EP2936714A1 - Procede de brouillage d'un systeme de communication par insertion de motifs factices dans un flux de donnees a emettre - Google Patents
Procede de brouillage d'un systeme de communication par insertion de motifs factices dans un flux de donnees a emettreInfo
- Publication number
- EP2936714A1 EP2936714A1 EP13803075.4A EP13803075A EP2936714A1 EP 2936714 A1 EP2936714 A1 EP 2936714A1 EP 13803075 A EP13803075 A EP 13803075A EP 2936714 A1 EP2936714 A1 EP 2936714A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- sequence
- bits
- dummy
- transmission chain
- code
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- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
- H04K3/00—Jamming of communication; Counter-measures
- H04K3/60—Jamming involving special techniques
- H04K3/65—Jamming involving special techniques using deceptive jamming or spoofing, e.g. transmission of false signals for premature triggering of RCIED, for forced connection or disconnection to/from a network or for generation of dummy target signal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04K—SECRET COMMUNICATION; JAMMING OF COMMUNICATION
- H04K2203/00—Jamming of communication; Countermeasures
- H04K2203/30—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components
- H04K2203/34—Jamming or countermeasure characterized by the infrastructure components involving multiple cooperating jammers
Definitions
- the invention relates to the field of interference in which an objective consists in neutralizing a communication system by disturbing the signal transmitted by a transmitter of the system and to a receiver of the system.
- the communication systems use, during the generation of the signal to be transmitted, particular sequences, inserted in the signal, which are used to synchronize the transmitter and receiver equipment with each other. These synchronization sequences are fixed once and for all by the communication protocol or the system implementation standard and are inserted in the signal to be transmitted with the modulated information sequences.
- the invention relates to a method for jamming a communication system that aims to transmit a signal respecting the same standard as that of said system but having several dummy synchronization patterns inserted in order to make it more difficult for a receiver to synchronization with a transmitter.
- the invention also aims to transform a standard transmitter of the communication system to scramble jammer without changing the transmission chain of this equipment.
- the dummy synchronization pattern (s) are introduced into the transmitted signal by generating a suitable bit sequence directly in the binary data sequence to be transmitted. The invention thus does not require any modification of the transmitter equipment because it intervenes upstream of the transmission chain.
- the technical problem addressed by the present invention is to neutralize a communications system from one or more terminals of said system transformed into scrambler (s).
- scrambler s
- the invention thus aims to design a scrambling solution that does not require scrambling equipment dedicated for this purpose alone.
- Known scrambling systems are generally based on specific scrambling devices that have the following disadvantages.
- the energy consumption in a scrambler is generally very high because the scrambling waveform used is not optimized to effectively neutralize a communication system.
- the interference waveform In order to limit the energy consumption and to guarantee the effectiveness of the neutralization, the interference waveform must, on the contrary, be as coherent as possible with the signals whose reception is to be disturbed.
- the usual scrambling waveforms that are known are generally of low combinatorial and complex and therefore easily detectable (this is particularly the case with the so-called jamming waveforms, which make these devices very intrusive), or very complex, when the scrambler aims, for example, to implement the exact waveform of the telecommunication system to neutralize to achieve decoy effects or access saturation.
- the invention aims to solve the aforementioned problems and to eliminate the limitations of the solutions of the prior art by proposing a method of jamming a communications system from a modification of the useful data produced at the input of a terminal of said system.
- the invention consists in particular in performing a specific coding of the useful data transmitted by a compatible terminal of the system to be neutralized so as to indirectly generate in the signal transmitted in fine, one or more dummy synchronization patterns with stationary characteristics, which are easily interpretable by the receivers of the targeted communication system, and whose recurrence and placement in the transmitted frame are chosen to optimize the effects of decoy and saturation of the target reception chain. In this way, a receiver of the system to be neutralized can no longer synchronize properly.
- the implementation of the method according to the invention at the level of the useful data to be transmitted and not at the level of the transmission chain makes it possible to provide a low-cost solution that does not require modifying the transmitting equipment to transform it into a transmission system. scrambler.
- the use of several modified terminals makes it possible to form a network of cooperative jammers whose neutralization performance is increased compared to the use of a single modified terminal. Indeed, the low transmission power of a terminal is compensated by a mesh of the space to be covered and by the use of several terminals that emit simultaneous jamming signals.
- the invention also makes it possible to increase the overall coverage in unfavorable propagation environment for the transmitter network implementing the invention.
- the invention also increases the effects of decoy but also the effects of saturation access. More generally, the invention makes it possible to induce effects which neutralize the communication system to be scrambled but which are difficult to diagnose or to interpret, insofar as these effects reproduce cases encountered in the engineering of difficult or pathological radiocommunication networks. but not exceptional.
- the subject of the invention is a method for jamming a communication system comprising generating, in a signal intended to be transmitted by at least one compatible transmitter of said communication system, at least one dummy sequence, said method being characterized in that that it includes the following steps:
- the value and the position of the dummy bits are estimated by determining the inverse transfer function F "1 of said transfer function F and applying said inverse transfer function F "1 to said dummy sequence.
- the inverse transfer function F "1 of said transmission chain is determined by carrying out the composition, in reverse order, of the inverse transfer functions of the different blocks composing said chain.
- the transmission chain comprises at least one output correction code k / n for which the inversion of its transfer function is performed by solving the system of equations following m0, p l m 0, p 2 m 0, p 3 ⁇ m 0, p d
- said correction code is a linear block code or a convolutional code or a turbo-code or a low density code LDPC
- the transmission system further comprises a stirrer and / or an interleaver and / or a framing module and / or a signal binary coder and / or a modulator.
- the value and the position of the dummy bits are estimated by searching the input sequence T 'of the transmission channel which minimizes a distance criterion between the sequence F (T ') (t) obtained at the output of the transmission chain when said sequence T' is actually produced at its input, and said dummy sequence.
- said distance criterion is taken equal to the integral, over a given duration, of the standard squared of the difference between the sequence F (T ') (t) obtained at the output of the chain transmitting said dummy sequence.
- the search for the input sequence T 'of the transmission chain which minimizes said distance criterion is carried out on a subset of the set of possible bit sequences at the input of the transmission channel. channel of emission.
- said data sequence is produced by an application, for example an audio, image or video coder.
- the dummy bits are inserted in the sequence produced at the input of a sub-part of the transmission channel whose transfer function is surjective and whose output is common at the output of the transmission channel.
- said transmission channel comprises an encryption device and said sub-part of the transmission chain excludes this device.
- the values of the symbols of said dummy sequence are identical to those of the symbols of a synchronization sequence that includes said signal to synchronize between them a receiver and a transmitter compatible with said communication system.
- the temporal and / or frequency position of the symbols of said dummy sequence are different from those of the symbols of a synchronization sequence that comprises said signal to synchronize between them a receiver and a transmitter compatible with said system.
- the subject of the invention is also a device for transmitting a signal comprising a transmission channel for transforming a data sequence to be transmitted into a signal to be transmitted and means adapted to implement the method according to the invention.
- the invention also relates to a cooperative scrambling system comprising a plurality of transmission devices according to the invention and for which the temporal and / or frequency positions of said dummy sequences inserted in the signal transmitted by each transmission device are different. between them.
- the invention also relates to a cooperative scrambling system comprising a plurality of transmission devices according to the invention and for which each of said transmission devices transmits a signal comprising a plurality of dummy sequences whose values and / or temporal positions and / or frequency positions are different from each other.
- the invention also relates to a computer program comprising instructions for executing the method according to the invention, when the program is executed by a processor and a recording medium readable by a processor on which a program is recorded. comprising instructions for executing the method according to the invention when the program is executed by a processor.
- FIG. 1 a a diagram illustrating the synchronization between a receiver and a compatible transmitter of the same telecommunication system
- FIG. 1b a diagram illustrating the effect obtained by applying the scrambling method according to the invention
- FIG. 2 a diagram illustrating the transformation effected by the transmission chain of a transmitting terminal for converting the useful data to be transmitted into modulated symbols ready to be transmitted by radio
- FIG. 3 a diagram illustrating the generation, according to the invention, of dummy bits within the input user data of the transmission channel of a transmitting terminal
- FIG. 4 a block diagram of the various functions successively implemented by a transmitting terminal
- FIG. 5 a diagram of the shift registers of a convolutional code of output 1 ⁇ 2,
- FIG. 6 a representation, for the example of convolutional code associated with FIG. 5, of the matrix generating such a code
- FIG. 7 an illustration of the necessary and sufficient condition for imposing, at the output of the convolutional code defined in FIGS. 5 and 6, the values of a sequence of consecutive bits
- FIG. 8 an illustration of the parity relations of a punch code.
- the expression “useful data”, “useful bits”, “useful information” is used to designate the binary data to be transmitted between the application executed by a transmitter and the corresponding application executed by a receiver. as opposed to the binary data present in the transmitted frames but which are not intended for the application executed by the receiver but are used for signaling purposes, synchronization or any other function necessary for the proper functioning of the communication system.
- FIG. 1a illustrates, in two diagrams, the principle of synchronization between a receiver and a compatible transmitter of the same telecommunication system.
- a wireless communication system in the form of an emitter EM which communicates with a receiver REC radio wave.
- the transformation of the binary data to be transmitted into a radio signal S can be specified by a standard or a telecommunications standard.
- This specification defines, in particular, the insertion, within the signal to be transmitted, of synchronization sequences SYNC.
- Such sequences consist of symbols known from the system equipment and positioned periodically or in a time pattern also known from both the EM transmitter and the REC receiver that implement the same telecommunications standard.
- the receiver REC can synchronize temporally with the emitter EM by detecting for example the beginning, the middle or the end of a frame, indicated by the presence of said sequence, within the emitted signal.
- An object of the invention is to neutralize the EM, REC communications system by disrupting the synchronization of transmitting and receiving equipment.
- FIG. 1b illustrates, in two diagrams, the scrambling method according to the invention.
- the interference signal S B is of the same nature as the signal S transmitted by an emitter EM of the communications system to be neutralized with the difference ready that it comprises at least one SYNCF dummy synchronization sequence.
- FIG. 1b shows the scrambling signal SB consisting of the superposition of the scrambling signals respectively transmitted by N adapted transmitters EM_B1, EM_B2,..., EM_BN.
- Each of the N jamming signals comprises at least one dummy synchronization sequence with the stationary characteristics SYNCF-I, SYNCF2, SYNCFN, placed in the frame according to recurrences adapted to the time windowing of the targeted receivers. These sequences are therefore both plausible for the target receiver and sufficiently frequent to be regularly present in the processing windows of said receivers.
- the dummy sequences may comprise the same symbols as the sequence of SYNC actual synchronization but be transmitted at different time times and / or frequencies, and with multiple frame recurrences that of the SYNC real synchronization pattern.
- each of the N jamming signals from the emitters EM_B1, EM_B2,..., EM_BN comprises the N dummy timing sequences SYNC F i, SYNC F 2, - - -, SYNCFN positioned at different time instants. in the transmitted frame.
- This variant has the advantage of increasing the overall performance of the jamming signal in the face of communication networks exploiting a non-trivial combination of synchronization sequences SYNC.
- each of the N scrambling transmitters EM_B1, EM_B2,..., EM_BN respectively emits a significant number of copies of each of the false synchronization sequences (respectively ki SYNCF-I sequences, k 2 SYNCF2 sequences, - - -, k N SYNCFN sequences) positioned at different time instants in each transmitted frame.
- This variant again has the advantage of increasing the overall performance of the scrambling signal against target receivers whose precise timing is not known jammers EM_B1, EM_B2, ..., EM_BN.
- the transmission of jamming signals comprising dummy synchronization sequences positioned at random locations in the transmitted frames has the effect of making it difficult or impossible to synchronize the REC receiver which will not be able to discriminate the actual synchronization pattern of the dummy synchronization patterns.
- One of the objectives of the invention is to allow the insertion of dummy synchronization patterns into the signal transmitted by a terminal of the communications system to be scrambled without modifying the elements of the transmission channel of the transmitter but on the contrary by acting only on the binary data useful at the input of the transmission chain.
- FIG. 2 schematically illustrates the transformation undergone by a binary data sequence useful to be transmitted to obtain a sequence of modulated ST symbols ready to be transmitted by way of a radio signal.
- the transformation executed corresponds to the transfer function F of the transmission chain of the transmitter.
- the sequence of modulated symbols S T consists on the one hand of useful symbols Su resulting from the transformation of the useful binary data Du and on the other hand of at least one synchronization sequence SYNC or an equivalent sequence composed of known symbols of all the equipment of the communication system.
- FIG. 3 illustrates the implementation of the method according to the invention, on a compatible terminal of the communication system to be scrambled or on any other type of transmitter capable of producing compatible signals of the communication system to be scrambled.
- the SYNCF dummy synchronization sequences generated are positioned in an empty dummy frame T F of the same size as a real modulated ST symbol sequence, at the chosen time positions, different from the temporal position of a synchronization sequence. real.
- a second step it is estimated the value and the position of the dummy bits B F to be inserted within the data sequence to be transmitted at the input of the transmission channel so as to obtain, at the output of the transmission channel, the value and the predefined temporal position of the symbols of said SYNCF dummy sequences.
- This operation can be performed by calculating the inverse transfer function F "1 of the transfer function F implemented by the transmission chain and then by applying the inverse transfer function F " 1 to the dummy frame T F to obtain a frame modulated D F comprising the dummy bits B F.
- the dummy bits B F are then inserted into the actual data sequence to be transmitted from the input of the transmission chain by punching the relative positions of the dummy bits of the dummy frame D F in a real data sequence.
- the sequence of modulated symbols obtained at the output of the transmission chain comprises both the useful data symbols Su, the actual SYNC synchronization pattern and the SYNC F dummy timing patterns.
- the dummy bits can be introduced directly into the useful data stream to be transmitted without modifying or intruding into the transmission chain of the transmitting equipment.
- FIG. 4 represents a block diagram of the various functions successively implemented by a transmitter of a communication system for transmitting a signal containing data to be transmitted.
- the main functions traditionally implemented are represented, it being understood that the diagram of FIG. 4 is given for illustrative and nonlimiting purposes.
- the transfer function F of the transmission chain is equal to the composition of the transfer functions of each functional block independent of the string, it being understood that the blocks are connected in series.
- the direct transfer function F of the transmission chain can be known when the invention is implemented by the designer of the communications system or when said system complies with a known standard. It can also be estimated by testing the sending equipment, for example by injecting test signals at its input and by analyzing the signals obtained at the output.
- the transformations applied in the transmission channel on the bitstream are generally reversible, that is to say that it is possible from the bitstream output to find the input bitstream.
- some functions implemented by the transmission chain of a communications system may not always be surjective.
- a TBC encoded bitstream which one would like to force the values
- the channel coding or framing operations transform a useful bitstream of length Lu into a coded bit stream of length Le.
- LoLu is still practiced. This means that among the 2 Lc sequences of the encoded bits, only 2 L "sequences may be obtained by encoding. Coding is therefore never surjective.
- the practical implementation consists in successively analyzing the different transformations of the bit stream, starting with the transformation occurring last in the transmission chain. For each transformation, the inputs to be applied are determined to output the desired coded bitstream.
- the transmission chain 400 represented in FIG. 4 comprises an application 401 able to generate or transform a data sequence. binary to emit.
- the data to be transmitted can be text, audio, video or any other information.
- the application 401 may also include a source coding function, for example an audio, image or video coder able to suppress or reduce the redundancy of information or to reduce the noise affecting the sequence.
- the application 401 outputs a useful bit sequence T to be transmitted.
- the invention is advantageously implemented at the output of the application 401 by modifying the useful bit sequence T to insert dummy bits therein so as to obtain at the output of the transmission chain a sequence of modulated symbols F (T) (t). ) to be transmitted comprising at least one dummy synchronization pattern.
- the transmission channel 400 may also include a correction coding module 402.
- the objective of a corrective coding function is to transform the binary sequence of useful data received at the output of the application 401 into a protected bit sequence so that the impact of the errors due to the transmission channel is as small as possible. .
- the corrective encoding function adds redundancy to this bit sequence.
- the determination of the inverse transfer function of a correction coding module is equivalent to finding the bit sequence to be produced at the input of the correction coder in order to obtain an encoded sequence in which the value and the position of a predetermined number of bits are imposed.
- correcting codes There are different types of correcting codes including linear block codes, convolutional codes or turbo codes and LDPC low density codes.
- a k / n efficiency linear block corrector code transforms a binary sequence comprising k symbols into a protected bit sequence comprising n symbols with n strictly greater than k. Such a code thus introduces nk redundancy symbols.
- the symbols may be bits or consist of several concatenated bits.
- the block coding consists in producing the product of an input information vector of k bits by a binary matrix, of full rank, of size k * n, called generator matrix, to obtain an encoded vector of n bits.
- the code is said systematically on the left, respectively on the right, when the first k, respectively the last k, bits of the encoded vector of n bits correspond to the k bits of the input information vector.
- the encoding operation may be illustrated by the following relation, where i 0 , - - - ik-i are the bits of the input sequence, c 0 , ... c n -i are the bits of the coded sequence and my are the coefficients of the generator matrix of the code. - "3 ⁇ 4-l, nl
- Block coding cases from cyclic codes Bulk codes commonly used are cyclic block codes or are derived from cyclic block codes by punching or shortening.
- This coding operation consists in calculating the division of i (x) - x n ⁇ k by g ( x ). The remainder of the division is v (x) (of degree less than or equal to nk-1) and the quotient of the division is k (x).
- v (x) is of degree less than or equal to n-k-1
- the values of the coefficients of c (x) for degrees greater than or equal to n-k are the coefficients of i (x) shifted by n-k.
- the dependence between the values of the input bits of the encoder and the bits at the output of the encoder is linear.
- the values of the bits that must be forced into the encoder input linearly depend on the values of the other encoder input bits and the forced bit values at the encoder output.
- a sufficient condition to be able to impose the value of a group of d bits at the output of the encoder, with d less than or equal to k is that set of positions pi, p 2 , ... pd, bits in the coded sequence must be such that the sub-matrix of the matrix generating the code: mk-l, Pl kl m, p 2 m k, p, 'k
- the indices Pi, P2, - - -Pd denoting the positions of the bits or symbols in the sequence of n bits or symbols.
- the sub-matrix of the generator matrix of the block code corresponding to the positions of the bits or symbols to be fixed is of full rank.
- some submatrices of the generator matrix may not be of full rank.
- Such a case is illustrated in a nonlimiting example of a Hamming code (7.4) whose generator matrix M (7.4) is given by 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
- the encoding operation is represented by the following relation:
- the rank of a matrix corresponds to the number of independent columns of the matrix or equivalently to the number of independent rows of the matrix.
- the value of these bits depends not only on the value of the pattern generated at the output of the encoder but also on the values of the other bits at the input of the encoder (which may also be forced also in the context of setting of the present invention).
- Convolutional codes are the second major family of error-correcting codes. While linear block codes are used to split the message into blocks of k symbols, the convolutional codes apply a sliding window of / * (m + 1) symbols to the message and produce a continuous sequence of encoded symbols.
- the symbols are binary (ie at value 0 or 1 in the Welsh GF (2) body, "+” means the modulo 2 addition and “.” Means the modulo 2) multiplication.
- a j be an information symbol
- n symbols at the output of the encoder linearly depend on the last / * (m + 1) symbols at the input of the encoder.
- n coded bits are calculated.
- the n coded bits are bit combinations relating to the (m + 1) last groups of A: bits, m is the constraint length of the code.
- the step of the method according to the invention which consists in inverting the transfer function of a convolutional code, that is to say, determining the sequence of bits to be produced at the input to obtain an output of a signal, is illustrated in a nonlimiting example. encoded sequence in which the value and the position of a predetermined number of bits are set.
- the polynomials Gi and G 2 are applied to the input bits to respectively form the even index output bits and the odd index output bits then interleaved in pairs b 2n b2n + i to form a bit stream of size equal to a multiple of 2. Below is illustrated the possibility of choosing the input bitstream to generate desired patterns after coding.
- the two bits (b 2n , b 2n + i) at the output are to be chosen from either (0,0) or (1, 1), or (0, 1) or (1, 0 ).
- the last bit that enters the encoder is used for the calculation of each of the two outputs of the encoder: by changing this bit, the values of the two outputs are changed.
- the two possible output bits are to be chosen from two complementary groups. It is therefore always possible to choose the input bit so as to force the value of one of the two output bits. It is therefore easy with this code to force every other bit at the output of the encoder.
- the outgoing bit groups for a state of the encoder, are chosen so as to be at maximum distance from each other.
- the last bit that enters the encoder is used for the calculation of each of the two outputs of the encoder. It is therefore possible, for all the usual 1/2 efficiency codes, to force the value of one bit out of two at the output of the encoder.
- the dependence between the encoder input bit values and the encoder output bits is linear.
- the values of the bits that must be forced into the encoder input linearly depend on the values of the other encoder input bits and the forced bit values at the encoder output.
- the invention also applies to corrector codes of the turbo-code product type.
- Turbo-codes are correcting codes that combine at least two simple codes by interleaving the entries so that each of the simple codes sees a different set of information on the one hand, and the information specific to each bit, block or message is spread over his neighbors on the other hand. As a result, even if part of the bits, blocks or messages is corrupted during transmission, the corresponding information still exists more or less on bits, blocks or neighboring messages.
- the decoding procedure is iterative and collaborative between each simple code. It involves a notion of trust on each bit, block or message decoded and differs the final decision on their values ("soft decision" or "soft decision” in English).
- Each of the decoders transmits to the others the information resulting from its own decoding (called extrinsic information) which is multiplexed with the input information of the other coders.
- extrinsic information the information resulting from its own decoding
- the bit, block or message thus transmitted is decoded a second time by the other simple coders, and the corresponding information is re-transmitted to the other coders, etc. (hence the name "turbo" which is related to the decoding procedure and not to the code itself).
- convolutional codes Recursive and systematic convolutional codes are in practice particularly suitable.
- the codes can be placed in series or in parallel.
- the clever management of the interleaving and the iterative detection / correction of data by each simple code makes it possible to increase the detector and corrector power of the overall process while limiting the number of iterations and the complexity.
- turbo coding structure corresponds to product codes.
- product codes In the simplest version corresponding to product codes to two k ⁇ k
- the elementary codes used are very simple block codes (typically parity codes, Hamming codes or extended Hamming codes).
- the successive n ⁇ - n ⁇ bits appear as a sequence of n 2 code words. Considering the binary train decimated by a factor ⁇ ⁇ , we obtain words of the code C 2 .
- turbo codes produced built from several block codes, are like block codes when it comes to determining whether it is possible to generate the desired pattern. Indeed, the encoding operation can be broken down into coding and interleaving operations.
- An encoding with the code C l of the bitstream the coding transforms k 2 groups of k x bits into k 2 groups of n x bits.
- a simple line / column interleaving the bits are written line by line in a matrix of size k 2 rows and n columns. The bits are then read column by column.
- Coding with the C 2 code of the bitstream the coding transforms n x groups of k 2 bits into n x groups of n 2 bits.
- - Simple row / column interleaving the bits are written line by line in a matrix of size n x rows and n 2 columns. The bits are then read column by column.
- LDPC codes are specific block codes that are constructed in such a way that the parity bits are computed using a low weight parity relationship. This is in practice systematic (but not cyclic) block codes and the analysis made on block codes applies by analogy to the description made previously.
- LDPC codes are usually very large. As has been established for block codes, the LPDC codes thus make it possible, in particular, to generate selected patterns with series of consecutive bits of great length.
- any correction code for which the coding operation can be performed by multiplying the information sequence by a generator matrix to obtain the coded sequence it is possible to set the value and the position of a set of bits. of the coded sequence by imposing a particular input binary sequence. This possibility exists, however, only if the sub-matrix, of the generating matrix, defines m, m, m, m,
- the bits or symbols whose value is fixed in the coded sequence are the unknowns of the system to be inputted to the encoder.
- the transmission channel 400 may also include a scrambling module 403, also called brewing.
- the brewing, or scrambling is used to make the binary sequence to emit as random as possible, in order to improve the symbol synchronization but also to contribute to the protection of the contents of the brewed messages. Its purpose is to remove long sequences of bits equal to 0 or 1 that prevent a correct recovery of the symbol rate.
- brewers There are several types of brewers including synchronous brewers requiring a prior time reference or self-synchronizing brewers.
- This transformation is invertible, the scrambling operation consists in transforming a group of L bits into another group of L bits and the operation of inverting the transformation of the bitstream is an operation performed by a receiver.
- the reverse transfer function of a brewer or scrambler is easily deductible from its direct transfer function.
- a pseudo-random sequence is added modulo 2 to the binary signal to be scrambled.
- the binary series ⁇ ..., e k , e k + i, ... ⁇ representing the scrambling sequence is periodic, with a long period L.
- the transformation F operated by a synchronous scrambler can be written F ( ⁇ ..., bk, bk + i,.
- the states of the register are filled with a finite number of scrambled data.
- the output of the register is added modulo 2 to the input data bit to form the new scrambled bit.
- the difficulty in forcing the output bits arises from the fact that the expression of the register states as a function of the input data b k (non-scrambled data) involves an unlimited number of said input data. In other words, all the inputs b k since the startup of the scrambler are involved in the value of the states of the register.
- the transmission channel 400 may also include an interleaving module 404.
- Interleaving is widely used on transmission channels where the occurrences of errors are grouped into packets. Its function is to distribute these errors as uniformly as possible. In reception, the errors are, after deinterleaving, placed in such a way that they impact different codewords. These errors can then be considered as decorrelated, and the correcting power of the decoders makes it possible to minimize their impact. Interleaving also appears as a means of introducing time diversity into the transmission chain and thereby helps to protect it from fading, interference and potential interference. Many interleavers are constituted by a table, the input bits are then arranged by rows in the table, and the output bits are produced by reading in a column of the table.
- the transformation performed by an interleaver is also an invertible operation. Its inverse transfer function is deductible from its direct transfer function. Indeed, it is a transformation that transforms a block of L bits into another block of L bits, simply by swapping the order of the bits.
- B ' b'k, ... b -i
- a block of bits B b k , ... b k + L-1, which once interleaved, is strictly equal to bit stream B.
- the transmission chain 400 may also include a framing module 405.
- the framing 405 allows the receiver to synchronize on the bit stream transformations such as interleaving or decoding operations, and then to retrieve structured data. in the form of a multiplexing of several streams or data in the form of words or bytes. For this, once the structured data in the form of frames corresponding to periodic scheduling reasons, the synchronization of the receiver on the frames is carried out using synchronous periodic patterns of the frames. Each frame is thus preceded, and / or followed, and / or contains a specific synchronization word used to synchronize the receiver on the received frames. Several frames can also be grouped to form a multi-frame or a hyper-frame.
- the synchronization patterns used for the framing are repeated in the transmitted sequence and can be detected and scrambled as previously explained.
- the framing limits the possibility of forcing the desired modulated signal since some bits take values imposed at regular intervals, and that it is necessary to keep these bits for the proper functioning of the receiver in connection with the transmitter. This transformation is therefore not surjective for data blocks whose output size exceeds that of a block of useful data per frame.
- the framing occupies only a very limited (and temporally well-defined) part of the total bit rate (example: start frame pattern using only a few symbols, etc.) and does not prevent generating the desired coded signal within a frame.
- the transmission channel 400 may also include a binary signal coding module 406.
- Binary signal coding is used to adapt the signal to the transmission channel. It transforms the digital message into a baseband electrical signal or a low frequency signal.
- NRZ Non-Reset
- alphabetic codes There are two major classes of signal binary codes, NRZ (Non-Reset) transcoding codes and alphabetic codes.
- the transformation carried out by a signal binary coder is an invertible operation. Its inverse transfer function is therefore deductible from its direct transfer function.
- the transmission channel 400 includes a modulator 407 that transforms the binary sequence into a sequence of modulated symbols. Symbols are taken from a complex set called constellation. A symbol can group several bits. For example, digital phase or PSK (Phase Shift Keying) modulations or digital amplitude modulation or QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation) modulations may be mentioned.
- the transformation operated by a modulator is an invertible operation. Its inverse transfer function is therefore deductible from its direct transfer function. From the foregoing, the transformations applied in the transmission channel on the bit stream are reversible, that is to say that it is possible from the output bit stream to recover the input bitstream. In practice, redundancy is even added so as to be able to recover the original binary signal in the presence of errors on the coded bitstream.
- a first variant consists in finding among the set F ( ⁇ TBU ⁇ ) modulated sequences that can be obtained at the output of the transmission chain from the set ⁇ TBU ⁇ of the possible input bit sequences of transmission chain, the bit sequence T 'which minimizes the distance between the modulated output transformation F (T') of the sequence T 'and the desired modulated sequence D which contains at least one dummy synchronization pattern positioned at the desired location.
- the distance considered can, for example, be a distance in the least squares sense calculated by integrating the difference between a sequence possible F (T), T belonging to the set ⁇ TBU ⁇ , and the desired sequence D over a fixed time interval.
- a possible criterion can be calculated using the following relation:
- this variant of the invention can be implemented by restricting the set ⁇ TBU ⁇ to a subset ⁇ TBU ' ⁇ which comprises only useful bit sequences T whose lengths and positions after passing through the transmission chain (and in particular after passing through the coding and interleaving modules) correspond to dummy SYNC ' F units , if necessary suboptimal with respect to the interference of the communication network, but compatible with the setting standard implemented telecommunication system in terms of positions, recurrence and frame periodicity, and therefore easy to generate and insert in the frames of useful data.
- the time / frequency structure and / or the choice of the positions, lengths and recurrences of the dummy signals SYNC ' F approaching, in the sense of the criteria mentioned above, the dummy patterns SYNC F desired at the output, are fixed based on the frame periodicities.
- the restricted set ⁇ TBU ' ⁇ is then pre-determined by inverting, for the SYNC' F units , analytically or by simulation, the modules of the transmission chain and in particular the interleaving modules and the coding modules.
- the value of certain useful bits in order to generate said binary sequences T, the value of certain useful bits, called dummy bits (situated at the input of the channel coding) must therefore be forced to precise positions.
- the transformation applied consists in first determining a partitioning the useful data frame by inverting the interleaving coding modules: this determines precise positions, on which the values of the dummy bits are artificially chosen so as to generate the dummy sequences after interleaving and coding.
- the positions taken by these forced dummy bits are determined starting from the position and the values of the dummy sequences SYNC ' F and by going up the transformations of the bit stream one by one,
- the values taken by these dummy bits or the relations giving the values of the dummy bits according to the neighboring information bits are also determined by going up the transformations of the bit stream one by one.
- the key steps concern the inversion of the interlace and corrector coding operations. Remaining at the scale of a signal frame at the output of the transmission chain, the positions, values or relations giving the values of the dummy bits in the useful information flow are fixed. They can be calculated once and for all and then applied to each successive frame.
- a second embodiment of the invention consists in applying the invention to a subset located downstream of the transmission chain consisting of blocks in series whose transfer functions are all invertible.
- the portion of maximum length of the transmission chain for which the inversion of the bit stream can be satisfactorily realized is identified. For this we go back from the modulator output signal to the sequence of useful data to be transmitted.
- the bitstream intended to produce modulated signals D (t), containing a dummy synchronization sequence is injected only at the input of this subset, ie at the output of the first noninvertible function of the transmission chain in the inverse order of the transmission functions (from the modulator - end of the string - to the correction coder - start of the string).
- This second variant of the invention is for example applied if the transmission chain comprises an encryption device or cryptography whose function has by nature a non-determinable inverse.
- the method according to the invention can be implemented from software elements.
- Such software can be executed by the sending equipment so as to modify the useful binary sequence to be transmitted, which is for example produced by an application. It can also be executed by a computer connected to said transmitter for the purpose of setting it.
- the method according to the invention may be available as a computer program product on a computer readable medium.
- the support can be electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic or a support infra-red diffusion type.
- Such supports are, for example, Random Access Memory RAMs (ROMs), magnetic or optical tapes, disks or disks (Compact Disk - Read Only Memory (CD-ROM), Compact Disk - Read / Write (CD-R / W) and DVD).
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
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- Error Detection And Correction (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1203475A FR2999841B1 (fr) | 2012-12-19 | 2012-12-19 | Procede de brouillage d'un systeme de communication par insertion de motifs factices dans un flux de donnees a emettre |
| PCT/EP2013/076588 WO2014095653A1 (fr) | 2012-12-19 | 2013-12-13 | Procede de brouillage d'un systeme de communication par insertion de motifs factices dans un flux de donnees a emettre |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2936714A1 true EP2936714A1 (fr) | 2015-10-28 |
| EP2936714B1 EP2936714B1 (fr) | 2016-08-31 |
Family
ID=48237008
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13803075.4A Active EP2936714B1 (fr) | 2012-12-19 | 2013-12-13 | Procédé de brouillage d'un système de communication par insertion de motifs factices dans un flux de données à émettre |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP2936714B1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2604904T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2999841B1 (fr) |
| SG (1) | SG11201504912TA (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2014095653A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP4033682B1 (fr) * | 2021-01-20 | 2025-09-17 | Nokia Technologies Oy | Protection de transmissions contre le brouillage |
Family Cites Families (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2858742B1 (fr) * | 2001-12-11 | 2005-12-23 | Eads Defence & Security Ntwk | Procede et dispositif de brouillage des communications dans un systeme de radiocommunications cellulaire |
| US8767595B2 (en) * | 2005-08-02 | 2014-07-01 | L-3 Communications Corporation | Enhanced methods of cellular environment detection when interoperating with timed interfers |
| US8055184B1 (en) * | 2008-01-30 | 2011-11-08 | Sprint Communications Company L.P. | System and method for active jamming of confidential information transmitted at a point-of-sale reader |
-
2012
- 2012-12-19 FR FR1203475A patent/FR2999841B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-12-13 ES ES13803075.4T patent/ES2604904T3/es active Active
- 2013-12-13 SG SG11201504912TA patent/SG11201504912TA/en unknown
- 2013-12-13 EP EP13803075.4A patent/EP2936714B1/fr active Active
- 2013-12-13 WO PCT/EP2013/076588 patent/WO2014095653A1/fr not_active Ceased
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2014095653A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2999841A1 (fr) | 2014-06-20 |
| FR2999841B1 (fr) | 2015-01-16 |
| ES2604904T3 (es) | 2017-03-09 |
| SG11201504912TA (en) | 2015-07-30 |
| EP2936714B1 (fr) | 2016-08-31 |
| WO2014095653A1 (fr) | 2014-06-26 |
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