EP2978460A1 - Systèmes de désinfection de fluide statique et procédés associés - Google Patents

Systèmes de désinfection de fluide statique et procédés associés

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Publication number
EP2978460A1
EP2978460A1 EP14776473.2A EP14776473A EP2978460A1 EP 2978460 A1 EP2978460 A1 EP 2978460A1 EP 14776473 A EP14776473 A EP 14776473A EP 2978460 A1 EP2978460 A1 EP 2978460A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
substituted
unsubstituted
fluid
group
open
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP14776473.2A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
William R. II PETERSON
William R. PETERSON III
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Qore Systems LLC
Coating Systems Laboratories Inc
Original Assignee
Qore Systems LLC
Coating Systems Laboratories Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Qore Systems LLC, Coating Systems Laboratories Inc filed Critical Qore Systems LLC
Publication of EP2978460A1 publication Critical patent/EP2978460A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N55/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, containing organic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/16—Foams
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N33/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic nitrogen compounds
    • A01N33/02—Amines; Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • A01N33/12—Quaternary ammonium compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
    • C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
    • C02F1/50—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by addition or application of a germicide or by oligodynamic treatment

Definitions

  • aspects of this document relate generally to methods and compositions for reducing the number of microorganisms in a liquid using a solid phase carrier coated with a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • Quaternary ammonium organosilanes have been used in a wide variety of applications.
  • Implementations of systems for disinfecting fluids may include: an open- celled foam that includes a range of pores per inch (PPI) between 10 PPI and 1 10 PPI where the open-celled foam is coated with a quaternary organosilane coating produced from a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating produced from a quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent having the formula:
  • Implementations of systems for disinfecting fluids may include one, all, or any of the following:
  • the open-celled foam may include a material selected from the group consisting of naturally occurring and synthetic organic polymeric materials, stainless steel, copper, silicon, carbon, and silicon carbide.
  • the one or more microorganisms are also selected from the group consisting of encapsulated and non-encapsulated viruses, Gram-negative and Gram positive bacteria, fungi, mold, spores, yeast, and protozoic bacteria.
  • the fluid may be turbid.
  • the fluid may be optically opaque.
  • the fluid may include a hydrocarbon and water emulsion.
  • the container may further include a solid material including one or more microorganisms and the open-celled foam may contact one or more surfaces of the solid material.
  • Implementations of a system for disinfecting a fluid may include an open- celled foam having a surface area per gram less than a surface area per gram of one of filter sand and zeolite where the open-celled foam is coated with a quaternary organosilane coating produced from a quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent having the formula:
  • A may be a member independently selected from the group consisting of - OR 4 , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 4 may be a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R may be substituted or unsubstituted alkylene;
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be members each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen
  • Implementations of the system may include one, all, or any of the following:
  • microorganisms may be selected from the group consisting of
  • the open-celled foam may include a range of pores per inch (PPI) between 10 PPI and 1 10 PPL
  • the open-celled foam comprises a material selected from the group consisting of natural and synthetic organic polymeric materials, stainless steel, copper, silicon, carbon, and silicon carbide.
  • the fluid may be turbid.
  • the fluid may be optically opaque.
  • the fluid may include a hydrocarbon and water emulsion.
  • the container may include a solid material including one or more microorganisms and the open-celled foam may contact one or more surfaces of the solid material.
  • the method may include statically contacting a fluid included in in a container with an open-celled foam where the open-celled foam is coated with a quaternary organosilane coating produced from a quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent having the formula:
  • A may be a member independently selected from the group consisting of - OR 4 , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R 4 may be a member selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl;
  • R may be substituted or unsubstituted alkylene;
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be members each independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen
  • Implementations of a method of disinfecting a fluid may include one, all, or any of the following:
  • Statically contacting the fluid included in the container with the open-celled foam may further include where the open-celled foam comprises a range of pores per inch (PPI) between 10 PPI and 110 PPL
  • Statically contacting the fluid comprised in the container may further include where the one or more microorganisms in the fluid are selected from the group consisting of Cryptosporidium parvum, Giardia, encapsulated viruses, and non-encapsulated viruses.
  • the method may further include statically contacting one or more surfaces of a solid material including one or more microorganisms included in the container with the open- celled foam.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates the reduction in the viable number of bacteriophages by quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolite
  • FIG. 2 illustrates the reduction in the viable number of (A) K. terriena bacteria and (B) E. Coli bacteria by quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolite;
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the average reduction in the viable number of bacteria and bacteriophages by quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolite
  • FIG. 4 illustrates the reduction in the viable number of algae by quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolite
  • FIG. 5 illustrates the reduction in the viable number of protozoa parasites by quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolite
  • FIG. 6 illustrates an experimental apparatus containing a column packed with quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolite for use in decreasing the viable number of microorganisms in a liquid.
  • the term "reducing the viable number of microorganisms,” means reducing the number of microorganisms capable of growing, working, functioning, and/or developing adequately.
  • the term includes, for example, reducing the overall number of microorganisms, reducing the number of active microorganisms (i.e. inactivating microorganisms), reducing the number of microorganisms able to reproduce, reducing the number of intact microorganisms, reducing the number of infectious agents, removal of microorganisms, inactivation of microorganisms; and/or and the like.
  • "Eliminating the viable number of microorganisms” means reducing the viable number of microorganisms to zero.
  • microorganism means an organism that, individually, can only be seen through a microscope.
  • microorganism includes, for example, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, yeast, germs, ground pearls, nematodes, viruses, prions, and algae.
  • alkyl by itself or as part of another substituent, means, unless otherwise stated, a straight (i.e. unbranched) or branched carbon chain containing at least one carbon, which may be fully saturated, mono-or polyunsaturated.
  • An unsaturated alkyl group is one having one or more double bonds or triple bonds.
  • An "unsubstituted alkyl” refers to branched or unbranched alkyl groups wherein the backbone carbons are attached to hydrogen and/or other backbone carbon.
  • alkylene refers to a divalent radical derivative of an alkyl.
  • a “backbone carbon” or “backbone heteroatom,” as used herein, refers to a carbon or heteroatom, respectively, that is not at the point of attachment of an alkyl or heteroalkyl group, and which forms part of a branched or unbranched chain containing at least one carbon.
  • alkoxy refers to those alkyl groups attached to the remainder of the molecule via an oxygen atom.
  • alkylether refers to an alkyl having at least one carbon-oxygen- carbon linkage.
  • hydroxy-substituted alkyl refers to an alkyl having at least one attached hydroxy 1 group.
  • amine-substituted alkyl refers to an alkyl having at least one attached primary, secondary, or tertiary amine group.
  • hetero alkyl by itself or in combination with another term, means an alkyl having at least one heteroatom within the carbon chain.
  • the heteroatom is selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized.
  • the heteroatom(s) O, N, and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group or at the position at which the alkyl group is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
  • heteroalkylene by itself or as part of another substituent means a divalent radical derived from heteroalkyl.
  • heteroatoms can also occupy either or both of the chain termini.
  • An "unsubstituted heteroalkyl” refers to branched or unbranched heteroalkyl groups wherein the backbone carbons are attached to hydrogen, other backbone carbons, and/or backbone heteroatoms.
  • the backbone heteroatoms are attached to hydrogen, backbone carbons, other backbone heteroatoms, and/ or oxygen (in the case of oxidized sulfur).
  • cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl represent, unless otherwise stated, cyclic versions of “alkyl” and “heteroalkyl,” respectively. Additionally, for heterocycloalkyl, a heteroatom can occupy the position at which the heterocycle is attached to the remainder of the molecule.
  • cycloalkylene and “heterocycloalkylene” refer to the divalent derivatives of cycloalkyl and heterocycloalkyl groups, respectively.
  • halo or halogen
  • substituents mean, unless otherwise stated, a fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine atom.
  • haloalkyl are meant to include monohaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl.
  • aryl means, unless otherwise stated, a polyunsaturated, aromatic, hydrocarbon which can be a single ring or multiple rings (preferably from 1 to 3 rings) which are fused together or linked covalently.
  • heteroaryl refers to aryl groups (or rings) that contain from one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S, wherein the heteroatom occupies a ring vertex (also referred to herein as a "ring heteroatom”).
  • the nitrogen and sulfur atoms are optionally oxidized, and the nitrogen atom(s) are optionally quaternized.
  • a heteroaryl group can be attached to the remainder of the molecule through a carbon or heteroatom.
  • arylene and “heteroarylene” refer to the divalent derivatives of aryl and heteroaryl groups, respectively.
  • an "unsubstituted aryl” or “unsubstituted heteroaryl” refers to aryl and heteroaryl rings, respectively, in which the carbon atoms occupying ring vertices that are not at a point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule are attached only to hydrogen or other atoms occupying ring vertices. Heteroatoms occupying ring vertices that are not at a point of attachment to the remainder of the molecule are attached only to hydrogen, other atoms occupying ring vertices, or oxygen (in the case of oxidized ring heteroatoms).
  • oxo as used herein means an oxygen that is double bonded to a carbon atom.
  • a “liquid,” as used herein, is a substance that flows freely, lacks crystal structure, and, unlike a gas, retains the same volume independent of the shape of its container at ambient temperature and pressure.
  • An “aqueous liquid” refers to a liquid having a portion of water.
  • Aqueous liquids suitable for the practice of the present invention include, for example, waste water and sewage water, fruit juices, milk, and medical fluids. Other suitable fluids will be readily determined by those skilled in the art and may be utilized in various implementations.
  • a “solid,” as used herein, is a substance that does not dissolve in water at ambient temperature.
  • a “solid phase carrier” is a carrier that is insoluble in water at ambient temperature.
  • the present invention provides a method of reducing or eliminating the viable number of microorganisms in a liquid.
  • the method includes contacting the liquid with a solid phase carrier coated with a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane coating may reduce the viable number of microorganisms in a liquid by directly contacting the microorganisms.
  • the solid phase carrier may be any appropriate dimension or shape, including, for example, a planar surface, the lining of tubing or pipe, or a roughly spherical particle.
  • the solid phase carrier may also be any appropriate size, including, for example, a microscopic carrier, a carrier detectable with the naked eye, a roughly planar carrier with dimensions that are centimeters to meters in length, and roughly spherical carrier with a radius that is centimeters to meters in length.
  • the solid phase carrier is typically composed of one or more substance or material that is insoluble in liquid media (e.g. organic media, aqueous media, water, etc.).
  • liquid media e.g. organic media, aqueous media, water, etc.
  • Exemplary materials include glass, silica, sand (e.g. manganese greensand and filter sand), quartz, flint, zeolite, anthracite, activated carbon, garnet, ilmenite, benn, aluminum (including non-hydrous aluminum silicate (e.g. filter AG), oxides of iron and titanium (e.g. ilmenite), diatomaceous earth, pozzolan (silicon/alumina material that occurs naturally and is produced as a byproduct of coal combustion), metal (e.g. tin), ceramic, and/or organic polymers and plastics (e.g. high density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP) or polyvinyl chloride (PVC)).
  • HDPE high density poly
  • the liquid is contacted with an additional solid phase carrier.
  • the additional solid phase carrier may be coated with a different quaternary ammonium organosilane coating than the solid phase carrier.
  • the additional solid phase carrier may also be composed of a different material than the solid phase carrier.
  • the solid phase carriers of the current invention are coated with a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane coating is produced from a quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent has the formula:
  • A is selected from -OR , substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl. Where more than one A is present, each A is independently selected from the groups recited above or below.
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • Z is selected from fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, tosylate, hydroxide, sulfate and phosphate.
  • n 1, 2 or 3.
  • each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and substituted heteroaryl described herein as possible A, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 moieties are substituted only with at least one substituent independently selected from -OH, unsubstituted (Ci-C5)alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (C 5 -C 7 ) membered cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • A is a substituted (Ci-Cio)alkyl
  • the substituted (Ci-Cio)alkyl is substituted only with at least one substituent independently selected from - OH, unsubstituted (Ci-C5)alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (C5-C7) membered cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and substituted heteroaryl described herein as possible A, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 moieties are substituted only with at least one substituent independently selected from -OH, unsubstituted (Ci-C5)alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (C 5 -C 7 ) membered cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and substituted heteroaryl described herein as possible A, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 moieties are substituted only with at least one substituent independently selected from -OH, unsubstituted (Ci-C5)alkyl, unsubstituted (C5-C7) membered cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted phenyl.
  • each substituted alkyl, substituted heteroalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, substituted heterocycloalkyl, substituted aryl, and substituted heteroaryl described herein as possible A, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 moieties are substituted only with at least one unsubstituted (Ci-C 3 )alkyl.
  • each substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and substituted heteroarylene described herein as possible R moieties are substituted only with at least one substituent independently selected from -OH, unsubstituted (Ci— Cs)alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 5 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (C5-C7) membered cycloalkyl, substituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • each substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and substituted heteroarylene described herein as possible R moieties are substituted only with at least one substituent independently selected from -OH,
  • R moieties are substituted only with at least one substituent independently selected from -OH, unsubstituted (Ci-C5)alkyl, unsubstituted (C5-C7) membered cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted phenyl.
  • each substituted alkylene, substituted heteroalkylene, substituted cycloalkylene, substituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted arylene, and substituted heteroarylene described herein as possible R moieties are substituted only with at least one unsubstituted (Ci-C3)alkyl.
  • A may be selected from -OR 4 , substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-Cio)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 12 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C5- C7)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 4 may be selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-Cio)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • A is selected from -OR , unsubstituted (Ci- Cio)alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 12 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and unsubstituted
  • A is selected from -OR , unsubstituted (Ci-Cio)alkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 12 membered alkylether, unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted phenyl.
  • A may also be selected from -OR 4 , unsubstituted (C ⁇ C ⁇ alkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered alkylether, unsubstituted (C 5 -C 7 )cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted phenyl.
  • A is selected from -OR 4 , unsubstituted (Ci-C4)alkyl, and unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered alkylether.
  • R 4 may be selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (Ci-Cio)alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 12 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5 to 7
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (Ci- Cio)alkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 12 membered alkylether, unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (Ci-C8)alkyl, unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered alkyl ether, unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 4 is selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (Ci-Cs)alkyl, and unsubstituted 3 to 8 membered alkyl ether.
  • R 4 may also be selected from phenyl, methylphenyl, substituted or
  • X and y are integers independently selected from 1 to 10.
  • R may be selected from substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-Cio) alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.
  • R is a member selected from unsubstituted (Ci- Cio)alkylene, unsubstituted 2 to 10 membered heteroalkylene, unsubstituted (C5- C7)cycloalkylene, unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkylene, unsubstituted arylene, and unsubstituted heteroarylene.
  • R may also be unsubstituted (Ci-Cio)alkylene.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be selected from hydrogen, substituted or unsubstituted (Ci-C 2 o)alkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted (C5-C7)cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered
  • heterocycloalkyl substituted or unsubstituted aryl, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, hydroxy-substituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, amine- substituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, unsubstituted 2 to 20 membered heteroalkyl, unsubstituted (C 5 - C7)cycloalkyl, unsubstituted 5 to 7 membered heterocycloalkyl, unsubstituted aryl, and
  • R , R , and R are independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, unsubstituted alkylether, hydroxy- substituted (C r C2o)alkyl, amine-substituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, unsubstituted (C 5 - C7)cycloalkyl, and unsubstituted phenyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may also be selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (C r C2o)alkyl, unsubstituted alkylether, hydroxy-substituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, amine-substituted (Ci-
  • R , R , and R 3 are selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, unsubstituted alkylether, hydroxysubstituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl, and amine-substituted (Ci-C2o)alkyl.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are independently selected from -(CH 2 ) q OCH 3 , -(CH 2 ) q OH, -(CH 2 ) q O(CH 2 )tCH3, -(CH 2 ) q NHCH 3 , -(CH 2 ) q NH 2 , - (CH 2 ) q (CH 3 )2 and -(CH2) q H 2 (CH2)tCH 3 , in which q and t are integers independently selected from 0 to 10.
  • R , R , and R may also be independently selected from the group consisting of-CH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 and -CH2CH2OCH2CH2CH 3 .
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may also be independently selected from -CH 2 CH 2 OH and -CH2CH 2 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 .
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may also be independently selected from-CH 2 CH 2 NH2 and -CH 2 CH 2 N(CH 3 )2.
  • R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be members independently selected from methyl, octadecyl, didecyl, and tetradecyl.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent is selected from (CH 3 0)3Si(CH2)3 + (CH3)2(Ci8H 3 7) (CI ); (CH 3 CH 2 0)3Si(CH 2 )3N + (CH3) 2 (C 18 H3 7 ) (CI " ); (CH 3 0)3Si(CH 2 )3 + (CH3) 2 (C 18 H 3 7) (B ); (CH 3 O)3Si(CH 2 )3N + (C 10 H 21 ) 2 (CH3) (CI " ); (CH 3 0)3Si(CH 2 )3N + (CH3) 2 (C 14 H 29 ) (CI " );
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent is selected from 3— (trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride, 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl- didecylmethyl ammonium chloride, and 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyltetradecyl ammonium chloride.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane contains an ammonium halide and a hydrolyzable alkoxy group bonded to silicon.
  • a variety of methods may be used to form the quaternary ammonium organosilane coatings from quaternary ammonium organosilane reagents.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent may be applied to the solid phase carrier using any method known in the art, including, for example, methods for covalently or non-covalently binding the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent to the solid phase carrier to form a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • Solid phase carriers may be contacted (e.g. sprayed, dipped, or otherwise applied) with a solution preparation containing the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent coated surfaces are allowed to air dry at room temperatures for a sufficient period of time to complete a condensation cure of the quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • heat is applied to the coated surfaces for a sufficient period of time to effect cure, the duration and temperature of such is known to those skilled in the art.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent is covalently bound to the solid phase carrier.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent is covalently bound to an accessible carrier reactive group that forms a part of the solid phase carrier.
  • a variety of reactive groups are useful in covalently binding the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent may be covalently bound to the carrier reactive group through the silane moiety of the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent.
  • the silane moiety refers to the A4_ n -Si- portion of the compound Formula I.
  • the silane moiety may be covalently bound to the carrier reactive group by allowing the carrier reactive group to covalently bind to the silicon atom of the silane moiety.
  • the carrier reactive group is a hydroxyl
  • the oxygen atom may be allowed to bind to the silicon atom to form a silicon-oxygen bond thereby covalently attaching the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent to the carrier molecule.
  • the silane moiety includes at least one -OR that leaves upon attack of a hydroxyl carrier reactive group.
  • This reaction may be referred to herein as a condensation reaction.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent may be covalently attached to the carrier molecule via a condensation reaction.
  • the silane moiety may also include an A group that contains a reactive group, referred to herein as a silane reactive group.
  • the silane reactive group is capable of reacting with a carrier reactive group to form a covalent bond.
  • Silane reactive groups, carrier reactive groups and classes of reactions useful in covalently attaching quaternary ammonium organosilane reagents to a solid phase carrier are generally those that are well known in the art of bioconjugate chemistry. These include, but are not limited to nucleophilic substitutions (e.g. reactions of amines and alcohols with acyl halides, active esters), electrophilic substitutions (e.g., enamine reactions) and additions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds (e.g., Michael reaction, Diels-Alder addition).
  • nucleophilic substitutions e.g. reactions of amines and alcohols with acyl halides, active esters
  • electrophilic substitutions e.g., enamine reactions
  • additions to carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom multiple bonds e.g., Michael reaction, Diels-Alder addition.
  • silane and carrier reactive functional groups include, for example:
  • haloalkyl groups wherein the halide can be later displaced with a nucleophilic group such as, for example, an amine, a carboxylate anion, thiol anion, carbanion, or an alkoxide ion, thereby resulting in the covalent attachment of a new group at the site of the halogen atom;
  • a nucleophilic group such as, for example, an amine, a carboxylate anion, thiol anion, carbanion, or an alkoxide ion
  • dienophile groups which are capable of participating in Diels-Alder reactions such as, for example, maleimido groups;
  • amine or sulfhydryl groups which can be, for example, acylated, alkylated or oxidized;
  • alkenes which can undergo, for example, cycloadditions, acylation, Michael addition, etc.;
  • the reactive functional groups can be chosen such that they do not participate in, or interfere with, the reactions necessary to assemble the quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • a silane or carrier reactive functional group can be protected from participating in the reaction by the presence of a protecting group.
  • protecting groups See Greene et al, Protective Groups In Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991, the disclosure of which is incorporated entirely herein by reference.
  • Linkers may also be employed to attach the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent to the solid phase carrier.
  • Linkers may include reactive groups at the point of attachment to the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent and/or the solid phase carrier. Any appropriate linker may be used in the present invention, including substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted cycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted heterocycloalkylene, substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroarylene.
  • the linker group is selected from substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, and substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene.
  • the linker is selected from unsubstituted alkylene, alkylene substituted with at least one oxy, unsubstituted heteroalkylene, and heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxy.
  • the linker is selected from unsubstituted (C1-C25) alkylene, (C 1 -C 25 ) alkylene substituted with at least one oxy, unsubstituted 2 to 26 membered heteroalkylene, and 2 to 26 membered heteroalkylene substituted with at least one oxy.
  • useful linkers include those having a polyester backbone (e.g. polyethylene glycol), and derivatives thereof.
  • a wide variety of useful linkers are commercially available (e.g. polyethylene glycol based linkers such as those available from ektar, Inc. of Huntsville, Alabama).
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent may also be non- covalently attached to the solid phase carrier using any interaction, such as Van der Waals interactions, hydrophobic interactions, dipole-dipole interactions, electrostatic interactions, and/or hydrogen bonding interactions.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent forms a polymeric network that partially or wholly covers the solid phase carrier.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent may additionally from a covalent and/or non- covalent bond with the solid phase carrier.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent typically forms a polymeric network by covalently binding through the silane moiety.
  • the silane moiety includes at
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent may form a silicone polymer having a series of silicon-oxygen-silicon bonds.
  • the silicones may be linear polymers or cross-linked polymers.
  • the silane moiety includes at least
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent may form a cross-linked silicone polymer wherein each silica atom forms part of at least two silicon-oxygen-silicon bonds.
  • polymerization may be achieved using silane reactive groups capable of forming intermolecular covalent bonds with other silane reactive groups.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent is contacted with an aqueous liquid prior to application to the solid phase carrier.
  • useful quaternary ammonium organosilane reagents include those containing hydrolyzable alkoxy groups bound to the silicon atom. Upon contact with a water molecule, the alkoxy groups (e.g.
  • hydroxy substituted silicon atoms also referred to herein as "silanols”
  • condensation simultaneous liberation of alcohol as a by-product of the hydrolysis
  • the resultant compound formed on addition of quaternary ammonium organosilanes o fthe above compositions are the corresponding mono-, di-, or tri-silanol species.
  • the reactive silanol species prepared upon hydrolysis may form covalent silicon-oxygen-silicon bonds with other silanol species resulting in polymeric coatings as described above.
  • the resultant polymeric coating may be a molecular network non-covalently and/or covalently bonded to the solid phase carrier.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane coating may form three dimensional, cross-linked, water- insoluble, polymeric coatings which may contain some uncondensed silanol or alkoxy moieties.
  • Monomeric, dimeric and oligomeric species may be present on the solid phase carrier following application of an aqueous solution containing quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent, and these may bond to the solid phase carrier, whether by covalent or non-covalent mechanisms.
  • the quaternary ammonium organosilane coatings formed on the solid phase carriers retain their antimicrobial activity. They are substantive to the solid phase carriers and largely insoluble in aqueous liquid. For example, in some embodiments, less than 10 ppb of quaternary ammonium organosilane reagents is detectable in water after Standard 42 testing as performed by NSF International, Ann Arbor, MI. [00115] In an exemplary embodiment, the quaternary ammonium organosilane coating has the formula:
  • W is a solid phase carrier as described above.
  • the solid phase carrier W may include a linker moiety and/or the remnant of a reactive group.
  • the symbol 1 represents an integer selected from 1, 2, or 3.
  • the symbols m and j represent integers independently selected from 0, 1, 2, and 3, wherein both m and j are not simultaneously 0. The sum of m, j, and 1 is not greater than four.
  • 1 is 1, 2, or 3; m is 1, 2, or 3, and j is 1, 2, or 3.
  • 1 is 1; m is 1, 2, or 3, and j is 1, 2, or 3.
  • microorganism means an organism that, individually, can only be seen through a microscope.
  • microorganism includes, for example, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, yeast, germs, ground pearls, nematodes, viruses, prions, and algae.
  • bacteria for example, bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, algae, protozoa, yeast, germs, ground pearls, nematodes, viruses, prions, and algae.
  • microorganism is selected from bacteria, viruses (also referred to herein as bacteriophages), fungi, algae, mold, yeast, spores, and protozoa parasites.
  • viruses also referred to herein as bacteriophages
  • fungi fungi
  • algae mold
  • yeast spores
  • protozoa parasites protozoa parasites.
  • the term "bacteria” includes both gram positive and gram negative bacteria.
  • Gram positive bacteria include, for example, Bacillus sp.
  • Gram negative bacteria include, for example, Acinetobacter
  • Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter aglomera, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella terriena, Legionella pneumophila, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorscens, Salmonella cholera suis, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Serratia liquifaciens, and Xanthomonas campestris.
  • Viruses include, for example, Adenovirus Type II & IV, Bovine Adenovirus Type I & IV, Feline pneumonitis, Herpes Simplex Type I, Herpes Simplex Type II, HIV-1 (AIDS), Influenza A2 (Aichi), Influenza A2 (Asian), Influenza B, Mumps, Parinfluenza (Sendai), Reovirus Type I, Simian Virus 40, Vaccinia, MS2, T2 (non-enveloped virus) and PRD1.
  • Adenovirus Type II & IV Bovine Adenovirus Type I & IV
  • Feline pneumonitis Herpes Simplex Type I, Herpes Simplex Type II, HIV-1 (AIDS), Influenza A2 (Aichi), Influenza A2 (Asian), Influenza B, Mumps, Parinfluenza (Sendai), Reovirus Type I, Simian Virus 40, Vaccinia, MS2, T2 (non-enveloped virus) and PRD1.
  • Fungi, algae, mold, yeast, and spores include, for example, Alterania alternate, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger. Aspergillus sydowi, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus verrucaria, Aureobasidium pullans, Candida albicans, Candida pseudotropocalis, Chaetomium globsum, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Chlorella vulgaris, Dreschslera australiensis, Epidermophyton sp., Gliomasta cerealis, Gloeophyllum trabeum, Microsporum sp., Microsporum audouinii, Monilia grisea, Oscillatoria, Penicillium chrysogenum, Pencillium commune, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium pinophiliumm, Penicillium variable, Phoma flmeti
  • Protozoa parasites include, for example, Cryptosporidium parvum (oocysts) and Giardia.
  • tetradecyldimethyl(3-tri-methoxysilylpropyl) ammonium chloride (Cat. No. SIT7090.0) as a 50% solution in methanol and didecylmethyl(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) ammonium chloride (Cat. No. SID3392.0) as a 42% solution in methanol are offered by Gelest, Inc. of Tullytown, P A. They are often applied from solvent solutions such as lower alcohols.
  • ODTA Octadecyldimethyl(3-trimethoxysilyl)propyl ammonium chloride. Obtained from Wright Chemical Corp., Wilmington, NC as a 42% active material in methanol. This material may also be named as 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl-dimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride. Also available as a 42% active material from Aegis Environmental Management, Inc., Midland, MI marketed as DOW CORNING® 5700.
  • REQUAT 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldidecylmethyl ammonium chloride. Obtained from Sanitized Inc., New Preston, CT; Requat 1977 as a 42% active material in methanol.
  • TDTA 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyltetradecyldimethyl ammonium chloride obtained from Gelest, Inc., Tullytown, P A, Cat. No. SIT7090.0 as a 50% solution in methanol.
  • a solution suitable for application was prepared by adding 4 parts ODTA to 100 parts deionized water with stirring. The resulting clear solution was applied to an open, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) flat-type evaporation pan by atomized spray, insuring that all surfaces were thoroughly wetted. The pan is allowed to air dry for 24 hours to cure the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagents to the container surface to form a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating. Water containing bacteria level previously measured at 10 7 total bacteria/ml using a BIOSPERSE® Test Kit was added to the pan in a ratio of 4.6 grams of water per square inch of surface area. After 30 minutes the water is sampled using a BIOSPERSE® Test Kit
  • BIOSPERSE® test kit After incubation, 10 bacteria/ml was measured. Resampling of the
  • test water at 1 hour and 4 hours gave bacterial counts of 10 and ⁇ 10 , respectively.
  • a 4 oz. solution prepared according to Example 1 was added to a 1 pint tin- plated metal test container having 3/4 inch screw top. The solution was agitated to completely wet the inside surface of the container for 1 minute and then decanted. The test container was allowed to air dry for one hour. Residual vapors were removed by an air purge for 5 minutes and the container was then heated to 105°C for one hour to cure the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagents to the container surface to form a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating. Water (300 g) having a high bacterial count of 10 7 bacteria/ml was added to the test container. The test container was allowed to stand one hour at room temperature. After two hours, the test water bacterial level was measured at 10 3 bacteria/ml using a BIOSPERSE® test kit. EXAMPLE 3
  • Coiled aluminum test tubing 8 ft. in length and having an internal diameter of 1/4 inch was treated with a solution of 8 parts REQUAT to 100 parts isopropanol.
  • the tube was filled with the solution, sealed and allowed to stand for 15 minutes.
  • the tube was drained and air dried with a stream of compressed air passing through the tube at a rate of 100 ml/minute for 24 hours to cure the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent to the tubing surfaces to form a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • An antimicrobial solution suitable for treatment of silicaeous surfaces including sand and zeolites was prepared by adding 67.5 grams REQUAT to a stirred solution containing 3.375 kg deionized water and 3 grams of3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane. One kg of the clear solution was sprayed onto 50 pounds of #20 white silica pool filter sand over 5 minutes in a rotary mixer. The wetted material was mixed with agitation for an additional hour and allowed to air dry 24 hrs to cure the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent to the sand surface to form a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating. The treated sand was employed in a recirculating water system to reduce microbial contamination from
  • Zeolites containing approximately 90% clinoptilolite (Ash Meadows Zeolites, LLC) of 20-40 mesh were thoroughly wetted with a solution containing 7 parts ODTA and 93 parts water.
  • the wet zeolites were allowed to air dry 24 hours and then heated 2 hours at 1 10 °C in a forced air oven to cure the quaternary ammonium organosilane reagent to the zeolite surfaces to form a quaternary ammonium organosilane coating.
  • the treated zeolites were placed in a 2 inch PVC pipe having an overall length of 38 inches.
  • dechlorinated water containing known quantities of bacteriophages, bacteria, algae and protozoa were passed through the PVC pipe containing the quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolites.
  • the experimental apparatus consisted of a set of three filters (filter 1, 2 and 3) attached to a manifold, which included fittings for hose connections, and sample ports at the inlet and outlet for each filter (see FIG. 6).
  • An inline mixer was included in the pipe assembly before inlet port to maximize microbial monodispersity.
  • the challenge test water was pumped into each filter at a flow rate of 330 ml/min using a thermally protected pump.
  • the challenge test water was prepared by adding known number of microorganisms into 20 liters of dechlorinated tap water in a polypropylene container ( algene, Rochester, NY). Microbes were washed with IX phosphate buffered saline just before spiking in the container.
  • the challenge test water container was placed on a stir plate with a Teflon coated stir bar and continuously mixed to provide homogenous distribution of microbes in the influent water.
  • the challenge test water was pumped into each filter using a thermally protected pump (Little Giant Potent Pump, Oklahoma City, OK). The pump was primed prior to use by recirculating the microbial stock solution.
  • the hose was connected to the inlet fitting of each filter.
  • the pump was operated for twelve minutes for each filter.
  • the flow rate was measured using a 1000 ml graduated cylinder and adjusted to 330 ml/min as recommended by CSL. Based on the hydraulic parameters of the system, each filter needed a 12-minute-run to stabilize.
  • the effluent samples were taken from each filter after twelve minutes and a single influent sample was collected from the second filter after eight minutes, which represented influent concentration for the complete run. Once the experiment was complete, the filters were again flushed for 30 minutes with dechlorinated tap water.
  • quaternary ammonium organosilane coated zeolite can effectively reduce the viable number bacteria in aqueous liquid.
  • the open-cell foam (foam) is composed of one or more cells with structures of, by non-limiting example, tetrakaihedral, fullerene ("bucky-ball"), dodecahedron, tetrakaidecahedron, Weaire-Phelan structures, honeycomb, bitruncated cubic honeycomb (Kelvin structure), octahedral, any combination of the foregoing, and any other polyhedral shape. Implementations utilizing Weaire-Phelan structures may incorporate any of the structures disclosed in D.
  • the open-cell foams form an interconnected network of solid struts.
  • the foam cells are arranged like soap suds, forming a three dimensional, packed array of similarly sized bubble-like structures. These structures may have theoretically maximum volume and minimal surface area for a given volume. When filled with liquid, the resulting structure is similar to an interpenetrating network of polymers.
  • Foams containing any of the above structures are available in a variety of pore structures as measured in pores per inch (PPI).
  • the pore size in PPI may range from about 10 to about 110.
  • the pore size may be about 20 to about 40 PPI.
  • the pore size may be 30 PPI and lower. It has been observed that, as the pore size decreases above 1 10 PPI that the speed and effectiveness of the disinfection decreases.
  • the actual cell size may vary significantly throughout the material (they may have an average PPI within this ranges above), but will also perform in this application following treatment with organosilane quaternary compounds.
  • the open-cell foams are compressible structures and will conform to the shape of the container when suitably sized.
  • the foam will displace less than about 5% of the liquid volume enclosed in a container when the foam is dimensioned to fill substantially the entire volume of the container.
  • the treated foam may be compressed to less than about 25% of their original volume without observable loss of antimicrobial activity.
  • Foams utilized in implementations of static fluid disinfecting systems disclosed herein may be made of materials including plastics, polymeric materials, stainless steel, copper, silicon, carbon and silicon carbide.
  • the plastic foams may be composed of virgin or recycled polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
  • foams may compose at least a portion of activated carbon.
  • the foam may take the form of a mesh structure.
  • the foams are made of polyethylene and other plastic materials, they may be those manufactured by New England Foam Products, LLC of Hartford, CT.
  • the foam takes the form of a mesh, the mesh treated with
  • organosilane quaternary compounds could also be arranged in a three dimensional shape like a mechanical stirring device.
  • Implementations of antimicrobial foams like those disclosed herein are prepared by applying an aqueous or alcoholic solution containing about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight of an organosilane quaternary ammonium halide compound to the foam substrate by immersion, pressure spray, electrostatic spray methods, and other methods disclosed in this document.
  • the wetted foams are allowed to air dry or are heated to approximately 120 C to complete curing of the antimicrobial film to the surfaces of the foam cells.
  • the surface of the foam cell structures contains a substantially uniform film of the organosilane material bonded to the surface through silsesquioxane-like structures.
  • the resultant bonded film is insoluble in water and common solvents and is not removed or leached off during operation in aqueous environments.
  • the coverage of the bonded film on the structure of the foam can be evaluated visually by performing a blue dye test using bromophenol blue. The test is carried out by applying a quantity of bromophenol blue solution to the foam, and after allowing the solution to rest on the foam for about 30 seconds, washing the bromophenol blue solution out of the foam.
  • the portions of the structure of the foam that retain the blue color are those that contain bonded film, as the bromophenol blue couples to the organosilane material and not to the foam material.
  • the organosilane quaternary compound used for treating may be octadecyldimethyl-(3-trihydroxsilylypropyl) ammonium chloride.
  • organosilane starting materials for formation of films may include one, all, or any of the following:
  • substrate reactive organosilanes including ammonium chloride moieties may be utilized. Any of the organosilane compounds disclosed in this document may be employed in various implementations.
  • filter media treated with organosilane quaternary ammonium materials are disclosed that remove pathogens from water passing through the filter media of 2 log for bacteria and up to 98% for parasitic protozoa such as
  • the foams disclosed herein have a greatly reduced surface area (less than or equal to about 1 m 2 /gram) when compared with filter media such as filter sand (tens of m 2 /gram) or zeolites (hundreds of m 2 /gram), but also demonstrate significant antimicrobial activity when placed in a static container of liquid sufficient to disinfect the fluid.
  • the open-cell foams have a minimal surface area as the foam, during manufacture, seeks to create a maximum volume with a minimum surface area and resulting surface energy (driven by surface tension and surface free energy effects).
  • organosilane quaternary treated foams manufactured according the principles in this disclosure eliminate and inactivate bacterial, viral and parasitic protozoa pathogens up to 6 log in 10 minutes of static exposure of the pathogen containing liquid to the submerged foam in a container for an effective period of time.
  • Such foams treated with organosilane quaternary compounds have been demonstrated to rapidly and effectively disinfect fluids in which they are in contact by inactivating and eliminating a wide variety of pathogens including viruses (encapsulated and non- encapsulated), algae, gram positive bacteria, gram negative bacteria and parasitic protozoa including Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia.
  • the disinfection process is non-leaching and imparts no detectable antimicrobial agent or compounds into the contacting fluid.
  • An example of the performance of an implementation of a treated foam is found below:
  • the disinfection process occurs under static conditions of little to no fluid flow over the treated surface of the foam and is accordingly not a filtration process for pathogen removal.
  • the foams are suitable for use in non-flowing, fluid conditions they may be useful for antimicrobial stabilization of fluids for extended periods in containers. Fluids in contact with treated foams may be stored for extended periods without microbial growth or the need for external influences such as refrigeration. Because of this, implementations of treated foams like those disclosed herein may be incorporated in fluid transport vehicles, such as milk tanker trailers, and other bulk foodstuff transport vehicles and systems.
  • foams are attached at regular intervals along the internal circumference of the tank with a dimension extending radially into the milk payload, they will have a baffling effect, reducing momentum flow effects of the milk moving around during transport.
  • foams are antimicrobial, the problems of trying to clean a conventional tank with metal baffles may be eliminated.
  • gravity fed flow filtration using treated foams may be used, provided it is carried out at low pressures that do not mechanically harm the films.
  • the treated foams can be stored outside liquid for greater than 5 years and still retain their antimicrobial activity. Because of this, the effective antimicrobial lifetime of a treated foam is determined by the ability of the particular underlying foam material to withstand prolonged exposure to the fluid without beginning to shed or otherwise breakdown mechanically within the fluid. This means that the limit to the volume of liquid that could be potentially treated by a coated foam is the mechanical lifetime/stability of the foam.
  • Implementations of foams like those disclosed herein are capable of disinfection of clear and turbid water as well as visually opaque fluids including food juices, plant extracts, milk, and milk products. These foams may be particularly useful for visually opaque fluids as conventional methods of fluid disinfection include widespread use of energy intensive ultraviolet (UV) radiation for which the fluid must be transparent. Because the foams do not require adding any liquid matter to the liquid or leach into the fluid, they contrast with other conventional methods which require the addition of toxic, fluid soluble compounds including energy intensive and toxic ozone or equally toxic, carcinogen- producing chlorine, iodine, chlorine dioxide and chloramines.
  • UV energy intensive ultraviolet
  • Implementations of foams like these disclosed may be used to disinfect cutting or fracking fluids (hydrocarbon [oil] and water mixtures) as well as any other flowable liquid that does not contain particulates that would clog the foam. Implementations of foams like those disclosed herein may also be employed to disinfect solid materials, such as powders that are dispersable and can contact the foam. In other implementations, implementations of the foams may be used to provide disinfection of solids and liquids through surface contact. For example, in meat packaging, the meat may be laid down on a piece of treated foam (which may be the packaging container in particular implementations), which will act to kill microbes in the meat and in liquids associated with the meat during transport and storage prior to food preparation. In such implementations, one or more surface of the meat (or other solid) are contacted by the foam.
  • Implementations of static fluid disinfecting systems employing open-cell foams like those disclosed herein may employ various implementations of a method of disinfecting a fluid.
  • Implementations of the method include statically contacting a fluid containing one or more microorganisms with a foam coated with any one of the quaternary organosilanes disclosed herein in a container that encloses the foam and holds the fluid.
  • the fluid may contain one or more of any of the microorganisms disclosed herein.
  • the method may include statically contacting one or more surfaces of a solid included in the container with the foam. This solid could be any disclosed in this document, including foodstuffs and other solid materials that contain one or more microorganisms.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de désinfection de fluide statique et des procédés associés. Des mises en œuvre d'un procédé de désinfection d'un fluide comprennent la mise en contact de façon statique d'un fluide contenu dans un récipient avec une mousse à cellule ouverte, la mousse à cellule ouverte étant revêtue d'un revêtement d'organosilane quaternaire produit à partir d'un réactif organosilane d'ammonium quaternaire, le fluide contenant un ou plusieurs micro-organismes.
EP14776473.2A 2013-03-26 2014-03-26 Systèmes de désinfection de fluide statique et procédés associés Withdrawn EP2978460A1 (fr)

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