EP2963348B1

EP2963348B1 - Fuel dispensing apparatus and method of operation

Info

Publication number: EP2963348B1
Application number: EP15175316.7A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Joe OTT; John J. RUP; Shawn Stempinski; Stanley J. Funk; Dennis M. Moura; Lyutsia Dautova; Roger O. Coffey
Original assignee: United Technologies Corp
Current assignee: RTX Corp
Priority date: 2014-07-03
Filing date: 2015-07-03
Publication date: 2020-10-21
Anticipated expiration: 2035-07-03
Also published as: US20160003158A1; US10208673B2; EP2963348A1

Description

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure relates to a fuel dispensing apparatus, and more particularly to a fuel dispensing apparatus that includes a radial displacement bellows for flow control.
Flow control for fluid dispensing apparatuses such as fuel injectors for gas turbine engines require many operating parts including in-line electrically or pneumatically operated valves. In many instances the need to increase or decrease fluid flow may be due to changing pressure conditions. Manufacturing of such fluid dispensing apparatuses require many operating sub-systems and many individual parts that must be assembled, and is thus expensive and time consuming. Further, known fluid dispensing apparatuses may be heavy, are difficult to package, and because of the many operating parts may be expensive to maintain and/or repair. There exist needs in various industries to reduce the number of manufactured parts for fluid dispensing apparatuses, thereby providing more robust and simpler designs requiring less maintenance, reducing manufacturing time and costs, reducing weight, and simplifying packaging, amongst others.
GB 2 262 802 and US 5829244 A disclose a fuel injector and a method for operating the fuel injector according to the preamble of claims 1 and 13.

SUMMARY

According to the invention there is provided a fuel injector for a gas turbine engine as set forth in claim 1.
Additionally to the foregoing embodiment, the fuel injector may include an axial displacement device defining in-part the flowpath, and wherein the device is axially extended when the radial displacement device is in the restricted state and retracted when the device is in the expanded state.
In the alternative or additionally thereto, in the foregoing embodiment, the fuel injector includes a rigid tube defining in-part the flowpath and located upstream of the radial displacement bellows and the axial displacement device, wherein the fuel spray nozzle is located downstream of the radial displacement bellows and the axial displacement device, and the rigid tube and the spray nozzle are fixed.
In the alternative or additionally thereto, in the foregoing embodiment, the radial displacement bellows is made of a metal.
In the alternative or additionally thereto, in the foregoing embodiment, the radial displacement bellows generally has a wall thickness of about 0.004 inches (102 microns) to 0.008 inches (203 microns).
In the alternative or additionally thereto, in the foregoing embodiment, the radial displacement bellows has a plurality of convolutions.
In the alternative or additionally thereto, in the foregoing embodiment, the spray nozzle is fixed.
In the alternative or additionally thereto, in the foregoing embodiment, the radial displacement bellows and the spray nozzle are additive manufactured as one unitary piece.
The invention also extends to a method of operating a fuel injector as set forth in claim 13.
The foregoing features and elements may be combined in various combinations without exclusivity, unless expressly indicated otherwise. These features and elements as well as the operation thereof will become more apparent in-light of the following description and the accompanying drawings. It should be understood; however, that the following description and figures are intended to be exemplary in nature and non-limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various features will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the disclosed non-limiting embodiments. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows:

FIG. 1 is a cross section of a combustor of a gas turbine engine illustrating a fuel injector as an example of a fluid dispensing apparatus of the present disclosure;
FIG. 2 is a cross section of the fluid dispensing apparatus;
FIG. 3 is a partial cross section of the fluid dispensing apparatus illustrated in a restricted state;
FIG. 4 is a partial cross section of the fluid dispensing apparatus illustrated in an expanded state;
FIG. 5 is a schematic of a second embodiment of a fuel dispensing apparatus; and
FIG. 6 is a schematic of an additive manufacturing system used to manufacture the fuel dispensing apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 illustrates a fuel injector for a gas turbine engine as one, non-limiting, example of a fluid dispensing apparatus 20. The fuel injector 20 is part of a combustor 22 that may be annular in shape and concentrically disposed to an engine axis A. The combustor 22 may further include a bulkhead assembly 24, an outer wall 26, an inner wall 28, and a stationary structure or diffuser case module 34. The outer and inner walls 26, 28 project axially in a downstream direction from the bulkhead assembly 24, and radially define an annular combustion chamber 30 therebetween. An annular cooling plenum 32 is generally defined radially between the outer diffuser case module 34 and a diffuser inner case 36 of the engine. The bulkhead assembly 24 and walls 26, 28 are located in the cooling plenum 32 immediately downstream from a compressor section 38, and upstream from a turbine section 40 of the engine.
The annular bulkhead assembly 24 may extend radially between and is secured to the forward most ends of the walls 26, 28. Assembly 24 generally includes an annular hood 42, a wall or heat shield 44 that defines the axial upstream end of the combustion chamber 30, and a plurality of swirlers 46 (one shown) spaced circumferentially about engine axis A and generally projecting or communicating through the wall 44. A plurality of circumferentially distributed hood ports 48 accommodate a respective plurality of the fuel injectors 20 as well as direct compressed air C into the forward end of the combustion chamber 30 through the associated swirler 46.
The bulkhead assembly 24 introduces core combustion air into the upstream end of the combustion chamber 30 while dilution and cooling air is introduced into the combustion chamber 30 through the walls 26, 28 and from the plenum 32. The plurality of fuel injectors 20 and respective swirlers 46 facilitate the generation of a blended fuel-air mixture that supports combustion in the combustion chamber 30.
Each fuel injector 20 may receive fuel from at least one fuel manifold 50 generally located radially outward of the case module 34. The elongated fuel injector 20 may substantially extend longitudinally along a centerline 52 and in a radial inward direction with respect to the engine axis A, through the case module 34 and into the plenum 32. The centerline 52 and thus the injector 20 then bends (i.e. see bend portion 54) and projects in an axial downstream direction, extending through the hood port 48 and into the swirler 46 where fuel is then dispensed and atomized from the injector 20.
Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2, the fluid dispensing apparatus 20 (i.e. a simplified fuel injector in the present example) may have a first tubular portion 56, a radial displacement bellows 58, the tubular bend portion 54, a second tubular portion 60 and a fuel nozzle 62. The tubular portion 56, the bellows 58, the bend portion 54, the tubular portion 60 and the nozzle 62, together, define a fluid flowpath 64 (for the flow of liquid fuel in the present example) that extends along the centerline 52. The first tubular portion 56 may project radially inward with respect to the engine axis A, through the stationary structure or diffuser case module 34 and to the radial displacement bellows 58 disposed in the plenum 32. The radial displacement bellows 58 may also extend radially inward and to the tubular bend portion 54. The bend portion 54 may be angled about ninety degrees and extends to the second tubular portion 60 that extends substantially in an axial downstream direction (with respect to the engine axis A) and to the nozzle 62.
Liquid fuel (see arrow 66) flows along the flowpath 64 and out of the nozzle 62 as a fuel spray (see arrows 68). The first tubular portion 56 may be fixed or rigidly engaged to the stationary structure 34 of the combustor 22. Similarly, the second tubular portion 60 and/or the nozzle 62 may be fixed and rigidly engaged to the stationary structure 34. It is further contemplated and understood that the first tubular portion 56, the second tubular portion 60 and/or the nozzle 62 may not be rigidly engaged to the stationary support structure 34, but may be generally indexed by or to the support structure to maintain approximate position while allowing for some motion due to vibration, thermal displacement and/or displacement due to operation of the bellows 58.
It is further contemplated and understood that for the present example of a fuel injector 20, the tubular portions 54, 56, 60 (or any part thereof) may be surrounded with a shielding wall that may be tubular in shape, or aerodynamic in shape to complement flow through the plenum 32. Although liquid fuel in the present example, the fluid 62 may also be a gas, liquid such as oil and water, or even a solid material (e.g. powder) capable of flow. It is further understood that the term "tube" or "tubular" also refers to conduits, casings, pipes and other structures capable of fluid flow.
Referring to FIGS. 2 through 4, the radial displacement bellows 58 may have one or a plurality of convolutions 70 (two illustrated in FIG. 2) each being compliant or flexible in response to changing pressure differentials measured between the surrounding environment or plenum 32 and the flowpath 64. The bellows 58 has a restricted state 72 and an expanded state 74. When in the restricted state 72 (see FIG. 3), the flowpath 64 generally at the bellows 58 has a diameter or cross sectional flow area 76 that is minimal (or zero indicating the injector 20 is closed). When in the expanded state 74 (see FIG. 4), the flowpath 64 generally at the bellows 58 has a diameter or cross sectional flow area 78 that is maximized (i.e. greater than flow area 76) indicating a fully open injector 20.
In operation, and if a pressure (P_E) in the surrounding environment 32 increases while a pressure (P_F) in the flowpath 64 remains substantially constant, the bellows 58 will flex and transition from the expanded state 74 and toward the restricted state 72. As this occurs, an axial length 80 of the bellows 58 (measured when the bellows are in the expanded state 74 and with respect to centerline 52) may decrease along with the cross sectional flow area 78 thereby reducing the rate of fluid flow in the flowpath 64. When the bellows 58 is in the fully restricted state 72 flow is minimal (or closed-off) and an axial length 82 of the bellows 58 is less than the axial length 80 by an axial displacement length 84. Engagement and/or indexing of the injector 20 to the stationary structure 34 may be constructed to allow for this axial displacement. It is further contemplated and understood that if pressure P_E is held relatively constant and pressure P_F is reduced, the bellows 58 may transition from the expanded state 74 and to the restricted state 72 as described above. Alternatively, if the pressure P_E decreases while the pressure P_F is held relatively constant, the bellows may transition from the restricted state 72 and toward the expanded state 74 increasing fluid flow. Or similarly, if the pressure P_E is held relatively constant while the pressure P_F increases, the bellows may transition from the restricted state 72 and toward the expanded state 74 increasing fluid flow.
The fluid dispensing apparatus 20 may be additive manufactured as one unitary and homogenous piece. Material compositions include, but are not limited to, nickel (e.g. INCONEL 718, 625), Waspaloy® (of United Technologies Corporation), Stellite® (of the Deloro Stellite Company), titanium, steels and stainless steels, cobalt, chrome, Hastalloy®X (of Haynes International Corporation), and others. A wall thickness 86 (see FIG. 3) of the radial displacement bellows 58 may be as low as about 0.004 inches (102 microns) and may fall within a range of 0.004 inches to 0.008 inches (102 to 203 microns) which may be easier to manufacture using current additive manufacturing techniques than more traditional methods. The wall thickness 86 may be any other dimension and is generally dependent upon the material composition of the bellows 58 (i.e. flexibility) and the magnitude of pressure differentials of any variety of applications.
Referring to FIG. 5, a second embodiment of a fluid dispensing apparatus is illustrated wherein like elements have like identifying numerals except with the addition of a prime symbol. A fluid dispensing apparatus 20' is illustrated having a first tubular portion 56', a radial displacement bellows 58', a tubular bend portion 54', a second tubular portion 60' and a fuel nozzle 62'. The apparatus 20' may also have an axial displacement device 88 that may be located axially between the tubular portion 56' and the bellows 58', or, axially between the bellows 58' and the bend portion 54'. The axial displacement device 88 may be a bellows that does not substantially alter its flow cross sectional area but is capable of adjusting for any axial displacement of the radial displacement bellows 58'. The bellows 58' and the device 88 may be manufactured as one unitary and homogeneous piece through additive manufacturing. Because the axial displacement device 88 makes allowances for the axial displacement created by and via operation of the bellows 58', both ends of the fluid dispensing apparatus 20' may be rigidly engaged to a stationary structure 34'.
Examples of additive manufacturing processes include, but are not limited to, laser powder bed, electron beam melting, free form fabrication laser powder deposition and electron beam wire deposition, amongst others. Additive manufacturing systems include, for example, Additive Layer Manufacturing (ALM) devices, such as Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS), Selective Laser Melting (SLM), Laser Beam Melting (LBM) and Electron Beam Melting (EBM) that provide for the fabrication of complex metal, alloy, polymer, ceramic and composite structures by the freeform construction of the workpiece, layer-by-layer. The principle behind additive manufacturing processes may involve the selective melting of atomized precursor powder beds by a directed energy source, producing the lithographic build-up of the workpiece. The melting of the powder occurs in a small localized region of the energy beam, producing small volumes of melting, called melt pools, followed by rapid solidification, allowing for very precise control of the solidification process in the layer-by-layer fabrication of the workpiece. These devices are directed by three-dimensional geometry solid models developed in Computer Aided Design (CAD) software systems.
One example of an additive manufacturing system 100 capable of manufacturing either embodiments of the fluid dispensing apparatus is schematically illustrated in FIG. 6. The additive manufacturing system 100 has a build table 102 for supporting the apparatus 20 and generally holding a powder bed 104, a particle spreader, wiper or sprayer 106 for spreading, spraying or otherwise placing the powder bed 104 over the manufacture portion of the apparatus 20 and build table 102, an energy gun 108 for selectively melting regions of a layer of the powder bed, a powder supply hopper 110 for supplying powder to the spreader 106, and a powder surplus hopper 112. The additive manufacturing system 100 may be constructed to build the apparatus 20, or any portions thereof, in a layer-by-layer fashion. The powder bed 104 is composed of the same material composition as the apparatus 20 being additively manufactured.
A controller 114 of the additive manufacturing system 100 may include a computer 116 for entering data and that contains software for programming automated functions in accordance with inputted three dimensional computer aided design models of the apparatus 20. The model may include a breakdown of the apparatus 20 into a plurality of slices 118 additively built atop one-another generally in a vertical or z-coordinate direction. Each solidified slice 118 corresponds to a layer 120 of the powder bed 104 prior to solidification and each layer 120 is placed on top of a build surface 122 of the previously solidified slice 118. The controller 114 generally operates the entire system through a series of electrical and/or digital signals 124 sent to the system 100 components. For instance, the controller 114 may send a signal 124 to a mechanical piston 126 of the supply hopper 110 to push a supply powder 128 upward for receipt by the spreader 106. The spreader 106 may be a wiper, roller or other device that pushes (see arrow 130) or otherwise places the supply powder 128 over the build surface 122 of the apparatus 20 (or any portion thereof) by a pre-determined thickness that may be established through downward movement (see arrow 132) of the build table 102 controlled by the controller 114. Any excess powder 128 may be pushed into the surplus hopper 112 by the spreader 106.
Once a substantially level powder layer 120 is established over the build surface 122, the controller 114 may send a signal 124 to the energy gun 108 that energizes a laser or electron beam device 134 and controls a directional mechanism 136 of the gun 108. The directional mechanism 136 may include a focusing lens that focuses a beam (see arrows 138) emitted from device 134 which, in-turn, may be deflected by an electromagnetic scanner or rotating mirror of the mechanism 136 so that the energy beam 138 selectively and controllably impinges upon selected regions of the top layer 120 of the powder bed 104. The beam 138 moves along the layer 120 melting region-by-regions of the layer 120 at a controlled rate and power, melting each region into pools that then form with, or sinter to, the adjacent build surface 122, solidify, and ultimately form the next top slice 118. The process then repeats itself where another powder layer 120 is spread over the last solidified slice 118 and the energy gun 108 melts at least a portion of that layer along with a meltback region (i.e. sintering) of the previously solidified slice 118 to form a uniform and homogeneous apparatus 20, or portion thereof.
It is understood that relative positional terms such as "forward," "aft," "upper," "lower," "above," "below," and the like are with reference to the normal operational attitude and should not be considered otherwise limiting. It is also understood that like reference numerals identify corresponding or similar elements throughout the several drawings. It should be understood that although a particular component arrangement is disclosed in the illustrated embodiment, other arrangements will also benefit. Although particular step sequences may be shown, described, and claimed, it is understood that steps may be performed in any order, separated or combined unless otherwise indicated and will still benefit from the present disclosure.
The foregoing description is exemplary rather than defined by the limitations described.

Claims

A fuel injector (20) for a gas turbine engine comprising:
a radial displacement bellows (58; 58') having an outer surface facing a surrounding environment and an interior surface facing a flowpath (64) extending along a centerline (52), wherein the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') is constructed and arranged to move radially relative to the centerline (52) between an expanded state (74) when a pressure differential between the environment and the flowpath (64) is low to a restricted state (72) that decreases a flow cross-sectional area of the flowpath (64) at the bellows (58; 58') when the pressure differential is high; and

a fuel spray nozzle (62; 62') axially engaged to the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') and defining in-part the flowpath (64);

characterised in that:
the bellows (58; 58') is configured to regulate a flow rate of fuel through the flow path (64) by changing the cross-sectional area of the bellows (58, 58') in response to variations in the pressure differential.
The fuel injector (20) of claim 1, further comprising:
a first tubular portion (56; 56'); and

a tubular bend portion (54; 54'), wherein the radial displacement bellows (58; 58) is located between the first tubular portion (56; 56) and the tubular bend portion (54; 54').
The fuel injector (20) set forth in claim 1 or 2, wherein the fuel injector (20) is additive manufactured.
The fuel injector (20) set forth in claim 1, 2 or 3, further comprising an axial displacement device (88) defining in-part the flowpath (64), wherein the device (88) is configured to axially extend when the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') is in the restricted state (72) and retract when the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') is in the expanded state (74).
The fuel injector (20) (20; 20') set forth in claim 4, further comprising a rigid tube defining in-part the flowpath (64) and located upstream of the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') and the axial displacement device (88), wherein the fuel spray nozzle (62; 62') is located downstream of the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') and the axial displacement device (88), and the rigid tube and the spray nozzle (62; 62') are fixed.
The fuel injector (20) (20; 20') set forth in claim 4 or 5, wherein the axial displacement device (88) is a bellows.
The fuel injector (20) set forth in any preceding claim, wherein the spray nozzle (62;62') is fixed.
The fuel injector (20) set forth in any preceding claim, wherein the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') is made of a metal.
The fuel injector (20) set forth in any preceding claim, wherein the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') has a wall thickness of 0.102 mm (0.004 inches) to 0.203 mm (0.008 inches).
The fuel injector (20) set forth in any preceding claim, wherein the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') has a plurality of convolutions (70).
The fuel injector (20) set forth in claim 10, wherein the convolutions (70) are axially displaced.
The fuel injector (20) set forth in any preceding claim, wherein the radial displacement bellows (58; 58') and the spray nozzle (62; 62') are additive manufactured as one unitary piece.
A method of operating a fuel injector (20) comprising the steps of:
changing a pressure differential between an external environment of a bellows (58; 58') of the injector (20) and an internal flowpath (64) defined by the bellows (58; 58');

radially displacing the bellows (58; 58') via the changing pressure differential; and

changing a fuel flow rate via the radial displacement;

characterised in that:
increasing the pressure differential moves the bellows (58; 58') toward a restricted state (72) that decreases a flow cross-sectional area of the flowpath (64) at the bellows (58; 58'); and decreasing the pressure differential moves the bellows (58; 58') toward an expanded state (74) that increases a flow cross-sectional area of the flowpath (64) at the bellows (58; 58').