is -IDs to identify both Tsp

used for exchanging 3GPP and service

SD-CDRs and 3GPP domain entities and

domain CDRs. CDRs associate them

can be in the form of together, such as SCS

single, group or CDR ID, IMSI, 3GPP session files. ID, SD session ID, SD

subscriber ID, 3GPP

service flow ID, etc.

- CDRs

Charging Policy The pair of messages is - IDs (as above) Rx, Tsp

Req/Rsp

used for the SD and - charging policies, such

3GPP domain to as charging types, rate, exchange charging events, etc.

policies. One domain

can take the dominant

role to configure the

charging policies of

another domain.

Charging Info Req/Rsp The pair of messages is - IDs (as above) Rx, Tsp

used for the SD and - transaction and traffic

3GPP domain to information that is

exchange charging related to charging

related information,

such as IDs, session

status, etc.

Any service domain Include service domain - service domain Gi/SGi

messages

charging information in operations (e.g. data

the service domain retrieval)

messages and send - service domain or

these messages over 3GPP domain charging the user plane of 3GPP information (e.g. IDs,

charging event, rate,

etc.)

Table 10. Exemplary Messages Exchanged between 3 GPP Domain and Service Domain

[0098] FIG. 20 is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary, non-limiting architecture 2000 where the SD-CS resides in the Compensation Brokerage (CB) service capability. The figure shows a network case. For devices and gateways the service capability layer may not contain a SD-CS or the service capability layer may contain a sub-set of SD-CS. The Gateway Compensation Brokerage (GCB) and Device Compensation Brokerage (DCB) may only contain SD-CTF, or SD-CTF and SD-CM. FIG. 21 illustrates exemplary, non-limiting architecture 2100 showing the SD-CS in different nodes. [0099] Table 11 below lists exemplary non-limiting potential charging events that may be supported by an ETSI M2M charging system according to one embodiment.

Chargeable Entities/Events/Operations Description Key IE

Subscription Charging is based on each M2M Subscription

M2M service layer Identifier (subscriber's subscription. profile, contract status, etc.)

ETSI M2M service connection Charge subscribers per Service connection ID

ETSI secure service (duration of connection, connection. One Service class granted, subscriber can have etc.)

multiple service

connections.

ETSI M2M SCL NSCL charges subscribers DIG SCL ID (duration of for each DIG SCL. When SCL, allocated

DIG SCL registers to space/memory, frequency NSCL, it triggers a of transactions, etc.) charging event at NSCL

ETSI M2M Application NA registers to NSCL; Application ID (duration of

DA/GA registers to DIG Application, allocated SCL; space/memory, frequency

DA/NA is charged for data of transactions, QoS storage services (e.g. granted, etc.) number of containers,..);

DA/NA is charged for retargeting services (number

of requests SCL re-targets

to an application);

DA/NA is charged for

resource discovery service

on SCL;

DA/NA is charged for SCL

device management or

announcement services.

ETSI M2M RESTful operations N (DIG) SCL logs the Transaction ID (duration transactions and decides of Transaction, allocated when to trigger a charging space/memory, etc) event based on its

charging policy Reading a resource NSCL charges NA for Resource ID, N A ID example for reading a

sensed value. Different

data might have different

rates depending on NA

Creating a resource NSCL charges NA for Resource ID, N A ID example for amount of

ETSI M2M CRUD

operations storage NA needs

Updating a resource NCSL charges NA for Resource ID, N A ID updating already

purchased storage

Deleting a resource NSCL charges NA for Resource ID, N A ID deleting purchased

storage

Table 1 1. Exemplary ETSI M2M Charging Events

[0100] FIGS. 23A-23C are diagrams that show interfaces that can be used with embodiments of the service domain charging system and methods. The interfaces can be user interfaces, such as graphical user interfaces, that can be used to display and/or control the operation of embodiments of the service domain charging system and methods.

[0101] FIG. 23 A is a diagram that shows an exemplary user interface 2302 of one embodiment that shows chargeable events, such as chargeable event 1 and chargeable event 2 that are associated with a device server or gateway.

[0102] FIG. 23B is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary user interface 2304 of one embodiment shows chargeable records and associated information elements.

[0103] FIG. 23 C is a diagram that illustrates an exemplary user interface 2306 of one embodiment that shows API information, such as messages exchanged between nodes.

[0104] Interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306, can be used to view information related to the service domain charging system discussed above. Interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306, can also be used to configure and set data related to the service domain charging system discussed above. For example, such interfaces can be used to set charging related values for the system.

[0105] FIG. 22A is a diagram of an example machine-to machine (M2M), Internet of Things (IoT), or Web of Things (WoT) communication system 10 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Generally, M2M technologies provide building blocks for the IoT/WoT, and any M2M device, gateway or service platform may be a component of the IoT/WoT as well as an IoT/WoT service layer, etc. Communication system 10 can be used to implement functionality of the disclosed embodiments and can include functionality and logical entities such as Service Domain Charging System, SD-CM 502, SD- OCS 512, SD-OFCS 514, SD-CTF 530, and logic to produce interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306

[0106] As shown in FIG. 22A, the M2M/ IoT/WoT communication system 10 includes a communication network 12. The communication network 12 may be a fixed network (e.g., Ethernet, Fiber, ISDN, PLC, or the like) or a wireless network (e.g., WLAN, cellular, or the like) or a network of heterogeneous networks. For example, the communication network 12 may comprise of multiple access networks that provides content such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, or the like to multiple users. For example, the communication network 12 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), and the like. Further, the communication network 12 may comprise other networks such as a core network, the Internet, a sensor network, an industrial control network, a personal area network, a fused personal network, a satellite network, a home network, or an enterprise network for example.

[0107] As shown in FIG. 22A, the M2M/ IoT/WoT communication system 10 may include the Infrastructure Domain and the Field Domain. The Infrastructure Domain refers to the network side of the end-to-end M2M deployment, and the Field Domain refers to the area networks, usually behind an M2M gateway. The Field Domain includes M2M gateways 14 and terminal devices 18. It will be appreciated that any number of M2M gateway devices 14 and M2M terminal devices 18 may be included in the M2M/ IoT/WoT communication system 10 as desired. Each of the M2M gateway devices 14 and M2M terminal devices 18 are configured to transmit and receive signals via the communication network 12 or direct radio link. The M2M gateway device 14 allows wireless M2M devices (e.g. cellular and non-cellular) as well as fixed network M2M devices (e.g. PLC) to communicate either through operator networks, such as the communication network 12 or direct radio link. For example, the M2M devices 18 may collect data and send the data, via the communication network 12 or direct radio link, to an M2M application 20 or M2M devices 18. The M2M devices 18 may also receive data from the M2M application 20 or an M2M device 18. Further, data and signals may be sent to and received from the M2M application 20 via an M2M service layer 22, as described below. M2M devices 18 and gateways 14 may communicate via various networks including, cellular, WLAN, WPAN (e.g., Zigbee, 6L0WPAN, Bluetooth), direct radio link , and wireline for example.

[0108] Referring to Fig. 22B, the illustrated M2M service layer 22 in the field domain provides services for the M2M application 20, M2M gateway devices 14, and M2M terminal devices 18 and the communication network 12. Communication network 12 can be used to implement functionality of the disclosed embodiments and can include capillary device charging functionality and logical entities such as such as Service Domain Charging System, SD-CM 502, SD-OCS 512, SD-OFCS 514, SD-CTF 530, and logic to produce interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306. The M2M service layer 22 may be implemented by one or more servers, computers, devices, virtual machines (e.g. cloud/ storage farms, etc.) or the like, including for example the devices illustrated in figures 22C and 22D described below. It will be understood that the M2M service layer 22 may communicate with any number of M2M applications, M2M gateway devices 14, M2M terminal devices 18 and communication networks 12 as desired. The M2M service layer 22 may be implemented by one or more servers, computers, or the like. The M2M service layer 22 provides service capabilities that apply to M2M terminal devices 18, M2M gateway devices 14 and M2M applications 20. The functions of the M2M service layer 22 may be implemented in a variety of ways, for example as a web server, in the cellular core network, in the cloud, etc. Similar to the illustrated M2M service layer 22, there is the M2M service layer 22' in the Infrastructure Domain. M2M service layer 22' provides services for the M2M application 20' and the underlying communication network 12' in the infrastructure domain. M2M service layer 22' also provides services for the M2M gateway devices 14 and M2M terminal devices 18 in the field domain. It will be understood that the M2M service layer 22' may communicate with any number of M2M applications, M2M gateway devices and M2M terminal devices. The M2M service layer 22' may interact with a service layer by a different service provider. The M2M service layer 22' may be implemented by one or more servers, computers, virtual machines (e.g. cloud/compute/storage farms, etc.) or the like.

[0109] Referring also to Fig. 22B, the M2M service layer 22 and 22' provide a core set of service delivery capabilities that diverse applications and verticals can leverage. These service capabilities enable M2M applications 20 and 20' to interact with devices and perform functions such as data collection, data analysis, device management, security, billing, service/device discovery etc. Essentially, these service capabilities free the applications of the burden of implementing these functionalities, thus simplifying application development and reducing cost and time to market. The service layer 22 and 22' also enables M2M applications 20 and 20' to communicate through various networks 12 and 12' in connection with the services that the service layer 22 and 22' provide. The connection methods of the present application may be implemented as part of a service layer 22 and 22'. The service layer 22 and 22' is a software middleware layer that supports value-added service capabilities through a set of Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) and underlying networking interfaces. Both ETSI M2M and oneM2M use a service layer that may contain the connection methods of the present application. ETSI M2M's service layer is referred to as the Service Capability Layer (SCL) . The SCL may be implemented within an M2M device (where it is referred to as a device SCL (DSCL)), a gateway (where it is referred to as a gateway SCL (GSCL)) and/or a network node (where it is referred to as a network SCL (NSCL)). The oneM2M service layer supports a set of Common Service Functions (CSFs) (i.e. service capabilities). An instantiation of a set of one or more particular types of CSFs is referred to as a Common Services Entity (CSE) which can be hosted on different types of network nodes (e.g. infrastructure node, middle node, application-specific node). Further, connection methods of the present application can implemented as part of an M2M network that uses a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA ) and/or a resource-oriented architecture (ROA) to access services such as the connection methods of the present application.

[0110] In some embodiments, M2M applications 20 and 20' may include the applications that interact with capillary devices and therefore may be used in conjunction with the disclosed systems and methods for capillary device charging. The M2M applications 20 and 20' may include the applications that interact with the UE or gateway and may also be used in conjunction with other disclosed charging systems and methods. The M2M applications 20 and 20' may include applications in various industries such as, without limitation, transportation, health and wellness, connected home, energy management, asset tracking, and security and surveillance. As mentioned above, the M2M service layer, running across the devices, gateways, and other servers of the system, supports functions such as, for example, data collection, device management, security, billing, location tracking/geofencing, device/service discovery, and legacy systems integration, and provides these functions as services to the M2M applications 20 and 20'.

[0111] Generally, the service layers 22 and 22' define a software middleware layer that supports value-added service capabilities through a set of Application Programming Interfaces

(APIs) and underlying networking interfaces. Both the ETSI M2M and oneM2M architectures define a service layer. ETSI M2M's service layer is referred to as the Service Capability Layer

(SCL). The SCL may be implemented within an M2M device (where it is referred to as a device

SCL (DSCL)), a gateway (where it is referred to as a gateway SCL (GSCL)) and/or a network node (where it is referred to as a network SCL (NSCL)). The oneM2M service layer supports a set of Common Service Functions (CSFs) (i.e. service capabilities). An instantiation of a set of one or more particular types of CSFs is referred to as a Common Services Entity (CSE) which can be hosted on different types of network nodes (e.g. infrastructure node, middle node, application-specific node). The Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) has also defined an architecture for machine-type communications (MTC). In that architecture, the service layer, and the service capabilities is provides, are implemented as part of a Service Capability Server (SCS). Whether embodied in a DSCL, GSCL, or NSCL of the ETSI M2M architecture, in a Service Capability Server (SCS) of the 3 GPP MTC architecture, in a CSF or CSE of the oneM2M architecture, or as some other component or module of a network, the service layer may be implemented as a logical entity (e.g., software, computer-executable instructions, and the like) executing either on one or more standalone servers, computers, or other computing devices or nodes in the network or as part of one or more existing servers, computers, or nodes of such network. As an example, a service layer or component thereof may be implemented in the form of software running on a server, computer, or device having the general architecture illustrated in FIG. 22C or FIG. 22D described below.

[0112] Further, the logical entities of the present application such as Service Domain Charging System, SD-CM 502, SD-OCS 512, SD-OFCS 514, SD-CTF 530, and logic to produce interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306 can implemented as part of an M2M network that uses a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA ) and/or a resource-oriented architecture (ROA) to access services of the present application.

[0113] FIG.— C is a system diagram of an example device 30, that can be an M2M device, user equipment, gateway, UE/GW or any other nodes including nodes of the mobile care network, service layer network application provider, terminal device 18 or an M2M gateway device 14 for example. The device 30 can execute or include logical entities such as such as

Service Domain Charging System, SD-CM 502, SD-OCS 512, SD-OFCS 514, SD-CTF 530, and logic to produce interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306. The device 30 can be part of an M2M network as shown in Figure 22A-B or part of a non-M2M network. As shown in

FIG. 22C, the device 30 may include a processor 32, a transceiver 34, a transmit/receive element

36, a speaker/microphone 38, a keypad 40, a display/touchpad/indicator(s) 42, non-removable memory 44, removable memory 46, a power source 48, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 50, and other peripherals 52. It will be appreciated that the device 30 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

This device may be a device that uses and/or implements the disclosed systems and methods for capillary device charging or other disclosed charging systems and methods. [0114] The processor 32 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of

microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, one or more Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), one or more Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGAs) circuits, any other type and number of integrated circuits (ICs), a state machine, and the like. The processor 32 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any other functionality that enables the device 30 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 32 may be coupled to the transceiver 34, which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 36. While FIG. 22C depicts the processor 32 and the transceiver 34 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 32 and the transceiver 34 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip. The processor 32 may perform application-layer programs (e.g., browsers) and/or radio access-layer (RAN) programs and/or communications. The processor 32 may perform security operations such as authentication, security key agreement, and/or cryptographic operations, such as at the access-layer and/or application layer for example.

[0115] The transmit/receive element 36 may be configured to transmit signals to, and/or receive signals from, an M2M service platform 22. For example, in an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 36 may be an antenna configured to transmit and/or receive RF signals. The transmit/receive element 36 may support various networks and air interfaces, such as WLAN, WPAN, cellular, and the like. In an embodiment, the transmit/receive element 36 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit/receive element 36 may be configured to transmit and receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit/receive element 36 may be configured to transmit and/or receive any combination of wireless or wired signals.

[0116] In addition, although the transmit/receive element 36 is depicted in FIG. 22C as a single element, the device 30 may include any number of transmit/receive elements 36. More specifically, the device 30 may employ MIMO technology. Thus, in an embodiment, the device 30 may include two or more transmit/receive elements 36 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals.

[0117] The transceiver 34 may be configured to modulate the signals that are to be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 36 and to demodulate the signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 36. As noted above, the device 30 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 34 may include multiple transceivers for enabling device 30 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as UTRA and IEEE 802.1 1, for example.

[0118] The processor 32 may access information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory, such as the non-removable memory 44 and/or the removable memory 46. The non-removable memory 44 may include random-access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 46 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 32 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the device 30, such as on a server or a home computer.

[0119] The processor 30 may receive power from the power source 48, and may be configured to distribute and/or control the power to the other components in the device 30. The power source 48 may be any suitable device for powering the device 30. For example, the power source 48 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

[0120] The processor 32 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 50, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the device 30. It will be appreciated that the device 30 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location-determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0121] The processor 32 may further be coupled to other peripherals 52, which may include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality and/or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 52 may include an accelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a sensor, a digital camera (for photographs or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, and the like.

[0122] FIG. 22D is a block diagram of an exemplary computing system 90 on which, for example, the M2M service platform 22 of FIGs. 22A and 22B may be implemented.

Computing system 90 may comprise a computer or server and may be controlled primarily by computer readable instructions, which may be in the form of software, wherever, or by whatever means such software is stored or accessed. Computing system 90 can execute or include logical entities such as Service Domain Charging System, SD-CM 502, SD-OCS 512, SD-OFCS 514, SD-CTF 530, and logic to produce interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306.

Computing system 90 can be an M2M device, user equipment, gateway, UE/GW or any other nodes including nodes of the mobile care network, service layer network application provider, terminal device 18 or an M2M gateway device 14 for example. Such computer readable instructions may be executed within central processing unit (CPU) 91 to cause computing system 90 to do work. In many known workstations, servers, and personal computers, central processing unit 91 is implemented by a single-chip CPU called a microprocessor. In other machines, the central processing unit 91 may comprise multiple processors. Coprocessor 81 is an optional processor, distinct from main CPU 91 that performs additional functions or assists CPU 91. CPU 91 and/or coprocessor 81 may receive, generate, and process the data used in various embodiments of the disclosed systems and methods for capillary device charging or other disclosed charging systems and methods.

[0123] In operation, CPU 91 fetches, decodes, and executes instructions, and transfers information to and from other resources via the computer's main data-transfer path, system bus 80. Such a system bus connects the components in computing system 90 and defines the medium for data exchange. System bus 80 typically includes data lines for sending data, address lines for sending addresses, and control lines for sending interrupts and for operating the system bus. An example of such a system bus 80 is the PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus.

[0124] Memory devices coupled to system bus 80 include random access memory (RAM) 82 and read only memory (ROM) 93. Such memories include circuitry that allows information to be stored and retrieved. ROMs 93 generally contain stored data that cannot easily be modified. Data stored in RAM 82 may be read or changed by CPU 91 or other hardware devices. Access to RAM 82 and/or ROM 93 may be controlled by memory controller 92.

Memory controller 92 may provide an address translation function that translates virtual addresses into physical addresses as instructions are executed. Memory controller 92 may also provide a memory protection function that isolates processes within the system and isolates system processes from user processes. Thus, a program running in a first mode can access only memory mapped by its own process virtual address space; it cannot access memory within another process's virtual address space unless memory sharing between the processes has been set up.

[0125] In addition, computing system 90 may contain peripherals controller 83 responsible for communicating instructions from CPU 91 to peripherals, such as printer 94, keyboard 84, mouse 95, and disk drive 85. Display 86, which is controlled by display controller 96, is used to display visual output generated by computing system 90. Such visual output may include text, graphics, animated graphics, and video. Display 86 may be implemented with a CRT -based video display, an LCD-based flat-panel display, gas plasma-based flat-panel display, or a touch-panel. Display controller 96 includes electronic components required to generate a video signal that is sent to display 86.

[0126] Further, computing system 90 may contain network adaptor 97 that may be used to connect computing system 90 to an external communications network, such as network 12 of FIGs. 22A and 22B. In an embodiment, network adaptor 97 may receive and transmit data used by various disclosed systems and methods for capillary device charging or other disclosed charging systems and methods.

[0127] It is understood that any or all of the systems, methods, and processes described herein may be embodied in the form of computer executable instructions (i.e., program code) stored on a computer-readable storage medium. Such instructions, when executed by a machine, such as a computer, server, M2M terminal device, M2M gateway device, or the like, perform and/or implement the systems, methods and processes described herein. Specifically, any of the steps, operations or functions described above, including the operations of the gateway, UE, UE/GW, or any of the nodes of the mobile core network, service layer or network application provider, may be implemented in the form of such computer executable instructions. Logical entities s such as Service Domain Charging System, SD-CM 502, SD-OCS 512, SD-OFCS 514, SD-CTF 530, and logic to produce interfaces, such as interfaces 2302, 2304 and 2306 may be embodied in the form of the computer executable instructions. Computer readable storage media include both volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, but such computer readable storage media do not include signals. Computer readable storage media include, but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CDROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other physical medium that can be used to store the desired information and that can be accessed by a computer.

[0128] In describing preferred embodiments of the subject matter of the present disclosure, as illustrated in the FIGs., specific terminology is employed for the sake of clarity. The claimed subject matter, however, is not intended to be limited to the specific terminology so selected, and it is to be understood that each specific element includes all technical equivalents that operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. [0129] This written description uses examples to disclose the invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the invention, including making and using any devices or systems and performing any incorporated methods. The patentable scope of the invention is defined by the claims and may include other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they have structural elements that do not differ from the literal language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages of the claims.

Claims

What is Claimed is:

1. A charging system for a Machine-to-Machine (M2M) service domain comprising: a service domain charging management function to store charging policies for the service domain; a service domain on-line charging system receiving service requests from the service domain charging management function and checking the credit for the requested service before granting the service; and a service domain off-line charging system receiving charging events from the service domain charging management function and producing service domain charging data records.

2. The charging system of claim 1, further comprising a service domain charging trigger function configured by and reporting to the service domain charging management function.

3. The charging system of claim 1, wherein the policies are defined as a rule with associated attributes.

4. The charging system of claim 1, wherein one of the attributes is a chargeable event identifier that identifies a chargeable event object, the chargeable event object defining an event in the service layer of the M2M network.

5. In a service layer of a Machine-to-Machine (M2M) network, a method comprising: receiving a policy at a service domain charging management function, the policy being defined as a rule with associated attributes; and using the policy to determine chargeable events within the service layer of the M2M network.

6. The method of claim 5 wherein the policy is received from an application.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein one of the attributes is a chargeable event identifier.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein the chargeable event identifier identifies a chargeable event object with additional attributes defining an event in the service layer of the M2M network.

9. The method of claim 5, wherein the attributes include an originator identifier identifying the charging party, and a receiver ID indicating the charged party.

10. The method of claim 5, wherein the attributes include a rule status attribute indicating if the rule is active.

1 1. The method of claim 5, wherein rule is a resource that is addressable with a uniform resource indicator (URI).

12. The method of claim 5, wherein the policy includes a configuration with attributes including eventID, event type, event start, event end, and data size.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the configuration is used to create a charging event.

14. The method of claim 5, wherein the policy defines service based charging.

15. The method of claim 5 wherein the service domain charging management function offers configurable charging services to applications.

16. In a service layer of an Machine-to-Machine (M2M) network, a method comprising: receiving at a service domain charging management function at an infrastructure node charging policies for the service domain; and distributing the policies from the service domain charging management function at the infrastructure node to a service domain charging management function at an end node.

17. The method of claim 16, further comprising sending charging reports from the service domain charging management function at an end node to the service domain charging management function at the infrastructure node.

18. The method of claim 16, further comprising sending credit check reports from the service domain charging management function at an end node to the service domain charging management function at the infrastructure node.

19. The method of claim 16, further comprising a sending service requests from the service domain charging management function at the infrastructure node to a service domain on-line charging system to check credit for the requested service before granting the service.

20. The method of claim 16, further comprising a sending charging events from the service domain charging management function at the infrastructure node to a service domain off-line charging system to produce service domain charging data.

21. In a service layer that interacts with a 3GPP network, a method comprising: transferring charging information between a service domain charging system in the service layer and a Machine-Type Communications Interworking Function (MTC-IWF) in the 3 GPP network across a Tsp reference point, and in the service domain charging system in the service layer or the MTC-IWF in the 3GPP network, using the transferred charging information.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein a Rx reference point is used to transfer charging related policies between the service domain charging system in the service layer and a Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF) in the 3 GPP network.

23. The method of claim 21, wherein the MTC-IWF sends 3GPP charging information to the SD-CS via the Tsp reference point.

24. The method of claim 21, Wherein the SD-CS sends Service Layer charging information to the MTC-IWF via the Tsp reference point.

25. In a service layer of an Machine-to-Machine (M2M) network, a method comprising: receiving at a service domain charging management function at a node charging policies for the service domain from an application; and distributing the policies from the service domain charging management function at the node to a service domain charging management function at another node.