EP2976407A1 - Agents gélifiants amides aromatiques ramifiés - Google Patents

Agents gélifiants amides aromatiques ramifiés

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Publication number
EP2976407A1
EP2976407A1 EP13878799.9A EP13878799A EP2976407A1 EP 2976407 A1 EP2976407 A1 EP 2976407A1 EP 13878799 A EP13878799 A EP 13878799A EP 2976407 A1 EP2976407 A1 EP 2976407A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
downhole fluid
fluid
downhole
gelling agent
carbon
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13878799.9A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2976407A4 (fr
Inventor
Shaun T. Mesher
Olivia Steward
Daniel Firth
Robert Moran
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Synoil Fluids Holdings Inc
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Synoil Fluids Holdings Inc
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Synoil Fluids Holdings Inc filed Critical Synoil Fluids Holdings Inc
Publication of EP2976407A1 publication Critical patent/EP2976407A1/fr
Publication of EP2976407A4 publication Critical patent/EP2976407A4/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/60—Compositions for stimulating production by acting on the underground formation
    • C09K8/62—Compositions for forming crevices or fractures
    • C09K8/66—Compositions based on water or polar solvents
    • C09K8/68—Compositions based on water or polar solvents containing organic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K8/00—Compositions for drilling of boreholes or wells; Compositions for treating boreholes or wells, e.g. for completion or for remedial operations
    • C09K8/02—Well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/03—Specific additives for general use in well-drilling compositions
    • C09K8/035—Organic additives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K2208/00—Aspects relating to compositions of drilling or well treatment fluids
    • C09K2208/26—Gel breakers other than bacteria or enzymes

Definitions

  • This document relates to amide branched aromatic gelling agents.
  • Benzamide gelling agents have been proposed or used in LCD displays and as amide nucleating agents.
  • Pyromellitamide gelling agents have been proposed or used in tissue engineering, drug delivery, LCD displays, and catalysis.
  • a downhole fluid comprising a base fluid and a gelling agent with an aromatic core of one or more aromatic rings, the gelling agent having two or more amide branches distributed about the aromatic core, each of the two or more amide branches having one or more organic groups.
  • a downhole fluid comprising a base fluid and a pyromellitamide gelling agent.
  • the pyromellitamide gelling agent may have the general formula of:
  • R h R 2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7, and R 8 each being a hydrogen or an organic group.
  • a method comprising introducing the downhole fluid into a downhole formation.
  • a method of making a downhole fluid is also disclosed, the method comprising: combining the base fluid and gelling agent.
  • a composition for gelling a downhole fluid is also disclosed, the composition comprising a amide branched aromatic gelling agent and a wetting agent.
  • a gelling agent is also disclosed for a downhole fluid, the gelling agent having the general formula of:
  • R b R 2; R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R7, and R 8 each being a hydrogen or a C7-24 alkyl group.
  • Each of the amide branches is connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen bond.
  • One or more of the amide branches are connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond.
  • Each of the amide branches is connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond.
  • Three or four amide branches are present.
  • Each organic group is an alkyl group.
  • Each alkyl group is a straight chain alkyl group.
  • Each alkyl group has 6-24 carbon atoms.
  • the aromatic core is benzene.
  • Each of the amide branches are connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond, and each organic group is an alkyl group with 6- 24 carbon atoms.
  • One or more of the amide branches is connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-carbon bond and one or more of the amide branches are connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond.
  • Each alkyl group has 6-12 carbon atoms.
  • the aromatic core is naphthalene.
  • Each of the amide branches has one organic group.
  • the gelling agents exclude pyromellitamide gelling agents.
  • the gelling agent is a pyromellitamide gelling agent.
  • the pyromellitamide gelling agent has the general formula of:
  • R b R 2j R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R7, and R 8 each being a hydrogen or an organic group.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each hydrogens and one or more of R 1;
  • R 2 , R3, and R 4 is each an alkyl group.
  • R b R 2 , R3, and R4 are each alkyl groups.
  • R l5 R 2 , R 3 , and R4 each has at least 6 carbon atoms.
  • Each alkyl group has 6-24 carbon atoms.
  • Each alkyl group has 6-10 carbon atoms.
  • Each alkyl group is one or more of straight chain, branched, aromatic, or cyclic.
  • Each alkyl group is straight chain.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each hydrogens
  • Ri, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are each straight chain alkyl groups with 6-10 carbon atoms.
  • Ri, R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 have 6 carbon atoms.
  • the base fluid comprises hydrocarbons.
  • the hydrocarbons have 3-8 carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbons have 3-24 carbon atoms.
  • the hydrocarbons comprise liquefied petroleum gas.
  • the base fluid comprises one or more of nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
  • a breaker is used or present.
  • the breaker is a water- activated breaker and the downhole fluid comprises a hydrate.
  • the breaker further comprises an ionic salt.
  • the ionic salt further comprises one or more of a bromide, a chloride an organic salt, and an amine salt.
  • the breaker comprises one or more of an alcohol or alkoxide salt.
  • the one or more of an alcohol or alkoxide salt has 2 or more carbon atoms.
  • the alkoxide salt is present and comprises aluminium isopropoxide.
  • the alkoxide salt is present and the downhole fluid comprises a hydrate.
  • the breaker comprises a salt of piperidine and the downhole fluid comprises a hydrate.
  • the breaker further comprises a coating.
  • the coating further comprises wax.
  • the downhole fluid is for use as a drilling fluid.
  • the downhole fluid is for use as a downhole treatment fluid. Introducing the downhole fluid into a downhole formation.
  • the pyromellitamide gelling agent is provided with a carrier.
  • the carrier comprises glycol.
  • the pyromellitamide gelling agent is provided with a wetting agent.
  • the pyromellitamide gelling agent is provided with a suspending agent. Combining is done on the fly before introducing the downhole fluid into a downhole formation.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates hydrogen bond formation
  • Fig. 1A shows the basic structure of an amide branched aromatic gelling agent.
  • Fig. IB shows on the left and right an amide branch connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond and a carbon-carbon bond, respectively.
  • Fig. 2 illustrates a proposed solvation interaction between an alkyl solvent and a pyromellitamide gelling agent with straight chain alkyl groups.
  • Table 1 Characteristics of viscosity testing of disclosed gelling agents. Viscosity testing was carried out a Brookfield viscometer.
  • TB, TH, TO and TD refer to N,N',N",N'"-tetrabutylbenzene-l,2,4,5- tetracarboxamide (TB), N,N',N",N'"-tetrahexylbenzene-l,2,4,5-tetracarboxamide (TH), N,N',N",N m - tetraoctylbenzene-l,2,4,5-tetracarboxamide (TO), and N,N',N",N"'-tetradecylbenzene-l,2,4,5- tetracarboxamide (TD), respectively.
  • Fig. 40 is a graph of the data from Fig. 39, illustrating viscosity at different shear rates.
  • Fig. 41 is a graph of shear rate v. shear stress from the data of Fig. 39, illustrating non- newtonian behavior.
  • Fig. 42 is a graph of viscosity v. concentration for TB in cyclohexane.
  • Fig. 43 is an illustration of various pyromellitamide rotamers.
  • Fig. 44 is an ! H NMR spectrum for TH.
  • Fig. 45 is a 13 CNMR spectrum for TH.
  • Fig. 46 is an ! H NMR spectrum for TO.
  • Figs. 47 and 48 are 13 C NMR spectra for TO.
  • Fig. 48 is an expansion of a portion of the spectrum from Fig. 47 that illustrates the alkyl peaks.
  • Fig. 49 is an expansion of the 'HNMR spectrum for TO from Fig. 46.
  • Fig. 50 is ! H NMR spectra for TH at varying temperatures of 25, 30, 50, and 70 °C from the bottom spectrum to the top spectrum respectively.
  • Fig. 51 is 3 ⁇ 4NMR spectra for TO at varying temperatures of 25, 30, 50, and 70 °C from the bottom spectrum to the top spectrum respectively.
  • Fig. 52 is a graph of the amide hydrogen shift temperature dependence for TO.
  • Fig. 53 is a graph of the amide hydrogen shift temperature dependence for TH.
  • Fig. 54 is a graph of the viscosities achieved with various amounts of glycol added to TG740 frac fluid.
  • the glycol solution was made up of 0.87g tetra hexyl pyromellitamide (TH) in 100 mL of glycol with DynolTM 604 surfactant (15mM TH concentration).
  • Fig. 55 is a graph of viscosity v. time of a gelled mixture of 5mM TH in TG740 after addition of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in pure form and in wax form.
  • Fig. 56 is a graph of viscosity v. time of a gelled mixture of 5mM TH in SD810 after addition of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide in pure form and in wax form.
  • Fig. 57 is a graph of viscosity and temperature v. time for 10 mM ⁇ , ⁇ ', ⁇ ''-trihexyl, N'"- benzyl benzene-l,2,4,5-tetracarboxamide in SF840.
  • Fig. 58 is a graph of viscosity v. time for various tetrabutyl ammonium derivative breakers.
  • Fig. 59 is side elevation view illustrating a system and method of making a downhole fluid and a method of using a downhole fluid.
  • Fig. 60 is a side elevation view of a drill bit drilling a well.
  • Fig. 61 is a graph of the viscosities of various 1,2,4,5 substituted tetra-amides.
  • amide branched aromatic compounds are disclosed in this document as being useful gelling agents for downhole fluids.
  • Such gelling agents have an aromatic core of one or more aromatic rings as shown in Fig. 1A.
  • Two or more, for example three to six or more, amide branches are distributed about the aromatic core, each of the two or more amide branches having one or more organic groups.
  • Each of the amide branches may be connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-carbon or carbon-nitrogen bond as shown in Fig. IB.
  • amide branched aromatic gelling agent is a pyromellitamide.
  • Pyromellitamides have the general base structure (1) shown below:
  • Suitable gelling agent may have the general formula of:
  • R h R 2 , R3, R4, R5, Re, R7, and R 8 each being a hydrogen or an organic group.
  • R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 may each be hydrogens (example non organic group) and one or more or all of R 1 ; R 2 , R3, and R4 may each be an alkyl group (an example of an organic group).
  • Ri, R2, R3, and R 4 may each have 6 carbon atoms, for example 6-10 or 6-24 carbon atoms.
  • Each alkyl group may be one or more of straight chain, branched, aromatic, or cyclic. However, preferably each alkyl group is straight chain, for example if R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each hydrogens, and R b R 2 , R3, and R 4 are each straight chain alkyl groups with 6-10 carbon atoms. In one example, R R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each hydrogen or a C7-24 alkyl group.
  • the organic groups may include functional groups such as esters.
  • CH2CH(Et)CH2CH2CH2CH3 (from 2-ethylaminohexane used in amide synthesis). Also tested were tetracyclohexyl, tetrabenzyl, tetraallyl, tetra n-butyl and tetra t-butyl pyromellitamides.
  • Downhole fluids such as downhole treatment fluids, containing such gelling agents may comprise a base fluid, such as a hydrocarbon base fluid for example with 3-8 carbon atoms, for further example liquefied petroleum gas. In other embodiments C3-24 hydrocarbon fluids may be used.
  • the gelling agent and the downhole fluid contain no phosphorus.
  • the basic structure of the amide branched aromatic gelling agents disclosed here is believed to be primarily responsible for the gellation mechanism, with variation in the side chains being useful to tailor the resultant gel. The successful tests and disclosure reported here support use of amide branched aromatic and pyromellitamide gels with other non-tested base fluids, for example non-polar and hydrocarbon based fluids.
  • Downhole fluids may also comprise a suitable breaker, such as an ionic salt, for example comprising one or more of a bromide a chloride, an organic salt, and an amine salt, such as a quaternary amine salt.
  • a suitable breaker such as an ionic salt, for example comprising one or more of a bromide a chloride, an organic salt, and an amine salt, such as a quaternary amine salt.
  • Small anion cooperativity (1 equivalent) (e.g. chloride >acetate >bromide >nitrate) may induce the gel to solution transition by decreasing viscosity by a factor of 2- 3 orders of magnitude. The time for the gel to collapse may be proportional to the binding strength of the anion.
  • the breaker may comprise one or more of an alcohol or alkoxide salt, for example with 2 or more carbon atoms, such as propanol.
  • the alkoxide salt may comprise aluminium isopropoxide.
  • the breaker may need a source of water to activate the breaker to break the gel, for example if a solid alkoxide like aluminium isopropoxide is used.
  • the water source used may be connate water from the formation.
  • a hydrate or other compound capable of releasing water at a delayed rate may be used for example by inclusion in the injected downhole fluid.
  • 2685298 may be used, and include hydrated breakers having a crystalline framework containing water that is bound within the crystalline framework and releasable into the fracturing fluid.
  • hydrated breakers having a crystalline framework containing water that is bound within the crystalline framework and releasable into the fracturing fluid.
  • hydrates of any one of magnesium chloride, sodium sulfate, barium chloride, calcium chloride, magnesium sulphate, zinc sulfate, calcium sulphate, and aluminum sulphate may be used.
  • NaS04- 10H2O may be used as an example of a sodium sulfate hydrate.
  • An ionic salt hydrate or covalent hydrate could be used.
  • a combination of breaker coating or encapsulation with crystallized water addition may be used.
  • Another example of a water activatable breaker is a piperidine salt.
  • a breaker with one amine disrupts the hydrogen bond network believed to be responsible for gelling the gels.
  • Piperidine is an effective breaking agent but is a liquid and thus not always practical to use as a breaker on a large scale. Therefore the hydrogen chloride salt of piperidine, piperidine hydrochloride was synthesized and tested as a solid breaker. There was no major change in viscosity once the piperidine hydrochloride was added to a 100 mL TH in TG740 gel solution. Once a small amount of water (20 drops) was added the solution's viscosity decreased noticeable although the two layers seemed slightly immiscible as there were several bubbles in the solution.
  • piperidine hydrogen chloride An exemplary procedure for synthesizing a piperidine salt, in this case piperidine hydrogen chloride is as follows. A round bottom flask was charged with aqueous hydrochloric acid (2 M, 58.5 mL) before being cooled to 0 oC using an ice bath. Piperidine (10.0 g, 117 mmol, 11.6 mL) was added dropwise over 30 minutes whilst the solution was stirred vigorously. Once all the piperidine had been added the solvent was removed and the yellow solid recrystallised from ethanol, filtered and washed with cold ethanol to give the desired piperidine hydrochloride as a white solid. Yield was 0.95 g, 7.82 mmol, 6.7 %, mp: 245 oC, (lit. 246-247 oC).
  • Breakers that were tested and showed a noticeable decrease in viscosity once added to the gel include: 1-dodecanol >98%, Benzyltriethylammonium chloride 99%, Tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate 99%, Sodium tosylate 95%, Iron (III) sulfate 97%, 2-Chloride-N-N-diethylethylamine hydrogen chloride 99%, Thiodiglycolic acid 98%, Pyruvic acid 98%, 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol 99%, Azelaic acid 98%, Glutaric acid 99%, Malonic acid 99%, 1-octylamine 99%, Cyclohexylamine 99%, L-ascorbic acid 99% Acetamide 99% Poly( vinyl) alcohol 89,000-98,000 99%, Ethylenediamine 99.5%, Beta-alanine 99%, L- proline 99%,
  • Breakers that were tested and showed a slight decrease in viscosity once added to the gel include: Benzyltributylamonium chloride >98%, T-butanol anhydrous 99.5%, 2-ethyl-l -butanol 98%), 2- ethyl-l-hexanol 99.6%, 1 -hexanol 99%, 1-butanol 99.8%, 2-aminobutane 99%, 2-ethyl-l-hexylamine 98%, Benzylamine 99%, Piperidine 99%, Propan-2-ol 99.7%), Benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide 40 wt % in methanol, Tetra-n-butylammonium hydroxide 40 vol % in water.
  • the breaker may be configured to delay breaking action.
  • a time delay breaker may be achieved by coating the breaker, for example with a material selected to release the breaker at a predetermined rate over time downhole, for example wax.
  • a material selected to release the breaker at a predetermined rate over time downhole for example wax.
  • FIGs. 55-56 graphs are provided that illustrate the delay in breaking action when a wax coating is used on a breaker, in this case tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (pure form, lines 42 and 46, wax, lines 40 and 44).
  • TH 5mM solutions of TH were prepared in both TG740 and SD810 and the molar equivalent of tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (0.8g) or wax-coated tetrabutyl ammonium bromide (l .Og) was added to the solutions.
  • the change in viscosity was measured using a chandler viscometer.
  • the results the TH mixture with TG740 showed initial viscosities of 93.6 and 68.3 cPa for waxed and unwaxed breaker, respectively while the SD810 showed initial viscosities of 97.7 cPa and 100.3 for waxed and unwaxed breaker, respectively.
  • Compounds that were tested as breakers and showed no decrease in viscosity once added to the gel include: 1,3-dihydroxyl benzene (resorcinol) 99%, Diphenylacetic acid 99%, Imidazole 99%, Propionamide 97%, Magnesium carbonate, Citric acid 99.5%, Benzoic acid 99.5%, Phenylacetic acid 99%, Potassium phthalimide 98%, Pentaerythrite 99%, 1-butylamine 99.5%, 1-hexylamine 99%, Hydroxylamine hydrogen chloride 98%, Ethanolamine 98%, L-histidine 99%, Aspartic acid 98%, Glycine 99%, D-Sorbitol 98%, Potassium tertbutoxide 95%, Piperazine 99%, Diethanolamine 98%, L-menthol 99%, Lactic acid 85%, Mandelic acid 99%, Ammonium acetate 98%, Paraformaldehyde 95%, Hydroquinon
  • tetrabutyl ammonium derivative breakers a comparison of various tetrabutyl ammonium derivative breakers is illustrated.
  • Reference numerals 48, 50, 52, 54, and 56 identify the viscosity v. time curves of TG740 gelled with TH and broken with tetrabutyl bisulfide, tetrabutyl nitrate, tetrabutyl bromide, tetrabutyl borohydride, and tetrabutyl acetate, respectively.
  • Tetrabutyl bisulfide showed no breaker activity, while at least tetra butyl nitrate showed delayed breaker characteristics. The latter three tetrabutyl derivatives showed fast breaker action.
  • non halogenated breakers may be used as a less toxic alternative to halogenated breakers.
  • the downhole fluids disclosed herein may incorporate other suitable chemicals or agents such as proppant.
  • the downhole treatment fluids disclosed herein may be used in a method, for example a fracturing treatment as shown in Fig. 59, of treating a downhole formation.
  • the gelling agents may be used in oil recovery enhancement techniques.
  • a base fluid such as a hydrocarbon frac fluid
  • a base fluid is located in storage tank 10 and may be passed through piping 12 into a well 22 and introduced into a downhole formation 24, such as an oil or gas formation.
  • Gel may be combined with the base fluid to make a downhole fluid.
  • gel may be added on the fly from a gel tank 14, or may be pre-mixed, for further example in tank 10.
  • Other methods of gelling the base fluid may be used. For example batch mixing may be used to make the gel.
  • Other storage tanks 16 and 18 may be used as desired to add other components, such as proppant or breaker, respectively to the downhole fluid.
  • the gelling agent may be provided with a carrier, for example an inert carrier like glycol
  • a graph of the viscosities achieved by mixing into TG 740 varying amounts of a solution of glycol with 15 mM TH is shown.
  • the gel was initially formed after 30 seconds of blending in TG-740 frac fluid. As the concentration of glycol increased, the viscosity of the final mixture increased. Gel formation was almost immediate. Glycol is considered suitable because the gelling agent won't gel the glycol.
  • the carrier provides a medium for dispersing the gelling agent as a dissolved liquid or suspended solid prior to being combined with base fluid.
  • the gelling agent may be ground prior to mixing with carrier if the gelling agent is solid, in order to facilitate dispersion or dissolution.
  • the carrier dissolves in the base fluid, for example hydrocarbon base fluid, facilitating dissolution of the gelling agent in the base fluid without interfering with gelling.
  • base fluid for example hydrocarbon base fluid
  • a carrier allows the gelling agent to be stored or transported in a low viscosity state within the carrier whilst facilitating quicker dissolution into and hence quicker gelling within the base fluid than could be accomplished with solid or neat gelling agent.
  • Other carriers may be used including acetonitrile or glycerine, for example thamesol.
  • the gelling agent may be provided with a suspending agent such as clay.
  • the suspending agent may act as a thickener to suspend the gel in the carrier.
  • the suspending agent helps to maintain the gelling agent in homogeneous dispersion within the carrier, and slows or stops the gelling agent from settling within the carrier.
  • Other suspending agents may be used, such as various polymers.
  • the gelling agent may be provided with a wetting agent, such as a surfactant.
  • a wetting agent such as a surfactant.
  • a surfactant such as Air ProductsTM
  • DF-46 is the glycol/ DYNOLTM 604/pyromelitamide mixture.
  • the wetting agent may be used to help wet the surface of the solid amide branched aromatic and pyromellitamide gels, thus speeding up the dissolution of the solid and improving time to gel.
  • time to achieve viscosity may be under four minutes and further under a minute or 30 seconds for a mixture of hydrocarbon base fluid and a solution of pyromellitamide gelling agent, glycol, suspending agent, and DYNOLTM 604 surfactant.
  • Other wetting agents may be used, such as DYNOLTM 607.
  • the downhole fluid may be recovered from the downhole formation 24, for example through a recovery line 28, and recycled, for example using one or more recycling apparatuses 26.
  • the recycling stage may incorporate removal of one or more compounds within the recovered fluid, for example if breaker is removed. Distillation may be used, for example to remove alcohol or amine, and aqueous separation may be used, for example to remove salts.
  • R groups contain non alkyl functionality, for example as shown below in structure
  • An exemplary procedure for route 1 is as follows. Phosphorus pentachloride (45 g, 0.22 mol) and pyromellitic anhydride (25 g, 0.11 mol) were placed in a round bottom flask and mixed together. A hair dryer was used to heat one spot of the flask to initiate the reaction, causing liquid POC13 to be produced. Once the reaction had been initiated an oil bath was used to heat the flask to continue the reaction.
  • 1,2,4,5-tetracarbonyl tetrachloride (2.0 g, 6.0 mmol) in dry tetrahydrofuran (15 mL, 185.0 mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of triethylamine (3.5 mL, 25.0 mmol), hexylamine (3.23 g, 31.2 mmol) in dichloromethane (15 mL, 235.0 mmol) and dry tetrahydrofuran (15 mL, 185.0 mmol) whilst the solution was stirred vigorously. After addition was complete the reaction was allowed to stir overnight at room temperature, before the product was filtered off and the solvent removed using a rotary evaporator.
  • Table 2 below indicates the results of gel testing of four compounds, TB, TH, TO, and TD.
  • TB, TH, TO and TD refer to structure (1) above each with four butyl, hexyl, octyl, or decyl, alkyl groups to give N,N',N",N'"-tetrabutylbenzene- 1 ,2,4,5-tetracarboxamide (TB), N,N',N",N'"-tetrahexylbenzene- 1 ,2,4,5- tetracarboxamide (TH), N,N',N",N"'-tetraoctylbenzene-l,2,4,5-tetracarboxamide (TO), and N,N',N",N m - tetradecylbenzene-l,2,4,5-tetracarboxamide (TD), respectively.
  • TG indicates the formation of a transparent gel
  • TG* indicates formation of a transparent gel only with heating
  • I indicates insoluble
  • S indicates soluble
  • P indicates that the compound gels but precipitates on subsequent cooling
  • PG indicates partial gelling with liquid solvent only after shaking, with the solubility of the molecule requiring heating to get it to dissolve in the liquid
  • X equals no gel formed as the compound is not soluble in the liquid.
  • Table 2 indicates that TB, TH, TO, and TD gel non-polar, aprotic solvents. This result is consistent with the fact that intermolecular H-bonding is responsible for the gel structure.
  • Table 3 indicates that without agitation not all solvent may be aggregated into the gel. With shaking TG740 obtains uniform viscosity. SF800 and SF840 were never completely incorporated.
  • the gelling agent may be provided with increased aromatic character in order to improve solvation with aromatic solvents.
  • a gelling agent was tested and made with Ri, R 2 , and R 3 being hexyl alkyl groups, R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 being hydrogens, and R4 being a benzyl group to add aromatic character and improve aromatic viscosity.
  • the sample tested in Fig. 57 had a lOmM concentration in SF840, and illustrated gelling action.
  • Solvation temperature testing Solvation temperature testing.
  • TB did not gel TG740.
  • TB was found to be insoluble in TG740, although soluble in cyclohexane.
  • cyclohexane gelled with TB was injected into TG740, a cloudy dispersion resulted and TG740 was not gelled.
  • Figs. 3-30 illustrate viscosity testing results for TB, TH, TO and D as indicated in Table 1 above. Many of the results, for example the results shown in Figs. 13-15 for TH gelled TG 740, indicate that increasing temperature increased viscosity, which was unexpected.
  • thermoreversible gelling which is in line with the theory that reversible H bonding between molecules was responsible for gelling.
  • the mixture results also demonstrate that gelling is temperature dependent and chain length dependent.
  • Tables 7-10 below illustrate viscosity testing results for TB, TH, TO, and TD, respectively.
  • Figs. 36-41 illustrate shear testing results for TB in cyclohexane. The results shown in Figs.
  • Figs. 39-41 examine the viscosity of TB in cyclohexane under a varying shear rate, and illustrate that there is a nonlinear relationship between shear rate and shear stress, thus indicating Non-Newtonian behavior.
  • Fig. 42 an examination of TB gelation in cyclohexane at different concentrations illustrated a non-linear relationship between viscosity and concentration as shown. This finding supports the theory that the formation of gels is thought to occur via a hierarchical self-assembly of columnar stacks, helical ribbons and similar aggregates to form a 3D network.
  • NMR was used to determine molecular structure, and is based on radio frequency emission from high to low spin state as is known in the art. NMR gives information on the type of environment of an atom, the neighboring environment based on the splitting pattern, the number of protons in environment (integral), and the symmetry of the molecule. Given a symmetrical molecule, corresponding proton and carbon environments are expected to be the same. In a symmetrical pyromellitamide the NMR data was thus expected to show 1 peak for the amide protons and 1 peak for the aromatic protons.
  • the ! H NMR appears to indicate an unsymmetrical molecule by illustrating that the protons on the benzene ring are in different environments.
  • Referring to The H data appears to show 1 amide proton in a distinctly unique environment as evidenced by a triplet, whereas the 3 other amide protons are in similar environments as evidenced by overlaid triplets.
  • Fig. 43 examples of possible rotamers are shown that may cause this type of pattern.
  • the molecules in Fig. 43 illustrate from left to right the (syn-syn)-(anti-anti), (syn- syn)-(syn-anti), and the (syn-syn)-(anti-anti) examples.
  • Figs. 50-51 illustrate variable temperature (VT) ⁇ NMR Spectra.
  • the VT ! H NMR spectra provide evidence for H bonding, as well as evidence of the rotamer interconversion seen as the shape of the amide H peaks changed with increasing temperature indicating a changing environment, thus consistent with the data illustrated in Fig. 16.
  • the TH ⁇ NMR VT illustrated a stepwise decrease in chemical shift as the temperature increased. A reduction in the extent of H-bonding as temperature is increased was also shown, which is consistent with the data illustrated in Fig. 16.
  • the TO ! H NMR VT illustrated an upfield shift, which is conventionally described as negative temperature coefficient.
  • the carbonyl functionality causes the amide proton to be shifted downfield.
  • the hydrogen bond is weakened and the amide proton is shifted downfield to a lesser extent (i.e. a relative upfield shift).
  • the disclosed embodiments may provide low viscosity gels or high viscosity gels.
  • An example of a low viscosity gel (2 - 50 cp) is SLICK OILTM designed application is for tight oil and gas formations.
  • High viscosity gels may require addition of a breaker.
  • TG740, SF800 and SF 840 are alkanes, isoalkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • TG740, SF800 and SF 840 are frac fluids available for sale under the same or different names at various refineries in North America.
  • SD810, or SynDril 810 is a drilling fluid available for sale under the same or different names at various refineries in North America.
  • Fig. 60 illustrates the fluid 30 being used as a drilling fluid in association with a drill bit 32 drilling a well 34.
  • a sample of Syndril 810 (SD810) which is a mineral oil
  • the mixture was mixed for 5 hours in a mixer at level 1 - 40% and left mixing overnight. The sample wasn't fully dissolved by the morning so the sample was heated for 30 min at 70 °C before being mixed again for 1 hour after which the TO had fully dissolved into the sample mixture.
  • Viscosity was tested on a Fann Model 35A 6 speed Viscometer available from the FANN INSTRUMENT COMPANYTM, of Houston, Texas. Viscosity results are shown below in Table 12, and indicated a plastic viscosity of 10 cP and a yield point of 12 lbs/100 ft 2 . The drilling fluid testing indicated that the resulting mixture has suitable viscosity and low end rheology (solids removal). The viscosity test was then repeated after a wetting agent (described further above) was added (5 mL/L) to the sample.
  • Table 14 illustrates further tests done with drilling fluid (5 mM TO in SD810, with rev dust and a wetting agent DynolTM 604), and indicate a plastic viscosity of 17 cP and a yield point of 10.5 lbs/100 ft 2 .
  • Table 15 illustrates viscosity testing that compares a 5 mM TO gel in SD810 with various other drilling fluids.
  • Table 16 indicates the components present in the drilling muds tested. Viscosity and ES measurement taken at 25 °C, and fluid loss was performed at 100 °C and 500 psi differential pressure. As can be see, the SD810 drilling fluid showed higher viscosity than comparable drilling muds.
  • Table 16 Components of drilling fluids from Table 15
  • the base fluid may comprises fluid other than hydrocarbons.
  • the base fluid may include one or more of nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
  • N2 may be present at 50-95% while C02 may be present at 5-50%.
  • Other ranges and other base fluids may be used.
  • Hydrocarbon base fluids may be combined with other fluids such as N2 and C02 in some cases.
  • amide branches are connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond.
  • Structures (8)-(12) are examples of such gelling agents.
  • the gelling agents may have three or four amide branches, for example four as shown below.
  • Each organic group may be an alkyl group, such as a C6-24 straight chain alkyl group as shown below.
  • Fig. 61 illustrates the viscosity performance of compounds (8), (9), and (12), at 5 mM in TG740 at room temperature.
  • the gelling agent has the form of compounds ( 13) or ( 14) below, in which R independently represent hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon group with 1-29 carbon atoms, and Rl independently represents a hydrocarbon group with 1-29 carbon atoms.
  • R independently represent hydrocarbon or a hydrocarbon group with 1-29 carbon atoms
  • Rl independently represents a hydrocarbon group with 1-29 carbon atoms.
  • one or more of the amide branches is connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-carbon bond and one or more of the amide branches are connected to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond.
  • Examples of such structures with varying proportions of N-C and C-C connections include the form of compounds (16)-(18) below:
  • Rl, R2 and R3, or Yl, Y2 and Y3, or Zl, Z2 and Z3 independently of one another are Cl-C20alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more hydroxy; C2- C20alkenyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more hydroxy; C2-C20alkyl interrupted by oxygen or sulfur; C3-C12cycloalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Cl-C20alkyl; (C3-C12cycloalkyl)-Cl- ClOalkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Cl-C20alkyl; bis[C3-C12cycloalkyl]-Cl-C10alkyl unsubstituted or substituted by one or more Cl-C20alkyl; a bicyclic or tricyclic hydrocarbon radical with 5 to 20 carbon atoms unsubstituted or substituted
  • LiCl are added under inert atmosphere to 50 ml of dry NMP and 10 ml of dry pyridine and cooled to
  • the gelling agents may have benzene as an aromatic core.
  • other aromatic cores may be used.
  • naphthalene may be used as an aromatic core.
  • Aromatic cores may be flat and are expected to facilitate the formation of the layered gel mechanism discussed above.
  • each amide branch may have one organic group or side chain. However, in some cases one or more of the amide branches have two organic groups.
  • the amide branch connects to the aromatic core via a carbon-nitrogen bond, the nitrogen has an alkyl group and the carbonyl carbon has an organic group.
  • One or more amide branches may have two organic groups on the amide nitrogen, so long as at least one, two, or more amide branches have an amide nitrogen with a free hydrogen for hydrogen bonding. In other cases each amide branch nitrogen has one hydrogen atom for maximum facilitation of hydrogen-bonding and gel formation.
  • Non-alkyl organic side chains may be used.
  • Organic groups with five or less carbon atoms may be used.

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Abstract

L'invention porte sur un fluide de fond comprenant un fluide base, par exemple un fluide de base hydrocarbure, et un agent gélifiant. L'agent gélifiant selon l'invention comprend une partie centrale aromatique constituée d'un ou plusieurs noyaux aromatiques, l'agent gélifiant ayant deux ou plus de deux ramifications amides réparties autour de la partie centrale aromatique, chacune des deux ou plus de deux ramifications amides ayant un ou plusieurs groupes organiques. Un agent gélifiant pyromellitamide est un exemple d'agent gélifiant. L'agent gélifiant pyromellitamide peut répondre à la formule générale (I), dans laquelle R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 et R8 peuvent représenter chacun un atome d'hydrogène ou un groupe organique. L'invention porte également sur des procédés d'utilisation et sur une composition correspondante.
EP13878799.9A 2013-03-22 2013-03-22 Agents gélifiants amides aromatiques ramifiés Withdrawn EP2976407A4 (fr)

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DE3680227D1 (de) * 1985-03-09 1991-08-22 Mitsubishi Corp N-cyklohexyl-polycarboxamide verbindung und ihre derivate, verfahren zu ihrer herstellung und ihre verwendung zur herstellung von acceptor-donor-komplexen.
JP3912965B2 (ja) * 2000-07-12 2007-05-09 キヤノン株式会社 液晶組成物、それを用いた液晶素子および液晶表示装置
WO2004072168A2 (fr) * 2003-02-14 2004-08-26 Ciba Specialty Chemicals Holding Inc. Compositions de resine
EP2254126A1 (fr) * 2009-05-20 2010-11-24 Nexans Organogel pour couche d'isolation de câble électrique
CA2790760C (fr) * 2011-09-23 2018-10-09 Synoil Fluids Holdings Inc. Agents gelifiants pyromellitamides

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