Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
  • C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
  • C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
  • C08B30/00—Preparation of starch, degraded or non-chemically modified starch, amylose, or amylopectin
  • C08B30/04—Extraction or purification
  • C08B30/042—Extraction or purification from cereals or grains
  • C08B30/044—Extraction or purification from cereals or grains from corn or maize
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12Y—ENZYMES
  • C12Y301/00—Hydrolases acting on ester bonds (3.1)
  • C12Y301/01—Carboxylic ester hydrolases (3.1.1)
  • C12Y301/01073—Feruloyl esterase (3.1.1.73)
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
  • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
  • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
  • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
  • C12N9/16—Hydrolases (3) acting on ester bonds (3.1)
  • C12N9/18—Carboxylic ester hydrolases (3.1.1)

Definitions

• the present invention relates to an improved process of treating crop kernels to provide a starch product of high quality suitable for conversion of starch into mono- and oligosaccharides, etha- nol, sweeteners, etc. Further, the invention also relates to an enzyme composition comprising one or more enzyme activities suitable for the process of the invention and to the use of the composition of the invention.
• starch which is an important constituent in the kernels of most crops, such as corn, wheat, rice, sorghum bean, barley or fruit hulls, can be used for conversion of starch into saccharides, such as dextrose, fructose; alcohols, such as ethanol; and sweeteners
• saccharides such as dextrose, fructose
• alcohols such as ethanol
• sweeteners the starch must be made available and treated in a manner to provide a high purity starch. If starch contains more than 0.5% impurities, including the proteins, it is not suitable as starting material for starch conversion processes.
• the kernels are often milled, as will be described further below.
• Wet milling is often used for separating corn kernels into its four basic components: starch, germ, fiber and protein.
• wet milling processes comprise four basic steps. First the kernels are soaked or steeped for about 30 minutes to about 48 hours to begin breaking the starch and protein bonds. The next step in the process involves a coarse grind to break the pericarp and separate the germ from the rest of the kernel. The remaining slurry consisting of fiber, starch and protein is finely ground and screened to separate the fiber from the starch and protein. The starch is separated from the remaining slurry in hydrocyclones. The starch then can be converted to syrup or alcohol, or dried and sold as corn starch or chemically or physically modified to produce modified corn starch.
• enzymes has been suggested for the steeping step of wet milling processes.
• the commercial enzyme product Steepzyme® (available from Novozymes A/S) has been shown suitable for the first step in wet milling processes, i.e., the steeping step where corn kernels are soaked in water.
• Enzymatic milling a modified wet-milling process that uses proteases to significantly reduce the total processing time during corn wet milling and eliminates the need for sulfur dioxide as a processing agent, has been developed. Johnston et al., Cereal Chem, 81 , p. 626- 632 (2004).
• US 6,566, 125 discloses a method for obtaining starch from maize involving soaking maize kernels in water to produce soaked maize kernels, grinding the soaked maize kernels to produce a ground maize slurry, and incubating the ground maize slurry with enzyme (e.g., protease).
• enzyme e.g., protease
• US 5,066,218 discloses a method of milling grain, especially corn, comprising cleaning the grain, steeping the grain in water to soften it, and then milling the grain with a cellulase enzyme.
• WO 2002/000731 discloses a process of treating crop kernels, comprising soaking the kernels in water for 1 -12 hours, wet milling the soaked kernels and treating the kernels with one or more enzymes including an acidic protease.
• WO 2002/00091 1 discloses a process of starch gluten separation, comprising subjecting mill starch to an acidic protease.
• WO 2002/002644 discloses a process of washing a starch slurry obtained from the starch gluten separation step of a milling process, comprising washing the starch slurry with an aqueous solution comprising an effective amount of acidic protease.
• the invention provides a process for treating crop kernels, comprising the steps of a) soaking kernels in water to produce soaked kernels; b) grinding the soaked kernels; c) treating the soaked kernels in the presence of a feruloyl esterase, wherein step c) is performed before, during or after step b).
• the invention provides the use of a feruloyl esterase to enhance the wet milling benefit of one or more enzymes.
• the enzyme compositions useful in the processes of the invention provide benefits including, improving starch yield and/or purity, improving gluten quality and/or yield, improving fiber, gluten, or steep water filtration, dewatering and evaporation, easier germ separation and/or better post-saccharification filtration, and process energy savings thereof.
• benefits including, improving starch yield and/or purity, improving gluten quality and/or yield, improving fiber, gluten, or steep water filtration, dewatering and evaporation, easier germ separation and/or better post-saccharification filtration, and process energy savings thereof.
• the present inventors have discovered the use of feru- loyl esterase in wet milling and in particular, the use of feruloyl esterase in addition to other cel- lulase and protease, can provide a significant increase in, e.g., starch and gluten yields and milling fractionation.
• the use of feruloyl esterase is believed to provide a boost on top of a base enzyme blend.
• Beta-glucosidase means a beta-D-glucoside glucohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.21 ) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing beta-D-glucose residues with the release of beta-D-glucose.
• beta-glucosidase activity is determined using p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate according to the procedure of Venturi et al., 2002, Extracellular beta-D-glucosidase from Chaetomium thermophilum var. coprophilum: production, purification and some biochemical properties, J. Basic Microbiol.
• beta-glucosidase is defined as 1 .0 ⁇ of p-nitrophenolate anion pro- **d per minute at 25°C, pH 4.8 from 1 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside as substrate in 50 mM sodium citrate containing 0.01 % TWEEN® 20.
• Beta-xylosidase means a beta-D-xyloside xylohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.37) that catalyzes the exo-hydrolysis of short beta (1 ⁇ 4)-xylooligosaccharides to remove successive D-xylose residues from non-reducing termini.
• one unit of beta-xylosidase is defined as 1 .0 ⁇ of p-nitrophenolate anion produced per minute at 40°C, pH 5 from 1 mM p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-xyloside as substrate in 100 mM sodium citrate containing 0.01 % TWEEN® 20.
• Cellobiohydrolase means a 1 ,4-beta-D-glucan cellobiohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1 .91 and E.C. 3.2.1.176) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1 ,4-beta-D-glucosidic link- ages in cellulose, cellooligosaccharides, or any beta-1 ,4-linked glucose containing polymer, releasing cellobiose from the reducing or non-reducing ends of the chain (Teeri, 1997, Crystalline cellulose degradation: New insight into the function of cellobiohydrolases, Trends in Biotechnology 15: 160-167; Teeri et al., 1998, Trichoderma reesei cellobiohydrolases: why so efficient on crystalline cellulose?, Biochem.
• Cellulolytic enzyme or cellulase means one or more (e.g., several) enzymes that hydrolyze a cellulosic material. Such enzymes include en- doglucanase(s), cellobiohydrolase(s), beta-glucosidase(s), or combinations thereof.
• the two basic approaches for measuring cellulolytic activity include: (1 ) measuring the total cellulolytic activity, and (2) measuring the individual cellulolytic activities (endoglucanases, cellobiohy- drolases, and beta-glucosidases) as reviewed in Zhang et al., Outlook for cellulase improvement: Screening and selection strategies, 2006, Biotechnology Advances 24: 452-481.
• Total cellulolytic activity is usually measured using insoluble substrates, including Whatman N°1 filter paper, microcrystalline cellulose, bacterial cellulose, algal cellulose, cotton, pretreated lignocel- lulose, etc.
• the most common total cellulolytic activity assay is the filter paper assay using Whatman N°1 filter paper as the substrate. The assay was established by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) (Ghose, 1987, Measurement of cellulase activities, Pure Appl. Chem. 59: 257-68).
• Cellulosic material means any material containing cellulose.
• Cellulose is a homopolymer of anhydrocellobiose and thus a linear beta-(1-4)-D-glucan, while hemicelluloses include a variety of compounds, such as xylans, xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and mannans in complex branched structures with a spectrum of substituents.
• hemicelluloses include a variety of compounds, such as xylans, xyloglucans, arabinoxylans, and mannans in complex branched structures with a spectrum of substituents.
• cellulose is found in plant tissue primarily as an insoluble crystalline matrix of parallel glucan chains. Hemicelluloses usually hydrogen bond to cellulose, as well as to other hemicelluloses, which help stabilize the cell wall matrix.
• Endoglucanase means an endo-1 ,4-(1 ,3; 1 ,4)-beta-D-glucan 4- glucanohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) that catalyzes endohydrolysis of 1 ,4-beta-D-glycosidic linkages in cellulose, cellulose derivatives (such as carboxymethyl cellulose and hydroxyethyl cellulose), lichenin, beta-1 ,4 bonds in mixed beta-1 ,3 glucans such as cereal beta-D-glucans or xyloglucans, and other plant material containing cellulosic components.
• Endoglucanase activity can be determined by measuring reduction in substrate viscosity or increase in reducing ends determined by a reducing sugar assay (Zhang et al., 2006, Biotechnology Advances 24: 452-481 ).
• endoglucanase activity is determined using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as substrate according to the procedure of Ghose, 1987, Pure and Appl. Chem. 59: 257-268, at pH 5, 40°C.
• Family 61 glycoside hydrolase The term “Family 61 glycoside hydrolase” or “Family GH61 “ or “GH61” means a polypeptide falling into the glycoside hydrolase Family 61 according to Henris- sat B., 1991 , A classification of glycosyl hydrolases based on amino-acid sequence similarities, Biochem. J. 280: 309-316, and Henrissat B., and Bairoch A., 1996, Updating the sequence- based classification of glycosyl hydrolases, Biochem. J. 316: 695-696.
• the enzymes in this family were originally classified as a glycoside hydrolase family based on measurement of very weak endo-1 ,4-beta-D-glucanase activity in one family member.
• the structure and mode of ac- tion of these enzymes are non-canonical and they cannot be considered as bona fide glycosi- dases. However, they are kept in the CAZy classification on the basis of their capacity to en- hance the breakdown of lignocellulose when used in conjunction with a cellulase or a mixture of cellulases.
• Feruloyi esterase means a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl-sugar hydrolase (EC 3.1 .1.73) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamoyl (feru- loyl) groups from esterified sugar, e.g., arabinose, to produce ferulate (4-hydroxy-3- methoxycinnamate).
• Feruloyi esterase is also known as ferulic acid esterase, hydroxycinnamoyl esterase, FAE-III, cinnamoyl ester hydrolyase, FAEA, cinnAE, FAE-I, or FAE-II, and is also referred to herein as FAE.
• feruloyi esterase activity is determined using 0.5 mM para-nitrophenylferulate as substrate in 50 mM sodium acetate pH 5.0.
• One unit of feruloyi esterase equals the amount of enzyme capable of releasing 1 micromole of para-nitrophenolate anion per minute at pH 5, 25°C.
• Hemicellulolytic enzyme or hemicellulase means one or more (e.g., several) enzymes that hydrolyze a hemicellulosic material. See, for example, Shallom, D. and Shoham, Y. Microbial hemicellulases. Current Opinion In Microbiol- ogy, 2003, 6(3): 219-228). Hemicellulases are key components in the degradation of plant bio- mass.
• hemicellulases include, but are not limited to, an acetylmannan esterase, an acetylxylan esterase, an arabinanase, an arabinofuranosidase, a coumaric acid esterase, a feruloyi esterase, a galactosidase, a glucuronidase, a glucuronoyi esterase, a mannanase, a mannosidase, a xylanase, and a xylosidase.
• the substrates of these enzymes are a heterogeneous group of branched and linear polysaccharides that are bound via hydrogen bonds to the cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall, crosslinking them into a robust network.
• Hemicelluloses are also covalently attached to lignin, forming together with cellulose a highly complex structure.
• the variable structure and organization of hemicelluloses require the concerted action of many enzymes for its complete degradation.
• the catalytic modules of hemi- cellulases are either glycoside hydrolases (GHs) that hydrolyze glycosidic bonds, or carbohydrate esterases (CEs), which hydrolyze ester linkages of acetate or ferulic acid side groups.
• GHs glycoside hydrolases
• CEs carbohydrate esterases
• catalytic modules based on homology of their primary sequence, can be assigned into GH and CE families. Some families, with an overall similar fold, can be further grouped into clans, marked alphabetically (e.g., GH-A). A most informative and updated classification of these and other carbohydrate active enzymes is available in the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) data-base. Hemicellulolytic enzyme activities can be measured according to Ghose and Bisaria, 1987, Pure & Appl. Chem. 59: 1739-1752, at a suitable temperature, e.g., 50°C, 55°C, or 60°C, and pH, e.g., 5.0 or 5.5.
• a suitable temperature e.g., 50°C, 55°C, or 60°C
• pH e.g., 5.0 or 5.5.
• Polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity means a GH61 polypeptide that catalyzes the enhancement of the hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by enzyme having cellulolytic activity.
• a mixture of CEL- LUCLAST® 1 .5L (Novozymes A/S, Bagsvaerd, Denmark) in the presence of 2-3% of total pro- tein weight Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase (recombinantly produced in Aspergillus oryzae according to WO 02/095014) or 2-3% of total protein weight Aspergillus fumigatus beta- glucosidase (recombinantly produced in Aspergillus oryzae as described in WO 2002/095014) of cellulase protein loading is used as the source of the cellulolytic activity.
• the GH61 polypeptides having cellulolytic enhancing activity enhance the hydrolysis of a cellu- losic material catalyzed by enzyme having cellulolytic activity by reducing the amount of cellulolytic enzyme required to reach the same degree of hydrolysis preferably at least 1 .01-fold, e.g., at least 1 .05-fold, at least 1.10-fold, at least 1.25-fold, at least 1.5-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, at least 10-fold, or at least 20-fold.
• proteolytic enzyme or “protease” means one or more (e.g., several) enzymes that break down the amide bond of a protein by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds that link amino acids together in a polypeptide chain.
• xylan degrading activity or xylanolytic activity means a biological activity that hydrolyzes xylan-containing material.
• the two basic ap- proaches for measuring xylanolytic activity include: (1 ) measuring the total xylanolytic activity, and (2) measuring the individual xylanolytic activities (e.g., endoxylanases, beta-xylosidases, arabinofuranosidases, alpha-glucuronidases, acetylxylan esterases, feruloyl esterases, and al- pha-glucuronyl esterases).
• Total xylan degrading activity can be measured by determining the reducing sugars formed from various types of xylan, including, for example, oat spelt, beechwood, and larchwood xylans, or by photometric determination of dyed xylan fragments released from various covalently dyed xylans.
• the most common total xylanolytic activity assay is based on production of reducing sugars from polymeric 4-O-methyl glucuronoxylan as described in Bailey, Biely, Poutanen, 1992, Interlaboratory testing of methods for assay of xylanase activity, Journal of Biotechnology 23(3): 257-270.
• Xylanase activity can also be determined with 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 0.01 % TRITON® X-100 (4-(1 , 1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol) and 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6 at 37°C.
• TRITON® X-100 (4-(1 , 1 ,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl-polyethylene glycol)
• 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6 at 37°C One unit of xylanase activity is defined as 1 .0 micromole of azurine produced per minute at 37°C, pH 6 from 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as sub- strate in 200 mM sodium phosphate pH 6 buffer.
• xylan degrading activity is determined by measuring the increase in hydrolysis of birchwood xylan (Sigma Chemical Co., Inc., St. Louis, MO, USA) by xylan-degrading enzyme(s) under the following typical conditions: 1 ml reactions, 5 mg/ml substrate (total solids), 5 mg of xylanolytic protein/g of substrate, 50 mM sodium acetate pH 5, 50°C, 24 hours, sugar analysis using p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide (PHBAH) assay as described by Lever, 1972, A new reaction for colorimetric determination of carbohydrates, Anal. Biochem 47: 273-279.
• PBAH p-hydroxybenzoic acid hydrazide
• xylanase means a 1 ,4-beta-D-xylan-xylohydrolase (E.C. 3.2.1.8) that catalyzes the endohydrolysis of 1 ,4-beta-D-xylosidic linkages in xylans.
• xylanase activity is determined with 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 0.01 % TRITON® X-100 and 200 mM sodium phosphate buffer pH 6 at 37°C.
• One unit of xylanase activity is defined as 1 .0 micromole of azurine produced per minute at 37°C, pH 6 from 0.2% AZCL-arabinoxylan as substrate in 200 mM sodium phosphate pH 6 buffer.
• Crop kernels includes kernels from, e.g., corn (maize), rice, barley, sorghum bean, fruit hulls, and wheat. Corn kernels are exemplary. A variety of corn kernels are known, including, e.g., dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, striped maize, sweet corn, waxy corn and the like.
• the corn kernel is yellow dent corn kernel.
• Yellow dent corn kernel has an outer covering referred to as the "Pericarp" that protects the germ in the kernels. It resists water and water vapour and is undesirable to insects and microorganisms.
• Tip Cap The only area of the kernels not covered by the "Pericarp” is the "Tip Cap”, which is the attachment point of the kernel to the cob.
• Germ The "Germ” is the only living part of the corn kernel. It contains the essential genetic in- formation, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals for the kernel to grow into a corn plant. In yellow dent corn, about 25 percent of the germ is corn oil. The endosperm covered or surrounded by the germ comprises about 82 percent of the kernel dry weight and is the source of energy (starch) and protein for the germinating seed. There are two types of endosperm, soft and hard. In the hard endosperm, starch is packed tightly together. In the soft endosperm, the starch is loose.
• Starch means any material comprised of complex polysaccharides of plants, composed of glucose units that occurs widely in plant tissues in the form of storage granules, consisting of amylose and amylopectin, and represented as (C6H10O5)n, where n is any number.
• Milled The term “milled” refers to plant material which has been broken down into smaller particles, e.g., by crushing, fractionating, grinding, pulverizing, etc.
• Grind or grinding means any process that breaks the pericarp and opens the crop kernel.
• Steep or steeping means soaking the crop kernel with water and optionally S02.
• Dry solids The term "dry solids" is the total solids of a slurry in percent on a dry weight basis.
• Oligosaccharide is a compound having 2 to 10 monosaccharide units.
• wet milling benefit means one or more of improved starch yield and/or purity, improved gluten quality and/or yield, improved fiber, gluten, or steep water filtration, dewatering and evaporation, easier germ separation and/or better post-saccharification filtration, and process energy savings thereof.
• allelic variant means any of two or more (e.g., several) alternative forms of a gene occupying the same chromosomal locus. Allelic variation arises naturally through mutation, and may result in polymorphism within populations. Gene mutations can be silent (no change in the encoded polypeptide) or may encode polypeptides having altered amino acid sequences.
• An allelic variant of a polypeptide is a polypeptide encoded by an allelic variant of a gene.
• cDNA means a DNA molecule that can be prepared by reverse transcription from a mature, spliced, mRNA molecule obtained from a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell. cDNA lacks intron sequences that may be present in the corresponding genomic DNA.
• the initial, primary RNA transcript is a precursor to mRNA that is processed through a series of steps, including splicing, before appearing as mature spliced mRNA.
• Coding sequence means a polynucleotide, which directly specifies the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide.
• the boundaries of the coding sequence are generally determined by an open reading frame, which begins with a start codon such as ATG, GTG, or TTG and ends with a stop codon such as TAA, TAG, or TGA.
• the coding sequence may be a genomic DNA, cDNA, synthetic DNA, or a combination thereof.
• fragment means a polypeptide having one or more (e.g., several) amino acids absent from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of a mature polypeptide main; wherein the fragment has enzyme activity.
• a fragment contains at least 85%, e.g., at least 90% or at least 95% of the amino acid residues of the mature polypeptide of an enzyme.
• High stringency conditions means for probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42°C in 5X SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 50% formamide, following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2X SSC, 0.2% SDS at 65°C.
• Low stringency conditions means for probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42°C in 5X SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 25% formamide, following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2X SSC, 0.2% SDS at 50°C.
• Mature polypeptide means a polypeptide in its final form follow- ing translation and any post-translational modifications, such as N terminal processing, C terminal truncation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, etc.
• a host cell may produce a mixture of two of more different mature polypeptides (i.e., with a different C-terminal and/or N-terminal amino acid) expressed by the same polynucleotide.
• Mature polypeptide coding sequence means a polynucleotide that encodes a mature polypeptide having enzyme activity.
• Medium stringency conditions means for probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42°C in 5X SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 35% formamide, fol- lowing standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2X SSC, 0.2% SDS at 55°C.
• Medium-high stringency conditions means for probes of at least 100 nucleotides in length, prehybridization and hybridization at 42°C in 5X SSPE, 0.3% SDS, 200 micrograms/ml sheared and denatured salmon sperm DNA, and 35% formamide, following standard Southern blotting procedures for 12 to 24 hours. The carrier material is finally washed three times each for 15 minutes using 2X SSC, 0.2% SDS at 60°C.
• Parent Enzyme means an enzyme to which an alteration is made to produce a variant.
• the parent may be a naturally occurring (wild-type) polypeptide or a variant thereof.
• Sequence identity The relatedness between two amino acid sequences or between two nucleo- tide sequences is described by the parameter "sequence identity”.
• the sequence identity between two amino acid sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, Trends Genet. 16: 276-277), preferably version 5.0.0 or later.
• the parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EBLOSUM62 (EMBOSS version of BLOSUM62) substitution matrix.
• the output of Needle labeled "longest identity" (obtained using the -nobrief option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows:
• sequence identity between two deoxyribonucleotide sequences is determined using the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman and Wunsch, 1970, supra) as implemented in the Needle program of the EMBOSS package (EMBOSS: The European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite, Rice et al., 2000, supra), preferably version 5.0.0 or later.
• the parameters used are gap open penalty of 10, gap extension penalty of 0.5, and the EDNAFULL (EMBOSS version of NCBI NUC4.4) substitution matrix.
• the output of Needle labeled "longest identity" (obtained using the -nobrief option) is used as the percent identity and is calculated as follows:
• Subsequence means a polynucleotide having one or more (e.g., several) nucleotides absent from the 5' and/or 3' end of a mature polypeptide coding sequence; wherein the subsequence encodes a fragment having enzyme activity.
• a subsequence contains at least 85%, e.g., at least 90% or at least 95% of the nucleotides of the mature polypeptide coding sequence of an enzyme.
• variant means a polypeptide having enzyme or enzyme enhancing activity comprising an alteration, i.e., a substitution, insertion, and/or deletion, at one or more (e.g., several) positions.
• a substitution means replacement of the amino acid occupying a position with a different amino acid;
• a deletion means removal of the amino acid occupying a position; and
• an insertion means adding an amino acid adjacent to and immediately following the amino acid oc- cupying a position.
• the variant differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: as identified herein.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: herein comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of a SEQ ID NO: herein is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• the amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1 -30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino- terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• Wild-Type Enzyme The term "wild-type" enzyme means an enzyme expressed by a naturally occurring microorganism, such as a bacterium, yeast, or filamentous fungus found in nature.
• the kernels are milled in order to open up the structure and to allow further processing and to separate the kernels into the four main constituents: starch, germ, fiber and protein.
• a wet milling process is used. Wet milling gives a very good separation of germ and meal (starch granules and protein) and is often applied at locations where there is a parallel production of syrups.
• the inventors of the present invention have surprisingly found that the quality of the starch final product may be improved by treating crop kernels in the processes as described herein.
• the processes of the invention result in comparison to traditional processes in a higher starch quality, in that the final starch product is more pure and/or a higher yield is obtained and/or less process time is used.
• Another advantage may be that the amount of chemicals, such as S02 and NaHS03, which need to be used, may be reduced or even fully removed.
• Granular starch to be processed according to the present invention may be a crude starch-containing material comprising (e.g., milled) whole grains including non-starch fractions such as germ residues and fibers.
• the raw material, such as whole grains may be reduced in particle size, e.g., by wet milling, in order to open up the structure and allowing for further processing. Wet milling gives a good separation of germ and meal (starch granules and protein) and is often applied at locations where the starch hydro- lyzate is used in the production of, e.g., syrups.
• the particle size is reduced to between 0.05-3.0 mm, preferably 0.1 -0.5 mm, or so that at least 30%, preferably at least 50%, more preferably at least 70%, even more preferably at least 90% of the starch-containing material fits through a sieve with a 0.05-3.0 mm screen, preferably 0.1-0.5 mm screen.
• degradation of the kernels of corn and other crop kernels into starch suitable for conversion of starch into mono- and oligo-saccharides, ethanol, sweeteners, etc. consists essentially of four steps:
• Corn kernels are softened by soaking in water for between about 30 minutes to about 48 hours, preferably 30 minutes to about 15 hours, such as about 1 hour to about 6 hours at a temperature of about 50°C, such as between about 45°C to 60°C.
• the kernels absorb water, increasing their moisture levels from 15 percent to 45 percent and more than doubling in size.
• the optional addition of e.g. 0.1 percent sulfur dioxide (S02) and/or NaHS03 to the water prevents excessive bacteria growth in the warm environment.
• S02 sulfur dioxide
• NaHS03 NaHS03
• the kernels are soaked in water for 2-10 hours, preferably about 3-5 hours at a temperature in the range between 40 and 60°C, preferably around 50°C.
• 0.01 -1 %, preferably 0.05-0.3%, especially 0.1 % S02 and/or NaHS03 may be added during soaking.
• the starch-gluten suspension from the fiber-washing step is separated into starch and gluten.
• Gluten has a low density compared to starch. By passing mill starch through a centrifuge, the gluten is readily spun out.
• the starch slurry from the starch separation step contains some insoluble protein and much of solubles. They have to be removed before a top quality starch (high purity starch) can be made.
• the starch, with just one or two percent protein remaining, is diluted, washed 8 to 14 times, re- diluted and washed again in hydroclones to remove the last trace of protein and produce high quality starch, typically more than 99.5% pure.
• Wet milling can be used to produce, without limitation, corn steep liquor, corn gluten feed, germ, corn oil, corn gluten meal, corn starch, modified corn starch, syrups such as corn syrup, and corn ethanol.
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae, a strain of Chaetomium, such as a strain of Chaetomium globosum, a strain of Humicola, such as a strain of Humicola insolens, a strain of Thielavia, such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris, and/or a strain of Penicillium, such as a strain of Penicillium aurantiogriseum.
• a strain of the genus Aspergillus such as a strain of Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae
• Chaetomium such as a strain of Chaetomium globosum
• Humicola such as a strain of Humicola insolens
• Thielavia such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae.
• the FAE is Ferulic Acid Esterase A of Aspergillus niger having SWISSPROT accession number A2QSY5 or a feru- loyl esterase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the FAE is Feruloyi Esterase B-1 of Aspergillus oryzae having SWISSPROT accession number I7ZM76 or a feruloyi esterase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Chaetomium, such as a strain of Chaetomium globosum.
• the FAE is feruloyi esterase of Chaetomium globosum having SWISSPROT accession number Q2H5J0 or a feruloyi esterase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Humicola, such as a strain of Humicola insolens, such as one disclosed in WO 2009/076122 as Sequence Number 2 or a feruloyi esterase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 2 in WO 2009/076122.
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Thie- lavia, such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris, such as one disclosed in WO 2010/053838 as Sequence Number 2, or a feruloyi esterase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 2 in WO 2010/053838.
• a strain of the genus Thie- lavia such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris, such as one disclosed in WO 2010/053838 as Sequence Number 2
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Thie- lavia, such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris, such as the one disclosed in WO 2010/065448 as Sequence Number 2, or a feruloyi esterase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 2 in WO 2010/065448.
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Penicil- Hum, such as a strain of Penicillium aurantiogriseum, such as the one disclosed in WO 2009/127729 as Sequence Number 2, or a feruloyi esterase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 2 in WO 2009/127729.
• the protease may be any protease. Suitable proteases include microbial proteases, such as fungal and bacterial proteases. Preferred proteases are acidic proteases, i.e., proteases characterized by the ability to hydrolyze proteins under acidic conditions below pH 7. Preferred proteases are acidic endoproteases. An acid fungal protease is preferred, but also other proteases can be used.
• the acid fungal protease may be derived from Aspergillus, Candida, Coriolus, Endothia, En- thomophtra, Irpex, Mucor, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Sclerotium, and Torulopsis.
• the protease may be derived from Aspergillus aculeatus (WO 95/02044), Aspergillus awamori (Ha- yashida et al., 1977, Agric. Biol. Chem. 42(5), 927-933), Aspergillus niger (see, e.g., Koaze et al., 1964, Agr. Biol. Chem.
• Japan 28: 216 Aspergillus saitoi (see, e.g., Yoshida, 1954, J. Agr. Chem. Soc. Japan 28: 66), or Aspergillus oryzae, such as the pepA protease; and acidic proteases from Mucor miehei or Mucor pusillus.
• the acidic protease is a protease complex from A. oryzae sold under the tradename Flavourzyme® (from Novozymes A/S) or an aspartic protease from Rhizomucor miehei or Spezyme® FAN or GC 106 from Genencor Int.
• the acidic protease is an aspartic protease, such as an aspartic pro- tease derived from a strain of Aspergillus, in particular A. aculeatus, especially A. aculeatus CBD 101.43.
• Preferred acidic proteases are aspartic proteases, which retain activity in the presence of an inhibitor selected from the group consisting of pepstatin, Pefabloc, PMSF, or EDTA.
• Protease I derived from A. aculeatus CBS 101.43 is such an acidic protease.
• the process of the invention is carried out in the presence of the acidic Protease I derived from A. aculeatus CBS 101.43 in an effective amount.
• the protease is derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus aculaetus, such as Aspergillus aculeatus CBS 101 .43, such as the one disclosed in WO 95/02044, or a protease having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to protease of WO 95/02044.
• the protease differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of WO 95/02044.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of WO 95/02044 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of WO 95/02044 is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1 -30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal ex- tensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• the protease may be a neutral or alkaline protease, such as a protease derived from a strain of Bacillus.
• a particular protease is derived from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens and has the sequence obtainable at Swissprot as Accession No. P06832.
• the proteases may have at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence disclosed in the Swissprot Database, Accession No. P06832 such as at least 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or particularly at least 99% identity.
• the protease may have at least 90% sequence identity to the amino acid sequence disclosed as sequence 1 in WO 2003/048353 such as at 92%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or particularly at least 99% identity.
• the protease may be a papain-like protease selected from the group consisting of proteases within EC 3.4.22.
• cysteine protease such as EC 3.4.22.2 (papain), EC 3.4.22.6 (chymopapain), EC 3.4.22.7 (asclepain), EC 3.4.22.14 (actinidain), EC 3.4.22.15 (cathepsin L), EC 3.4.22.25 (glycyl endopeptidase) and EC 3.4.22.30 (caricain).
• the protease is a protease preparation derived from a strain of Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus oryzae.
• the protease is derived from a strain of Rhi- zomucor, preferably Rhizomucor miehei.
• the protease is a protease preparation, preferably a mixture of a proteolytic preparation derived from a strain of Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus oryzae, and a protease derived from a strain of Rhizomucor, preferably Rhi- zomucor miehei.
• Aspartic acid proteases are described in, for example, Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Edited by A.J. Barrett, N.D. Rawlings and J.F. Woessner, Academic Press, San Diego, 1998, Chapter 270.
• Examples of aspartic acid proteases include, e.g., those disclosed in Berka et al., 1990, Gene 96: 313; Berka et al., 1993, Gene 125: 195-198; and Gomi et al., 1993, Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57: 1095-1 100, which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• the protease also may be a metalloprotease, which is defined as a protease selected from the group consisting of:
• proteases belonging to EC 3.4.24 metalloendopeptidases
• EC 3.4.24.39 acid metallo proteinases
• metalloproteases are hydrolases in which the nucleophilic attack on a peptide bond is mediated by a water molecule, which is activated by a divalent metal cation.
• divalent cations are zinc, cobalt or manganese.
• the metal ion may be held in place by amino acid ligands.
• the number of ligands may be five, four, three, two, one or zero. In a particular embodiment the number is two or three, preferably three.
• the metalloprotease is classified as EC 3.4.24, preferably EC 3.4.24.39.
• the metalloprotease is an acid-stable metalloprotease, e.g., a fungal acid- stable metalloprotease, such as a metalloprotease derived from a strain of the genus Ther- moascus, preferably a strain of Thermoascus aurantiacus, especially Thermoascus aurantiacus CGMCC No. 0670 (classified as EC 3.4.24.39).
• the metalloprotease is derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, preferably a strain of Aspergillus oryzae.
• the metalloprotease has a degree of sequence identity to amino acids -159 to 177, or preferably amino acids +1 to 177 (the mature polypeptide) of Sequence Number 1 of WO 2010/008841 (a Thermoascus aurantiacus metalloprotease) of at least 80%, at least 82%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 97%; and which have metalloprotease activity.
• Thermoascus aurantiacus metalloprotease is a preferred example of a metalloprotease suitable for use in a process of the invention.
• Another metalloprotease is derived from Aspergillus oryzae and comprises Sequence Number 1 1 disclosed in WO 2003/048353, or amino acids 23-353; 23-374; 23-397; 1 -353; 1 -374; 1-397; 177-353; 177-374; or 177-397 thereof, and Sequence Number 10 disclosed in WO 2003/048353.
• metalloprotease suitable for use in a process of the invention is the Aspergillus oryzae metalloprotease comprising Sequence Number 5 of WO 2010/008841 , or a metalloprotease is an isolated polypeptide which has a degree of identity to Sequence Number 5 of at least about 80%, at least 82%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or at least 97%; and which have metalloprotease activity.
• the metalloprotease consists of the amino acid sequence of Sequence Number 5.
• a metalloprotease has an amino acid sequence that differs by forty, thirty-five, thirty, twenty-five, twenty, or by fifteen amino acids from amino acids -159 to 177, or +1 to 177 of the amino acid sequences of the Thermoascus aurantiacus or Aspergillus oryzae metalloprotease.
• a metalloprotease has an amino acid sequence that differs by ten, or by nine, or by eight, or by seven, or by six, or by five amino acids from amino acids -159 to 177, or +1 to 177 of the amino acid sequences of these metalloproteases, e.g., by four, by three, by two, or by one amino acid.
• the metalloprotease a) comprises or b) consists of i) the amino acid sequence of amino acids -159 to 177, or +1 to 177 of Sequence Number 1 of WO 2010/008841 ;
• allelic variants, or fragments, of the sequences of i), ii), and iii) that have protease activity are allelic variants, or fragments, of the sequences of i), ii), and iii) that have protease activity.
• a fragment of amino acids -159 to 177, or +1 to 177 of Sequence Number 1 of WO 2010/008841 or of amino acids 23-353, 23-374, 23-397, 1 -353, 1 -374, 1 -397, 177-353, 177- 374, or 177-397 of Sequence Number 3 of WO 2010/008841 ; is a polypeptide having one or more amino acids deleted from the amino and/or carboxyl terminus of these amino acid sequences.
• a fragment contains at least 75 amino acid residues, or at least 100 amino acid residues, or at least 125 amino acid residues, or at least 150 amino acid residues, or at least 160 amino acid residues, or at least 165 amino acid residues, or at least 170 amino acid residues, or at least 175 amino acid residues.
• the metalloprotease is combined with another protease, such as a fungal protease, preferably an acid fungal protease.
• the protease may be present in an amount of 0.0001 -1 mg enzyme protein per g dry solids (DS) kernels, preferably 0.001 to 0.1 mg enzyme protein per g DS kernels.
• the protease is an acidic protease added in an amount of 1 -20,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels, such as 1 -10,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels, preferably 300-8,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels, especially 3,000-6,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels, or 4,000-20,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels acidic protease, preferably 5,000-10,000 HUT/100 g, especially from 6,000-16,500 HUT/100 g DS kernels.
• 1 -20,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels such as 1 -10,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels, preferably 300-8,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels, especially 3,000-6,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels, or 4,000-20,000 HUT/100 g DS kernels acidic protease, preferably 5,000-10,000 HUT/100 g, especially from 6,000-16,500 HUT/100 g DS kernels.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a feruloyl esterase useful according to the invention.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises enzymatic activities aside from or in addition to feruloyl esterase.
• the cellulolytic composition is derived from a strain of Trichoderma, such as a strain of Trichoderma reeser, a strain of Humicola, such as a strain of Humicola insolens, and/or a strain of Chrysosporium, such as a strain of Chrysosporium lucknowense.
• the cellulolytic composition is derived from a strain of Trichoderma reesei.
• the cellulolytic composition may comprise one or more of the following polypeptides, including enzymes: GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, beta-glucosidase, beta- xylosidase, CBHI and CBHII, endoglucanase, xylanase, or a mixture of two, three, or four thereof.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and a beta-glucosidase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and a beta-xylosidase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and an endoglucanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and a xylanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, an endoglucanase, and a xylanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-glucosidase, and a beta-xylosidase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta- glucosidase, and an endoglucanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-glucosidase, and a xylanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-xylosidase, and an endoglucanase. In an embodiment the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta- xylosidase, and a xylanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-glucosidase, a beta-xylosidase, and an endoglucanase. In an embodiment the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-glucosidase, a beta-xylosidase, and a xylanase. In an embodiment the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta- glucosidase, an endoglucanase, and a xylanase. In an embodiment the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-xylosidase, an endoglucanase, and a xylanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-glucosidase, a beta-xylosidase, an endoglucanase, and a xylanase.
• the endoglucanase is an endoglucanase I.
• endoglucanase is an endoglucanase II.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, an endoglucanase I, and a xylanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, an endoglucanase II, and a xylanase.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-glucosidase, and a CBHI.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity, a beta-glucosidase, a CBHI and a CBHII.
• the cellulolytic composition may further comprise one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of an esterase, an expansin, a laccase, a ligninolytic enzyme, a pectinase, a peroxidase, a protease, a swollenin, and a phytase.
• one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of an esterase, an expansin, a laccase, a ligninolytic enzyme, a pectinase, a peroxidase, a protease, a swollenin, and a phytase.
• the cellulolytic composition may in one embodiment comprise one or more GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity.
• GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity is derived from the genus Thermoascus, such as a strain of Thermoascus aurantiacus, such as the one described in WO 2005/074656 as Sequence Number 2; or SEQ ID NO: 1 herein, or a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 2 in WO 2005/074656 or SEQ ID NO: 1 herein.
• the protease differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 1 is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1 -30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• the GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity is derived from a strain derived from Penicillium, such as a strain of Penicillium emersonii, such as the one disclosed in WO 201 1/041397 or SEQ ID NO: 2 herein, or a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 2 in WO 201 1/041397 or SEQ ID NO: 2 herein.
• the protease differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 2 is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1-30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• the GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity is derived from the genus Thielavia, such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris, such as the one described in WO 2005/074647 as Sequence Number 7 or Sequence Number 8; or one derived from a strain of Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one described in WO 2010/138754 as Sequence Number 2, or a GH61 polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to any of these.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises an endoglucanase, such as an endoglucanase I or endoglucanase II.
• bacterial endoglucanases examples include, but are not limited to, an Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase (WO 91/05039; WO 93/15186; U.S. Patent No. 5,275,944; WO 96/02551 ; U.S. Patent No. 5,536,655, WO 00/70031 , WO 05/093050); Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase III (WO 05/093050); and Thermobifida fusca endoglucanase V (WO 05/093050).
• an Acidothermus cellulolyticus endoglucanase WO 91/05039; WO 93/15186; U.S. Patent No. 5,275,944; WO 96/02551 ; U.S. Patent No. 5,536,655, WO 00/70031 , WO 05/093050
• fungal endoglucanases examples include, but are not limited to, a Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase I (Penttila et al., 1986, Gene 45: 253-263, Trichoderma reesei Cel7B endoglucanase I (GENBANKTM accession no. M15665), Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase II (Saloheimo, et al., 1988, Gene 63:1 1-22), Trichoderma reesei Cel5A endoglucanase II (GENBANKTM accession no.
• Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase III (Okada et al., 1988, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64: 555-563, GENBANKTM accession no. AB003694), Trichoderma reesei endoglucanase V (Saloheimo et al., 1994, Molecular Microbiology 13: 219-228, GENBANKTM accession no.
• the endoglucanase is an endoglucanase II, such as one derived from Trichoderma, such as a strain of Trichoderma reesei, such as the one described in WO 201 1/057140 as Sequence Number 22; or SEQ ID NO: 3 herein, or an endoglucanase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 22 in WO 201 1/057140 or SEQ ID NO: 3 herein.
• the protease differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 3 is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitu- tions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1 -30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a xylanase.
• the xylanase is a Family 10 xylanase.
• Aspergillus aculeatus GeneSeqP:AAR63790; WO 94/21785
• Aspergillus fumigatus WO 2006/078256
• Penicillium pinophilum WO 201 1/041405
• Penicil- lium sp. WO 2010/126772
• the GH10 xylanase is derived from the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus aculeatus, such as the one described in WO 94/021785 as Sequence Number 5 (referred to as Xyl II; or SEQ ID NO: 4 herein, or a GH10 xylanase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 5 in WO 94/021785 or SEQ ID NO: 4 herein.
• the protease differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 4 is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1 -30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino- terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• the GH10 xylanase is derived from the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as described in WO 2006/078256 as Xyl III; or SEQ ID NO: 5 herein, or a GH10 xylanase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Xyl III in WO 2006/078256 or SEQ ID NO: 5 herein.
• the protease differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 5 is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typically of 1-30 amino acids; small amino- or car- boxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino-terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• beta-xylosidases useful in the processes of the present invention include, but are not limited to, beta-xylosidases from Neurospora crassa (SwissProt accession number Q7SOW4), Trichoderma reesei (UniProtKB/TrEMBL accession number Q92458), and Talaromyces emersonii (SwissProt accession number Q8X212).
• the beta-xylosidase is derived from the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one described in WO 201 1/057140 as Sequence Number 206; or SEQ ID NO: 6 herein, or a beta-xylosidase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity to Sequence Number 206 in WO 201 1/057140 or SEQ ID NO: 6 herein.
• the protease differs by up to 10 amino acids, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10, from the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 6.
• the present invention relates to variants of the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 6 comprising a substitution, deletion, and/or insertion at one or more ⁇ e.g., several) positions.
• the number of amino acid substitutions, deletions and/or insertions introduced into the mature polypeptide of SEQ ID NO: 6 is up to 10, e.g., 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10.
• amino acid changes may be of a minor nature, that is conservative amino acid substitutions or insertions that do not significantly affect the folding and/or activity of the protein; small deletions, typi- cally of 1 -30 amino acids; small amino- or carboxyl-terminal extensions, such as an amino- terminal methionine residue; a small linker peptide of up to 20-25 residues; or a small extension that facilitates purification by changing net charge or another function.
• the beta-xylosidase is derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one disclosed in US provisional # 61/526,833 or PCT/US12/052163 (Examples 16 and 17), or derived from a strain of Trichoderma, such as a strain of Trichoderma reesei, such as the mature polypeptide of Sequence Number 58 in WO 201 1/057140 or a beta-xylosidase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• a strain of the genus Aspergillus such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one disclosed in US provisional # 61/526,833 or PCT/US12/052163
• Beta-Glucosidase The cellulolytic composition may in one embodiment comprise one or more beta-glucosidase.
• the beta-glucosidase may in one embodiment be one derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as Aspergillus oryzae, such as the one disclosed in WO 2002/095014 or the fusion protein having beta-glucosidase activity disclosed in WO 2008/057637, or Aspergillus fumiga- tus, such as the one disclosed in WO 2005/047499 or an Aspergillus fumigatus beta- glucosidase variant, such as one the disclosed in PCT application PCT/US1 1/054185 (or US provisional application # 61/388,997), such as the one with the following substitutions: F100D, S283G, N456E, F512Y.
• the beta-glucosidase is derived from the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one described in WO 2005/047499, or a beta-glucosidase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the beta-glucosidase is derived from the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one described in WO 2012/044915, or a beta-xylosidase having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the cellulolytic composition may in one embodiment may comprise one or more CBH I (cellobiohydrolase I).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a cellobiohydrolase I (CBHI), such as one derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the Cel7A CBHI disclosed in Sequence Number 2 in WO 201 1/057140, or a strain of the genus Trichoderma, such as a strain of Trichoderma reesei.
• CBHI cellobiohydrolase I
• the cellobiohydrolyase I is derived from the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one described in WO 201 1/057140, or a CBHI having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the genus Aspergillus such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one described in WO 201 1/057140
• a CBHI having at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the cellulolytic composition may in one embodiment comprise one or more CBH II (cellobiohydrolase II).
• the cellobiohydrolase II CBHII
• CBHII cellobiohydrolase II
• a strain of the genus Aspergillus such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus
• Trichoderma such as Trichoderma reesei
• a strain of the genus Thielavia such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris
• cellobiohydrolase II CEL6A from Thielavia terrestris.
• the cellobiohydrolyase II is derived from the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus fumigatus, such as the one described in WO 201 1/057140, or a CBHII hav- ing at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, preferably at least 95%, such as at least 96%, such as 97%, such as at least 98%, such as at least 99% identity thereto.
• the cellulolytic composition may comprise a number of different polypep- tides, such as enzymes.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a blend of an Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase (WO 94/021785) and a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (WO 2005/047499) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a blend of an Aspergillus fumigatus GH10 xylanase (WO 2006/078256) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase (WO 201 1/057140) with a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase I (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase II (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase variant (WO 2012/044915), and Penicil- lium sp. (emersonii) GH61 polypeptide (WO 201 1/041397).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic en- zyme composition, further comprising Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (WO 2005/074656) and Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (Sequence Number 2 in WO 2005/074656) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Penicillium emersonii GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity disclosed in WO 201 1/041397, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499) or a variant thereof with the following substitutions: F100D, S283G, N456E, F512Y.
• Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition further comprising Penicillium emersonii GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity disclosed in WO 201 1/041397, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499) or a variant thereof with the following substitutions: F100D, S283G, N456E, F512Y.
• the enzyme composition of the present invention may be in any form suitable for use, such as, for example, a crude fermentation broth with or without cells removed, a cell lysate with or without cellular debris, a semi-purified or purified enzyme composition, or a host cell, e.g., Tricho- derma host cell, as a source of the enzymes.
• the enzyme composition may be a dry powder or granulate, a non-dusting granulate, a liquid, a stabilized liquid, or a stabilized protected enzyme.
• Liquid enzyme compositions may, for instance, be stabilized by adding stabilizers such as a sugar, a sugar alcohol or another polyol, and/or lactic acid or another organic acid according to established processes.
• an effective amount of one or more of the following activities may also be present or added during treatment of the kernels: acetylxylan esterase, pentosanase, pectinase, arabinanase, arabinofurasidase, xyloglucanase, phytase activity.
• Enzymes may be added in an effective amount, which can be adjusted according to the practitioner and particular process needs. In general, enzyme may be present in an amount of
• the enzyme may be present in an amount of, e.g., 1 g, 2.5 200 g, 225 g, 250 Mg, 275 Mg, 300 Mg, 325 Mg, 350 Mg, 375 Mg, 400 Mg, 450 Mg, 500 Mg, 550 Mg, 600 Mg, 650 Mg, 700 Mg, 750 Mg, 800 Mg, 850 Mg, 900 Mg, 950 Mg, 000 Mg enzyme protein per g DS kernels.
• a process for treating crop kernels comprising the steps of:
• step c) is performed before, during or after step b).
• the feruloyl esterase is present in an amount of, e.g., 1 g, 2.5 g, 5 g, 10 g, 20 g, 25 g, 50 g, 75 g, 100 g, 125 g, 150 Mg, 175 Mg, 200 pg, 225 pg, 250 pg, 275 pg, 300 pg, 325 pg, 350 pg, 375 pg, 400 pg, 450 pg, 500 g, 550 700 g, 750 Mg, 800 pg, 850 pg, 900 pg, 950 pg, 1000 M9 enzyme protein per g DS kernels.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Tnchoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a blend of an Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase (WO 94/021785) and a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (WO 2005/047499) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a blend of an Aspergillus fumigatus GH10 xylanase (WO 2006/078256) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase (WO 201 1/057140) with a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase I (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase II (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase variant (WO 2012/044915), and Penicillium sp. (emersonii) GH61 polypeptide (WO 201 1/041397).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (WO 2005/074656) and Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (Sequence Number 2 in WO 2005/074656) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Penicillium emersonii GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity disclosed in WO 201 1/041397, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499) or a variant thereof with the following substitutions: F100D, S283G, N456E, F512Y.
• Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition further comprising Penicillium emersonii GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity disclosed in WO 201 1/041397, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499) or a variant thereof with the following substitutions: F100D, S283G, N456E, F512Y.
• crop kernels are from corn (maize), rice, barley, sorghum bean, or fruit hulls, or wheat.
• the feruloyi esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae, a strain of Chaetomium, such as a strain of Chaetomium globosum, a strain of Humicola, such as a strain of Humicola insolens, a strain of Thielavia, such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris, and/or a strain of Penicillium, such as a strain of Penicillium aurantiogriseum.
• a strain of the genus Aspergillus such as a strain of Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae
• Chaetomium such as a strain of Chaetomium globosum
• Humicola such as a strain of Humicola insolens
• Thielavia such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris
• cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a blend of an Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase (WO 94/021785) and a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (WO 2005/047499) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a blend of an Aspergillus fumigatus GH10 xylanase (WO 2006/078256) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase (WO 201 1/057140) with a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase I (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase II (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase variant (WO 2012/044915), and Penicillium sp. (emersonii) GH61 polypeptide (WO 201 1/041397).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (WO 2005/074656) and Aspergillus oryzae beta-glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity (Sequence Number 2 in WO 2005/074656) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499).
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Penicillium emersonii GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity disclosed in WO 201 1/041397, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499) or a variant thereof with the following substitutions: F100D, S283G, N456E, F512Y.
• the cellulolytic composition comprises a Trichoderma reesei cellulolytic enzyme composition, further comprising Penicillium emersonii GH61A polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity disclosed in WO 201 1/041397, Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (Sequence Number 2 of WO 2005/047499) or a variant thereof with the following substitutions: F100D, S283G, N456E, F512Y.
• any of the embodiments 29-35 further comprising treating the kernels with acetylxylan esterase, pentosanase, pectinase, arabinanase, arabinofurasidase, xyloglucanase, and/or phytase.
• any of embodiments 29-36, wherein the feruloyl esterase is derived from a strain of the genus Aspergillus, such as a strain of Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae, a strain of Chaetomium, such as a strain of Chaetomium globosum, a strain of Humicola, such as a strain of Humicola insolens, a strain of Thielavia, such as a strain of Thielavia terrestris, and/or a strain of Penicillium, such as a strain of Penicillium aurantiogriseum.
• a strain of the genus Aspergillus such as a strain of Aspergillus niger or Aspergillus oryzae
• Chaetomium such as a strain of Chaetomium globosum
• Humicola such as a strain of Humicola insolens
• Thielavia such as a strain
• Feruloyl Esterase A Feruloyl Esterase B-1 of Aspergillus oryzae (SWISSPROT: I7ZM76).
• Feruloyl Esterase B Chaetomium globosum feruloyl esterase (SWISSPROT: Q2H5J0).
• Feruloyl Esterase C Ferulic Acid Esterase A of Aspergillus niger (SWISSPROT: A2QSY5).
• Protease I Acidic protease from Aspergillus aculeatus, CBS 101.43 disclosed in WO 95/02044.
• Protease A Aspergillus oryzae aspergillopepsin A, disclosed in Gene, vol. 125, issue 2, pages 195-198 (30 March 1993).
• Protease B A metalloprotease from Thermoascus aurantiacus (AP025) having the acid sequence shown in Sequence Number 2 in WO2003/048353A1 .
• Protease C Rhizomucor miehei derived aspartic endopeptidase produced in Aspergillus oryzae (NovorenTM).
• Cellulase A A blend of an Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase (WO 94/021785) and a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase (WO 2005/047499) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• Cellulase B A Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus oyrzae beta- glucosidase fusion protein (WO 2008/057637) and Thermoascus aurantiacus GH61A polypeptide (WO 2005/074656).
• Cellulase C A blend of an Aspergillus fumigatus GH10 xylanase (WO 2006/078256) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase (WO 201 1/057140) with a Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolyase I (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus cellobiohydrolase II (WO 201 1/057140), Aspergillus fumigatus beta-glucosidase variant (WO 2012/044915), and Penicillium sp. (emersonii) GH61 polypeptide (WO 201 1/041397).
• Cellulase D Aspergillus aculeatus GH10 xylanase (WO 94/021785).
• Cellulase E A Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus aculeatus GH 10 xylanase (WO 94/021785).
• Cellulase F A Trichoderma reesei cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus fumigatus GH10 xylanase (WO 2006/078256) and Aspergillus fumigatus beta-xylosidase (WO 201 1/057140).
• Cellulase G A cellulase preparation containing Aspergillus aculeatus Family 10 xylanase and cellulolytic composition derived from Trichoderma reesei RutC30.
• Cellulase H Aspergillus aculeatus Family 10 xylanase.
• 1 HUT is the amount of enzyme which, at 40°C and pH 4.7 over 30 minutes forms a hydrolysate from digesting denatured hemoglobin equivalent in absorbancy at 275 nm to a solution of 1.10 ⁇ g/ml tyrosine in 0.006 N HCI which absorbancy is 0.0084.
• the denatured hemoglobin substrate is digested by the enzyme in a 0.5 M acetate buffer at the given conditions. Undigested hemoglobin is precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and the absorbance at 275 nm is measured of the hydrolysate in the supernatant.
• Steps A through D Four treatments of corn (Steeps A through D) were put through a simulated corn wet milling process according to the procedure below.
• a steep solution containing 0.06% (w/v) S0 2 and 0.5% (w/v) lactic acid was assembled. 100 grams of dry regular (yellow dent) corn was cleaned to remove the broken kernels and put into 200 ml. of the steep water described above for each flask. All flasks were then put into an or- bital air heated shaker machine which was set to 52°C with mild shaking and allowed to mix at this temperature for 16 hours. After 16 hours, all flasks were removed from the air shaker. The corn mixture was poured over a Buchner funnel to dewater it, and 100 ml. of fresh tap water was then added to the original steeping flask and swirled for rinsing purpose.
• the corn was then placed into a Waring Laboratory Blender with the blades reversed (so the leading edge was dull). 200 mL of water was added to the corn in the blender, and the corn was then ground for one minute at low speed setting to facilitate germ release. Once ground, the slurry was transferred back to flasks for enzymatic incubation step. 50 mL fresh water was used to rinse the blender and the wash water was added to the flask as well. The flasks were dosed with enzyme as outlined below in Table 1 and returned to orbital shaker to be incubated at 52°C for another 4 hours at higher mixing rate.
• the slurry was transferred to a large beaker for released germ removal.
• a slotted spoon was used to gently stir the mixture briefly. After the stirring was stopped, large quantities of germ pieces floated to the surface. These were skimmed off of the liquid surface manually using the slotted spoon. The germ pieces were placed on a US No. 100 (150 ⁇ ) screen with a catch pan underneath of it. This process of mixing and skimming was repeated until negligible amounts of germ floated up to the surface for skimming. Inspection of the slurry mash in the slotted spoon also showed no evidence of large germ quan- tities left in the mixture at this point, so de-germination was stopped. The germ pieces that had been accumulated on the No.
• the fiber, starch, and gluten slurry that had been de-germinated was then ground in the blender for 3 minutes at high speed. This increased speed was employed to release as much starch and gluten from the fiber as possible.
• the resulting ground slurry in the blender was screened over a No. 100 vibrating screen (Retsch Model AS200 sieve shaking unit) with a catch pan un- derneath. The shaking frequency on the Retsch unit was set to roughly 60 HZ.
• the starch and gluten filtrate (called "mill starch”) in the catch pan was transferred into a flask until further processing.
• the fiber on the screen was then slurried in 500 ml. of fresh water and then re-poured over the vibrating screen to wash the unbound starch off of the fiber. Again, the starch and gluten filtrate in the catch pan was added to the previous mill starch flask.
• the fiber was then washed and screened in this manner three successive times, each time using 240 ml. of fresh wash water. This was then followed by a single 125 ml. wash while vibrating to achieve maximum starch and gluten liberation from the fiber fraction. After all washings were complete, the fiber was gently pressed on the screen to dewater it before it was trans- ferred to an aluminum weighing pan for oven drying at 105°C (overnight). All of the filtrate from the washings and pressing was added to the mill starch flask.
• the mill starch slurry was filtered using a Buchner funnel, and the resulting solids cake, along with the filter paper was placed into a pre-weighed glass dish for drying.
• the total solids content of each filtrate sample was measured by oven drying a 250 ml. portion of the filtrate at 105°C to determine solids content.
• the total soluble solids content of this fraction was calculated by multiplying the volume of filtrate by total solids of filtrate.
• the mill starch solids were oven dried at 50°C overnight prior to being dried in a 105°C oven overnight as well. After complete oven drying, each of the fractions was weighed to obtain a dry matter weight.
• Table 2 shows the product yields (percent of dry solids of each fraction per 100 g dry matter of corn) for all treatments.
• the yield data indicates that the addition of feruloyi esterase to a base mixture of cellulase and protease can increase the yield of starch and gluten beyond that of the cellulase and protease mixture alone.
• Feruloyi Esterase A and Feruloyi Esterase C were particularly effective at in- creasing starch and gluten yields; compared to Feruloyi Esterase B.

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