EP2964640A1

EP2964640A1 - Fatty-acid based isononyl ester or fatty acid mixtures consisting of tall oil or linseed oil

Info

Publication number: EP2964640A1
Application number: EP14706517.1A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Benjamin WOLDT; Michael Grass; Andreas Gevers
Original assignee: Evonik Degussa GmbH
Current assignee: Evonik Operations GmbH
Priority date: 2013-03-08
Filing date: 2014-02-14
Publication date: 2016-01-13
Also published as: AR095049A1; US20160009898A1; CN105377839A; WO2014135355A1; TW201500348A; KR20150125718A; BR112015021821A2; CA2904118A1; DE102013203972A1

Abstract

The invention relates to an isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture of an epoxidized fatty acid or an epoxidized fatty acid mixture, the fatty acid or fatty acid mixture being extracted from tall oil or linseed oil and the average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid being greater than 1.00.

Description

Isononyl esters based on fatty acids or fatty acid mixtures of tall oil or linseed oil

The invention relates to isononyl ester or a Isononylestergemisch an epoxidized fatty acid or an epoxidized fatty acid mixture, wherein the fatty acid

or the fatty acid mixture was obtained from tall oil or linseed oil, and the average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid is greater than 1, 00. Furthermore, the invention relates to processes for their preparation, and their use as plasticizers for polymers. In the patent GB 1, 020,866 epoxidized diesters of fatty acids of tall oil with glycerol, propylene glycol and ethylene glycol are described.

In GB 805,252 epoxidized butyltallate is mentioned as a plasticizer.

The task consisted on the one hand in further esters (or ester mixture)

to provide whose acid fraction derived from fatty acids of naturally occurring oils, and which have good plasticizing properties and on the other

To provide manufacturing process, with which these esters (or ester mixtures) can be produced.

The object is achieved by an ester / ester mixture according to claim 1.

Isononylester or Isononylestergemisch an epoxidized fatty acid or an epoxidized fatty acid mixture, wherein the fatty acid or the fatty acid mixture of tall oil or linseed oil was recovered, and the average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid is greater than 1, 00.

In one embodiment, the oil is tall oil. In another embodiment, the oil is linseed oil.

In another embodiment, the oil is a mixture of various vegetable oils wherein the proportion of linseed oil or tall oil is greater than 50 mass percent, preferably greater than 75 mass percent. In one embodiment, the average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid is greater than 1.20, preferably greater than 1.30, most preferably greater than 1.40. In one embodiment, the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the isononyl ester mixture is less than 12 area%, preferably less than 8 area%, particularly preferably less than 6 area%.

In one embodiment, the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the isononyl ester mixture is greater than 1 area%.

In addition to the isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture itself, a process for their preparation is claimed. Process for the preparation of an isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture described above comprising the process steps:

a1) obtaining a fatty acid or a fatty acid mixture from tall oil or linseed oil, b1) epoxidizing the fatty acid or the fatty acid mixture,

c1) esterification of the fatty acids or of the fatty acid mixture with isononanol.

In this case, method step c1) can also take place before method step b1).

Process for the preparation of an isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture described above comprising the process steps:

a2) obtaining a fatty acid ester or a fatty acid ester mixture from tall oil or linseed oil,

b2) epoxidation of the fatty acid ester or of the fatty acid ester mixture,

c2) transesterification of the fatty acid ester or fatty acid ester mixture with isononanol. In this case, the method step c2) can also take place before the method step b2).

The fatty acid ester described in a2) is in a specific embodiment a methyl ester of the corresponding fatty acid or of the fatty acid mixture. In a preferred process variant, the fatty acid methyl ester is first prepared and epoxidized. The epoxidized fatty acid methyl ester is then separated into a fraction rich in saturated fatty acid methyl esters and a fraction rich in epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters. This separation can be done for example by distillation.

Furthermore, the use of a previously described isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture is also claimed.

Use of a previously described ester or ester mixture as plasticizer for a polymer selected from: polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polylactic acid,

Polyurethanes, polyvinyl butyral, polyalkyl methacrylates or copolymers thereof.

Preferred here is the use of a previously described ester or ester mixture as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride.

The esters or ester mixtures according to the invention can be used as plasticizers for the modification of polymers. These polymers are, for example, selected from the group consisting of:

Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC), polyacrylates, in particular

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyalkyl methacrylate (PAMA), fluoropolymers, in particular polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl acetate (PVAc,

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl acetals, in particular polyvinyl butyral (PVB),

Polystyrene polymers, in particular polystyrene (PS), expandable polystyrene (EPS),

Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate (ASA), styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN), acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer (SMA), styrene-methacrylic acid copolymer, polyolefins, in particular polyethylene (PE) or polypropylene (PP) , thermoplastic polyolefins (TPO), polyethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polycarbonates, polyethylene terephthalate (PET),

Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyoxymethylene (POM), polyamide (PA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyurethane (PU), thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), polysulfides (PSu),

Biopolymers, in particular polylactic acid (PLA), polyhydroxybutyral (PHB),

Polyhydroxyvaleric acid (PHV), polyester, starch, cellulose and cellulose derivatives, in particular nitrocellulose (NC), ethylcellulose (EC), cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate / butyrate (CAB), rubber or silicones and mixtures or copolymers of have mentioned polymers or their monomeric units. The polymers according to the invention preferably comprise PVC or homo- or copolymers based on ethylene, propylene, butadiene, vinyl acetate, glycidyl acrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, methacrylates,

Ethyl acrylates, butyl acrylates or methacrylates having bound to the oxygen atom of the ester group of alkyl radicals of branched or unbranched alcohols having one to ten carbon atoms, styrene, acrylonitrile or cyclic olefins.

The polymer preferably contains PVC, suspension, bulk, microsuspension or emulsion PVC.

Based on 100 parts by weight of polymer, the polymers preferably contain from 5 to 200, preferably from 10 to 150 parts by mass of plasticizer.

The ester / ester mixtures according to the invention can also be combined with other plasticizers, for example with other esters of natural fatty acids, or with oil from vegetable sources.

Furthermore, a combination with a plasticizer can be selected from the following group: adipates, benzoates, citrates, cyclohexyandicarboxylates, epoxidized fatty acid esters, epoxidized vegetable oils, epoxidized acetylated glycerides, furandicarboxylates, phosphates, phthalates, sulfonamides, sulfonates, terephthalates, trimellitates or oligomers or polymeric esters based on adipic, succinic or sebacic acid.

The mixtures of PVC and the esters according to the invention may also contain other additives such as, for example, heat stabilizers, fillers, pigments, blowing agents, biocides, UV stabilizers, etc.

The esters or ester mixtures described above can be used in adhesives, sealants, coating compositions, lacquers, paints, plastisols, foams, artificial leather,

Floor coverings (eg cover layer), roofing membranes, underbody protection,

Tissue coatings, cables or wire insulation, hoses, extruded articles, as well as in films, especially for the automotive interior and also in wallpapers or inks. Preparation of the compounds

Example 1 Isononyl fatty acid ester based on linseed oil

Approach:

1320 g of linseed oil (Mosselmann)

1080 g of isononanol (Evonik)

3.30 g of tetraiso-nonyl titanate (obtainable by transesterification of tetrabutyl titanate from Johnson Matthey with isononanol from Evonik, purity of the nonyl titanate 95%)

transesterification:

All educts and the catalyst were placed in an esterification apparatus with a 4 l distillation flask equipped with stirrer, dip tube, sampling tube, thermometer and water separator with attached intensive cooler.

The apparatus was rinsed through the dip tube for one hour at 6 IN ₂ / hour. The reaction also proceeded under nitrogen injection.

The batch was slowly heated to 240 ° C with stirring. The temperature was kept constant at full reflux. The reaction time was 6 hours. The conversion was controlled by the decrease of the isononanol content by GC analysis. After the isononanol content stopped changing, the batch was turned off and cooled to 80 ° C.

The reaction product from the transesterification was transferred to a 4 L reaction flask and attached to a Ciaisen bridge with vacuum divider. In addition, a dip tube with nitrogen connection and a thermometer were attached. The reaction was purged with nitrogen while stirring. In order to remove the glycerol which had become free in the reaction, the batch was washed three times at 80 ° C. with 25% deionized water (based on the amount of reaction effluent), allowed to settle and then the aqueous phase was separated off. Subsequently, the still contained excess of isononanol, in the presence of 1% activated carbon, distilled off at up to 210 ° C (<1 mbar). The vacuum was adjusted to 40 mbar via nitrogen sparging and the product was cooled to 90 ° C. After reaching the temperature, the ester was filtered through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and pre-pressed filter cake of filter aid (Perlite type D14) by means of vacuum in a suction bottle. At the filtrate were Color number, acid number, water content, density and dyn. Viscosity determined and carried out a GC analysis.

Example 2: epoxidized isononyl fatty acid ester based on linseed oil

Approach:

408 g Isononylfettsäureester from Example 1

430 g of peracetic acid 35% (Peraclean 35, Evonik)

102 g of demineralised water

450 ml sodium hydroxide solution 20% (from Merck)

The fatty acid ester was placed in an epoxidation apparatus (3000 ml jacketed reactor with integrated cooling coil, stirrer, dip tube, dropping funnel, metering pump, thermometer, pH meter and attached reflux condenser). The apparatus was purged for 60 minutes at 6 IN ₂ / hour via the dip tube. During the reaction, nitrogen was passed over the reactor contents to ensure gas phase inertization. The ester was slowly heated with stirring to 45 ° C. After reaching the target temperature, the pH was adjusted to pH 5 by means of the sodium hydroxide solution. Subsequently, the peracetic acid was added by means of metering pump within 2 hours. Over the entire time, the pH was kept constant by dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction temperature was kept constant over the entire reaction time (+/- 1, 5 ° C). After the start of the reaction, the heat of reaction was removed via the cooling coil. After complete addition, an after-reaction was carried out for 22 hours. After 10, 30 and 60 minutes, as well as after 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of reaction time, samples were taken and analyzed to document the progress of the reaction. The sample volume was about 3 ml, which were then shaken out with 3 times the amount of VE-H ₂ 0. The organic phase was separated from the aqueous phase after about 30 minutes settling time, filled into an evaporating dish and dried for 12 hours in a desiccator. The conversion was monitored by NMR measurements.

The reaction effluent was placed in a separatory funnel and allowed to sit for 30 minutes at room temperature. The aqueous phase was drained and discarded. The organic phase was filled into a 2 liter reaction flask and built with a dip tube, stirrer and thermometer to a Ciaisenbrücke with vacuum connection. The reaction was washed 3 times with 25% water based on the weight. It was then dried at 60 ° C under maximum vacuum for 15 minutes. After that was heated to 160 ° C. After reaching the temperature, the flask contents were stripped with nitrogen. For this purpose, the amount of nitrogen was adjusted so that the pressure of maximum vacuum increased to 40 mbar. After 2 hours, the heater was turned off and the contents of the flask, while introducing nitrogen, cooled to 90 ° C. The ester was filtered through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and pre-pressed filter cake of filter aid (Perlite type D14) by means of vacuum in a suction bottle. On the filtrate, a color number and acid number were determined and carried out GC and NMR analyzes.

Example 3: Isononyl fatty acid esters based on tall oil fatty acids

Approach:

1410 g of tall oil fatty acids (UCY TF2, UCY Energy)

900 g of isononanol (Evonik)

3.53 g of tetra-isononyl titanate (obtainable by re-esterification of tetrabutyl titanate from Johnson Matthey with isononanol from Evonik, purity of the nonyl titanate 95%)

esterification:

All starting materials and the catalyst were placed in an esterification apparatus with a 4 l

Distillation flask with stirrer, dip tube, sampling tube, thermometer and

Water separator presented with attached intensive cooler.

The apparatus was purged over the dip tube for 1 hour at 6 lN2 / hr. The reaction also proceeded by metering in nitrogen.

The product was heated slowly with stirring. Initial boiling point was 172 ° C. From this point on, water of reaction accumulated, which was continuously removed from the reaction via the water separator. The product was further heated to the reaction temperature of 240 ° C. After reaching the reaction temperature, this was, over the addition of

Cyclohexane, kept constant. The reflux was preserved in this way. During the esterification, 88 ml of water were obtained. The reaction time was 6.5 hours.

The conversion was controlled by the amount of water and the acid number. After no more water of reaction, a sample was taken and the acid number was determined. The approach was stopped when the acid number was <0.1 mg KOH / g.

The reaction product from the esterification was transferred to a 4 l reaction flask and attached to a Ciaisen bridge with vacuum divider. In addition, a dip tube with nitrogen connection and a thermometer were attached. The reaction was purged with nitrogen while stirring. At maximum vacuum (<1 -5 mbar) was slowly heated and the Temperature corresponding to the distillation attack slowly increased to 190 ° C. The vacuum was adjusted to 40 mbar via nitrogen sparging and the product was cooled to 180.degree. After reaching the temperature was stripped for 2 hours at 180 ° C, 40 mbar, with nitrogen. Then the heater was turned off and the approach in

Nitrogen stream cooled to 100 ° C. From the contents of the flask, the mass and the acid number were determined.

The ester was filtered through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and pre-pressed filter cake of filter aid (Perlite type D14) by means of vacuum in a suction bottle. On the filtrate, a color number, acid number and GC analysis are performed.

Example 4a / b / c: epoxidized isononyl fatty acid ester based on tall oil fatty acids

Approach:

800 g of isononyltallate (from example 3)

860 g of 35% peracetic acid (Peraclean 35, Evonik)

204 g of deionised water

690 ml sodium hydroxide solution 20% (from Merck)

epoxidation:

The fatty acid ester was placed in an epoxidation apparatus (3000 ml jacketed reactor with integrated cooling coil, stirrer, dip tube, dropping funnel, metering pump, thermometer, pH meter and attached reflux condenser). The apparatus was purged for 60 minutes at 6 IN ₂ / hour via the dip tube. During the reaction, nitrogen was passed over the reactor contents to ensure gas phase inertization. The product was slowly heated with stirring to 45 ° C. After reaching the target temperature, the pH was adjusted to pH 5 by means of the sodium hydroxide solution. Subsequently, the peracetic acid was added by means of metering pump within 2 hours. Over the entire time, the pH was kept constant by dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction temperature was kept constant over the entire reaction time (+/- 1, 5 ° C). After the start of the reaction, the heat of reaction was removed via the cooling coil. After complete addition, an after-reaction was carried out for 22 hours. After 10, 30 and 60 minutes, as well as after 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of reaction time, samples were taken and analyzed to document the progress of the reaction. The sample volume was about 3 ml, which were then shaken out with 3 times the amount of demineralized water. (Example 4a) Lower degrees of epoxidation could be achieved by stopping the reaction after a lesser time (Examples 4b, 20 hours and Example 4c, 4.5 hours). The organic phase was separated from the aqueous phase after about 30 minutes settling time, filled into an evaporating dish and dried for 12 hours in a desiccator. The conversion was monitored by NMR measurements.

The reaction effluent was placed in a separatory funnel and allowed to sit for 30 minutes at room temperature. The aqueous phase was drained and discarded. The organic phase was filled into a 2 liter reaction flask and built with a dip tube, stirrer and thermometer to a Ciaisenbrücke with vacuum connection. The reaction was washed 3 times with 25% water based on the weight. It was then dried at 60 ° C under maximum vacuum for 15 minutes. Thereafter, it was heated to 160 ° C. After reaching the temperature, the flask contents were stripped with nitrogen. For this purpose, the amount of nitrogen was adjusted so that the pressure of maximum vacuum increased to 40 mbar. After 2 hours, the heating was switched off and the mixture, while introducing nitrogen, cooled to 90 ° C. The ester was filtered through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and pre-pressed filter cake of filter aid (Perlite type D14) by means of vacuum in a suction bottle. On the filtrate, a color number and acid number were determined and GC analysis and NMR analyzes were performed.

Example 5 Isodecyl fatty acid ester based on tall oil fatty acids

Approach:

1368 g of tall oil fatty acids (UCY TF2, UCY Energy)

613 g of isodecanol (Exxal 10, Exxon)

3.42 g of tetrabutyl titanate (Vertec TNBT, Johnson Matthey Catalyst)

esterification:

Distillation flask with stirrer, dip tube, sampling tube, thermometer and

Water separator presented with attached intensive cooler.

The product was heated slowly with stirring. Initial boiling point was 172 ° C. From this point on water of reaction fell continuously through the water separator from the Reaction was removed. The product was further heated to the reaction temperature of 240 ° C. After reaching the reaction temperature, this was added via addition of

Kept constant cyclohexane. The reflux was preserved in this way. During the esterification, 88 ml of water were obtained. The reaction time was 6.5 hours.

The conversion was controlled by the amount of water and the acid number. After no more water of reaction was collected and a sample was taken and the acid number determined. The approach was stopped when the acid number was <0.1 mg KOH / g.

The reaction product from the esterification was transferred to a 4 l reaction flask and attached to a Ciaisen bridge with vacuum divider. In addition, a dip tube with nitrogen connection and a thermometer were attached. The reaction was purged with nitrogen while stirring. At maximum vacuum (<1 -5 mbar) was slowly heated and the temperature corresponding to the distillation slowly increased to 190 ° C. The vacuum was adjusted to 40 mbar via nitrogen sparging and the product was cooled to 180.degree. After reaching the temperature was stripped for 2 hours at 180 ° C, 40 mbar, with nitrogen. Then the heater was turned off and the approach in

The ester was filtered through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and pre-pressed filter cake of filter aid (Perlite type D14) by means of vacuum in a suction bottle. From the filtrate, a color number and acid number were determined and a GC analysis was performed.

Example 6: Epoxidized isodecyl fatty acid ester based on tall oil fatty acids

Approach:

422 g of isodecyltallate (from Example 5)

430 g of peracetic acid 35% (Peraclean 35, Evonik)

102 g of demineralised water

445 ml sodium hydroxide solution 20% (from Merck) epoxidation:

The fatty acid ester was placed in an epoxidation apparatus (3000 ml jacketed reactor with integrated cooling coil, stirrer, dip tube, dropping funnel, metering pump, thermometer, pH meter and attached reflux condenser). The apparatus was purged for 60 minutes at 6 IN ₂ / hour via the dip tube. During the reaction, nitrogen was passed over the reactor contents to ensure gas phase inertization. The product was slowly heated with stirring to 45 ° C. After reaching the target temperature, the pH was adjusted to pH 5 by means of the sodium hydroxide solution. Subsequently, the peracetic acid was added by means of metering pump within 2 hours. Over the entire time, the pH was kept constant by dropwise addition of sodium hydroxide solution. The reaction temperature was kept constant over the entire reaction time (+/- 1, 5 ° C). After the start of the reaction, the heat of reaction was removed via the cooling coil. After complete addition, an after-reaction was carried out for 22 hours. After 10, 30 and 60 minutes, as well as after 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of reaction time, samples were taken and analyzed to document the progress of the reaction. The sample volume was about 3 ml, which were then shaken out with 3 times the amount of demineralized water. The organic phase was separated from the aqueous phase after about 30 minutes settling time, filled into an evaporating dish and dried for 12 hours in a desiccator. The conversion was monitored by NMR measurements. The reaction effluent was placed in a separatory funnel and allowed to sit for 30 minutes at room temperature. The aqueous phase was drained and discarded. The organic phase was filled into a 2 liter reaction flask and built with a dip tube stirrer and thermometer to a Ciaisenbrücke with vacuum connection. The reaction was washed 3 times with 25% water based on the weight. It was then dried at 60 ° C. under maximum vacuum for 15 minutes. Thereafter, it was heated to 160 ° C. After reaching the temperature, the flask contents were stripped with nitrogen. For this purpose, the amount of nitrogen was adjusted so that the pressure of maximum vacuum increased to 40 mbar. After 2 hours, the heater was turned off and the experiment, while introducing nitrogen, cooled to 90 ° C. The ester was filtered through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and pre-pressed filter cake of filter aid (Perlite type D14) by means of vacuum in a suction bottle. From the filtrate a color number and acid number were determined and GC and NMR analyzes were performed.

Example 7: Isononyl fatty acid ester based on rapeseed oil methyl ester

Approach:

1480 g of biodiesel from rapeseed oil (Mosselmann)

900 g of isononanol (Evonik)

3.70 g of tetra-isononyl titanate (obtainable by transesterification of tetrabutyl titanate from Johnson Matthey with isononanol from Evonik, purity of the nonyl titanate 95%) transesterification:

All starting materials and the catalyst were in a transesterification apparatus with a 4 l

Reaction flask, stirrer, dip tube, thermometer, distillation head, 20 cm

Raschigringkolonne, vacuum divider and collecting flask submitted. The apparatus was purged for one hour at 6 IN ₂ / hour over the dip tube.

The educts were slowly heated with stirring to 220 ° C. The boiling point was 164 ° C. From this point on, methanol was produced, which was continuously removed from the reaction via the distillation head. After reaching the 220 ° C vacuum was applied and the pressure continuously reduced in the course of the reaction. In the course of the transesterification, 130 g of methanol were obtained. The reaction time was 6 hours. At the end of the reaction, a vacuum of 300 mbar was applied.

The conversion was controlled by GC analysis. The approach was stopped when the proportion of biodiesel was <0.5 area%. After 4.5 hours, the 1. The reaction was periodically monitored by GC analyzes until the end of the reaction.

The reaction effluent from the transesterification is transferred to a 4 l reaction flask and mixed with 2% activated carbon based on the mass of reaction effluent. The flask was attached to a Ciaisen bridge with vacuum divider. In addition, a dip tube with

Nitrogen connector inserted into the piston. In addition, a thermometer was attached. The reaction was purged with nitrogen while stirring. Under maximum vacuum (<1 mbar) was slowly heated and the temperature corresponding to the distillation slowly increased to 222 ° C. In the temperature range from 214 ° C to 219 ° C, the main run was removed. The light (<214 ° C) and high boilers (> 219 ° C) were discarded.

Example 8: epoxidized isononyl fatty acid ester based on rapeseed oil methyl ester

Approach:

200 g of isononyl fatty acid ester (Example 7)

21 g of formic acid (Sigma Aldrich)

79 g of hydrogen peroxide 35% (from Fluka)

epoxidation The fatty acid ester was placed in an epoxidation apparatus (1000 ml jacketed reactor with integrated cooling coil, stirrer, dip tube, dropping funnel, thermometer and attached reflux condenser). The apparatus was purged for 60 minutes at 6 IN ₂ / hour via the dip tube. During the reaction, nitrogen was passed over the reactor contents to ensure gas phase inertization. The product was slowly heated with stirring to 55 ° C. Subsequently, the hydrogen peroxide was added by means of metering pump within 2 hours. After about 5 minutes, the temperature in the reactor increased. At 60 ° C, the temperature was trapped and kept constant over the cooling (+/- 1, 5 ° C). After the start of the reaction, the heat of reaction (strongly exothermic reaction) was removed via the cooling coil (cooling at intervals). After complete addition, a post-reaction was carried out for 5 hours.

The reaction effluent was placed in a separatory funnel and allowed to sit for 30 minutes at room temperature. The aqueous phase was drained and discarded. The organic phase was filled in a 0.5 liter reaction flask and built with a dip tube stirrer and thermometer to a Ciaisenbrücke with vacuum connection. It was then dried at 60 ° C under maximum vacuum for 15 minutes. Thereafter, it was heated to 160 ° C. After reaching the temperature, the flask contents were stripped with nitrogen. For this purpose, the amount of nitrogen was adjusted so that the pressure of maximum vacuum increased to 40 mbar. After 2 hours, the heater was turned off and the experiment, while introducing nitrogen, cooled to 90 ° C. The ester was filtered through a Buchner funnel with filter paper and pre-pressed filter cake of filter aid (Perlite type D14) by means of vacuum in a suction bottle. The color number and acid number of the filtrate were determined, and GC and NMR analyzes were carried out.

Comparative tests for the Plastisolanwendung

1. Physical-chemical data of pure plasticizer 1 .1 Volatility

The volatility of plasticizers is a central feature of many polymer applications. High volatilities lead to an exposure of the environment and due to reduced plasticizer levels in the polymer to deteriorated mechanical Properties. Volatile plasticizers are therefore often added only in small amounts to other plasticizer systems or not used at all. For example, volatility is of particular importance in interior applications (wallpapers, automobiles) or in accordance with guidelines and standards for cables or food packaging. The volatility of the pure plasticizers was determined using the halogen dryer HB 43-S from Mettler Toledo. Before the measurement, an empty, clean aluminum tray was placed in the weighing pan. Thereafter, the aluminum tray was tared with a nonwoven and about five grams of plasticizer pipetted on the fleece and weighed exactly.

By closing the heating module, the measurement was started and the sample was heated from room temperature to 200 ° C at the maximum heating rate (default setting) and the corresponding loss of mass due to evaporation was automatically determined by weighing every 30 seconds. After 10 minutes, the measurement was automatically stopped by the device.

From each sample, a duplicate determination was made. 1 .2 Viscosity and density

The Stabinger viscometer SVM 3000 is a combination device with which density and viscosity can be determined. These are in the device two measuring cells behind each other

connected.

To determine the viscosity, a rotational viscometer with cylinder geometry is installed and, to determine the density, a density measuring cell according to the bending oscillator principle.

By injecting the sample once, both measured values are determined. The samples are measured at 20 ° C. The measuring cells are tempered by a Peltier element (reproducibility 0.02 ° C).

The samples are measured with the preset measurement mode "M0-ASTM (PRECISE)" measurement with highest accuracy and repetition, for tests according to the standard ASTM D7042 by adding 0.5 ml of sample for each measurement (to exclude air bubbles or impurities ).

In the case of internal repetitions, a valid result is only displayed if the deviation of the values is not higher than +/- 0.1% of the measured value for the viscosity and +/- 0.0002 g / cm3 for the density.

In addition to the internal repetitions, a duplicate determination of each sample is performed. After each determination, the instrument is cleaned with acetone and dried with air

(built-in pump).

1 .3 Method description for the determination of the proportion of double bonds, epoxides and alcohols by NMR spectroscopy

The determination of the proportion of double bonds, epoxides and alcohols is carried out by ¹ H NMR spectroscopy. To record the spectra, for example, 50 mg of substance are dissolved in 0.6 ml of CDCl ₃ (containing 1% by mass of TMS) and filled into a 5 mm diameter NMR tube.

The NMR spectroscopic investigations can in principle be carried out with any commercially available NMR instrument. For the present NMR spectroscopic investigations, an apparatus of the type Avance 500 from Bruker was used. The spectra were recorded at a temperature of 303 K with a delay of d1 = 5 seconds, 32 scans, a pulse length of approx. 9.5 s and a sweep width (spectral width) of 10000 Hz with a 5 mm BBO probe head (broad band observer, broadband observation). The resonance signals are recorded against the chemical shift of tetramethylsilane (TMS = 0 ppm) as an internal standard. Other commercially available NMR devices give comparable results with the same operating parameters.

To determine the proportions of the individual structural elements, the corresponding signals in the NMR spectrum are first to be identified. The signals used in the following are listed with their position in the spectrum and the assignment to the corresponding structural elements: The signals in the range from 4.8 to 6.4 ppm were assigned to the ¹ H nuclei of the double bonds.

The signals in the range 4.0 to 3.25 ppm were assigned to the ¹ H nuclei of the alcohols.

The signals in the range 3.25 to 2.85 ppm were assigned to the ¹ H nuclei of the epoxides. To quantify the proportions, reference signals of known size are needed. Methylene groups of the fatty acid residue or the alcohol residue of the fatty acid esters were used. In the case of the isononyl and isodecyl esters, the signal of the methylene group at 2.3 ppm is partially superimposed by signals from the alcohol, therefore the methylene group of the alcohol was used by 4 ppm. The following signals were used:

• The signals of the methylene group in the vicinity of the carboxyl group of the fatty acid, which come as a narrow Signalmultiplett by 2.3 ppm in the spectrum to resonance. · The signals of the methylene group adjacent to the oxygen of the esterified alcohol (isononyl alcohol or isodecyl alcohol) corresponding to the structural element - CH ₂ -0-, which resonate in the range 3.9 to 4.2 ppm in the spectrum.

The quantification is done by determining the area under the respective resonance signals, i. H. the area enclosed by the signal from the baseline. Commercially available NMR devices have devices for integrating the signal surface. In the present NMR spectroscopic study, the integration was performed using the software "TOPSPIN", version 3.1. To calculate the proportion of double bonds, the integral value x of the double bond signals in the range from 4.8 to 6.4 ppm is divided by the integral value of the reference methylene group r.

To calculate the proportion of epoxides, the integral value y of the epoxide signals in the range 2.85 to 3.25 ppm is divided by the integral value of the reference methylene group r.

In order to calculate the proportion of the alcohols, the integral value z of the epoxide signals in the range from 3.9 to 3.25 ppm is divided by half the integral value of the reference methylene group r / 2. The relative proportions of the structural elements double bond, epoxide and alcohol per fatty acid residue are obtained.

1 .4 proportion of saturated fatty acids The determination of the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the fatty acid esters was carried out by transesterification to the methyl esters and subsequent gas chromatographic measurements. The samples were modeled on the Ph.Eur. 01/2008: 20422 corrected 6.8, method C (fatty acid determination in polysorbate) worked up and compared with the test mixtures described there The sample preparation was carried out as follows:

0.1 g NaOH solution (20 g NaOH / l anhydrous methanol) was added to 0.1 g sample and refluxed for 30 minutes. Subsequently, 2.0 ml of methanolic boron trifluoride solution (140 mg / ml) was added and heated under reflux for a further 30 minutes.

After adding 4.0 ml of n-heptane, refluxing was continued for a further 5 minutes before the reaction solution was cooled to room temperature. The organic phase was extracted once with 10 ml of saturated sodium chloride solution and then a further three times with 2.0 ml of Milli-Q water. The organic phase was dried over about 0.2 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate. The upper clear phase was used for analysis.

Two methods were used for the gas chromatographic studies and the results of both measurements were combined.

The GC analysis according to method 1 was carried out with the following parameters:

Capillary column: 30 m DB-WAX; 0.32 mm ID; 0.5 μηι film

Carrier gas: helium

Total flow: approx. 106 mL / min

Split: approx. 100 ml / min

Oven temperature: 80 ° C - 10 ° C / min - 220 ° C (40 min)

Injector: 250 ° C

Detector (FID): 250 ° C

Injection volume: 1, 0 μΙ The identification of the components in the chromatogram of the sample was carried out by means of a comparative solution of the relevant fatty acid methyl esters. In this case, these are the methyl esters of lauric and myristic, palmitic and stearic acid. This was followed by normalization of the signals in the chromatogram with run times between 8 and 20 minutes of the sample to 100 area%. Method 1 allows a separation and quantification of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl ester with each other. To determine the proportion of saturated fatty acids in the epoxidized fatty acids, the sample (prepared as described above) is diluted 1 in 10 with heptane and analyzed according to Method 2. The GC analysis according to Method 2 was carried out with the following parameters:

Capillary column: 30 m DB-5HT; 0.32 mm ID; 0.1 μηι film

Carrier gas: helium

Column flow: 2.6 ml / min

Oven temperature: 80 ° C - 20 ° C / min - 400 ° C (30 min)

Injector: cool on column, 80 ° C- 140 ° C / min - 400 ° C

Detector (FID): 400 ° C

Injection volume: 1.0 μΙ For the evaluation of the area percentage distribution of the saturated fatty acid methyl esters, the procedure was as follows: First, the retention time range of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters was identified by means of a reference solution of relevant fatty acid methyl esters. A standardization of all signals of fatty acid methyl esters (saturated, unsaturated and epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters) as fatty acids to 100 area% was performed. The proportions of the individual fatty acid methyl esters in area% could then be calculated as follows:

Proportion of fatty acid methyl esters (saturated and unsaturated according to method II in area%) multiplied by the proportion of the particular fatty acid methyl ester (saturated and unsaturated according to method I in area% / 100%). The proportion of saturated FS then results from summing up the proportions of myristic, palmitic and stearic fatty acid methyl esters.

Example WM No. 2 (Drapex 4.4) Method 1 yields the area percentages of the saturated and unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters (epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters are not taken into account):

Methyl myristate 00.00 area%

Methylplamitate 17.1 1 area%

Methyl stearate 46.94 area% Remainder 35.95 area%

Total 100.00 area%

The sum of the saturated fatty acids according to method 1 is thus 64.05 area%

Method 2 provides the area percent of epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters

Un- / saturated fatty acid methyl esters 4.85 area%

Epoxidized fatty acid methyl esters 95, 15 area% The real proportion of saturated fatty acid methyl esters in WM No. 2 is then calculated as follows:

0.6405 x 0.0485 x 100 area% = 3, 10691 area%

The results are shown in Table 1. The plasticizer number (WM No.) correlates with the recipe number from Table 2.

Table 1 :

* Inventive ester

EZ / FS: average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid

DB / FS: average number of double bonds per fatty acid

OH / FS: mean number of alcohol groups per fatty acid The mass losses of the pure plasticizer in the case of the epoxidized 2-ethylhexyl tallate (2) and the epoxidized ethylhexyl soyate (10) are above the mass loss of the industrial standard DINP (1). High volatilities lead to environmental exposure and reduced plasticizer levels in the polymer to impaired mechanical properties. The mass losses of the plasticizers (3), (4) and (6) according to the invention are in each case significantly below the value measured for DINP (1).

2. Preparation of the plastisol

A PVC plastisol has been produced, such as used in the manufacture of top coat films for floor coverings. The information in the Plastisolrezepturen are each in parts by weight. Vestolit B 7021 -Ultra was used as PVC. As comparison substances, diisononyl phthalate (DINP, VESTINOL 9 from Evonik Industries) and epoxidized 2-ethylhexyl tallate (Drapex 4.4, from Chemtura), an epoxidized 2-ethylhexyl oxyate (PLS Green 8, Petrom), an epoxidized isononyl oxyate (PLS Green 9, from Petrom) and an isononyl fatty acid ester based on rapeseed oil fatty acids (Example 8), and an isodecyl fatty acid ester from tall oil fatty acids (Example 6).

The formulations of the polymer compositions are listed in Table 2.

Table 2:

recipe:

1 2 3 * 4 * 5 6 * 7 8 9 10

PVC

100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

(B 7021 - Ultra, Vestolit)

DINP

50

(VESTINOL 9, Evonik Industries AG)

Epox. 2-ethylhexyl fatty acid ester (ex.

50

tall oil; Drapex 4.4 - Fa. Galata)

Epox. Isononylfettsäureester

50

(ex linseed oil, example 2)

Epox. Isononylfettsäureester

50

(ex tall oil, Example 4a, EA / FS: 1, 42) Epox. Isodecylfettsäureester

50

(ex tall oil, example 6)

Epox. Isononylfettsäureester

50

(ex tall oil, Example 4b, EA / FS: 1, 21)

Epox. Isononylfettsäureester

50

(ex tall oil, Example 4c; EZ / FS: 0.74)

Epox. Isononylfettsäureester

50

(ex Soya, PLS Green 9, Petrom)

Epox. Isononylfettsäureester

50 (ex rape, example 8)

Epox. 2-ethylhexyl fatty acid ester (ex.

50 soy, PLS Green 8; Company Petrom)

Drapex 39 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

Mark CZ 149 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

^* Polymer composition comprising an ester of the invention

EZ / FS: average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid In the formulations, the products correspond to those from the synthesis instructions of Examples 2, 4a, 4b, 4c, 6, 8.

In addition to the 50 parts by weight of plasticizer each recipe contains 3 parts by weight of an epoxidized soybean oil as a co-stabilizer (Drapex 39, Galata), and 2 parts by weight of a Ca / Zn-based heat stabilizer (Mark CZ 149, Galata).

The plasticizers were heated to 25 ° C prior to addition. First, the liquid and then the powdered ingredients were weighed into a PE beaker. By hand, the mixture was stirred with an ointment spatula so that no unwetted powder was present. The mixing cup was then clamped in the clamping device of a dissolver stirrer. Before immersing the stirrer in the mixture, the speed was set to 1800 rpm. After switching on the stirrer, stirring was continued until the temperature at the digital indicator of the thermocouple reached 30.0 ° C. This ensured that the homogenization of the plastisol was achieved with a defined energy input. Thereafter, the plastisol was immediately heated at 25.0 ° C.

3. Measurement of plastisol viscosities The viscosity of the PVC plastisols was measured using a Physica MCR 101 (Anton Paar) using the rotation mode and the measuring system "CC27." The plastisol was first homogenized in the batch tank by stirring with a spatula, then homogenized filled into the measuring system and measured isothermally at 25 ° C. During the measurement, the following points were controlled:

1 . A pre-shear of 100 s ^"1 for the period of 60 s at which no measured values were recorded (to level any thixotropic effects that may occur).

2. A shear rate down ramp, starting at 200 s ^"1 and ending at 0.1 s ^{" 1} , divided into a logarithmic series of 30 steps each with a 5 second measurement point duration.

The measurements were usually carried out (if not stated otherwise) after 24 h storage / maturation of the plastisols. Between measurements the plastisols were stored at 25 ° C.

The viscosities for the PVC pastes at a shear rate of 100 s ^-1 are listed in the following Table 3. The paste number here correlates with the recipe number from Table 2. TABLE 3

^* Pastes comprising an ester according to the invention

Compared to the industrial standard DINP (1), all pastes based on epoxidized fatty acid esters (2 to 10) have markedly reduced viscosities. Low paste viscosities mean better and faster processing of the PVC pastes and are therefore desirable.

4. gelling behavior

The examination of the gelling behavior of the pastes was carried out in the Physica MCR 101 in oscillatory mode with a plate-plate measuring system (PP25), which was operated under shear stress control. An additional tempering hood was connected to the unit to achieve a homogeneous heat distribution uniform sample temperature.

The following parameters have been set: Mode: Temperature gradient

Start temperature: 25 ° C

End temperature: 180 ° C

Heating / cooling rate: 5 ° C / min

Oscillation frequency: 4-0.1 Hz ramp logarithmic

Angular frequency Omega: 10 1 / s

Number of measuring points: 63

Measuring point duration: 0.5 min

Automatic gap tracking F: 0 N

Constant measuring point duration

Gap width 0.5 mm

Carrying out the measurement:

On the lower measuring system plate, a drop of the plastic to be measured was applied with the spatula free of air bubbles. Care was taken to ensure that some paste could swell evenly out of the measuring system after moving the measuring system (no more than approx. 6 mm around). Then the tempering hood was positioned over the sample and the measurement started. The so-called complex viscosity of the paste was determined as a function of the temperature. Since a certain temperature is reached in a period of time (determined by the heating rate of 5 ° C./min.), In addition to the gelling temperature, a statement about the gelling speed of the measured system is also obtained. Onset of gelling was evident in a sudden sharp increase in complex viscosity. The earlier this viscosity increase starts, the better the gelling ability of the system.

From the obtained measuring curves, the cross-over temperature is determined. This method calculates the intersection of the two selected y variables. It is used to find the end of the linear viscoelastic region in an amplitude sweep (y: G ', G "; x: gamma) to obtain the crossing frequency in a frequency sweep (y: G', G"; x: frequency). or to determine the gel time or curing temperature (y: G ', G "; x: time or temperature). The cross-over temperature documented here corresponds to the temperature of the first intersection of G 'and G ".

The results are shown in Table 4. The paste number here correlates with the recipe number from Table 2.

Table 4:

^* Pastes comprising an ester according to the invention Compared to the pastes consisting of DINP (1) and the isodecyl ester (5) pastes of the invention (3), (4) and (6) have a significantly decreased cross-over temperature. This is synonymous with accelerated gelation. Pastes with epoxidized isononyl fatty acid esters which have an average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid smaller than 1 or whose fatty acids originate from other oils (7, 8, 9) have a significantly higher cross-over temperature.

For further investigations on soft PVC specimens, gelled 1 mm polymer films were prepared from the corresponding plastisols (gelling conditions in the Mathis oven: 200 ° C./2 min.).

5. Thermostabilities

The thermal stability measurements were carried out on a thermal tester (type LTE-TS Fa. Mathis AG). The sample frame for the thermal stability measurement is equipped with 14 aluminum rails. The aluminum rails serve as sample holders, in which samples up to a

Maximum width of 2 cm are placed. The sample length is 40 cm.

The edges of the films to be examined were removed with the help of a shearing machine and the films were cut at right angles (dimensions: 20 cm x 30 cm). Then two strips (20 ^* 2 cm) were cut off. The strips were side by side in the aluminum rails from

Fixed frame for the thermal stability measurement. After adjusted temperature was locked the frame in the guide of the thermal tester and started the measurement. The following parameters were set on the Mathis Thermotester:

Temperature: 200 ° C

Interval feed: 28 mm

Interval time: 1 min

Fan speed: 1800 rpm With the help of a Byk colorimeter (Spectro Guide 45/0 from Byk Gardner) the L ^* a ^* b ^* incl. A yellow value Y according to index D1925 were determined. The set illuminant C / 2 ° and the use of a sample observer were used to obtain optimal measurement results. The thermal stability strips were now measured at each feed (28 mm). Since the thermal stability strips consist of two 20 cm strips, the measured value at the interface was not determined. The measured values were determined directly on the sample card behind a white tile. Black coloration was the first measured value after exceeding the yellow value maximum. The results are shown in Table 5. The test piece number correlates with the recipe number from Table 2.

Table 5: The test specimens which were produced from epoxidized fatty acid esters (2 to 10) did not show any blackening in the time interval in the thermal tester. The thermal stability is significantly higher than the industry standard DINP (1). This is due to trapping of formed HCl by the epoxide function. 6. Softening effect

The Shore hardness is a measure of the softness of a specimen. The further a standardized needle can penetrate into the sample body during a certain measuring period, the lower the measured value will be. The plasticizer with the highest efficiency gives the lowest value for the Shore hardness with the same amount of plasticizer. Since in practice formulations / formulations are often adjusted to a specific Shore hardness or can be optimized, with very efficient plasticizers therefore a certain proportion can be saved in the recipe, which means a cost reduction for the processor. To determine the Shore hardnesses, the pastes produced as described above were poured into circular molds made of brass with a diameter of 42 mm (weight: 20.0 g). The pastes in the molds were then gelled at 200 ° C. for 30 minutes in a convection oven, removed after cooling and stored in the climatic chamber (25 ° C.) for at least 24 hours before the measurement. The thickness of the discs was about 12 mm.

The hardness measurements were carried out in accordance with DIN 53 505 with a Shore A measuring device from Zwick-Roell, the measured value was read off in each case after 3 seconds. Measurements were taken at three different sites on each test specimen and an average was formed.

The results are shown in Table 6. The test piece number correlates with the recipe number from Table 2

Table 6:

In comparison to the industrial standard DINP, test specimen (1), the test specimens (3), (4) and (6) according to the invention have lower Shore hardnesses. The plasticizers according to the invention can be used to produce PVC mixtures which have a better efficiency than when the corresponding DINP is used. As a result, plasticizer can be saved, which leads to lower formulation costs. In the case of sample (7), a clear incompatibility of the plasticizer leads to a sticking out of the test piece. Also samples (8), (9) and (10) show a slight exudation. This results in a lower proportion of plasticizer in the polymer and, associated therewith, an increased Shore hardness. Exudation of the plasticizer is unacceptable in all relevant applications. The experiments described above have shown that the esters of the invention have good to very good plasticizer properties.

Claims

claims

Isononylester or Isononylestergemisch an epoxidized fatty acid or an epoxidized fatty acid mixture, wherein the fatty acid or the

Fatty acid mixture was obtained from tall oil or linseed oil, and the mean number of

Epoxide groups per fatty acid is greater than 1.00.

2. isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture according to claim 1,

the oil being tall oil.

3. isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture according to claim 1,

where the oil is linseed oil.

4. isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture according to one of claims 1 to 3,

wherein the average number of epoxide groups per fatty acid is greater than 1.20.

5. isononyl ester mixture according to one of claims 1 to 4,

the proportion of saturated fatty acids is less than 12 area%.

6. isononyl ester mixture according to one of claims 1 to 5,

wherein the proportion of saturated fatty acids is greater than 1 area%.

7. A process for producing an isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 6,

comprising the method steps:

8. A process for producing an isononyl ester or isononyl ester mixture according to any one of claims 1 to 6,

comprising the method steps: a2) obtaining a fatty acid ester or a fatty acid ester mixture from tall oil or linseed oil,

b2) epoxidation of the fatty acid ester or of the fatty acid ester mixture,

c2) transesterification of the fatty acid ester or fatty acid ester mixture with isononanol.

09. Use of an isononyl ester or Isononylestergemisch according to any one of claims 1 to 6, as a plasticizer for polymers.

10. Use of an isononyl or Isononylestergemisch according to any one of claims 1 to 6, as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride.