EP2966355B1 - A preheater assembly, a cylinder head, a piston engine, and an aircraft - Google Patents

A preheater assembly, a cylinder head, a piston engine, and an aircraft Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2966355B1
EP2966355B1 EP15172122.2A EP15172122A EP2966355B1 EP 2966355 B1 EP2966355 B1 EP 2966355B1 EP 15172122 A EP15172122 A EP 15172122A EP 2966355 B1 EP2966355 B1 EP 2966355B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sheath
cylinder head
thread
end zone
glow plug
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP15172122.2A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2966355A1 (en
Inventor
Pierre-Julien Hubert
Romain Clair
Christian Mercier
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Airbus Helicopters SAS
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Airbus Helicopters SAS
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Publication date
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Publication of EP2966355A1 publication Critical patent/EP2966355A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2966355B1 publication Critical patent/EP2966355B1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02P—IGNITION, OTHER THAN COMPRESSION IGNITION, FOR INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES; TESTING OF IGNITION TIMING IN COMPRESSION-IGNITION ENGINES
    • F02P19/00—Incandescent ignition, e.g. during starting of internal combustion engines; Combination of incandescent and spark ignition
    • F02P19/02—Incandescent ignition, e.g. during starting of internal combustion engines; Combination of incandescent and spark ignition electric, e.g. layout of circuits of apparatus having glowing plugs
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
    • F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder headsĀ 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23Q—IGNITION; EXTINGUISHING-DEVICES
    • F23Q7/00—Incandescent ignition; Igniters using electrically-produced heat, e.g. lighters for cigarettes; Electrically-heated glowing plugs
    • F23Q7/001—Glowing plugs for internal-combustion engines
    • F23Q2007/004—Manufacturing or assembling methods

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a preheating assembly, a cylinder head equipped with this assembly, a piston engine equipped with such a cylinder head and an aircraft.
  • the invention is therefore in the restricted technical field of preheating devices of a piston engine, and in particular a diesel engine. More particularly, the invention is in the technical field of aircraft equipped with a compression ignition piston engine.
  • an aircraft may comprise at least one rotor to at least partially ensure its lift and / or propulsion.
  • This rotor is then rotated by a power plant comprising at least one motor.
  • This engine can be a piston engine.
  • a piston engine usually comprises a motor unit accommodating one cylinder per piston, each piston sliding in a cylinder. Each cylinder is then closed by a cylinder head.
  • the operation of a diesel engine is based on the self-ignition of a fuel in a combustion chamber filled with compressed air at a high temperature. As a result, the air must reach a minimum temperature at the end of compression to cause ignition of the fuel.
  • a diesel engine may include a preheating system.
  • Water heating systems are designed to completely heat an engine.
  • Another system is to implement a glow plug per cylinder.
  • a glow plug comprises successively a connection tip, a body and a heating pencil.
  • a heating filament is further inserted into the pencil by being connected to the connection tip.
  • the glow plug passes through the cylinder head to open into the combustion chamber.
  • the body of the glow plug thus has a thread screwed to a thread of the cylinder head.
  • the body has a conical seat pressed against a conical seat of the cylinder head to ensure the tightness of the assembly.
  • the heating rod is advantageously positioned at least partially in the combustion chamber so as to be impacted by the flow of fuel injected into the combustion chamber.
  • connection tip An electric current is then applied to the connection tip to heat the glow plug rod through the heating filament.
  • the pencil generates the creation of a hot spot in the combustion chamber allowing the ignition of the mixture of air and fuel. Therefore, the glow plug allows the cold start of a diesel piston engine.
  • the implementation of a glow plug avoids the arrangement of a complex and bulky heating system.
  • a cylinder head is also equipped with intake and exhaust gas valves, as well as fuel injectors.
  • the location of the thread of a given glow plug can make its arrangement in a cylinder head difficult.
  • a manufacturer can then consider developing a new candle adapted to the new cylinder head.
  • the development of a new candle is particularly expensive. This development is all the more expensive in the context of an aircraft to the extent that an aircraft and in particular a rotorcraft is generally produced in small quantities compared to the number of copies produced for an automobile for example.
  • the present invention is then to go against this prejudice by proposing an alternative preheating assembly.
  • the invention relates to a preheating assembly of a piston engine of an aircraft, the arrangement of such a piston engine on an aircraft giving rise to specific difficulties.
  • a preheating assembly is intended for a piston engine cylinder head, this preheating assembly being provided with a glow plug having successively a connecting end then a body and a heating pencil, the body having an end lower part forming a first conical seat and an upper end comprising a first thread.
  • This preheating assembly comprises a hollow sleeve extending longitudinally from a lower extremal zone to an upper extremal zone, said sleeve extending radially from an inner surface delimiting a cavity towards an external surface, said glow plug being inserted into said cavity, said pencil protruding from said sheath through the lower extremal zone, the inner surface of the sheath having in the upper extremal zone a second thread engaged with the first thread of the glow plug, the inner surface of the sheath having in the lower extremity zone a first conical seat bearing against the first conical seat of the glow plug, the outer surface of the lower end zone having a third thread adapted to be screwed to a fourth thread of a cylinder head and a second conical seat intended for to be in support against a second if of a breech.
  • This preheating assembly therefore comprises a glow plug and a sleeve, this glow plug can be a conventional candle commercially available.
  • a candle is arranged directly in a cylinder head. This simple arrangement of a Glow plug can be tricky or impossible. The state of the art then tends to encourage the skilled person either to implement a heating system of another type, or to develop a new candle.
  • the invention goes against this prejudice by implementing a sleeve in which the candle is inserted.
  • the sheath is provided with a thread called ā€œsecond threadā€ for screwing the candle into the sheath.
  • a support of the tapered seat of the candle called ā€œfirst conical seatā€ against an inner conical seat of the sheath called ā€œfirst conical seatā€ ensures sealing within the sheath.
  • a builder then adapts the position of the second thread and the first conical seat to the shape of the glow plug to use.
  • This glow plug can be a classic candle with a metal body and a metal or ceramic heating rod.
  • the sheath is screwed onto the lower part of the cylinder head on the side closest to the combustion chamber through a thread of the sleeve called "third thread".
  • the sleeve comprises a conical sealing surface for sealing between the cylinder head and the preheating assembly.
  • the preheating assembly forms a sealed assembly ensuring a seal to the combustion gases from the combustion chamber accommodating the glow plug.
  • This preheating assembly then represents a relatively simple assembly with reduced mass compared to preheating systems without glow plug.
  • this assembly allows the arrangement of a glow plug in a cylinder head not provided for this purpose.
  • a breech of a new type comprises a bottom flange for closing at least one cylinder.
  • the cylinder head further comprises an upper portion attached to the top of the lower sole.
  • Such a cylinder head makes it possible to use a bottom plate made of a material that is very resistant to temperature and a lightened upper part.
  • a standard candle may not be mounted directly in a relatively thin lower sole.
  • This preheating assembly may further include one or more additional features that follow.
  • the sleeve is for example made of steel to ensure good temperature insulation and good mechanical strength.
  • the sheath and / or the candle comprise a brake wire to optimize their fixation.
  • the mounting of the candle or sheath can thus be braked by a brake wire type device or equivalent.
  • the upper end zone of the sleeve may comprise a clamping means.
  • a clamping means may comprise a hexagonal head for example.
  • the invention is directed to a cylinder head for a piston engine for covering at least one cylinder.
  • This cylinder head has a lower soleplate for covering at least one cylinder of the engine and a top layer resting on the lower sole.
  • the cylinder head comprises at least one preheating assembly of the type described above, the lower soleplate having a lower through orifice intended to open onto a combustion chamber and said upper layer having a through upper orifice opening on a medium outside the cylinder head and on the lower orifice.
  • the sleeve is inserted into the lower orifice and the upper orifice, this sleeve being screwed to the lower sole, the third thread of the sleeve being screwed to a fourth thread of the lower sole and the second conical bearing surface of the sleeve bearing against a second seat of the lower flange, the pencil protruding from the cylinder head via the lower orifice of said lower flange.
  • the lower hole of the cylinder head is described as "throughā€ to the extent that this hole passes right through the bottom flange according to its thickness.
  • the state of the art comprises a conventional cylinder head provided with a glow plug mounted directly in the cylinder head.
  • Such a candle does not seem to be able to be mounted in a cylinder head provided with a thin bottom sole surmounted by a top layer.
  • the upper layer may in particular comprise a material having a reduced mass, conducting the heat and able to be manufactured at a lower cost such as an aluminum alloy.
  • the lower sole may comprise a material that degrades little with temperature such as steel.
  • the invention makes it possible to remedy this by proposing a sheath that can be anchored in the bottom flange.
  • the seal between the preheating assembly and the cylinder head is made in the lower soleplate, which avoids a problem of gas leakage between the lower flange and the upper layer.
  • the cylinder head may comprise an O-ring arranged between the bottom flange and the upper layer, this O-ring being arranged around the sheath.
  • An O-ring is then optionally placed at the interface between the lower flange and the upper layer of the yoke around the sheath. This seal makes it possible to isolate the lower orifice and the upper orifice of water chambers for example. The O-ring thus prevents water leaks in the combustion chambers.
  • the yoke may have a clearance separating the upper layer of the sheath.
  • the sleeve passes through the upper layer of the cylinder head without requiring the use of sealing means, sealing being provided at the bottom sole.
  • this sheath is not in contact with the upper layer because of the presence of a clearance allowing the expansion of the sheath and / or the upper layer.
  • This game also limits the heat transfer from the glow plug to the upper layer.
  • the cylinder head having at least one air intake duct for conveying air to a combustion chamber and at least one gas exhaust duct for expelling gases from the combustion chamber. 'together Preheating is closer to the intake channel than the exhaust channel.
  • the mounting of the sheath and the glow plug is preferably performed on the side of the intake channels of the cylinder head, this side representing the less hot side of the cylinder head.
  • the invention is a piston engine provided with a motor unit housing at least one cylinder.
  • This engine then comprises at least one yoke of the type described above.
  • the invention is an aircraft equipped with such a motor.
  • the figure 1 presents a local cut of a motor 5 of an aircraft 1.
  • This engine 5 is a piston engine provided with an engine block 8. At least one cylinder 6 delimits a combustion chamber 7 within the engine block 8.
  • the engine 5 comprises at least one cylinder head 10 for closing off at least one cylinder 6.
  • this cylinder head 10 has air intake and exhaust gas channels that are not visible on the cylinder. figure 1 . These air intake and gas exhaust channels are in fluid communication with the combustion chamber 7.
  • This cylinder head is further provided with a lower soleplate 11 resting on a cylinder 6 to close the combustion chamber 7.
  • the cylinder head has an upper layer 12 which rests on the lower soleplate.
  • the lower flange 11 may have a thickness EP1 lower than the thickness EP2 of the upper layer.
  • the bottom flange 11 has a thickness of about one centimeter.
  • the lower sole 11 may comprise a material distinct from the material constituting the upper layer.
  • the cylinder head may comprise a preheating unit 20 per covered cylinder to create a hot spot in the combustion chamber 7.
  • This preheating unit 20 comprises a glow plug 30 and a sleeve 40.
  • the candle 30 is a conventional candle which has a connecting end 31, a body 32 and a pencil 33.
  • a heating filament extends for example in the pencil 33 to heat the pencil 33 and in particular the tip 38 of the pencil 33.
  • the body 32 can be decomposed into a lower end 34 located in the extension of the pencil 33, and an upper end 36 extended by the connection tip.
  • the spark plug has successively in a longitudinal direction X1 from the combustion chamber 7 to an external environment EXT located outside the engine: the rod 33, the lower end 34 of the body, the upper end 36 of the body and the connection tip.
  • the lower end 34 of the body has a conical bearing.
  • This conical bearing is called ā€œfirst taper 35" to be individually identified.
  • this first conical bearing surface 35 is positioned at the interface between the body 32 and the pencil.
  • first thread 37 is downstream of the first conical bearing surface with respect to the longitudinal direction X1.
  • the preheating assembly comprises a hollow sleeve 40.
  • This sleeve 40 is thus interposed between the spark plug 30 and the cylinder head 10. Indeed, the spark plug 30 is screwed into the sleeve 40, this sleeve 40 being screwed into the cylinder head 10.
  • the sheath is provided with a casing extending in the longitudinal direction X1 of a lower extremal zone 41 towards an upper extremal zone 42.
  • lower extremal zone 41 the section of the sheath extending in the lower sole 11
  • zone upper extremal 42 the section of the sleeve extending into the upper layer 12 of the cylinder head.
  • the casing of the sleeve 40 extends radially from an inner surface 43 defining a cavity 60 to an outer surface 44 which is opposite the walls of the cylinder head.
  • the inner surface 43 of the sleeve 40 has a thread in the upper end zone 42. This thread is called ā€œsecond thread 45" to be individually identified.
  • This inner surface 43 of the sheath 40 also has in the lower end zone 41 a first conical seat 46.
  • the first conical seat 46 is upstream of the second thread 45 with respect to the longitudinal direction X1.
  • outer surface 44 of the sheath has a thread at the lower end zone 41 of this sheath. This thread is called ā€œthird thread 47" to be individually identified.
  • the outer surface 44 has a tapered seat at the lower end zone 41.
  • This tapered seat is referred to as the "second taper seat 48" to be individually identified.
  • the first conical seat 35 of the candle is in sealing engagement against the first conical seat 46 of the sheath.
  • the pencil 33 of the candle partially projects from the sheath 40.
  • the operator screws the sheath into the breech.
  • the operator can first screw the sheath into the breech, then the candle into the sheath.
  • the upper end zone 42 of the sleeve advantageously comprises a clamping means 80.
  • the yoke comprises a lower orifice 13 passing through the lower flange 11.
  • This lower orifice 13 can be broken down into a first portion 13 'having a wide section to accommodate the sleeve 40 and a second portion 13 "having a restricted section for simply to be crossed by the pencil 33.
  • the yoke has an upper orifice 14 passing through the upper layer 12.
  • the upper orifice 12 opens on the one hand into the external medium EXT and into the lower orifice 13, this lower orifice 13 opening further into the combustion chamber 7.
  • the sleeve 40 passes entirely through the upper orifice 12 to be screwed into the lower soleplate 11. Indeed, the third thread 47 of the sleeve 40 is screwed to the fourth thread 15 of the lower soleplate 11. In addition, the second span conical 48 of the sleeve 40 bears against the second seat 16 of the lower sole 11.
  • the pencil 33 then protrudes from the bolt 10 via the lower orifice 13 of said lower flange 11.
  • the preheating assembly may comprise at least one brake wire for holding in position the spark plug 30 and / or the sheath.
  • a brake wire 76 makes it possible to fix the upper end zone 42 of the sheath to the breech and / or a brake wire 77 makes it possible to fix the spark plug to the breech.
  • Other means equivalent to the brake wire may be used such as a "net brake glue".
  • the cylinder head has a set of expansion simply called "game 90" between the upper layer 12 of the cylinder head and the sleeve 40.
  • a sheath induces the presence of a dead volume 200 in the lower orifice in fluid communication. with the combustion chamber 7. This dead volume is then located in the first portion 13 'of the lower orifice, being between the end of the sleeve and the second portion 13 "of the lower orifice.
  • the yoke 10 may comprise an O-ring 95.
  • This O-ring 95 is arranged between the bottom flange 11 and the upper layer 12.
  • this O-ring 95 is arranged around the sleeve 40.
  • the cylinder head may define at least one air intake duct 18 for conveying air to the combustion chamber 7, and at least one gas exhaust duct 19 for expelling the gases from the combustion chamber 7 after combustion.
  • the breech can accommodate an injector 100.
  • the preheating unit 20 is favorably closer to the air intake duct 18 than to the gas exhaust duct 19.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion Methods Of Internal-Combustion Engines (AREA)

Description

La prƩsente invention concerne un ensemble de prƩchauffage, une culasse ƩquipƩe de cet ensemble, un moteur Ơ pistons ƩquipƩ d'une telle culasse et un aƩronef.The present invention relates to a preheating assembly, a cylinder head equipped with this assembly, a piston engine equipped with such a cylinder head and an aircraft.

L'invention se situe donc dans le domaine technique restreint des dispositifs de prĆ©chauffage d'un moteur Ć  pistons, et notamment d'un moteur Diesel. Plus particuliĆØrement, l'invention se situe dans le domaine technique des aĆ©ronefs Ć©quipĆ©s d'un moteur Ć  pistons Ć  allumage par compression.The invention is therefore in the restricted technical field of preheating devices of a piston engine, and in particular a diesel engine. More particularly, the invention is in the technical field of aircraft equipped with a compression ignition piston engine.

En particulier, un aĆ©ronef peut comprendre au moins un rotor pour assurer au moins partiellement sa sustentation et/ ou sa propulsion. Ce rotor est alors entraĆ®nĆ© en rotation par une installation motrice comprenant au moins un moteur. Ce moteur peut ĆŖtre un moteur Ć  pistons.In particular, an aircraft may comprise at least one rotor to at least partially ensure its lift and / or propulsion. This rotor is then rotated by a power plant comprising at least one motor. This engine can be a piston engine.

Un moteur Ơ pistons comporte usuellement un bloc moteur accueillant un cylindre par piston, chaque piston coulissant dans un cylindre. Chaque cylindre est alors fermƩ par une culasse.A piston engine usually comprises a motor unit accommodating one cylinder per piston, each piston sliding in a cylinder. Each cylinder is then closed by a cylinder head.

Par ailleurs, le fonctionnement d'un moteur Diesel repose sur l'auto-inflammation d'un carburant dans une chambre de combustion remplie d'air comprimƩ Ơ une tempƩrature ƩlevƩe. Par suite, l'air doit atteindre une tempƩrature minimale en fin de compression pour provoquer l'inflammation du carburant.In addition, the operation of a diesel engine is based on the self-ignition of a fuel in a combustion chamber filled with compressed air at a high temperature. As a result, the air must reach a minimum temperature at the end of compression to cause ignition of the fuel.

Or, cette tempĆ©rature minimale peut ĆŖtre difficile Ć  atteindre lorsque le moteur est froid.However, this minimum temperature can be difficult to reach when the engine is cold.

Par suite, un moteur diesel peut comprendre un systĆØme de prĆ©chauffage.As a result, a diesel engine may include a preheating system.

Des systĆØmes de rĆ©chauffage par eau visent Ć  rĆ©chauffer complĆØtement un moteur.Water heating systems are designed to completely heat an engine.

Ces systĆØmes sont intĆ©ressants mais leur agencement dans un aĆ©ronef paraĆ®t dĆ©licat.These systems are interesting but their arrangement in an aircraft seems delicate.

D'autres systĆØmes de rĆ©chauffage visent Ć  rĆ©chauffer les gaz avant leur admission dans une chambre de combustion.Other heating systems aim to heat the gases before they enter a combustion chamber.

Un autre systĆØme consiste Ć  mettre en oeuvre une bougie de prĆ©chauffage par cylindre.Another system is to implement a glow plug per cylinder.

Une bougie de prƩchauffage comporte successivement un embout de connexion, un corps puis un crayon chauffant. Un filament de chauffage est de plus insƩrƩ dans le crayon en Ʃtant reliƩ Ơ l'embout de connexion.A glow plug comprises successively a connection tip, a body and a heating pencil. A heating filament is further inserted into the pencil by being connected to the connection tip.

DĆØs lors, la bougie de prĆ©chauffe traverse la culasse pour dĆ©boucher dans la chambre de combustion. Le corps de la bougie de prĆ©chauffage possĆØde ainsi un filetage vissĆ© Ć  un filetage de la culasse. De plus, le corps comporte une portĆ©e conique plaquĆ©e contre un siĆØge conique de la culasse pour garantir l'Ć©tanchĆ©itĆ© de l'assemblage.Therefore, the glow plug passes through the cylinder head to open into the combustion chamber. The body of the glow plug thus has a thread screwed to a thread of the cylinder head. In addition, the body has a conical seat pressed against a conical seat of the cylinder head to ensure the tightness of the assembly.

DĆØs lors, le crayon chauffant est avantageusement positionnĆ© au moins partiellement dans la chambre de combustion de maniĆØre Ć  ĆŖtre impactĆ© par le flux de carburant injectĆ© dans cette chambre de combustion.Therefore, the heating rod is advantageously positioned at least partially in the combustion chamber so as to be impacted by the flow of fuel injected into the combustion chamber.

Un courant Ć©lectrique est alors appliquĆ© Ć  l'embout de connexion pour chauffer le crayon de la bougie de prĆ©chauffage au travers du filament de chauffage. Le crayon gĆ©nĆØre la crĆ©ation d'un point chaud dans la chambre de combustion permettant l'inflammation du mĆ©lange d'air et de carburant. Par consĆ©quent, la bougie de prĆ©chauffage autorise le dĆ©marrage Ć  froid d'un moteur Ć  pistons Diesel.An electric current is then applied to the connection tip to heat the glow plug rod through the heating filament. The pencil generates the creation of a hot spot in the combustion chamber allowing the ignition of the mixture of air and fuel. Therefore, the glow plug allows the cold start of a diesel piston engine.

La mise en oeuvre d'une bougie de prĆ©chauffage Ć©vite l'agencement d'un systĆØme de rĆ©chauffage complexe et encombrant.The implementation of a glow plug avoids the arrangement of a complex and bulky heating system.

NƩanmoins, une culasse est par ailleurs ƩquipƩe de soupapes d'admission et d'Ʃchappement de gaz, ainsi que d'injecteurs de carburant.Nevertheless, a cylinder head is also equipped with intake and exhaust gas valves, as well as fuel injectors.

Par consƩquent, l'espace disponible pour agencer une bougie de prƩchauffage peut s'avƩrer restreint.Therefore, the space available to arrange a glow plug can be limited.

L'emplacement du filetage d'une bougie de prƩchauffage donnƩe peut rendre dƩlicat son agencement dans une culasse.The location of the thread of a given glow plug can make its arrangement in a cylinder head difficult.

Par suite, l'agencement d'une bougie de prƩchauffage existante peut s'avƩrer difficile sur une nouvelle culasse.As a result, the arrangement of an existing glow plug can be difficult on a new cylinder head.

Un constructeur peut alors envisager de dĆ©velopper une nouvelle bougie adaptĆ©e Ć  la nouvelle culasse. Toutefois, le dĆ©veloppement d'une nouvelle bougie s'avĆØre particuliĆØrement onĆ©reux. Ce dĆ©veloppement est d'autant plus onĆ©reux dans le cadre d'un aĆ©ronef dans la mesure oĆ¹ un aĆ©ronef et notamment un giravion est gĆ©nĆ©ralement produit en faibles quantitĆ©s comparĆ©es au nombre d'exemplaires produits pour une automobile par exemple.A manufacturer can then consider developing a new candle adapted to the new cylinder head. However, the development of a new candle is particularly expensive. This development is all the more expensive in the context of an aircraft to the extent that an aircraft and in particular a rotorcraft is generally produced in small quantities compared to the number of copies produced for an automobile for example.

Par suite, un constructeur d'aĆ©ronef tend Ć  envisager l'implĆ©mentation d'autres systĆØmes de rĆ©chauffage.As a result, an aircraft manufacturer tends to consider the implementation of other heating systems.

La prƩsente invention a alors pour objet d'aller Ơ l'encontre de ce prƩjugƩ en proposant un ensemble de prƩchauffage alternatif.The present invention is then to go against this prejudice by proposing an alternative preheating assembly.

En particulier, l'invention vise un ensemble de prƩchauffage d'un moteur Ơ pistons d'un aƩronef, l'agencement d'un tel moteur Ơ pistons sur un aƩronef donnant lieu Ơ des difficultƩs spƩcifiques.In particular, the invention relates to a preheating assembly of a piston engine of an aircraft, the arrangement of such a piston engine on an aircraft giving rise to specific difficulties.

Les documents FR 2 998 949 , DE 39 28 105 , FR 1 133 786 , BE 402 977 et FR 2 894 724 sont connus.The documents FR 2,998,949 , DE 39 28 105 , FR 1 133 786 , BE 402 977 and FR 2 894 724 are known.

Selon l'invention, un ensemble de prĆ©chauffage est destinĆ© Ć  une culasse de moteur Ć  pistons, cet ensemble de prĆ©chauffage Ć©tant muni d'une bougie de prĆ©chauffage comportant successivement un embout de connexion puis un corps et un crayon chauffant, le corps prĆ©sentant une extrĆ©mitĆ© infĆ©rieure formant une premiĆØre portĆ©e conique et une extrĆ©mitĆ© supĆ©rieure comprenant un premier filetage.According to the invention, a preheating assembly is intended for a piston engine cylinder head, this preheating assembly being provided with a glow plug having successively a connecting end then a body and a heating pencil, the body having an end lower part forming a first conical seat and an upper end comprising a first thread.

Cet ensemble de prĆ©chauffage comprend un fourreau creux s'Ć©tendant longitudinalement d'une zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure vers une zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure, ledit fourreau s'Ć©tendant radialement d'une surface interne dĆ©limitant une cavitĆ© vers une surface externe, ladite bougie de prĆ©chauffage Ć©tant insĆ©rĆ©e dans ladite cavitĆ©, ledit crayon saillant dudit fourreau au travers de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure, la surface interne du fourreau prĆ©sentant dans la zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure un deuxiĆØme filetage en prise avec le premier filetage de la bougie de prĆ©chauffage, la surface interne du fourreau prĆ©sentant dans la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure un premier siĆØge conique en appui contre la premiĆØre portĆ©e conique de la bougie de prĆ©chauffage, la surface externe de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure comportant un troisiĆØme filetage apte Ć  ĆŖtre vissĆ© Ć  un quatriĆØme filetage d'une culasse et une deuxiĆØme portĆ©e conique destinĆ©e Ć  ĆŖtre en appui contre un deuxiĆØme siĆØge d'une culasse .This preheating assembly comprises a hollow sleeve extending longitudinally from a lower extremal zone to an upper extremal zone, said sleeve extending radially from an inner surface delimiting a cavity towards an external surface, said glow plug being inserted into said cavity, said pencil protruding from said sheath through the lower extremal zone, the inner surface of the sheath having in the upper extremal zone a second thread engaged with the first thread of the glow plug, the inner surface of the sheath having in the lower extremity zone a first conical seat bearing against the first conical seat of the glow plug, the outer surface of the lower end zone having a third thread adapted to be screwed to a fourth thread of a cylinder head and a second conical seat intended for to be in support against a second if of a breech.

Cet ensemble de prĆ©chauffage comporte donc une bougie de prĆ©chauffage et un fourreau, cette bougie de prĆ©chauffage pouvant ĆŖtre une bougie usuelle disponible dans le commerce.This preheating assembly therefore comprises a glow plug and a sleeve, this glow plug can be a conventional candle commercially available.

Selon certains Ć©tats de la technique, on agence une bougie directement dans une culasse. Cet agencement simple d'une bougie de prĆ©chauffage peut s'avĆ©rer dĆ©licat voire impossible. L'Ć©tat de la technique tend alors Ć  inciter l'homme du mĆ©tier soit Ć  mettre en oeuvre un systĆØme de rĆ©chauffage d'un autre type, soit Ć  dĆ©velopper une nouvelle bougie.According to certain states of the art, a candle is arranged directly in a cylinder head. This simple arrangement of a Glow plug can be tricky or impossible. The state of the art then tends to encourage the skilled person either to implement a heating system of another type, or to develop a new candle.

L'invention va Ơ l'encontre de ce prƩjugƩ en mettant en oeuvre un fourreau dans lequel la bougie est insƩrƩe.The invention goes against this prejudice by implementing a sleeve in which the candle is inserted.

DĆØs lors, le fourreau est muni d'un filetage dĆ©nommĆ© Ā« deuxiĆØme filetage Ā» permettant de visser la bougie dans le fourreau. Un appui de la portĆ©e conique de la bougie dite Ā« premiĆØre portĆ©e conique Ā» contre un siĆØge conique interne du fourreau dĆ©nommĆ© Ā« premier siĆØge conique Ā» assure l'Ć©tanchĆ©itĆ© au sein du fourreau.Therefore, the sheath is provided with a thread called "second thread" for screwing the candle into the sheath. A support of the tapered seat of the candle called "first conical seat" against an inner conical seat of the sheath called "first conical seat" ensures sealing within the sheath.

Un constructeur adapte alors la position du deuxiĆØme filetage et du premier siĆØge conique Ć  la forme de la bougie de prĆ©chauffage Ć  utiliser. Cette bougie de prĆ©chauffage peut ĆŖtre une bougie classique munie d'un corps en mĆ©tal et d'un crayon de chauffage en mĆ©tal ou en cĆ©ramique.A builder then adapts the position of the second thread and the first conical seat to the shape of the glow plug to use. This glow plug can be a classic candle with a metal body and a metal or ceramic heating rod.

En outre, le fourreau est vissĆ© sur la partie basse de la culasse du cotĆ© le plus proche de la chambre de combustion par le biais d'un filetage du fourreau dĆ©nommĆ© Ā« troisiĆØme filetage Ā». De plus, le fourreau comprend une portĆ©e conique d'Ć©tanchĆ©itĆ© pour assure l'Ć©tanchĆ©itĆ© entre la culasse et l'ensemble de prĆ©chauffage.In addition, the sheath is screwed onto the lower part of the cylinder head on the side closest to the combustion chamber through a thread of the sleeve called "third thread". In addition, the sleeve comprises a conical sealing surface for sealing between the cylinder head and the preheating assembly.

Par consƩquent, l'ensemble de prƩchauffage forme un ensemble Ʃtanche garantissant une ƩtanchƩitƩ aux gaz de combustion provenant de la chambre de combustion accueillant la bougie de prƩchauffage.Therefore, the preheating assembly forms a sealed assembly ensuring a seal to the combustion gases from the combustion chamber accommodating the glow plug.

Cet ensemble de prĆ©chauffage reprĆ©sente alors un ensemble relativement simple prĆ©sentant une masse rĆ©duite comparĆ©e Ć  des systĆØmes de prĆ©chauffage dĆ©pourvus de bougie de prĆ©chauffage.This preheating assembly then represents a relatively simple assembly with reduced mass compared to preheating systems without glow plug.

De plus, cet ensemble permet l'agencement d'une bougie de prƩchauffage au sein d'une culasse non prƩvue Ơ cet effet.In addition, this assembly allows the arrangement of a glow plug in a cylinder head not provided for this purpose.

En particulier, une culasse d'un nouveau type comporte une semelle infƩrieure pour obturer au moins un cylindre. La culasse comporte de plus une partie supƩrieure fixƩe sur le dessus de la semelle infƩrieure.In particular, a breech of a new type comprises a bottom flange for closing at least one cylinder. The cylinder head further comprises an upper portion attached to the top of the lower sole.

Une telle culasse permet de mettre en oeuvre une semelle infĆ©rieure rĆ©alisĆ©e Ć  l'aide d'un matĆ©riau trĆØs rĆ©sistant Ć  la tempĆ©rature et une partie supĆ©rieure allĆ©gĆ©e.Such a cylinder head makes it possible to use a bottom plate made of a material that is very resistant to temperature and a lightened upper part.

L'implantation d'une bougie standard passant Ć  travers deux matĆ©riaux diffĆ©rents impose de rĆ©soudre des problĆØmes d'Ć©tanchĆ©itĆ© dĆ©licats, auxquels rĆ©pond l'ensemble de prĆ©chauffage selon l'invention.The implantation of a standard candle passing through two different materials requires solving delicate sealing problems, to which the preheating assembly according to the invention responds.

De plus, une bougie standard peut ne pas se monter directement dans une semelle infƩrieure relativement de faible Ʃpaisseur.In addition, a standard candle may not be mounted directly in a relatively thin lower sole.

La mise en oeuvre du fourreau selon l'invention permet de rƩpondre Ơ cette nouvelle problƩmatique. Cette mise en oeuvre n'a rien d'Ʃvident car elle induit la crƩation d'un lƩger volume mort additionnel en communication fluidique avec la chambre de combustion. NƩanmoins, la demanderesse va Ơ l'encontre des prƩjugƩs existants, les gains apportƩs par l'invention s'avƩrant plus importants que le dƩsagrƩment gƩnƩrƩ par un tel volume mort.The implementation of the sheath according to the invention makes it possible to respond to this new problem. This implementation is not obvious because it induces the creation of a slight additional dead volume in fluid communication with the combustion chamber. Nevertheless, the plaintiff goes against existing prejudices, the gains brought by the invention being more important than the inconvenience generated by such a dead volume.

Cet ensemble de prƩchauffage peut de plus comporter une ou plusieurs des caractƩristiques additionnelles qui suivent.This preheating assembly may further include one or more additional features that follow.

Par exemple, cet ensemble comporte successivement selon une direction longitudinale :

  • une pointe du crayon,
  • le troisiĆØme filetage mĆ©nagĆ© sur la surface externe de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure du fourreau,
  • la deuxiĆØme portĆ©e conique de la surface externe de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure du fourreau,
  • le premier siĆØge conique de la surface interne de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure du fourreau,
  • la premiĆØre portĆ©e conique de la bougie en appui contre le premier siĆØge conique,
  • le deuxiĆØme filetage de la surface interne de la zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure du fourreau en prise avec le premier filetage de la bougie
For example, this set comprises successively in a longitudinal direction:
  • a tip of the pencil,
  • the third thread formed on the outer surface of the lower extremal zone of the sheath,
  • the second conical bearing surface of the outer surface of the lower extremal zone of the sheath,
  • the first conical seat of the inner surface of the lower extremal zone of the sheath,
  • the first conical seat of the candle resting against the first conical seat,
  • the second thread of the inner surface of the upper end zone of the sleeve engaged with the first thread of the candle

Par ailleurs, le fourreau est par exemple en acier pour assurer une bonne isolation en tempƩrature et une bonne tenue mƩcanique.Furthermore, the sleeve is for example made of steel to ensure good temperature insulation and good mechanical strength.

Selon un autre aspect, le fourreau et/ou la bougie comportent un fil frein pour optimiser leur fixation.In another aspect, the sheath and / or the candle comprise a brake wire to optimize their fixation.

Le montage de la bougie ou du fourreau peut ainsi ĆŖtre freinĆ© par un dispositif de type fil frein ou Ć©quivalent.The mounting of the candle or sheath can thus be braked by a brake wire type device or equivalent.

Par ailleurs, la zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure du fourreau peut comporter un moyen de serrage. Un tel moyen de serrage peut comprendre une tĆŖte hexagonale par exemple.Furthermore, the upper end zone of the sleeve may comprise a clamping means. Such a clamping means may comprise a hexagonal head for example.

Outre un ensemble de prƩchauffage, l'invention vise une culasse destinƩe Ơ un moteur Ơ pistons pour recouvrir au moins un cylindre.In addition to a preheating assembly, the invention is directed to a cylinder head for a piston engine for covering at least one cylinder.

Cette culasse comporte une semelle infĆ©rieure destinĆ©e Ć  recouvrir au moins un cylindre du moteur et une couche supĆ©rieure reposant sur la semelle infĆ©rieure. La culasse comporte au moins un ensemble de prĆ©chauffage du type dĆ©crit prĆ©cĆ©demment, la semelle infĆ©rieure comportant un orifice infĆ©rieur traversant destinĆ© Ć  dĆ©boucher sur une chambre de combustion et ladite couche supĆ©rieure comportant un orifice supĆ©rieur traversant dĆ©bouchant sur un milieu extĆ©rieur Ć  la culasse et sur l'orifice infĆ©rieur. Le fourreau est insĆ©rĆ© dans l'orifice infĆ©rieur et l'orifice supĆ©rieur, ce fourreau Ć©tant vissĆ© Ć  la semelle infĆ©rieure, le troisiĆØme filetage du fourreau Ć©tant vissĆ© Ć  un quatriĆØme filetage de la semelle infĆ©rieure et la deuxiĆØme portĆ©e conique du fourreau Ć©tant en appui contre un deuxiĆØme siĆØge de la semelle infĆ©rieure, le crayon saillant de la culasse via l'orifice infĆ©rieur de ladite semelle infĆ©rieure.This cylinder head has a lower soleplate for covering at least one cylinder of the engine and a top layer resting on the lower sole. The cylinder head comprises at least one preheating assembly of the type described above, the lower soleplate having a lower through orifice intended to open onto a combustion chamber and said upper layer having a through upper orifice opening on a medium outside the cylinder head and on the lower orifice. The sleeve is inserted into the lower orifice and the upper orifice, this sleeve being screwed to the lower sole, the third thread of the sleeve being screwed to a fourth thread of the lower sole and the second conical bearing surface of the sleeve bearing against a second seat of the lower flange, the pencil protruding from the cylinder head via the lower orifice of said lower flange.

L'orifice infĆ©rieur de la culasse est qualifiĆ© de Ā« traversant Ā» dans le mesure oĆ¹ cet orifice traverse de part en part la semelle infĆ©rieure selon son Ć©paisseur.The lower hole of the cylinder head is described as "through" to the extent that this hole passes right through the bottom flange according to its thickness.

L'Ʃtat de la technique comprend une culasse classique munie d'une bougie de prƩchauffage montƩe directement dans la culasse.The state of the art comprises a conventional cylinder head provided with a glow plug mounted directly in the cylinder head.

Une telle bougie ne semble pas pouvoir ĆŖtre montĆ©e dans une culasse munie d'une semelle infĆ©rieure de faible Ć©paisseur surmontĆ©e d'une couche supĆ©rieure. La couche supĆ©rieure peut notamment comprendre un matĆ©riau prĆ©sentant une masse rĆ©duite, conduisant la chaleur et apte Ć  ĆŖtre fabriquĆ© Ć  moindre coĆ»t tel qu'un alliage d'aluminium. La semelle infĆ©rieure peut comprendre un matĆ©riau se dĆ©gradant peu avec la tempĆ©rature tel que l'acier.Such a candle does not seem to be able to be mounted in a cylinder head provided with a thin bottom sole surmounted by a top layer. The upper layer may in particular comprise a material having a reduced mass, conducting the heat and able to be manufactured at a lower cost such as an aluminum alloy. The lower sole may comprise a material that degrades little with temperature such as steel.

Une telle bougie du commerce serait en effet fixĆ©e Ć  la couche supĆ©rieure de la culasse compte tenu de la position de son filetage. Un tel agencement s'avĆØre impossible pour des raisons d'Ć©tanchĆ©itĆ©, mais aussi de tenue mĆ©canique du fait des caractĆ©ristiques mĆ©caniques de la couche supĆ©rieure.Such a candle trade would indeed be attached to the upper layer of the cylinder head given the position of its thread. Such an arrangement proves impossible for reasons of sealing, but also of mechanical strength because of the mechanical characteristics of the upper layer.

L'invention permet d'y remĆ©dier en proposant un fourreau pouvant ĆŖtre ancrĆ© dans la semelle infĆ©rieure. L'Ć©tanchĆ©itĆ© entre l'ensemble de prĆ©chauffage et la culasse est rĆ©alisĆ©e dans la semelle infĆ©rieure, ce qui Ć©vite un problĆØme de fuite de gaz entre la semelle infĆ©rieure et la couche supĆ©rieure.The invention makes it possible to remedy this by proposing a sheath that can be anchored in the bottom flange. The seal between the preheating assembly and the cylinder head is made in the lower soleplate, which avoids a problem of gas leakage between the lower flange and the upper layer.

Par ailleurs, la culasse peut comporter un joint torique agencƩ entre la semelle infƩrieure et la couche supƩrieure, ce joint torique Ʃtant agencƩ autour du fourreau.Furthermore, the cylinder head may comprise an O-ring arranged between the bottom flange and the upper layer, this O-ring being arranged around the sheath.

Un joint torique est alors Ʃventuellement placƩ Ơ l'interface entre la semelle infƩrieure et la couche supƩrieure de la culasse autour du fourreau. Ce joint permet d'isoler l'orifice infƩrieur et l'orifice supƩrieur de chambres d'eau par exemple. Le joint torique permet ainsi d'Ʃviter des fuites d'eau dans les chambres de combustion.An O-ring is then optionally placed at the interface between the lower flange and the upper layer of the yoke around the sheath. This seal makes it possible to isolate the lower orifice and the upper orifice of water chambers for example. The O-ring thus prevents water leaks in the combustion chambers.

Par ailleurs, la culasse peut prƩsenter un jeu sƩparant la couche supƩrieure du fourreau.Moreover, the yoke may have a clearance separating the upper layer of the sheath.

Le fourreau traverse la couche supƩrieure de la culasse sans nƩcessiter l'emploi de moyens d'ƩtanchƩitƩ, l'ƩtanchƩitƩ Ʃtant assurƩe au niveau de la semelle infƩrieure.The sleeve passes through the upper layer of the cylinder head without requiring the use of sealing means, sealing being provided at the bottom sole.

De plus, ce fourreau n'est pas en contact avec la couche supƩrieure en raison de la prƩsence d'un jeu permettant la dilatation du fourreau et/ou de la couche supƩrieure.In addition, this sheath is not in contact with the upper layer because of the presence of a clearance allowing the expansion of the sheath and / or the upper layer.

Ce jeu permet en outre de limiter le transfert de chaleur de la bougie de prƩchauffage vers la couche supƩrieure.This game also limits the heat transfer from the glow plug to the upper layer.

Par ailleurs, la culasse comportant au moins un canal d'admission d'air destinƩ Ơ acheminer de l'air vers une chambre de combustion et au moins un canal d'Ʃchappement de gaz destinƩ Ơ expulser des gaz de la chambre de combustion, l'ensemble de prƩchauffage est plus proche du canal d'admission que du canal d'Ʃchappement.Furthermore, the cylinder head having at least one air intake duct for conveying air to a combustion chamber and at least one gas exhaust duct for expelling gases from the combustion chamber. 'together Preheating is closer to the intake channel than the exhaust channel.

Le montage du fourreau et de la bougie de prĆ©chauffage est effectuĆ© de maniĆØre prĆ©fĆ©rentielle du cotĆ© des canaux d'admission de la culasse, ce cĆ“tĆ© reprĆ©sentant le cĆ“tĆ© le moins chaud de la culasse.The mounting of the sheath and the glow plug is preferably performed on the side of the intake channels of the cylinder head, this side representing the less hot side of the cylinder head.

Outre une culasse, l'invention vise un moteur Ơ pistons muni d'un bloc moteur logeant au moins un cylindre. Ce moteur comporte alors au moins une culasse du type dƩcrit prƩcƩdemment.In addition to a cylinder head, the invention is a piston engine provided with a motor unit housing at least one cylinder. This engine then comprises at least one yoke of the type described above.

Enfin, l'invention vise un aƩronef muni d'un tel moteur.Finally, the invention is an aircraft equipped with such a motor.

L'invention et ses avantages apparaƮtront avec plus de dƩtails dans le cadre de la description qui suit avec des exemples donnƩs Ơ titre illustratif en rƩfƩrence aux figures annexƩes qui reprƩsentent :

  • la figure 1, une vue prĆ©sentant un ensemble de prĆ©chauffage agencĆ© dans une culasse d'un moteur, et
  • la figure 2, un schĆ©ma explicitant le placement de l'ensemble de prĆ©chauffage par rapport Ć  des canaux d'admission d'air et d'Ć©chappement de gaz.
The invention and its advantages will appear in more detail in the context of the description which follows with examples given by way of illustration with reference to the appended figures which represent:
  • the figure 1 a view showing a preheating unit arranged in a cylinder head of an engine, and
  • the figure 2 , a diagram explaining the placement of the preheating assembly with respect to air inlet and gas exhaust channels.

Les Ć©lĆ©ments prĆ©sents dans plusieurs figures distinctes sont affectĆ©s d'une seule et mĆŖme rĆ©fĆ©rence.The elements present in several separate figures are assigned a single reference.

La figure 1 prƩsente une coupe locale d'un moteur 5 d'un aƩronef 1.The figure 1 presents a local cut of a motor 5 of an aircraft 1.

Ce moteur 5 est un moteur Ơ pistons pourvu d'un bloc moteur 8. Au moins un cylindre 6 dƩlimite une chambre de combustion 7 au sein du bloc moteur 8.This engine 5 is a piston engine provided with an engine block 8. At least one cylinder 6 delimits a combustion chamber 7 within the engine block 8.

De plus, le moteur 5 comporte au moins une culasse 10 pour obturer au moins un cylindre 6. De maniĆØre usuelle, cette culasse 10 comporte des canaux d'admission d'air et d'Ć©chappement de gaz qui ne sont pas visibles sur la figure 1. Ces canaux d'admission d'air et d'Ć©chappement de gaz sont en communication fluidique avec la chambre de combustion 7.In addition, the engine 5 comprises at least one cylinder head 10 for closing off at least one cylinder 6. Usually, this cylinder head 10 has air intake and exhaust gas channels that are not visible on the cylinder. figure 1 . These air intake and gas exhaust channels are in fluid communication with the combustion chamber 7.

Cette culasse est en outre pourvue d'une semelle infƩrieure 11 reposant sur un cylindre 6 afin d'obturer la chambre de combustion 7. De plus, la culasse comporte une couche supƩrieure 12 qui repose sur la semelle infƩrieure.This cylinder head is further provided with a lower soleplate 11 resting on a cylinder 6 to close the combustion chamber 7. In addition, the cylinder head has an upper layer 12 which rests on the lower soleplate.

La semelle infĆ©rieure 11 peut avoir une Ć©paisseur EP1 plus faible que l'Ć©paisseur EP2 de la couche supĆ©rieure. A titre d'exemple, la semelle infĆ©rieure 11 a une Ć©paisseur de l'ordre du centimĆØtre.The lower flange 11 may have a thickness EP1 lower than the thickness EP2 of the upper layer. For example, the bottom flange 11 has a thickness of about one centimeter.

En outre, la semelle infƩrieure 11 peut comporter un matƩriau distinct du matƩriau constituant la couche supƩrieure.In addition, the lower sole 11 may comprise a material distinct from the material constituting the upper layer.

Par ailleurs, la culasse peut comporter un ensemble de prƩchauffage 20 par cylindre recouvert pour crƩer un point chaud dans la chambre de combustion 7.On the other hand, the cylinder head may comprise a preheating unit 20 per covered cylinder to create a hot spot in the combustion chamber 7.

Cet ensemble de prƩchauffage 20 comporte une bougie 30 de prƩchauffage et un fourreau 40.This preheating unit 20 comprises a glow plug 30 and a sleeve 40.

La bougie 30 est une bougie usuelle qui comporte un embout de connexion 31, un corps 32 et un crayon 33. Un filament chauffant s'Ć©tend par exemple dans le crayon 33 pour chauffer ce crayon 33 et en particulier la pointe 38 du crayon 33.The candle 30 is a conventional candle which has a connecting end 31, a body 32 and a pencil 33. A heating filament extends for example in the pencil 33 to heat the pencil 33 and in particular the tip 38 of the pencil 33.

Le corps 32 peut ĆŖtre dĆ©composĆ© en une extrĆ©mitĆ© infĆ©rieure 34 situĆ©e dans le prolongement du crayon 33, et en une extrĆ©mitĆ© supĆ©rieure 36 prolongĆ©e par l'embout de connexion.The body 32 can be decomposed into a lower end 34 located in the extension of the pencil 33, and an upper end 36 extended by the connection tip.

DĆØs lors, la bougie prĆ©sente successivement selon un sens longitudinal X1 allant de la chambre de combustion 7 vers un milieu extĆ©rieur EXT situĆ© Ć  l'extĆ©rieur du moteur : le crayon 33, l'extrĆ©mitĆ© infĆ©rieure 34 du corps, l'extrĆ©mitĆ© supĆ©rieur 36 du corps et l'embout de connexion.Therefore, the spark plug has successively in a longitudinal direction X1 from the combustion chamber 7 to an external environment EXT located outside the engine: the rod 33, the lower end 34 of the body, the upper end 36 of the body and the connection tip.

En outre, l'extrĆ©mitĆ© infĆ©rieure 34 du corps prĆ©sente une portĆ©e conique. Cette portĆ©e conique est dĆ©nommĆ©e Ā« premiĆØre portĆ©e conique 35 Ā» pour ĆŖtre individuellement identifiĆ©e. Par exemple, cette premiĆØre portĆ©e conique 35 est positionnĆ©e Ć  l'interface entre le corps 32 et le crayon.In addition, the lower end 34 of the body has a conical bearing. This conical bearing is called "first taper 35" to be individually identified. For example, this first conical bearing surface 35 is positioned at the interface between the body 32 and the pencil.

De plus, l'extrĆ©mitĆ© supĆ©rieure 36 du corps prĆ©sente un filetage. Ce filetage est dĆ©nommĆ© Ā« premier filetage 37 Ā» pour ĆŖtre individuellement identifiĆ©. Le premier filetage 37 est ainsi en aval de la premiĆØre portĆ©e conique au regard du sens longitudinal X1.In addition, the upper end 36 of the body has a thread. This thread is called "first thread 37" to be individually identified. The first thread 37 is thus downstream of the first conical bearing surface with respect to the longitudinal direction X1.

On appelle donc Ā« extrĆ©mitĆ© infĆ©rieure Ā» l'extrĆ©mitĆ© du corps portant la premiĆØre portĆ©e conique, et Ā« extrĆ©mitĆ© supĆ©rieure Ā» l'extrĆ©mitĆ© du corps portant le premier filetage.So called "lower end" the end of the body carrying the first tapered seat, and "upper end" the end of the body carrying the first thread.

Cette gƩomƩtrie de la bougie ne permet pas son ancrage dans la semelle infƩrieure 11.This geometry of the candle does not allow its anchoring in the lower sole 11.

DĆØs lors, l'ensemble de prĆ©chauffage comporte un fourreau 40 creux. Ce fourreau 40 est ainsi interposĆ© entre la bougie 30 et la culasse 10. En effet, la bougie 30 est vissĆ©e dans le fourreau 40, ce fourreau 40 Ć©tant vissĆ© dans la culasse 10.Therefore, the preheating assembly comprises a hollow sleeve 40. This sleeve 40 is thus interposed between the spark plug 30 and the cylinder head 10. Indeed, the spark plug 30 is screwed into the sleeve 40, this sleeve 40 being screwed into the cylinder head 10.

A cet effet, le fourreau est muni d'une enveloppe s'Ʃtendant selon le sens longitudinal X1 d'une zone extrƩmale infƩrieure 41 vers une zone extrƩmale supƩrieure 42.For this purpose, the sheath is provided with a casing extending in the longitudinal direction X1 of a lower extremal zone 41 towards an upper extremal zone 42.

On appelle Ā« zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure 41 Ā» le tronƧon du fourreau s'Ć©tendant dans la semelle infĆ©rieure 11, et Ā« zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure 42 Ā» le tronƧon du fourreau s'Ć©tendant dans la couche supĆ©rieure 12 de la culasse.Is called "lower extremal zone 41" the section of the sheath extending in the lower sole 11, and "zone upper extremal 42 "the section of the sleeve extending into the upper layer 12 of the cylinder head.

De plus, l'enveloppe du fourreau 40 s'Ʃtend radialement d'une surface interne 43 dƩlimitant une cavitƩ 60 vers une surface externe 44 qui est en regard des parois de la culasse.In addition, the casing of the sleeve 40 extends radially from an inner surface 43 defining a cavity 60 to an outer surface 44 which is opposite the walls of the cylinder head.

DĆØs lors, la surface interne 43 du fourreau 40 comporte un filetage dans la zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure 42. Ce filetage est dĆ©nommĆ© Ā« deuxiĆØme filetage 45 Ā» pour ĆŖtre individuellement identifiĆ©.Therefore, the inner surface 43 of the sleeve 40 has a thread in the upper end zone 42. This thread is called "second thread 45" to be individually identified.

Cette surface interne 43 du fourreau 40 comporte par ailleurs dans la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure 41 un premier siĆØge conique 46.This inner surface 43 of the sheath 40 also has in the lower end zone 41 a first conical seat 46.

Le premier siĆØge conique 46 est en amont du deuxiĆØme filetage 45 au regard du sens longitudinal X1.The first conical seat 46 is upstream of the second thread 45 with respect to the longitudinal direction X1.

En outre, la surface externe 44 du fourreau prĆ©sente un filetage au niveau de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure 41 de ce fourreau. Ce filetage est dĆ©nommĆ© Ā« troisiĆØme filetage 47 Ā» pour ĆŖtre individuellement identifiĆ©.In addition, the outer surface 44 of the sheath has a thread at the lower end zone 41 of this sheath. This thread is called "third thread 47" to be individually identified.

De plus, la surface externe 44 comporte une portĆ©e conique au niveau de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure 41. Cette portĆ©e conique est dĆ©nommĆ©e Ā« deuxiĆØme portĆ©e conique 48 Ā» pour ĆŖtre individuellement identifiĆ©e.In addition, the outer surface 44 has a tapered seat at the lower end zone 41. This tapered seat is referred to as the "second taper seat 48" to be individually identified.

Par consĆ©quent, un opĆ©rateur peut insĆ©rer la bougie 30 dans la cavitĆ© 60 du fourreau. Cet opĆ©rateur visse ainsi la bougie 30 dans le fourreau 40, le premier filetage 37 Ć©tant alors en prise avec le deuxiĆØme filetage 45.Therefore, an operator can insert the spark plug 30 into the cavity 60 of the sheath. This operator thus screws the spark plug 30 into the sleeve 40, the first thread 37 then being engaged with the second thread 45.

A l'issue de l'opĆ©ration de vissage, la premiĆØre portĆ©e conique 35 de la bougie est an appui Ć©tanche contre le premier siĆØge conique 46 du fourreau.At the end of the screwing operation, the first conical seat 35 of the candle is in sealing engagement against the first conical seat 46 of the sheath.

De plus, le crayon 33 de la bougie saille partiellement du fourreau 40.In addition, the pencil 33 of the candle partially projects from the sheath 40.

DĆØs lors, l'opĆ©rateur visse le fourreau dans la culasse. Selon un procĆ©dĆ© alternatif, l'opĆ©rateur peut visser en premier lieu le fourreau dans la culasse, puis la bougie dans le fourreau.From then on, the operator screws the sheath into the breech. According to an alternative method, the operator can first screw the sheath into the breech, then the candle into the sheath.

Pour faciliter le vissage du fourreau, la zone extrƩmale supƩrieure 42 du fourreau comporte favorablement un moyen de serrage 80.To facilitate the screwing of the sleeve, the upper end zone 42 of the sleeve advantageously comprises a clamping means 80.

En outre, la culasse comporte un orifice infĆ©rieur 13 traversant la semelle infĆ©rieure 11. Cet orifice infĆ©rieur 13 peut ĆŖtre dĆ©composĆ© en une premiĆØre partie 13' prĆ©sentant une section large pour accueillir le fourreau 40 et une deuxiĆØme partie 13" prĆ©sentant une section restreinte pour simplement ĆŖtre traversĆ©e par le crayon 33.In addition, the yoke comprises a lower orifice 13 passing through the lower flange 11. This lower orifice 13 can be broken down into a first portion 13 'having a wide section to accommodate the sleeve 40 and a second portion 13 "having a restricted section for simply to be crossed by the pencil 33.

De plus, la culasse comporte un orifice supƩrieur 14 traversant la couche supƩrieure 12.In addition, the yoke has an upper orifice 14 passing through the upper layer 12.

Par suite, l'orifice supƩrieur 12 dƩbouche d'une part dans le milieu extƩrieur EXT et dans l'orifice infƩrieur 13, cet orifice infƩrieur 13 dƩbouchant en outre dans la chambre de combustion 7.As a result, the upper orifice 12 opens on the one hand into the external medium EXT and into the lower orifice 13, this lower orifice 13 opening further into the combustion chamber 7.

Par consĆ©quent, le fourreau 40 traverse entiĆØrement l'orifice supĆ©rieur 12 pour ĆŖtre vissĆ© dans la semelle infĆ©rieure 11. En effet, le troisiĆØme filetage 47 du fourreau 40 est vissĆ© au quatriĆØme filetage 15 de la semelle infĆ©rieure 11. De plus, la deuxiĆØme portĆ©e conique 48 du fourreau 40 est en appui contre le deuxiĆØme siĆØge 16 de la semelle infĆ©rieure 11.Therefore, the sleeve 40 passes entirely through the upper orifice 12 to be screwed into the lower soleplate 11. Indeed, the third thread 47 of the sleeve 40 is screwed to the fourth thread 15 of the lower soleplate 11. In addition, the second span conical 48 of the sleeve 40 bears against the second seat 16 of the lower sole 11.

Le crayon 33 saille alors de la culasse 10 via l'orifice infƩrieur 13 de ladite semelle infƩrieure 11.The pencil 33 then protrudes from the bolt 10 via the lower orifice 13 of said lower flange 11.

Selon le sens longitudinal X1, l'ensemble de prƩchauffage 20 comporte successivement :

  • la pointe 38 du crayon 33,
  • le troisiĆØme filetage 47 mĆ©nagĆ© sur la surface externe 44 de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure 41 du fourreau 40,
  • la deuxiĆØme portĆ©e conique 48 de la surface externe 44 de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure 41 du fourreau 40,
  • le premier siĆØge conique 46 de la surface interne 43 de la zone extrĆ©male infĆ©rieure 41 du fourreau 40,
  • la premiĆØre portĆ©e conique 35 de la bougie 30 en appui contre le premier siĆØge conique 46,
  • le deuxiĆØme filetage 45 de la surface interne 43 de la zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure 42 du fourreau 40 en prise avec le premier filetage 37 de la bougie 30 de prĆ©chauffage.
In the longitudinal direction X1, the preheating assembly 20 comprises successively:
  • the tip 38 of the pencil 33,
  • the third thread 47 formed on the outer surface 44 of the lower end zone 41 of the sleeve 40,
  • the second conical bearing surface 48 of the outer surface 44 of the lower end zone 41 of the sheath 40,
  • the first conical seat 46 of the inner surface 43 of the lower end zone 41 of the sleeve 40,
  • the first conical bearing surface 35 of the spark plug 30 bearing against the first conical seat 46,
  • the second thread 45 of the inner surface 43 of the upper end zone 42 of the sheath 40 in engagement with the first thread 37 of the glow plug 30.

Par ailleurs, l'ensemble de prƩchauffage peut comprendre au moins un fil frein pour maintenir en position la bougie 30 et/ ou le fourreau.Furthermore, the preheating assembly may comprise at least one brake wire for holding in position the spark plug 30 and / or the sheath.

Par exemple, un fil frein 76 permet de fixer la zone extrĆ©male supĆ©rieure 42 du fourreau Ć  la culasse et/ou un fil frein 77 permet de fixer la bougie Ć  la culasse. D'autres moyens Ć©quivalents au fil frein peuvent ĆŖtre utilisĆ©s tels qu'une Ā« colle frein filet Ā».For example, a brake wire 76 makes it possible to fix the upper end zone 42 of the sheath to the breech and / or a brake wire 77 makes it possible to fix the spark plug to the breech. Other means equivalent to the brake wire may be used such as a "net brake glue".

Par ailleurs, la culasse comporte un jeu de dilatation dĆ©nommĆ© plus simplement Ā« jeu 90 Ā» entre la couche supĆ©rieure 12 de la culasse et le fourreau 40.Furthermore, the cylinder head has a set of expansion simply called "game 90" between the upper layer 12 of the cylinder head and the sleeve 40.

De mĆŖme, l'agencement d'un fourreau induit la prĆ©sence d'un volume mort 200 dans l'orifice infĆ©rieur en communication fluidique avec la chambre de combustion 7. Ce volume mort est alors localisĆ© dans la premiĆØre partie 13' de l'orifice infĆ©rieur, en Ć©tant compris entre le bout du fourreau et la deuxiĆØme partie 13" de cet orifice infĆ©rieur.Likewise, the arrangement of a sheath induces the presence of a dead volume 200 in the lower orifice in fluid communication. with the combustion chamber 7. This dead volume is then located in the first portion 13 'of the lower orifice, being between the end of the sleeve and the second portion 13 "of the lower orifice.

En outre, la culasse 10 peut comporter un joint torique 95. Ce joint torique 95 est agencƩ entre la semelle infƩrieure 11 et la couche supƩrieure 12. De plus, ce joint torique 95 est agencƩ autour du fourreau 40.In addition, the yoke 10 may comprise an O-ring 95. This O-ring 95 is arranged between the bottom flange 11 and the upper layer 12. In addition, this O-ring 95 is arranged around the sleeve 40.

En rĆ©fĆ©rence Ć  la figure 2, la culasse peut dĆ©limiter au moins un canal d'admission d'air 18 pour acheminer de l'air vers la chambre de combustion 7, et au moins un canal d'Ć©chappement de gaz 19 pour expulser les gaz de la chambre de combustion 7 aprĆØs la combustion. De plus la culasse peut accueillir un injecteur 100.With reference to the figure 2 , the cylinder head may define at least one air intake duct 18 for conveying air to the combustion chamber 7, and at least one gas exhaust duct 19 for expelling the gases from the combustion chamber 7 after combustion. In addition the breech can accommodate an injector 100.

DĆØs lors, l'ensemble 20 de prĆ©chauffage est favorablement plus proche du canal d'admission d'air 18 que du canal d'Ć©chappement de gaz 19.Therefore, the preheating unit 20 is favorably closer to the air intake duct 18 than to the gas exhaust duct 19.

Naturellement, la prĆ©sente invention est sujette Ć  de nombreuses variations quant Ć  sa mise en oeuvre. On comprend bien qu'il n'est pas concevable d'identifier de maniĆØre exhaustive tous les modes possibles. Il est bien sĆ»r envisageable de remplacer un moyen dĆ©crit par un moyen Ć©quivalent sans sortir du cadre de la prĆ©sente invention telle que dĆ©finie par les revendications.Naturally, the present invention is subject to many variations as to its implementation. It is understandable that it is not conceivable to exhaustively identify all the possible modes. It is of course conceivable to replace a means described by equivalent means without departing from the scope of the present invention as defined by the claims.

Claims (12)

  1. A preheating assembly (20) intended for a cylinder head (10) for a piston engine (5), said preheating assembly (20) being provided with a glow plug (30) comprising in succession a connecting end piece (31), then a body (32) and a heating rod (33), said body (32) having a lower end (34) forming a first conical bearing surface (35) and an upper end (36) comprising a first thread (37),
    characterised in that said preheating assembly (20) comprises a hollow sheath (40) extending longitudinally from a lower end zone (41) towards an upper end zone (42), said sheath (40) extending radially from an inner surface (43) defining a cavity (60) towards an outer surface (44), said glow plug (30) being inserted into said cavity (60), said rod (33) projecting from said sheath (40) through the lower end zone (41), the inner surface (43) of the sheath (40) having in the upper end zone (42) a second thread (45) engaged with the first thread (37) of the glow plug (30), the inner surface (43) of the sheath (40) having in the lower end zone (41) a first conical seat (46) bearing against the first conical bearing surface (35) of the glow plug (30), the outer surface (44) of the lower end zone (41) comprising a third thread (47) suitable for being screwed to a fourth thread (15) of a cylinder head (10) and a second conical bearing surface (48) intended to bear against a second seat (16) of a cylinder head (10).
  2. An assembly according to Claim 1,
    characterised in that said assembly (20) comprises in succession in a longitudinal direction:
    - a tip (38) of the rod (33),
    - the third thread (47) formed on the outer surface (44) of the lower end zone (41) of the sheath (40),
    - the second conical bearing surface (48) of the outer surface (44) of the lower end zone (41) of the sheath (40),
    - the first conical seat (46) of the inner surface (43) of the lower end zone (41) of the sheath (40),
    - the first conical bearing surface (35) of the plug (30) bearing against the first conical seat (46),
    - the second thread (45) of the inner surface (43) of the upper end zone (42) of the sheath (40) engaged with the first thread (37) of the glow plug (30).
  3. An assembly according to any one of Claims 1 to 2,
    characterised in that said sheath (40) is made of steel.
  4. An assembly according to any one of Claims 1 to 3,
    characterised in that said sheath (40) comprises a lock wire (76).
  5. An assembly according to any one of Claims 1 to 4,
    characterised in that said glow plug (30) comprises a lock wire (77).
  6. An assembly according to any one of Claims 1 to 5,
    characterised in that said upper end zone (42) of the sheath comprises a clamping means (80).
  7. A cylinder head (10) intended for a piston engine (5) for covering at least one cylinder (6),
    characterised in that said cylinder head (10) comprises a lower plate (11) intended to cover at least one cylinder (6) of said engine (5) and an upper layer (12) resting on the lower plate (11), said cylinder head (10) comprising at least one preheating assembly (20) according to any one of Claims 1 to 6, said lower plate (11) comprising a lower through orifice (13) intended to open into a combustion chamber (7) and said upper layer (12) comprising an upper through orifice (14) opening into a medium (EXT) external to the cylinder head (10) and into the lower orifice (13), said sheath (40) being inserted into said lower orifice (13) and said upper orifce (14), said sheath (40) being screwed to the lower plate (11), said third thread (47) of the sheath (40) being screwed to a fourth thread (15) of the lower plate (11) and said second conical bearing surface (48) of the sheath (40) bearing against a second seat (16) of the lower plate (11), said rod (33) projecting from said cylinder head (10) via the lower orifice (13) of said lower plate (11).
  8. A cylinder head according to Claim 7,
    characterised in that said cylinder head (10) has a clearance (90) which separates said upper layer (12) from said sheath (40).
  9. A cylinder head according to any one of Claims 7 to 8,
    characterised in that said cylinder head (10) comprises an O-ring (95) arranged between the lower plate (11) and said upper layer (12), said O-ring (95) being arranged around said sheath (40).
  10. A cylinder head according to any one of Claims 7 to 9,
    characterised in that, said cylinder head (10) comprising at least one air intake duct (18) intended to supply air to a combustion chamber (7), and at least one gas exhaust duct (19) intended to expel gases from the combustion chamber (7), said preheating assembly (20) is closer to said air intake duct (18) than to the gas exhaust duct (19).
  11. A piston engine provided with an engine block housing at least one cylinder,
    characterised in that said engine (5) comprises at least one cylinder head (10) according to any one of Claims 7 to 10 for covering at least one cylinder (6).
  12. An aircraft (1),
    characterised in that said aircraft (1) comprises at least one engine (5) according to Claim 11.
EP15172122.2A 2014-07-09 2015-06-15 A preheater assembly, a cylinder head, a piston engine, and an aircraft Active EP2966355B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1401536A FR3023604B1 (en) 2014-07-09 2014-07-09 PREHEATING ASSEMBLY, CYLINDER HEAD, PISTON ENGINE AND AIRCRAFT

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2966355A1 EP2966355A1 (en) 2016-01-13
EP2966355B1 true EP2966355B1 (en) 2016-11-16

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US (1) US9593661B2 (en)
EP (1) EP2966355B1 (en)
CA (1) CA2894922C (en)
FR (1) FR3023604B1 (en)
PL (1) PL2966355T3 (en)

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CN109098910A (en) * 2018-09-07 2018-12-28 ęµ™ę±Ÿå‰åˆ©ęŽ§č‚”é›†å›¢ęœ‰é™å…¬åø A kind of auxiliary system starting method and apparatus

Family Cites Families (9)

* Cited by examiner, ā€  Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
BE402977A (en) *
FR1133786A (en) * 1954-10-29 1957-04-02 Vickers Electrical Co Ltd Improvements to incandescent spark plugs for internal combustion engines
DE3928105A1 (en) * 1988-09-03 1990-03-15 Volkswagen Ag Glow-plug for injector jet - has separate threaded sleeve with integral power leads
JP3911930B2 (en) * 1999-10-28 2007-05-09 ę Ŗ式会ē¤¾ćƒ‡ćƒ³ć‚½ćƒ¼ Glow plug with combustion pressure sensor
US7115836B2 (en) * 2004-06-29 2006-10-03 Ngk Spark Plug Co., Ltd. Glow plug
DE102005021229A1 (en) * 2005-05-09 2006-11-16 Robert Bosch Gmbh Glow plug with combustion chamber pressure sensor
FR2894724B1 (en) * 2005-12-08 2008-02-29 Renault Sas DEVICE FOR THE ANGULAR INDEXATION OF A COMBUSTION ENGINE CANDLE
FR2948420B1 (en) * 2009-07-24 2012-02-17 Alain Maurice Ange Magagnini METHOD FOR REDUCING CONSUMPTION AND POLLUTING EMISSIONS OF A COLD ENGINE WITH CONTROLLED IGNITION AND LIQUID FUEL
FR2998949B1 (en) * 2012-12-04 2018-09-07 Robert Bosch Gmbh DIESEL ENGINE PREHEATING CANDLE

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR3023604B1 (en) 2016-07-01
FR3023604A1 (en) 2016-01-15
US20160010617A1 (en) 2016-01-14
US9593661B2 (en) 2017-03-14
PL2966355T3 (en) 2017-03-31
EP2966355A1 (en) 2016-01-13
CA2894922C (en) 2016-08-23
CA2894922A1 (en) 2016-01-09

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